365:. Azygos and hemiazygos continuation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) was not common in daily life. It is very hard to observe, particularly when it is not associated with congenital heart disease or deep venous thrombosis. Thus, it is crucial to diagnose the enlarged azygos vein at the confluence with the superior vena cava and in the retrocrural space to prevent misdiagnosis as a right-sided paratracheal mass. The loss of the intrahepatic segment of IVC with azygous and hemiazygos continuation happens in 0.6% of patients diagnosed for congenital heart disease and usually occurs simultaneously with situs inversus, asplenia, or polysplenia, persistent left superior vena cava (SVC), and congenital pulmonary venolobar syndrome. Azygos and hemiazygos continuation of the IVC is rare especially when it is not associated with congenital heart disease.
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It has been proposed that the azygos vein develops by originally draining to the posterior cardinal vein and then to the longitudinal venous channel. Following retrogression of the left common cardinal vein, the left azygos vein loses contact with the posterior cardinal vein. Thus, the blood drains
270:
The origin and anatomical course of the azygos vein are quite variable. Usually, there is a singular azygos vein on the right side of the body. However, the azygos vein is occasionally located in the midline or two independent veins may be present like in early embryonic development. In some rare
29:
352:. It also creates a cavo-caval anastomosis by offering an alternative, collateral blood flow from the lower half of the body to the superior vena cava, bypassing the inferior vena cava. This can have clinical significance in any blood flow restriction of the inferior vena cava.
360:
Azygos vein abnormalities can be suggested on chest radiograph by enlargement of the azygos shadow to greater than 1 cm. False positives can occur in heart failure causing increased pressures on the right side of the heart, or adjacent
308:, draining into the azygous vein at the midthoracic level. These two veins are located at the opposite side of the vertebral column. The azygous vein also receives drainage from all the
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Posterior view: The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind. (Azygos vein labeled at bottom left.)
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variations, for example, it also drains thoracic veins, bronchial veins, and even gonadal veins. The vein is so named because it has no symmetrically equivalent
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259:) is an important anatomic landmark. As an anatomical variation in 1–2% of the population, the arch can be displaced laterally, thereby creating a
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Shin, Myung Soo; Ho, Kang Jey (1 July 1999). "Clinical significance of azygos vein enlargement: Radiographic recognition and etiologic analysis".
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This terminology is only accurate in some species, such as the human, dog, and cat. Ruminants (such as sheep and cows) have paired azygos veins.
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from behind to the front to join the superior vena cava. The trachea and oesophagus is located medially to the arch of the azygous vein.
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Piciucchi S, Barone D, Sanna S, Dubini A, Goodman LR, Oboldi D, Bertocco M, Ciccotosto C, Gavelli G, Carloni A, Poletti V (October 2014).
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and its accessory on the left side of the body, they are considered tributaries of the azygos vein rather than its left-side equivalent.
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389:. The azygos vein is unpaired in that there is only one in the body, mostly on the right side. While there is the
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244:, passing behind the right crus of diaphragm, anterior to the vertebral bodies of T12 to T5 and right posterior
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The azygos system of veins is considered to be the azygos vein, along with its left-sided counterparts, the
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764:"Radiological features of azygos and hemiazygos continuation of inferior vena cava: A case report"
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Edward
Lamperti; Michael Schuenke; Erik Schulte; Udo Schumacher; Ross, Lawrence J. (2006).
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593:"The azygos vein pathway: an overview from anatomical variations to pathological changes"
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189:ἄζυγος (ázugos)=unwedded, unpaired) is a vein running up the right side of the thoracic
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Liu, Y; Guo, D; Li, J; Zhang, X; He, J; Huang, M; Dai, J; Cai, H (April 2018).
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The azygos vein transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the
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at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center – "Right side of the
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and inferior vena cava and can provide an alternative path for blood to the
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at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra, ascending to the right of the
818:
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67:
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Gray's
Anatomy The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice, 40th Edition
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248:. At the level of T4 vertebrae, it arches over the root of the right
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General
Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System (Thieme Atlas of Anatomy)
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218:
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Diagram showing completion of development of the parietal veins.
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690:. Health & Medicine, Entertainment & Humor. 2013-05-23
316:(first intercostal vein). Other tributaries include the right
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28:
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Clinically
Oriented Anatomy Eighth, North American Edition
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723:
Berman, Gerald de Lacey, Simon Morley, Laurence (2008).
425:
The venæ cavæ and azygos veins, with their tributaries.
