129:
99:
152:
families. This proposed classification has not been definitively demonstrated, largely because of slow progress in the reconstruction of the intermediate stages of the two language families involved, but is still considered promising by many linguists. The grouping was originally proposed by
165:. Their proposal included some 67 proposed cognates, but subsequent reviews have found most of them to be unconvincing (monosyllables, onomatopoeia). A small number of their proposed cognates do seem to have some merit and in his 1997 review of the hypothesis
504:
Davis, Irvine. 1979. The Kiowa-Tanoan, Keresan, and Zuni languages. In The languages of Native
America: historical and comparative assessment, ed. Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun, 390-443. Austin: University of Texas
437:
DAVIS, Irvine, author. 1989. "A new look at Aztec-Tanoan." In
General and Amerindian ethnolinguistics: In remembrance of Stanley Newman, Mary Ritchie Key and Henry M. Hoenigswald (eds.). pages 365-79. Berlin: Mouton de
465:
Hill, Jane H. 2002. Toward a
Linguistic Prehistory of the Southwest: "Azteco-Tanoan" and the Arrival of Maize Cultivation. Journal of Anthropological Research , Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter, 2002), pp. 457-475
1600:
428:
Kenneth L. Hale. 1967. Toward a
Reconstruction of Kiowa-Tanoan Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics , Vol. 33, No. 2 (Apr., 1967), pp. 112-120
626:
617:
1610:
189:
The following word pairs are the proposed cognates from Whorf & Trager (1937) and Davis (1979) considered promising by
Campbell (1997:273).
1506:
447:
NEWMAN, S. (1954), American Indian
Linguistics in the Southwest. American Anthropologist, 56: 626–634. doi: 10.1525/aa.1954.56.4.02a00180
1605:
17:
610:
630:
1641:
1636:
1479:
1559:
603:
575:
567:
549:
520:
1615:
103:
Pre-contact distribution of hypothetical Aztec-Tanoan family (map does not show the total distribution in Mexico)
1009:
978:
173:
argues that the evidence cited for the genetic relation by Whorf and Trager is better understood as a result of
595:
1327:
945:
144:
is a hypothetical and undemonstrated language family that proposes a genealogical relation between the
1574:
1425:
1407:
1070:
653:
157:
in his 1921 classification, but it was not until 1937 that supporting evidence was published by
1401:
1359:
1168:
1134:
852:
1569:
1515:
1434:
1412:
1053:
935:
169:
states that the proposal is not implausible but requires detailed study. A recent article by
109:
76:
1467:
1460:
1394:
1242:
808:
774:
8:
1579:
1418:
1376:
1316:
1295:
1089:
1025:
968:
916:
901:
874:
842:
658:
1490:
1446:
1370:
1270:
1256:
1186:
1076:
892:
836:
829:
740:
724:
581:
158:
713:
1554:
1496:
1249:
1232:
1207:
1193:
1048:
911:
906:
868:
751:
571:
563:
545:
516:
284:
267:
1584:
1529:
1522:
1440:
1381:
1309:
1302:
1221:
1179:
1144:
1102:
1083:
1058:
1019:
998:
992:
955:
862:
760:
706:
699:
692:
671:
174:
118:
71:
1387:
1344:
1337:
1214:
1200:
1150:
1064:
1039:
962:
928:
922:
819:
785:
685:
647:
555:
527:
56:
1453:
1285:
1263:
1116:
1095:
987:
881:
801:
794:
733:
678:
178:
625:
584:; & Trager, George L. (1937). The relationship of Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan.
1630:
1157:
1123:
1109:
767:
664:
508:
166:
49:
474:
Hale, Kenneth L. (1967). Toward a reconstruction of Kiowa–Tanoan phonology.
537:
170:
162:
154:
149:
513:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native
America
532:
The languages of native
America: Historical and comparative assessment
128:
85:
145:
98:
266:
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in
330:*tï’na > *tï’ni; *tï’nV-pa > *tï’n-pa > *tïmpa
257:'wrap, tie' (Davis' set 14, Whorf & Tragers' set 87)
544:(Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
491:. Flower Mound, Texas: Shumway Family History Services.
