818:
1907:) had fixed meaning. Otherwise titles ... really expressed the informal consensus of mullahs as to the degree of deference they wished to show one another. A teacher in madreseh might be greatly offended if a letter from a layman failed to call him 'ayatollah', but he would vigorously reject the title if addressed as an ayatollah in public - vigorously, that is, until he sensed that other mullahs of his level would tolerate hearing him so addressed, at which point he would quietly let his students impose the title on him.
3447:
1991:
2458:
2472:
2486:
1841:
1926:
for Shia clerics has been developed after the 1980s as a result of
Iranian Revolution, despite the fact no official institutional way of conferring titles is available. At first the title that had been reserved for a Marja', was gradually applied to an established Mujtahid. With the
1022:
Though no formal hierarchical structure exists among Shia clerics, a "hierarchy of difference" can be elaborated to describe the situation. Traditionally, the title
Ayatollah was awarded by popular usage only to the very few highest ranking, prominent
817:
2005:
change in what makes an ayatollah has been the falling away (at least in many important situations), of purely religious credentials and informal acclamation, and its replacement by political criteria.
1919:
led to "rapid inflation of religious titles", so that almost every senior cleric began to be called an
Ayatollah. raising the number of individuals who call themselves an Ayatollah dramatically.
776:
when it came to be used for "any established mujtahid". By 2015 it was further expanded to include any student who had passed their
Mujtahid final exam, leading to "thousands" of Ayatollahs.
2135:
maintains that this title entered general usage possibly because it was an "indirect result of the reform and strengthening of the religious institution in
1982:). Originally, about half a dozen people were addressed as al-Uzma, but as of 2015, the number of people who claimed that title was reportedly over 50.
1959:
wrote in 2015 that every cleric who finished his training calls himself an
Ayatollah and this trend has led to emergence of "thousands of Ayatollahs".
2424:, "Great Sign of God"). When an ayatollah gains a significant following and they are recognized for religiously correct views, they are considered a
2071:(died 1374), however it was not in use as a title for those qualifying until the 20th century. Glassé states that following domination of
890:). The combination has been translated to English as 'Sign of God', 'Divine Sign' or 'Reflection of God'. It is a frequently-used term in
3320:
1932:
2432:
is asked to publish a juristic treatise in which he answers questions about the application of Islam to present-time daily affairs.
593:
3260:
3108:
3081:
2941:
2023:
867:
3484:
1310:
42:
3489:
3363:
3220:
1869:
1305:
3100:
Shi-ism and
Constitutionalism in Iran: A Study of the Role Played by the Persian Residents of Iraq in Iranian Politics
3429:
3411:
3340:
3309:
3290:
3239:
3050:
2966:
2871:
2112:
1250:
3451:
2238:
2116:
1826:
2890:
Zuraidah, Mohd Don; May, Alan (2013), "The discursive representation of Iran's supreme leader in online media",
898:"We shall show them Our signs on the horizons and in their own selves", while it has been also used to refer to
760:
Originally used as a title bestowed by popular/clerical acclaim for a small number of the most distinguished
1787:
2047:
1565:
3479:
1721:
1255:
1731:
1756:
586:
20:
2054:, who had fallen out of favor with the rulers were downgraded by not being addressed as an Ayatollah.
3494:
2150:
While the title
Ayatollah was sporadically used during the 1930s, it became widespread in the 1940s.
2120:
2035:). Since the 2010s, sources under government control tend to give him more distinguished titles like
1697:
951:
3130:
2108:
1935:, four levels of studies were introduced and those clerics who end the fourth level, also known as
1791:
1622:
1339:
1280:
1125:
3206:. Fasc. 2. Vol. III (Online ed.). New York, NY: Bibliotheca Persica Press. p. 133.
3042:
2140:
1923:
1751:
1382:
1377:
723:
422:
2111:(1839–1911), to distinguish them from the clerics of lower rank in Tehran, during the 1905-1911
2546:
2026:
1862:
1417:
703:
557:
3098:
3036:
3499:
3346:
2098:
2051:
1912:
579:
3332:
3073:
2125:
1736:
1600:
1412:
1290:
1232:
1141:
216:
8:
3469:
3373:
Golkar, Saeid (2017). "Clerical
Militia and Securitization of Seminary Schools in Iran".
