2275:
2257:
1725:'to see', fully conjugated in the simple present tense. The persons are shown accompanied by their corresponding Quechua pronouns declined into the appropriate cases. Blocks which are left empty are either instances in which the object is the same as the subject, which requires the reflexive marker
713:
Quechua primary (strong) stress regularly falls on the penultimate syllable (if a word has more than one syllable). It may also occur on the final syllable, in which case it is directly indicated by the acute diacritic. In slow speech, weak stress tends to fall on the first syllable of a word.
2221:
With respect to smaller constituents, the order is much more fixed. Modifiers, such as adjectives, preadjectivals, adverbials and attributive nouns all occur before the head which they modify (including possessive nouns marked with
1737:'I saw myself', or cases where such a statement is logically impossible, as in the intersection between a second person subject and a first person plural inclusive object, which would mean, approximately 'You helped you and I'.
2189:'he is building a house', but this can be inverted, since the syntactic relationship between nouns is made clear by the overt case markers. However, unlike in other case-marked languages (like
717:
All phonemes appear in word initial position, though vowel clusters are not allowed, and word initial consonant clusters occur only in words borrowed from
Spanish (these clusters are
3042:
2425:
1033:, which are also conveyed through the use of suffixes. These suffixes may be placed onto nouns, numerals, pronouns, and—with an adverbial meaning—on adjectives and adverbs.
333:, they are lowered (with instead being produced further back), yielding , , and respectively. In bilingual speakers, the Spanish realizations , , and may also be found.
2197:), the inversion of the standard word order in Ayacucho Quechua does not serve to topicalize the word (or phrase) in question since this too is explicitly marked by the
677:
Ayacucho
Quechua has borrowed hundreds of words from Spanish, and some speakers (even monolinguals) approximate the Spanish pronunciation. For such speakers,
2206:
marker. Primarily then, inversions of word order serve to emphasize words as particularly relevant or salient (particularly verbs). Compare standard
2344:
3350:
2377:
2634:
2218:'he watches the house' (as opposed to feeling it or hearing about it) in which the act of watching is being specifically highlighted.
1015:, the inclusive pronoun, means 'we' and includes the person to whom the speaker is talking, as in 'you and I'. The exclusive pronoun,
341:
The consonant phonemes of
Ayacucho Quechua are outlined below. Orthographic symbols at odds with the IPA are given in angle brackets.
3525:
1455:'the houses'). It can be used in conjunction with other suffixes and precedes all other suffixes except the personal markers, as in
1384:
marks motion up to but not farther than the object (or, in the case of a verbal, passage of time until the affixed verbal), as in
2347:
Dictionary quechua-Spanish-English, with word definitions in the
Quechua language. Clodoaldo Soto Ruiz (University of Illinois).
1262:'from the house'). It is also used for a number of other relational meanings such as 'about', 'instead of', or 'made of' (e.g.
2350:
329:, which are rendered by native speakers as , , and respectively. When these vowels appear adjacent to the uvular fricative
1045:
166:
2305:
1713:
indicates that the addressee is the object of action by the third person (when followed by the second person ending).
2338:
3343:
2370:
1465:'to your (pl.) houses'. This suffix is not obligatory and can be omitted if the meaning is clear without it, as in
3008:
2503:
2627:
837:(with the prohibited consonants unable to appear in the final position), and a maximal possible syllable of CCVC
156:
833:). This leads to a minimal possible syllable of V (only word initially) and a maximal native syllable of CVC
1529:, in this case pluralizes the first person). However, even the subject markers are preceded by the suffixes
142:
2669:
1618:
1614:
678:
654:⟩ grapheme is kept merely to allow for easy comparison due to its use with other Quechua languages.
651:
647:
643:
639:
587:
579:
571:
549:
526:
521:
498:
493:
488:
476:
468:
459:
454:
433:
413:
409:
402:
398:
393:
389:
330:
326:
322:
318:
291:
279:
274:
262:
257:
3336:
2363:
2180:
3589:
3067:
2620:
2444:
1505:
and number of both the subject and the object. Subject suffixes precede explicit object suffixes as in
2871:
3594:
2848:
222:. The literary standard of Southern Quechua is based on these two closely related Quechua varieties.