246:(Davis) (Davis' set 3, Whorf & Trager's set 84)
1628:
352:*kïsa, *kïsica, *kïhisa; *naNpa, *naCp, *nappa
216:) (Whorf & Trager's set 31 / Davis' set 85)
1326:
611:
542:Handbook of North American Indians: Languages
476:International Journal of American Linguistics
1505:
618:
604:
627:Indigenous language families and isolates
562:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27:North American aboriginal language family
1231:
374:*paNkwi, *pakkwi, *paC-kuyu, *paC-kucu
14:
1629:
599:
560:The languages of Native North America
515:. New York: Oxford University Press.
489:Uto-Aztecan: A comparative vocabulary
534:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
184:
134:Uto-Aztecan languages in Mesoamerica
177:between the Uto-Aztecan and Tanoan
24:
25:
1653:
396:*tı̈paC, *tı̈paL; *kwiya, *kwiLa
127:
97:
498:
235:) (Whorf & Trager's set 73)
481:
468:
459:
450:
441:
431:
422:
13:
1:
415:
261:
201:(Whorf & Trager's set 12)
7:
10:
1658:
1642:Proposed language families
1593:
1547:
1478:
1358:
1284:
1167:
1133:
1038:
1008:
977:
944:
891:
851:
818:
784:
750:
723:
637:
126:
96:
84:
65:
57:Linguistic classification
55:
42:
37:
32:
270:and Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan.
208:- 'woman'; Proto-Tanoan
61:proposed language family
586:American Anthropologist
487:Stubbs, Brian D. 2011.
319:*tamaC, *tamaN, *taman
242:'heart'; Kiowa-Tanoan *
212:- (Davis Kiowa-Tanoan *
18:Azteco-Tanoan languages
1637:Aztec–Tanoan languages
1611:Unclassified languages
526:Campbell, Lyle; &
219:'three', Uto-Aztecan
193:'stand', Uto-Aztecan
363:*piCti(C); *ciʼi-wa
253:'tie'; Kiowa-Tanoan
1560:Algonquian–Wakashan
1548:Proposed groupings
638:Language families
582:Whorf, Benjamin L.
478:, 33 (2), 112-120.
281:Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan
240:*pi(h)wi, *pi(h)yi
159:Benjamin Lee Whorf
1624:
1623:
1606:Extinct languages
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1354:
1353:
1280:
1279:
1034:
1033:
1010:Takelma–Kalapuyan
456:Campbell 1997:273
411:
410:
285:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
268:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
185:Proposed cognates
139:
138:
16:(Redirected from
1649:
1616:Linguistic areas
1503:
1502:
1324:
1323:
1229:
1228:
942:
941:
721:
720:
620:
613:
606:
597:
596:
556:Mithun, Marianne
530:(Eds.). (1979).
528:Mithun, Marianne
492:
485:
479:
472:
466:
463:
457:
454:
448:
445:
439:
435:
429:
426:
275:
274:
231:; Kiowa-Tanoan *
197:-; Proto-Tanoan
175:language contact
131:
116:
107:
101:
30:
29:
21:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1589:
1535:
1501:
1483:linguistic area
1482:
1474:
1363:linguistic area
1362:
1350:
1322:
1276:
1227:
1172:linguistic area
1171:
1163:
1137:linguistic area
1136:
1129:
1030:
1004:
973:
940:
887:
847:
814:
780:
746:
719:
639:
633:
624:
540:(Ed.). (1996).