2541:
1887:
The title of
Ayatollah (and other Iranian Shi'i titles) has been "cheapened" since then.
1300:
1260:
1105:
995:
970:
945:
924:
291:
2654:
2652:
2428:, which in common parlance is "grand ayatollah". Usually as a prelude to such status, a
3390:
3166:
3158:
3003:
2915:
2907:
2002:
1916:
1821:
1646:
1185:
1116:
807:
773:
2420:
Only a few of the most important ayatollahs are accorded the rank of Grand
Ayatollah (
1081:), which is determined by popular acclamation, as well as collecting a huge amount of
312:
3425:
3407:
3394:
3359:
3336:
3305:
3286:
3256:
3235:
3216:
3186:
3170:
3150:
3104:
3077:
3046:
2962:
2937:
2919:
2867:
2649:
2491:
2377:
2248:
2019:
1994:
1893:
describes how the title of ayatollah was determined in the mid to late 20th century.
1855:
1845:
1502:
1215:
1200:
1180:
1136:
811:
562:
3382:
3328:
3142:
2899:
2068:
1746:
1702:
1352:
1160:
1092:
Consequently, by the 1960s a cleric addressed as an Ayatollah was expected to be a
899:
858:
738:
714:
661:
655:
618:
3199:
894:, but its usage in this context is presumably a particular reference to the verse
3250:
3146:
3067:
2329:
2304:
2014:
1741:
1631:
1210:
986:
961:
936:
915:
883:
833:
694:
612:
522:
367:
2711:
Sociology of religions: perspectives of Ali Shariati (2008) Mir Mohammed Ibrahim
828:, Iran; Religious leaders who have the authority to interpret sharia sources in
3474:
2442:
2031:
1990:
1890:
1726:
1687:
1585:
1245:
1170:
743:
30:
3386:
3463:
3281:
Salkind, Neil J., ed. (2006). "Islamic Belief (Iman) and Practive (Ibadat)".
3154:
2903:
2552:
2279:
1692:
1657:
1560:
1190:
1175:
1165:
803:
799:, the title is not unknown, but is only used for clerics of Iranian origin.
537:
402:
392:
382:
3404:
An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism
3190:
3178:
2477:
2144:
2009:
1956:
1662:
1595:
1575:
1151:
497:
457:
437:
221:
201:
3032:
2463:
2440:
or "practical law treatise", and it is usually a reinvention of the book
2153:
2132:
2029:
in 1989, without meeting regular unwritten criteria (such as authoring a
1707:
1570:
1205:
1195:
909:
780:
750:
507:
362:
3446:
3162:
2911:
895:
3007:
2576:
is a person generally accepted as an original authority in Islamic law.
1109:
814:, who was so well known as to often be referred to as "The Ayatollah".
552:
517:
3354:
Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid (1989).
2961:. Oxford Handbooks in History. Oxford University Press. p. 378.
2415:
2181:
1782:
1627:
1555:
1524:
1477:
1467:
1094:
821:
762:
472:
387:
352:
307:
241:
236:
186:
151:
2994:
Bill, James A. (1982), "Power and Religion in Revolutionary Iran",
2223:
2215:
2207:
1796:
1580:
1544:
1422:
1295:
1025:
788:
768:
567:
492:
477:
372:
91:
86:
81:
76:
2507:
2123:
were also given that honorific by constitutionalists according to
19:
This article is about the Shia Islamic title. For other uses, see
2528:
2514:
2086:
2072:
1801:
1773:
1667:
1652:
1590:
1550:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1472:
1462:
1457:
1392:
1387:
1315:
1013:
837:
784:
747:
547:
452:
432:
347:
281:
271:
226:
191:
106:
101:
96:
71:
2934:
The Islamic Republic of Iran: Reflections on an Emerging Economy
852:
2535:
2521:
2436:
is the word for treatise, and such a juristic work is called a
1447:
1320:
1240:
1009:
976:
829:
527:
487:
467:
447:
427:
412:
342:
332:
327:
322:
317:
286:
276:
266:
261:
256:
211:
176:
166:
116:
61:
2849:
The Mantle of the Prophet : Religion and Politics in Iran
2726:
2485:
1840:
16:
High-ranking title given to Usuli Twelver Shī'a Muslim clerics
2500:
2187:
2078:
1928:
1899:
1637:
1452:
1442:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1347:
1325:
1285:
1083:
891:
872:
792:
542:
532:
512:
502:
442:
417:
397:
357:
337:
246:
231:
206:
196:
181:
171:
161:
156:
136:
121:
111:
34:
3069:
The Islamic Revolution: Achievements, Obstacles & Goals
1357:
1017:
796:
754:
685:
679:
670:
667:
642:
627:
624:
482:
462:
407:
251:
146:
66:
51:
3131:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement"
636:
2803:
2801:
2147:, may be the first to bear the title according to Algar.