2274:
2256:
3310:
3217:
3123:
3077:
1498:
3555:
632:
1336:, 'he'll speak on behalf of his friend'). When attached to a verbal, it means 'about to', as in
3305:
2866:
2748:
2597:
2582:
2592:
1021:, also means 'we', but does not include the listener, meaning approximately 'we but not you'.
3504:
2786:
3237:
2723:
2718:
3545:
3540:
3535:
2886:
2811:
2771:
2738:
2341:
Electronic book of the complete course of the grammar of quechua, R. Zariquiey, G. Córdova.
1217:'he goes to the house'). It marks the direction towards a noun for a non-human actor (e.g.
71:
3457:
2792:
8:
3317:
3085:
2894:
2535:
2293:
449:
424:
2766:
2194:
2190:
3480:
3452:
3359:
3188:
3142:
3021:
2970:
2909:
2806:
2701:
2674:
2516:
2386:
1642:
1548:
1547:'You see me'. Explicit personal markers are preceded by one of the tentatively titled "
1502:
983:
962:
934:
927:
922:
628:
357:
218:. With roughly a million speakers, it is the largest variety of Southern Quechua after
66:
3150:
2975:
1557:, apart from first-person subject and second-person object, where there is no suffix.
134:
3520:
3474:
3267:
3231:
3227:
3016:
2999:
2989:
2960:
2922:
2917:
2825:
2733:
2728:
2643:
2509:
2301:
2203:
514:
377:
362:
3432:
1501:
for nouns, Quechua verbal morphology is much more complex. Verbs are conjugated for
1174:'the house's; of the house'. A number of adverbials can also be formed from nouns +
897:, 'to my place'. Pronouns are marked with the same suffixes as regular nouns, as in
162:
3550:
3530:
3415:
3410:
3378:
3277:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3196:
3165:
3105:
3052:
3046:
2984:
2965:
2955:
2947:
2935:
2659:
2651:
2564:
2474:
2455:
2431:
1323:
1126:'during September'. When suffixed to a nominalized verbal, it means 'while', as in
1030:
372:
352:
203:
76:
1302:'he goes with me'), or indicates the means by which an action is performed (as in
3487:
3405:
3400:
3373:
3272:
3242:
3201:
3178:
3173:
3155:
3095:
2979:
2899:
2876:
2838:
2833:
2710:
2540:
2417:
542:
483:
367:
207:
58:
1058:'he watches the house'. It also has an adverbial function with adjectives (e.g.
147:
3570:
3463:
3446:
3282:
3222:
3037:
2930:
2861:
2758:
2743:
2664:
2411:
384:
2262:
2244:
3583:
3439:
3118:
3090:
3057:
2856:
2776:
2577:
2554:
2439:
2228:). Prepositions, when they occur, are also placed before their noun phrases.
1250:
1162:
1099:
868:
219:
195:
821:
cannot occur in word-final position (as well as borrowed
Spanish consonants
3469:
3128:
3062:
2587:
2449:
2290:, Centro de Estudios Rurales Andinos 'Bartolomé de las Casas', 2nd ed. 2003
1607:
refers to the addressee, the person to whom one is speaking. It appears as
117:
110:
2546:
1705:
indicates that the speaker is the object of second or third person action
879:
or derive a new word. Some suffixes are possible in combination, such as
240:
199:
2267:
2249:
252:
245:
3328:
2394:
2355:
2345:
Runasimi-Kastillanu-Inlis
Llamkaymanaq Qullqa Ayakuchu-Chanka I Rakta
1697:
refers to a group which excludes the addressee. It has no allomorphy.
1141:
can be affixed to adjectives to indicate an adverbial function (e.g.
1073:'well'), numbers in telling time, adverbs, and adverbial nouns (e.g.
1006:
564:
286:
269:
127:
101:
2612:
1593:
marker of the simple present, and Zero following the future ending
1403:
indicates the location of an object among others of its kind (e.g.