501:
496:
495:
486:
482:
473:
469:
464:
460:
455:
451:
446:
442:
436:
432:
427:
423:
418:
264:
233:podzu(a)/*pocua
223:; Proto-Tanoan
187:
179:proto-languages
135:
132:
122:
121:
114:
112:
105:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1601:Classification
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:Macro-Chibchan
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1410:
1408:Tequistlatecan
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1071:Tequistlatecan
1068:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
995:
990:
984:
982:
975:
974:
972:
971:
966:
959:
951:
949:
939:
938:
933:
932:
931:
926:
914:
909:
904:
898:
896:
889:
888:
886:
885:
878:
871:
866:
858:
856:
849:
848:
846:
845:
840:
833:
825:
823:
816:
815:
813:
812:
805:
798:
790:
788:
782:
781:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
754:
748:
747:
745:
744:
737:
729:
727:
718:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
656:
651:
643:
641:
635:
634:
623:
622:
615:
608:
600:
594:
593:
579:
553:
535:
524:
509:Campbell, Lyle
506:
500:
497:
494:
493:
480:
467:
458:
449:
440:
430:
420:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
402:
398:
397:
394:
393:*dṼ₄m 'ground'
391:
387:
386:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:
369:
365:
364:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:
347:
343:
342:
341:*man > *ma
339:
336:
332:
331:
328:
325:
321:
320:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
303:
299:
298:
295:
292:
288:
287:
282:
279:
263:
260:
259:
258:
247:
236:
217:
202:
186:
183:
137:
136:
133:
124:
123:
113:
104:
102:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
80:
79:
74:
67:
63:
62:
59:
53:
52:
46:
40:
39:
38:(hypothetical)
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1654:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:Calusa–Tunica
1325:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
980:
976:
970:
967:
965:
964:
960:
958:
957:
953:
952:
950:
947:
943:
937:
934:
930:
927:
925:
924:
920:
919:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
897:
894:
890:
884:
883:
879:
877:
876:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:
860:
859:
857:
854:
850:
844:
841:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
827:
826:
824:
821:
817:
811:
810:
806:
804:
803:
799:
797:
796:
792:
791:
789:
787:
783:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:
765:
763:
762:
758:
757:
755:
753:
749:
743:
742:
738:
736:
735:
731:
730:
728:
726:
722:
716:
715:
711:
709:
708:
704:
702:
701:
697:
695:
694:
690:
688:
687:
683:
681:
680:
676:
674:
673:
669:
667:
666:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
649:
645:
644:
642:
636:
632:
631:North America
628:
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
601:
598:
591:
587:
583:
580:
577:
576:0-521-29875-X
573:
569:
568:0-521-23228-7
565:
561:
557:
554:
551:
550:0-16-048774-9
547:
543:
539:
538:Goddard, Ives
536:
533:
529:
525:
522:
521:0-19-509427-1
518:
514:
510:
507:
503:
502:
490:
484:
477:
471:
462:
453:
444:
434:
425:
421:
406:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
389:
388:
385:*pa / *pa’wi
384:
381:
378:
377:
373:
370:
367:
366:
362:
359:
356:
355:
351:
348:
345:
344:
340:
337:
334:
333:
329:
326:
323:
322:
318:
316:*dwṼ₅a; *gʷṼ₅
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
301:
300:
296:
293:
290:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
271:
269:
256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
191:
190:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:Lyle Campbell
164:
160:
156:
151:
147:
143:
130:
125:
120:
111:
100:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
51:
50:North America
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1565:Aztec–Tanoan
1564:
1528:
1521:
1516:Guanahatabey
1514:
1507:Pre-Arawakan
1489:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1433:
1424:
1417:
1402:Oto-Manguean
1400:
1393:
1386:
1369:
1360:Mesoamerican
1343:
1336:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1169:Coahuiltecan
1156:
1149:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1082:
1075:
1063:
1018:
997:
979:Coast Oregon
961:
954:
921:
880:
873:
861:
853:Macro-Siouan
835:
828:
807:
800:
793:
773:
766:
759:
739:
732:
712:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
663:
646:
640:and isolates
589:
585:
559:
541:
531:
512:
499:Bibliography
488:
483:
475:
470:
461:
452:
443:
433:
424:
265:
254:
250:
249:Uto-Aztecan
243:
239:
238:Proto-Numic
232:
229:pahi/*pahayu
228:
227:(Davis' UA *
224:
220:
213:
209:
205:
204:Uto-Aztecan
198:
195:wine/wene/wi
194:
188:
171:Jane H. Hill
163:G. L. Trager
155:Edward Sapir
142:Aztec–Tanoan
141:
140:
90:
66:Subdivisions
45:distribution
33:Aztec–Tanoan
1570:Macro-Mayan
1435:Uto-Aztecan
1413:Totozoquean
1243:Coahuilteco
1054:Palaihnihan
936:Tsimshianic
150:Uto-Aztecan
110:Uto-Aztecan
77:Uto-Aztecan
1631:Categories
1426:Mixe–Zoque
1395:Misumalpan
1317:Chitimacha
809:Algonquian
775:Athabaskan
654:Yuki–Wappo
592:, 609–624.