2136:
1482:
825:
126:
2022:—was bestowed the title Ayatollah immediately after he
2975:
2798:
2714:
2154:
Stages of contemporary titles for Shia clerics in Iran
2885:
2883:
728:
664:
621:
2453:
2102:
2092:
2084:
2076:
980:
955:
930:
906:
877:
861:
850:
708:
682:
676:
639:
633:
1955:) and pass the final exam, were called Ayatollahs.
772:, it suffered from "inflation" following the 1979
757:it came into widespread usage in the 20th century.
673:
630:
3177:
3031:
2880:
2732:
2107:for the sources of emulation in Najaf, especially
3356:Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History
849:The title is originally derived from Arabic word
3461:
3255:. Vol. 2 L-Z, index. Taylor & Francis.
2067:The earliest known address of this title is for
1962:This inflation led to invention of a new title,
3353:
2830:
2828:
2807:
2670:
2668:
2062:
3103:. Leiden, South Holland: Brill. p. 198.
1863:
587:
3327:(Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3325:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
3121:
2825:
2665:
2889:
2866:. Harvard University Press]. p. 2016.
2383:
2358:
2335:
2310:
2285:
2260:
2157:
2012:—who was addressed with mid-level title of
1967:
1940:
1066:
1045:
838:tutelage over people and the administration
2864:Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution
2846:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
1870:
1856:
1040:being regarded among peers as superior in
836:, Ayatollah, Ayatollah Al-Uzma and gained
594:
580:
3038:The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics
2097:s as an attempt to promote their status.
1985:
950:'Sign of God in the two worlds',
3065:
2931:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2620:
2618:
1989:
1927:post-revolutionary bureaucratization of
816:
3318:
3280:
3128:
2981:
2956:
2861:
2793:
2774:
2756:
2680:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
3462:
3372:
3358:. State University of New York Press.
3299:
3270:Newman, Andrew J. "Shi'i Thought". In
3269:
3229:
3210:
3019:
3013:
2959:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
2768:
2744:
2720:
2674:
2644:
1997:, known in the West as "The Ayatollah"
1000:'Sign of God among mortals').
929:'Sign of God among mankind'),
3419:
3401:
3197:
3096:
2834:
2819:
2738:
2699:
2629:
2624:
2091:school, the title was popularized by
737:
3333:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
3271:
3248:
2993:
2595:
2559:
1882:
3211:Glassé, Cyril (2003). "Ayatollah".
990:
965:
940:
919:
887:
783:community of Iran, nor by Shias in
718:
698:
13:
2409:
2101:was the first one to use the term
14:
3511:
3439:
3302:Encyclopedia of Human Development
3283:Encyclopedia of Human Development
2851:. Oxford: One World. p. 241.
2113:Persian Constitutional Revolution
1003:
3445:
3198:Algar, Hamid (18 August 2011) .
2484:
2470:
2456:
1897:Only the titles 'jurisconsult' (
1839:
660:
617:
3422:Shi'I Islam: A Beginner's Guide
3215:. Rowman Altamira. p. 71.
3185:. Fyzee (3rd ed.). WOFIS.
3090:
3059:
3025:
2987:
2950:
2925:
2862:Fischer, Michael M. J. (1980).