1005:
The first person plural pronouns
Ayacucho Quechua are divided into
658:
174:
170:
2682:
1551:" morphemes. The simple present tense is marked by the suffix
2339:
Qayna Kunan
Paqarin: Una introducción al quechua chanca. 2011
1541:
which indirectly convey the direct object of the verb, as in
1102:
in, on, at, or within the noun to which it is attached (e.g.
872:
1641:
refers to a person other than the speaker or the addressee (
876:
215:
211:
39:
1423:
implies equal distribution among members in a group (e.g.
173:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2351:
Online course in
Ayacucho Quechua, University of Illinois
2223:
2213:
2207:
2198:
2184:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2067:
2055:
2048:
2037:
2030:
2020:
2008:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1874:
1862:
1855:
1844:
1837:
1827:
1814:
1803:
1792:
1781:
1770:
1759:
1748:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1552:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1434:
1424:
1417:
1404:
1397:
1385:
1378:
1366:
1357:
1350:
1337:
1327:
1316:
1303:
1293:
1286:
1273:
1263:
1254:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1155:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1092:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1049:
1038:
1016:
1010:
995:
988:
974:
967:
953:
946:
939:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
838:
708:
694:
682:
668:
27:
1111:'in the house'). When attached to an adverbial noun,
1048:. This includes the direct object in sentences like
1029:
Ayacucho
Quechua substantives are marked for eleven
1665:refers to a group which includes the addressee. It
662:
1449:pluralizes the noun to which it is attached (e.g.
1237:(which is not composed of the individual suffixes
661:of stops at the end of a syllable; compare Cusco
3581:
2300:, Instituto de Estudios Peruanas, 2nd ed. 1993,
1433:'he gives us two each'). This suffix appears as
16:Dialect of the Southern Quechua language in Peru
875:(mostly suffixes) which can mark the case of a
3344:
2628:
2371:
1413:, 'we exchanged potatoes amongst ourselves').
844:
700:
688:
198:ethnicity that dominated the area before the
1151:'they'll get married in a Catholic church').
214:, as well as by immigrants from Ayacucho in
3351:
3337:
2635:
2621:
2378:
2364:
657:Ayacucho Quechua lacks the characteristic
857:
642:⟩ represents the uvular fricative
2321:. Ministerio de educación del Perú, 1976
1511:'We see you', in which the first person
623:Notable differences from Cusco Quechua:
167:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3582:
3358:
2385:
1492:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
306:
304:
3332:
2642:
2616:
2359:
1569:refers to the speaker. It appears as
1117:acquires the meaning 'during', as in
1487:
912:
681:are phonemes in borrowed words like
635:for examples of ejective consonants.
345:Ayacucho Quechua consonant phonemes
2319:Diccionario quechua Ayacucho-Chanca
709:Stress rules and syllable structure
601:
317:Ayacucho Quechua has three vowels:
301:
13:
2238:
1683:elsewhere (as when it follows the
871:and nouns can be modified by many
14:
3606:
2332:
2312:Gramática Quechua Ayacucho-Chanca
1517:appears before the second person
1497:In contrast to the fairly simple
1211:but is related to movement (e.g.
1135:'while he waited'. Additionally,
3425:Extinct and endangered languages
2273:
2255:
2179:Ayacucho Quechua has a standard
1312:, 'he is working with the hoe').
2326:Ayacucho Grammar and Dictionary
2314:, Ministerio de Educación, 1976
1483:may also mean a single person).
1024:
1627:following a consonant, and as
1227:'this road goes to Ayacucho').
1044:marks the object or goal of a
121: – Arequipa–La Unión
1:
2231:
1282:'he speaks about the house').
1007:inclusive and exclusive pairs
852:
336:
2298:Quechua: manual de enseñanza
2212:'he watches the house' with
646:rather than the uvular stop
225:
7:
3526:Chile–Paraguay–Uruguay Sign
3389:Living Indigenous languages
1677:following a consonant, and
1292:marks accompaniment (as in
862:
10:
3611:
1477:which both mean 'people' (
1356:indicates causality (e.g.