558:. (1999).
511:. (1997).
416:References
262:Vocabulary
255:*phe, *ph^
43:Geographic
1580:Tolatecan
1480:Caribbean
1468:Alagüilac
1461:Purépecha
1447:Cuitlatec
1419:Totonacan
1377:Jicaquean
1296:Muskogean
1271:Mamulique
1257:Comecrudo
1187:Karankawa
1090:Jicaquean
1077:Chimariko
1026:Kalapuyan
969:Sahaptian
917:Yok-Utian
902:Chinookan
875:Iroquoian
843:Chimakuan
659:Chumashan
401:I (1.SG)
86:Glottolog
1491:Arawakan
1371:Chibchan
1250:Cotoname
1208:Quinigua
1194:Maratino
893:Penutian
837:Wakashan
830:Salishan
741:Eskimoan
725:Eskaleut
438:Gruyter.
148:and the
48:central
1555:Amerind
1530:Ciguayo
1523:Macorix
1497:Cariban
1471: ?
1330: ?
1310:Atakapa
1303:Natchez
1288: ?
1235: ?
1233:Pakawan
1222:Tonkawa
1180:Aranama
1135:Pueblo
1103:Salinan
1084:Esselen
1049:Shastan
1042: ?
1020:Takelma
1012: ?
999:Siuslaw
981: ?
956:Klamath
948: ?
946:Plateau
912:Maiduan
907:Wintuan
895: ?
869:Caddoan
855: ?
822: ?
761:Tlingit
752:Na-Dene
707:Waikuri
700:Timucua
693:Kutenai
672:Beothuk
570:(hbk);
357:breast
338:*mṼ₁bd-
297:*kuppa
1585:Waroid
1441:Xincan
1382:Lencan
1345:Calusa
1338:Tunica
1215:Solano
1201:Naolan
1145:Tanoan
1059:Pomoan
993:Coosan
988:Alsean
963:Molala
923:Yokuts
863:Siouan
714:Pericú
686:Cayuse
574:
566:
548:
519:
505:Press.
390:earth
379:water
349:*ʔṼ₅bn
324:mouth
313:tooth
308:*pusi
251:*pu:la
225:poyuwo
146:Tanoan
119:Tanoan
117:
115:
108:
106:
72:Tanoan
1594:Lists
1454:Huave
1388:Mayan
1264:Garza
1151:Keres
1117:Washo
1096:Karuk
1065:Yuman
1040:Hokan
929:Utian
882:Yuchi
820:Mosan
802:Yurok
795:Wiyot
786:Algic
734:Aleut
679:Bidai
648:Haida
404:*nṼ₁b
382:*p’V₁
368:fish
360:*gʷV₃
346:foot
335:hand
294:*pʰV₂
291:hair
278:gloss
199:gwine
1286:Gulf
1158:Zuni
1124:Yana
1110:Seri
768:Eyak
665:Adai
572:ISBN
564:ISBN
546:ISBN
517:ISBN
407:*nï
371:*pV₃
327:*sV₂
305:*cV₄
302:eye
221:pahi
206:siwa
161:and
91:None
629:of
244:pia
214:siu
210:liw
1633::
590:39
588:,
181:.
619:e
612:t
605:v
578:.
552:.
523:.
20:)
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