2855:
2840:
2813:
2762:
2750:
2566:
2117:Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai
3323:. In Esposito, John L. (ed.).
3230:Leaman, Oliver (2006). "Aya".
2705:
2660:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
1538:Other related sects and groups
832:used assertive titles such as
1:
3450:The dictionary definition of
3304:. Columbia University Press.
3252:Medieval Islamic Civilization
3213:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
3202:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
3129:Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013).
2808:Nasr, Nasr & Dabashi 1989
2583:
1903:) and 'model for imitation' (
779:The title is not used by the
3249:Meri, Josef W., ed. (2006).
3147:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828
2588:
2330:Hujjat al-Islam wal-Muslimin
2048:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari
1827:Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism
1566:Bektashism and folk religion
844:
7:
3234:. New York, NY: Routledge.
3232:The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia
2932:Amuzegar, Jahangir (2014).
2449:
2103:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2063:Origins, early 20th century
1029:. Qualifications included
981:
956:
931:
907:
878:
862:
851:
729:
709:
10:
3516:
3485:Islamic Persian honorifics
3097:Ḥairi, Abdul-Hadi (1977).
2936:. Routledge. p. 210.
2413:
2345:Proof of Islam and Muslims
2246:
1822:List of Twelver Shia books
1063:being superior in 'riyāsat
1007:
932:ʾāyatu llāhi fī l-ʿālamayn
300:Legal vocations and titles
21:Ayatollah (disambiguation)
18:
3490:Quranic words and phrases
3424:, Oneworld Publications,
3406:, Yale University Press,
3387:10.1007/s11562-017-0384-8
3300:Hughes, Aaron W. (2013).
3122:General and cited sources
3072:. London: Open Press for
2847:Mottahedeh, Roy (2000) .
2352:
2327:
2302:
2277:
2254:
2236:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2178:
2121:Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani
2046:Certain clerics, such as
2018:when he was in office as
1718:Other hadith collections
1698:Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih
975:'in the worlds',
810:– it was associated with
3066:Siddiqui, Kalim (1980).
2957:Daryaee, Touraj (2012).
2904:10.1177/0957926513486222
2143:(1859–1937) who founded
2057:
1126:The Fourteen Infallibles
739:[ɒːjjætˌolˈlɒːh]
3043:Oxford University Press
2892:Discourse & Society
2733:al-Shaykh al-Saduq 1982
2141:Abdul-Karim Haeri Yazdi
2075:branch by followers of
1752:Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya
1722:Book of Sulaym ibn Qays
1055:superiority in learning
806:– especially after the
3420:Momen, Moojan (2015),
3402:Momen, Moojan (1985),
3319:Calmard, Jean (2009).
3135:Middle Eastern Studies
2547:List of current maraji
2027:Supreme Leader of Iran
1998:
1986:Political connotations
1909:
982:ʾāyatu llāhi fī l-warā
857:pre-modified with the
841:
735:Persian pronunciation:
3285:. Vol. 1. SAGE.
2759:, p. 739, vol. 1
2099:Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi
2083:school and demise of
2069:Ibn Mutahhar Al-Hilli
2052:Hussein-Ali Montazeri
1993:
1922:An unwritten rule of
1913:Michael M. J. Fischer
1895:
1846:Shia Islam portal
1281:Imamate of the Family
941:آية الله في العالمَین
820:
3204:Encyclopædia Iranica
3074:The Muslim Institute
2438:risalah-yi'amaliyyah
2126:Loghatnameh Dehkhoda
1737:Reality of Certainty
1413:Mourning of Muharram
1291:Mourning of Muharram
2996:Middle East Journal
2542:Clericalism in Iran
2443:Al-Urwatu l-Wuthqah
2237:Allowed to receive
1418:Arba'een Pilgrimage
1087:(religious taxes).