3564:
3513:
3497:
3424:
3388:
3366:
3302:Peruvian–Inmaculada Sign
3295:
3210:
3187:
3164:
3141:
3104:
3076:
3030:
3007:
2998:
2946:
2908:
2885:
2847:
2824:
2799:
2785:
2757:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2650:
2563:
2528:
2496:
2487:
2467:
2404:
2393:
2286:Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino,
2174:
1205:means almost the same as
994:
973:
926:
921:
919:
290:
230:
153:
141:
125:
99:
94:
55:
45:
35:
26:
21:
3311:Inmaculada Sign Language
2183:(SOV) word order, as in
1719:Below is shown the verb
1324:beneficiary of an action
1195:'on its side, sideways'.
2224:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2186:(pay) wasitam ruwachkan
2185:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2068:
2056:
2049:
2038:
2031:
2021:
2009:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1875:
1863:
1856:
1845:
1838:
1828:
1815:
1804:
1793:
1782:
1771:
1760:
1749:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1653:
1651:following a vowel, and
1647:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1581:following a consonant,
1577:
1571:
1565:
1553:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1425:
1418:
1410:qunakuranchik papakunta
1405:
1398:
1386:
1379:
1374:, 'because I want to').
1367:
1358:
1351:
1346:, 'he is about to eat'.
1338:
1328:
1317:
1304:
1294:
1287:
1274:
1264:
1255:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1167:
1156:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1104:
1093:
1081:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1039:
1017:
1011:
996:
989:
975:
968:
954:
947:
940:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
839:
695:
683:
669:
663:
28:
3306:Peruvian Sign Language
1657:following a consonant.
1439:following a consonant.
869:agglutinative language
858:Substantive morphology
845:
701:
689:
650:of Cusco. The ⟨
155:This article contains
3505:Chilean Sign Language
2317:Clodoaldo Soto Ruiz,
2310:Clodoaldo Soto Ruiz,
867:Quechua is a largely
679:/f//r//b//d//ɡ//e//o/
114: – Ayacucho
805:-, "st"-, "sw"- and
3318:Sivia Sign Language
2294:Clodoaldo Soto Ruiz
2288:Lingüística Quechua
2181:subject–object–verb
1671:following a vowel,
1575:following a vowel,
1493:Verbal conjugations
809:-). The consonants
346:
51:918,200 (2000)
3360:Languages of Chile
3211:Isolates and other
2387:Quechuan languages
1393:'up to the house'.
1220:kay ñanmi ayakuchu
575:⟨rr⟩
530:⟨ll⟩
437:⟨ch⟩
344:
202:) is a variety of
3590:Languages of Peru
3577:
3576:
3571:extinct languages
3514:Language families
3458:Kawésqar/Alacaluf
3326:
3325:
3291:
3290:
3137:
3136:
3009:Cajamarca–Cañaris
2820:
2819:
2679:
2652:Spanish varieties
2644:Languages of Peru
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2504:Cajamarca–Cañaris
2497:Northern Peruvian
2483:
2482:
2271:(19th ed., 2016)
2263:Arequipa–La Unión
2253:(19th ed., 2016)
2172:
2171:
2159:riku-su-n-ki-chik
2077:riku-wa-n-ki-chik
1966:riku-su-n-ki-chik
1645:). It appears as
1488:Verbal morphology
1365:'because of me';
1031:grammatical cases
1003:
1002:
913:Personal pronouns
597:
596:
583:⟨y⟩
502:⟨ñ⟩
472:⟨q⟩
297:
296:
181:
180:
163:rendering support
159:phonetic symbols.