44:
and their tributaries. (Vena azygos labeled at center.)
684:"Development of superior venacava and azygous vein"
708:Keith L. Moore; Arthur F. Dalley; A. M. R. Agur.
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524:
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647:(Third ed.). Elsevier Ltd. p. 148.
747:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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205:when either of the venae cavae is blocked.
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507:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
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727:. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
725:The chest X-ray : a survival guide
535:. Thieme Publishing Group. p. 13.
267:from the upper lobe of the right lung.
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197:. It connects the systems of superior
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643:Ryan, Stephanie (2011). "Chapter 3".
282:Structure and location of azygos vein
712:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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480:whose tip goes into the azygos vein.
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437:Mediastinal surface of right lung.
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228:It is formed by the union of the
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930:Posterior of the left ventricle
255:The "arch of the azygos vein" (
16:Human blood vessel by the spine
939:Ligament of the left vena cava
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672:. Elsevier Health Sciences UK.
645:Anatomy for diagnostic imaging
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377:refers to a pair. 'A-' means
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275:on the left side of the body.
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570:10.1016/S0899-7071(99)00141-2
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842:Function at Knowyourbody.net
332:. It communicates with the
292:into the right azygos line.
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193:draining itself towards the
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780:10.1097/MD.0000000000010546
497:Posterior intercostal veins
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1119:posterior intercostal 5-11
1105:right superior intercostal
935:Oblique of the left atrium
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300:Major tributaries are the
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1032:left superior intercostal
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609:10.1007/s13244-014-0351-3
350:accessory hemiazygos vein
334:vertebral venous plexuses
312:on the right, except for
306:accessory hemiazygos vein
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83:Superior intercostal vein
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815:Anatomy figure: 19:03-03
314:supreme intercostal vein
73:Right supracardinal vein
837:Radiology at umich.edu
825:Dissection at lumc.edu
283:
230:ascending lumbar veins
165:Anatomical terminology
356:Clinical significance
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263:septum separating an
1124:accessory hemiazygos
1022:anterior intercostal
246:intercostal arteries
1082:pericardiacophrenic
1027:superior epigastric
1224:Veins of the torso
955:Small cardiac vein
830:2007-09-28 at the
502:Superior vena cava
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257:arcus venae azygos
223:superior vena cava
195:superior vena cava
93:Superior vena cava
38:inferior vena cava
34:Superior vena cava
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1017:internal thoracic
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400:Additional images
310:intercostal veins
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1151:Vertebral column
1133:superior phrenic
1087:internal jugular
1075:external jugular
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171:edit on Wikidata
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391:hemiazygos vein
373:The Greek root
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363:lymphadenopathy
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346:hemiazygos vein
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320:and veins from
318:bronchial veins
302:hemiazygos vein
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234:subcostal veins
232:with the right
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203:right atrium
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134:A12.3.07.001
109:
41:
1115:intercostal
819:mediastinum
512:Azygos lobe
461:Azygos vein
326:mediastinum
322:pericardium
296:Tributaries
287:Development
265:azygos lobe
183:azygos vein
110:vena azygos
99:Identifiers
79:Drains from
42:azygos vein
22:Azygos vein
1213:Categories
1128:hemiazygos
1049:subclavian
694:2018-06-13
688:slideshare
518:References
476:showing a
330:oesophagus
1181:posterior
1110:bronchial
1044:vertebral
1000:vena cava
743:cite book
381:. Thus,
221:into the
209:Structure
199:vena cava
89:Drains to
68:Precursor
1186:anterior
1169:internal
1164:external
1054:axillary
998:superior
828:Archived
798:29703035
768:Medicine
627:25171956
578:10631900
486:See also
387:unpaired
348:and the
340:Function
1039:supreme
880:of the
789:5944491
618:4195836
474:CT scan
369:History
261:pleural
219:abdomen
122:D001401
62:Details
1176:spinal
1097:Azygos
894:Thorax
882:thorax
796:
786:
731:
651:
625:
615:
576:
539:
385:means
383:azygos
328:, and
215:thorax
185:(from
981:Lungs
903:Heart
878:Veins
169:[
105:Latin
884:and
794:PMID
749:link
729:ISBN
649:ISBN
623:PMID
574:PMID
537:ISBN
478:port
304:and
273:vein
250:lung
240:and
217:and
181:The
158:4838
146:4747
129:TA98
117:MeSH
784:PMC
776:doi
613:PMC
605:doi
566:doi
379:not
375:zyg
153:FMA
141:TA2
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