920:آية الله في الأنعام
3480:Islamic honorifics
3375:Contemporary Islam
3179:al-Shaykh al-Saduq
3033:Emad El-Din Shahin
3022:, pp. 219–223
2735:, pp. 151–152
2572:Among the Shia, a
2221:Usually a greater
1999:
1917:Iranian Revolution
1681:Hadith collections
905:Variants used are
842:
808:Iranian Revolution
774:Iranian Revolution
3262:978-0-415-96692-4
3110:978-90-04-04900-0
3083:978-0-905081-07-6
2943:978-1-85743-748-5
2837:, p. 205–206
2810:, p. 265–266
2560:Explanatory notes
2492:Shia Islam portal
2407:
2406:
2393:Great Sign of God
2378:Ayatollah al-Uzma
2249:clerical clothing
2213:Can be a greater
2020:President of Iran
1995:Ruhollah Khomeini
1977:Great Sign of God
1964:Ayatollah al-Uzma
1883:Devaluation trend
1880:
1879:
1776:and jurisprudence
1383:Nahy ani l-Munkar
1223:
1222:
1033:being a definite
999:
991:آية الله في الورى
974:
949:
928:
812:Ruhollah Khomeini
746:for high-ranking
727:
707:
604:
603:
3507:
3495:Religious titles
3449:
3434:
3416:
3398:
3369:
3350:
3349:on 16 July 2019.
3345:. Archived from
3315:
3296:
3275:
3266:
3245:
3226:
3207:
3194:
3174:
3115:
3114:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2796:
2791:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2747:, pp. 85–86
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2656:
2647:
2642:
2627:
2622:
2577:
2570:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2247:Allowed to wear
2205:Can be a lesser
2158:
2109:Akhund Khurasani
2106:
2096:
2090:
2082:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1933:Islamic Republic
1905:marja' al-taqlid
1872:
1865:
1858:
1844:
1843:
1747:Mafatih al-Jinan
1732:Wasā'il al-Shīʿa
1703:Tahdhib al-Ahkam
1306:Wilayat al-Faqih
1131:
1130:
1101:
1100:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
994:
992:
984:
969:
967:
959:
944:
942:
934:
923:
921:
913:
908:ʾāyatu llāhi fī
900:The Twelve Imams
889:
881:
865:
859:definite article
856:
822:Grand Ayatollahs
741:
736:
732:
722:
720:
712:
702:
700:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
659:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
616:
596:
589:
582:
558:Tabi' al-Tabi'in
26:
25:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3460:
3459:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3414:
3366:
3343:
3312:
3293:
3263:
3242:
3223:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3045:. p. 400.
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2930:
2926:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2860:
2856:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2681:
2673:
2666:
2662:, 1985, p.205-6
2657:
2650:
2643:
2630:
2623:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2426:Marja'-e-Taqlid
2418:
2412:
2410:Grand Ayatollah
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2305:Hujjat al-Islam
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2156:
2065:
2060:
2037:Grand Ayatollah
2015:Hujjat al-Islam
1988:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1952:
1950:beyond the text
1949:
1946:
1943:
1929:Shia seminaries
1885:
1876:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1792:The Infallibles
1777:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1742:Nahj al-Balagha
1714:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1407:
1406:Other practices
1399:
1398:
1397:
1378:Amr bi-l maʿrūf
1342:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1128:
1117:Twelver Shi'ism
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1020:
1006:
847:
834:Hujjat al-Islam
744:honorific title
734:
663:
654:
653:
650:
620:
611:
610:
600:
368:Hujjat al-Islam
313:Shaykh al-Islām
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3458:
3457:
3441:
3440:External links
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3417:
3412:
3399:
3381:(3): 215–235.
3370:
3365:978-0887068447
3364:
3351:
3341:
3316:
3310:
3297:
3291:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3261:
3246:
3240:
3227:
3222:978-0759101890
3221:
3208:
3195:
3183:A Shiite Creed
3175:
3141:(3): 430–453.
3125:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3089:
3082:
3076:. p. 26.
3058:
3051:
3024:
3012:
2986:
2984:, p. 439.