3602:
3595:Southern Quechua
3396:Ayacucho Quechua
3353:
3346:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3005:
3004:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2677:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2565:Southern Quechua
2549:
2529:Northern Quechua
2519:
2512:
2494:
2493:
2458:
2434:
2420:
2402:
2401:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2260:
2259:
2242:
2227:
2217:
2211:
2202:
2188:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2071:
2059:
2052:
2041:
2034:
2024:
2012:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1878:
1866:
1859:
1848:
1841:
1831:
1818:
1807:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1763:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1650:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1561:Verbal suffixes
1556:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1432:
1421:
1412:
1401:
1392:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1354:
1345:
1335:
1320:
1311:
1301:
1290:
1281:
1272:'made of iron';
1271:
1261:
1251:motion away from
1248:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1159:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1042:
1020:
1014:
999:
992:
978:
971:
957:
950:
943:
917:
916:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
848:
842:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
672:
666:
653:
649:
645:
641:
617:
614:
589:
584:
581:
576:
573:
551:
531:
528:
523:
503:
500:
495:
490:
478:
473:
470:
461:
456:
438:
435:
415:
411:
404:
400:
395:
391:
347:
343:
332:
328:
324:
320:
311:
308:
293:
281:
276:
264:
259:
235:
234:
204:Southern Quechua
194:after the local
148:Ayacucho Quechua
137:
120:
113:
104:
82:Ayacucho Quechua
77:Southern Quechua
61:
31:
22:Ayacucho Quechua
19:
18:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3560:
3509:
3493:
3420:
3406:Chilean Quechua
3384:
3362:
3357:
3327:
3322:
3287:
3218:Candoshi-Shapra
3206:
3183:
3160:
3133:
3100:
3072:
3026:
2994:
2942:
2927:Achuar–Shiwiar
2904:
2881:
2843:
2816:
2795:
2781:
2753:
2693:
2687:
2646:
2641:
2611:
2602:
2559:
2545:
2524:
2515:
2508:
2489:
2479:
2468:Other Quechua I
2463:
2454:
2430:
2416:
2405:Central Quechua
2397:
2389:
2384:
2335:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2261:
2254:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2204:discourse topic
2177:
2131:riku-su-n-ki-ku
2112:
2095:riku-wa-n-ki-ku
2065:
2018:
1981:
1919:
1902:riku-wa-n-ki-ku
1872:
1825:
1812:
1801:
1790:
1779:
1768:
1757:
1746:
1495:
1490:
1046:transitive verb
1027:
915:
865:
860:
855:
849:'to believe').
711:
673:'we/you and I'.
633:Cusco Phonology
621:
620:
616:Loanword letter
615:
602:
582:
574:
529:
501:
471:
436:
339:
315:
314:
310:Loanword letter
309:
302:
233:
228:
208:Ayacucho Region
161:Without proper
133:
116:
115:
109:
108:
100:
90:
62:
59:Language family
57:
48:
47:Native speakers
29:Chanka runasimi
17:
12:
11:
5:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3575:
3574:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3498:Sign languages
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3299:
3297:
3296:Sign languages
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3068:Yauyos–Chincha
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2872:Nüpode Huitoto
2869:
2864:
2862:Minica Huitoto
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2598:South Bolivian
2595:
2590:
2585:
2583:North Bolivian
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2447:
2445:Yauyos–Chincha
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2333:External links
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:, Mouton, 1969
2322:
2315:
2308:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2145:riku-wa-n-chik
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2108:
2107:
2104:riku-n-ki-chik
2100:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2086:riku-n-ki-chik
2082:
2080:
2073:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1952:riku-wa-n-chik
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1857:riku-y-ki-chik
1853:
1851:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1821:
1820:
1809:
1798:
1787:
1776:
1765:
1754:
1743:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1658:
1634:
1600:
1587:following the
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1440:
1414:
1394:
1375:
1347:
1322:indicates the
1313:
1283:
1228:
1196:
1152:
1089:
1026:
1023:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:
980:
979:
972:
965:
959:
958:
951:
944:
937:
931:
930:
925:
920:
914:
911:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
843:(from Spanish
710:
707:
699:(from Spanish
687:(from Spanish
675:
674:
667:with Ayacucho
659:spirantization
655:
636:
629:ejective stops
619:
618:
599:
598:
595:
594:
592:
590:
585:
577:
569:
567:
561:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
547:
545:
539:
538:
536:
534:
532:
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519:
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511:
510:
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439:
431:
429:
427:
421:
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418:
416:
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405:
396:
387:
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365:
360:
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338:
335:
313:
312:
299:
298:
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294:
289:
283:
282:
277:
272:
266:
265:
260:
255:
249:
248:
243:
238:
232:
229:
227:
224:
206:spoken in the
179:
178:
165:, you may see
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
131:
123:
122:
105:
97:
96:
95:Language codes
92:
91:
89:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
65:
63:
56:
53:
52:
49:
46:
43:
42:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3607:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3556:Indo-European
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:Lingua franca
3365:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Murui Huitoto
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
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2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2749:Nomatsiguenga
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
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2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
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2376:
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2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2327:
2324:Gary Parker,
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2306:84-89303-24-X
2303:
2299:
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2027:
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2016:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1998:
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1550:
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1539:
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1521:
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1509:
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1500:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
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1453:
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1325:
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1308:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1253:a noun (e.g.
1252:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1163:genitive case
1160:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1097:
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1077:
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1062:
1056:
1054:
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1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1008:
998:
991:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
970:
966:
964:
961:
960:
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952:
949:
945:
942:
938:
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929:
924:
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910:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
878:
874:
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850:
847:
841:
836:
832:
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764:
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724:
720:
715:
706:
703:
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691:
685:
671:
665:
660:
656:
637:
634:
630:
627:There are no
626:
625:
624:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
600:
593:
591:
586:
578:
570:
568:
566:
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559:
557:
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546:
544:
541:
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537:
535:
533:
525:
520:
518:
516:
513:
512:
509:
507:
505:
497:
492:
487:
485:
482:
481:
475:
467:
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463:
458:
453:
451:
448:
447:
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261:
256:
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236:
223:
221:
220:Cusco Quechua
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:Inca conquest
197:
193:
189:
186:(also called
185:
176:
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54:
50:
44:
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38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3566:
3486:
3479:
3470:Ona/Selk'nam
3462:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3395:
3124:Cusco–Collao
3113:
2787:Upper Amazon
2572:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2297:
2287:
2266:
2248:
2240:
2220:
2215:qawan wasita
2209:wasita qawan
2178:
2152:riku-wa-n-ku
2124:riku-wa-n-ku
2032:riku-y-ki-ku
1959:riku-wa-n-ku
1938:riku-su-n-ki
1884:riku-wa-n-ki
1718:
1643:third person
1544:riku-wa-n-ki
1508:riku-y-ki-ku
1496:
1459:
1442:
1427:
1416:
1407:
1396:
1388:
1377:
1369:
1360:
1349:
1340:
1333:mi rimapunqa
1330:
1315:
1306:
1296:
1285:
1276:
1266:
1257:
1230:
1221:
1198:
1190:
1169:
1154:
1145:
1130:
1121:
1106:
1091:
1083:
1068:
1052:
1037:
1028:
1025:Case marking
1004:
866:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
716:
712:
705:'to serve')
676:
622:
340:
316:
191:
187:
183:
182:
154:
126:
81:
3086:Chachapoyas
2849:Bora–Witoto
2772:Mashco Piro
2739:Machiguenga
2593:Santiagueño
2536:Chachapoyas
2010:riku-n-chik
1997:riku-n-chik
1783:ñuqanchikta
1309:llamkachkan
1214:wasiman rin
1148:kasarakunqa
693:'book') or
169:instead of
3584:Categories
3546:Alacalufan
3541:Araucanian
3536:Polynesian
3411:Mapudungun
3381:(formerly)
3379:Mapudungun
3022:Lambayeque
2895:Chayahuita
2887:Cahuapanan
2692:Indigenous
2675:Equatorial
2517:Lambayeque
2488:Quechua II
2268:Ethnologue
2250:Ethnologue
2232:References
2064:2nd plural
2017:1st plural
1980:1st plural
1789:1st plural
1778:1st plural
1689:morpheme).
1633:elsewhere.
1613:following
1499:morphology
1458:wasikichik
1161:marks the
1088:'by day').