2974:
2967:
2949:
2942:
2924:
2898:(6): 743–762,
2879:
2872:
2854:
2839:
2824:
2812:
2797:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2704:
2679:
2677:, pp. 219
2664:
2648:
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2564:
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2481:
2467:
2451:
2448:
2422:Ayatollah Uzma
2414:Main article:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2374:
2351:
2326:
2320:Proof of Islam
2301:
2295:Trust of Islam
2276:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2228:
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2064:
2061:
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1987:
1984:
1891:Roy Mottahedeh
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
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1815:Related topics
1814:
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1804:
1799:
1794:
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1779:
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1762:
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1760:
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1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Bihar al-Anwar
1724:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1688:The Four Books
1684:
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1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
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1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
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1396:
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1390:
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1380:
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1338:
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1334:
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1277:
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1155:
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1129:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1090:
1089:
1061:
1038:
1005:
1004:Qualifications
1002:
870:with the word
846:
843:
602:
601:
599:
598:
591:
584:
576:
573:
572:
571:
570:
565:
563:Da'i al-Mutlaq
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
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510:
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495:
490:
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289:
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269:
264:
259:
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249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
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159:
154:
149:
141:
140:
132:
131:
130:
129:
124:
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109:
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99:
94:
89:
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55:
47:
46:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3512:
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3498:
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3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3456:at Wiktionary
3455:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3431:9781780747880
3427:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3413:9780300034998
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3342:9780199861255
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3311:9780231531924
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3292:9781412904759
3288:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3241:0-415-32639-7
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
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3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
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3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3052:9780190631932
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2968:9780199732159
2964:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2873:9780674466159
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2822:, p. 204
2821:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2771:, p. 126
2770:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2723:, p. 734
2722:
2717:
2708:
2702:, p. 178
2701:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
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2655:
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2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2554:
2553:Seghatoleslam
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2468:
2465:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2402:
2401:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2355:
2332:
2331:
2307:
2306:
2282:
2281:
2280:Seghatoleslam
2257:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:revolutionary
2001:Another post-
1996:
1992:
1983:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1938:
1937:Dars-e-Kharej
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:According to
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Kitab al-Kafi
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Seghatoleslam
1656:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
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1432:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:Other beliefs
1271:
1270:
1262:
1261:Judgement Day
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1062:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
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1028:
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1019:
1015:
1011:
1001:
997:
988:
983:
978:
972:
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947:
938:
933:
926:
917:
912:
911:
903:
901:
897:
893:
885:
880:
875:
874:
869:
868:post-modified
864:
860:
855:
854:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
804:Western world
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
770:
766:
764:
758:
756:
752:
749:
745:
740:
731:
725:
716:
711:
705:
696:
690:
657:
647:
614:
608:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
578:
577:
575:
574:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
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541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
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501:
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496:
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459:
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451:
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421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
383:Seghatoleslam
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
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331:
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198:
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2013:
2010:Ali Khamenei
2008:
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1957:Moojan Momen
1936:
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1642:
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1423:Intercession
1311:Usul al-fiqh
1296:Intercession
1152:Twelve Imams
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2645:Glassé 2003
2464:Iran portal
2368:Sign of God
2185:and issues
2133:Hamid Algar
2024:was elected
1772:Sources of
1708:Al-Istibsar
1616:Scholarship
1571:Malamatiyya
1549:Sufism and
1436:Holy cities
1301:Occultation
1251:Prophethood
977:plural form
966:في العالمین
879:ʾāyatu llāh
751:Shia clergy
710:ʾāyatu llāh
363:Grand Mufti
3470:Ayatollahs
3464:Categories
2835:Momen 1985
2820:Momen 1985
2700:Momen 2015
2625:Algar 1987
2584:References
2179:Usually a
1931:under the
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830:Shia Islam
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2589:Citations
2403:Sources:
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2104:Ayatullah
1797:Consensus
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1468:Jerusalem
1340:Practices
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704:romanized
607:Ayatollah
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473:Muhaddith
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3035:(2016).
2912:24441464
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2450:See also
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2216:Mujtahid
2208:Mujtahid
1757:Al-Amali
1581:Hurufism
1545:Alawites
1216:al-Mahdi
1191:al-Kazim
1186:al-Sadiq
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448:Mufassir
373:Mujtahid
102:Madrasah
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82:Istihlal
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31:a series
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1316:Ijtihad
1256:Imamate
1246:Justice
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1196:ar-Rida
1142:Fatimah
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