984:3rd person
963:2nd person
935:1st person
853:Morphology
337:Consonants
72:Quechua II
3569:indicate
3481:Tehuelche
3453:Huilliche
3238:Harákmbut
3017:Cajamarca
2971:Kashinawa
2807:Chamicuro
2724:Ashéninga
2719:Asháninka
2694:languages
2510:Cajamarca
2398:(Waywash)
2395:Quechua I
2166:riku-n-ku
2138:riku-n-ku
2057:riku-y-ku
2050:riku-y-ku
2039:riku-y-ku
1985:ñuqanchik
1931:riku-wa-n
1911:riku-n-ki
1893:riku-n-ki
1839:riku-y-ki
1816:paykunata
1805:qamkunata
1794:ñuqaykuta
1734:riku-ku-y
1430:quwanchik
1406:kikinchik
1186:'side' →
1064:'good' →
1012:Ñuqanchik
948:ñuqanchik
670:ñuqanchik
664:ñuqanchis
450:Fricative
425:Affricate
226:Phonology
128:Glottolog
102:ISO 639-3
3551:Quechuan
3475:Rapa Nui
3268:Taushiro
3228:Ese Ejja
3189:Zaparoan
3143:Tucanoan
3114:Ayacucho
3106:Southern
3053:Pacaraos
3047:Huallaga
3000:Quechuan
2990:Yaminawa
2961:Iskonawa
2923:Huambisa
2918:Aguaruna
2910:Jivaroan
2812:Yanesha'
2793:Resígaro
2734:Caquinte
2729:Axininca
2702:Arawakan
2678:(Tumbes)
2660:Amazonic
2573:Ayacucho
2490:(Wampuy)
2475:Pacaraos
2456:Pacaraos
2432:Huallaga
2245:Ayacucho
1846:riku-n-i
1731:, as in
1674:-ninchik
1474:runakuna
1452:wasikuna
1368:munasqay
1326:, as in
1249:) marks
1144:katulika
1129:suyasqam
1120:setembri
1100:location
1079:'day' →
923:Singular
906:-ñuqa-pa
894:ñuqapata
863:Overview
638:⟨
358:Alveolar
184:Ayacucho
175:Help:IPA
135:ayac1238
67:Quechuan
3567:Italics
3521:Aymaran
3416:Quechua
3374:Spanish
3278:Urarina
3263:Puquina
3258:Munichi
3253:Mochica
3249:family)
3234:family)
3232:Tacanan
3197:Arabela
3078:Lowland
3043:Huánuco
3031:Central
2985:Shipibo
2966:Kashibo
2956:Amawaka
2936:Shiwiar
2826:Aymaran
2800:Western
2767:Iñapari
2670:Coastal
2426:Huánuco
2418:Huaylay
2191:Russian
2116:paykuna
2069:qamkuna
2022:ñuqayku
1864:riku-ni
1343:kachkan
1082:punchaw
1076:punchaw
1018:ñuqayku
997:paykuna
976:qamkuna
955:ñuqayku
873:affixes
515:Lateral
378:Glottal
363:Palatal
171:Unicode
107:Either:
3488:Yaghan
3440:Chango
3401:Aymara
3273:Ticuna
3247:Arauan
3243:Kulina
3202:Iquito
3179:Omagua
3174:Cocama
3166:Tupian
3156:Secoya
3151:Orejón
3096:Kichwa
3038:Ancash
2980:Pisabo
2976:Matsés
2948:Panoan
2931:Achuar
2900:Jebero
2877:Ocaina
2839:Jaqaru
2834:Aymara
2683:Loncco
2665:Andean
2541:Kichwa
2412:Ancash
2304:
2175:Syntax
1973:riku-n
1945:riku-n
1750:ñuqata
1668:-nchik
1549:aspect
1503:person
1436:-ninka
1428:ninka*
1352:-rayku
1329:amikum
1299:mi rin
1233:-manta
1180:(e.g.
1165:(e.g.
1098:marks
928:Plural
909:'my'.
840:kreyey
829:, and
817:, and
702:servir
696:serbey
631:. See
373:Uvular
353:Labial
325:, and
231:Vowels
196:Chanka
192:Chanka
188:Chanca
3464:Kunza
3447:Chono
3433:Cacán
3283:Yagua
3223:Culle
3119:Cusco
3091:Lamas
3058:Wanka
2744:Nanti
2711:Campa
2578:Cusco
2555:Lamas
2440:Wanka
2195:Latin
1772:payta
1761:qamta
1722:rikuy
1680:-chik
1662:-chik
1624:-niki
1445:-kuna
1426:iskay
1399:-pura
1380:-kama
1370:rayku
1361:rayku
1339:mikuy
1305:lampa
1279:riman
1277:manta
1267:manta
1258:manta
1189:waqta
1183:waqta
1067:allin
1061:allin
1055:qawan
903:'I',
900:-ñuqa
846:creer
690:libro
684:libru
565:Glide
543:Trill
484:Nasal
368:Velar
241:Front
3531:Chon
3129:Puno
3063:Yaru
2857:Bora
2777:Yine
2759:Piro
2588:Puno
2547:Inga
2450:Yaru
2302:ISBN
1829:ñuqa
1728:-ku-
1654:-nin
1610:-yki
1596:-sqa
1578:-niy
1535:and
1480:runa
1471:and
1468:runa
1460:kuna
1419:-nka
1408:pura
1389:kama
1387:wasi
1359:ñuqa
1318:-paq
1295:ñuqa
1288:-wan
1275:wasi
1265:firu
1256:wasi
1243:and
1240:-man
1201:-man
1168:wasi
1105:wasi
1051:wasi
941:ñuqa
877:noun
385:Stop
253:High
246:Back
216:Lima
212:Peru
40:Peru
2265:at
2247:at
2225:-pa
2200:-qa
2193:or
2111:3rd
1923:pay
1918:3rd
1876:qam
1871:2nd
1824:1st
1811:3rd
1800:2nd
1767:3rd
1756:2nd
1745:1st
1710:-su
1702:-wa
1694:-ku
1686:-n-
1630:-ki
1619:/u/
1617:or
1615:/a/
1604:-ki
1590:-n-
1554:-n-
1538:-su
1532:-wa
1520:-ki
1462:man
1341:paq
1331:paq
1307:wan
1297:wan
1246:-ta
1224:riq
1222:man
1208:-ta
1177:-pa
1157:-pa
1138:-pi
1114:-pi
1094:-pi
1040:-ta
990:pay
969:qam
888:-ta
882:-pa
835:ñan
801:-,
797:-,
793:-,
789:-,
785:-,
781:-,
777:-,
773:-,
769:-,
765:-,
761:-,
757:-,
753:,
749:-,
745:-,
741:-,
737:-,
733:-,
729:-,
725:-,
721:-,
648:/q/
644:/χ/
412:/
331:/χ/
327:/u/
323:/i/
319:/a/
287:Low
270:Mid
190:or
157:IPA
143:ELP
118:qxu
111:quy
3586::
2296:,
2119:)
2072:)
2025:)
1988:)
1926:)
1879:)
1832:)
1819:)
1808:)
1797:)
1786:)
1775:)
1764:)
1753:)
1648:-n
1638:-n
1621:,
1584:-i
1572:-y
1566:-y
1526:ku
1514:-y
1191:pa
1170:pa
1146:pi
1131:pi
1122:pi
1107:pi
1084:ta
1069:ta
1053:ta
1009:.
891:,
885:+
825:,
813:,
807:sy
803:sk
799:sp
795:fl
791:fr
787:kw
783:kl
779:kr
775:gw
771:gl
767:gr
763:tr
759:ty
755:dr
751:dy
747:py
743:pw
739:pr
735:pl
731:by
727:bw
723:br
719:bl
603:^
434:tʃ
401:/
392:/
321:,
303:^
210:,
3352:e
3345:t
3338:v
3245:(
3230:(
3049:)
3045:(
2978:/
2636:e
2629:t
2622:v
2379:e
2372:t
2365:v
2113:(
2066:(
2019:(
1982:(
1920:(
1873:(
1826:(
1813:(
1802:(
1791:(
1780:(
1769:(
1758:(
1747:(
1599:.
1523:(
1269:m
831:f
827:g
823:b
819:ñ
815:l
811:h
652:q
640:q
588:w
580:j
572:ɹ
550:r
527:ʎ
522:l
499:ɲ
494:n
489:m
477:h
469:χ
460:s
455:f
414:g
410:k
403:d
399:t
394:b
390:p
292:a
280:o
275:e
263:u
258:i
177:.
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