42:
51:
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particles. The action of BHT in these is akin to the action of many other organic compounds, e.g., quaternary ammonium compounds, phenolics, and detergents, which disrupt viruses by insertion of the chemical into the virus membrane, coat, or other structure, which are established methods of viral disinfection secondary to methods of chemical oxidation and UV irradiation. In addition, there is a report of BHT use, topically against genital herpes lesions, a report of inhibitory activity
736:
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907:
739:
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740:
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against pseudorabies (in cell culture), and two studies, in veterinary contexts, of use of BHT to attempt to protect against virus exposure (pseudorabies in mouse and swine, and
Newcastle in chickens). The relevance of other reports, regarding influenza in mice, is not easily discerned. Notably, this
2111:
Types of
Ingredients: Preservatives What They Do: Prevent food spoilage from ; maintain freshness Examples of Uses: Fruit sauces and jellies, beverages, baked goods, cured meats, oils and margarines, cereals, dressings, snack foods, fruits and vegetables Names Found on Product Labels: Ascorbic acid,
2549:
The term disparate here is purely descriptive, and not pejorative—each of the primary research reports that follow is distinct and dissimilar, and so they are as a set, disparate. Moreover, no group of articles constitute a series, reflecting long-term study of BHT in a host-virus pair by the same
1536:
Based on various, disparate primary research reports, BHT has been suggested to have anti-viral activity, and the reports divide into various study types. First, there are studies that describe virus inactivation—where treatment with the chemical results in disrupted or otherwise inactivated virus
1545:
Hence, at present, the results do not present a scientific consensus in favour of the conclusion of the general antiviral potential of BHT when dosed in humans. Moreover, as of March 2020, no guidance from any of the internationally recognized associations of infectious disease specialists had
1842:
Gharbi, Ines; Issaoui, Manel; El Gharbi, Sinda; Gazzeh, Nour-Eddine; Tekeya, Meriem; Mechri, Beligh; Flamini, Guido; Hammami, Mohamed (2017). "Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) emitted by fungi naturally occurring in olives during their pre-processing storage for improving olive oil stability".
1315:
Hazardous
Substances Data Bank under several categories in catalogues and databases, such as food additive, household product ingredient, industrial additive, personal care product/cosmetic ingredient, pesticide ingredient, plastic/rubber ingredient and medical/veterinary/research.
2994:, which is a review of the use of topical agents in treatment of herpes facialis and genitalis; this 18-year old review mentioning BHT in this topical application is irrelevant to its value as a general antiviral, and to its utility as an orally bioavailable agent in humans. See
1542:
series of primary research reports does not support a general conclusion of independent confirmation of the original research results, nor are there critical reviews appearing thereafter, in secondary sources, for the various host-virus systems studied with BHT.
1528:
discussed a possible link between BHT and cancer risk in 1986, and some primary research studies in the 1970s–1990s reported both potential for increased risk and potential for decreased risk in the area of oncology. Because of this uncertainty, the
2975:
As of March 2020, there are no examples in this series presenting primary research that reproduces earlier reported results—the reports generally present research results on distinct host-virus systems, rather than follow-up studies on the same
2985:
Search of Pubmed in March 2020 with the main field search string, "(BHT OR butylated hydroxytoluene) AND antiviral ", see next citation, to pull articles focused on antiviral effects of the agent produced a single review source,
1700:
1806:
Jiang G, Lin S, Wen L, Jiang Y, Zhao M, Chen F, Prasad KN, Duan X, Yang B (15 January 2013). "Identification of a novel phenolic compound in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pericarp and bioactivity evaluation".
1351:
BHT is used as a preservative ingredient in some foods. With this usage BHT maintains freshness or prevents spoilage; it may be used to decrease the rate at which the texture, color, or flavor of food changes.
1712:
Yehye WA, Rahman NA, Ariffin A, Abd Hamid SB, Alhadi AA, Kadir FA, Yaeghoobi M (28 August 2015). "Understanding the
Chemistry Behind the Antioxidant Activities of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT): A Review".
673:
2445:
Williams, GM; Iatropoulos, M. J (1996). "Inhibition of the hepatocarcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats by low levels of the phenolic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene".
1430:
to facilitate their safe storage. Some additive products contain BHT as their primary ingredient, while others contain the chemical merely as a component of their formulation, sometimes alongside
645:
2264:
Grohmann, Caio VinĂcius
Signorelli; Sinhoreti, Mário Alexandre Coelho; Soares, Eveline Freitas; Oliveira, Robson Ferraz de; Souza, Eduardo José de Carvalho; Geraldeli, Saulo (24 June 2022).
2926:
Chetverikova, L. K; Ki'Ldivatov, I. Iu; Inozemtseva, L. I; Kramskaia, T. A; Filippov, V. K; Frolov, B. A (1989). "Factors of
Antiviral Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Influenza in Mice".
1872:
Helmut Fiege, Heinz-Werner Voges, Toshikazu
Hamamoto, Sumio Umemura, Tadao Iwata, Hisaya Miki, Yasuhiro Fujita, Hans-Josef Buysch, Dorothea Garbe, Wilfried Paulus "Phenol Derivatives" in
2856:
Pirtle, E. C; Sacks, J. M; Nachman, R. J (1986). "Antiviral effectiveness of butylated hydroxytoluene against pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus in cell culture, mice, and swine".
1894:
Burton G. W., Ingold K. U. (1981). "Autoxidation of biological molecules. 1. Antioxidant activity of vitamin E and related chain-breaking phenolic antioxidants in vitro".
2045:
742:
2112:
citric acid, sodium benzoate, calcium propionate, sodium erythorbate, sodium nitrite, calcium sorbate, potassium sorbate, BHA, BHT, EDTA, tocopherols (Vitamin E)
750:
3520:
2603:
Kim, K. S; Moon, H. M; Sapienza, V; Carp, R. I; Pullarkat, R (1978). "Inactivation of cytomegalovirus and
Semliki Forest virus by butylated hydroxytoluene".
1623:
816:
2153:
Yehye, Wageeh A.; Rahman, Noorsaadah Abdul; Ariffin, Azhar; Abd Hamid, Sharifah Bee; Alhadi, Abeer A.; Kadir, Farkaad A.; Yaeghoobi, Marzieh (2015-08-28).
1487:
3002:[Local treatments using antiviral and non-antiviral drugs for herpes facialis and genitalis (excluding pregnant females and neonates at risk)].
1442:
The
European Union restricts the use of BHT in mouthwash to 0.001% concentration, in toothpaste to 0.01% concentration, and to 0.8% in other cosmetics.
2818:
Richards, J. T; Katz, M. E; Kern, E. R (1985). "Topical butylated hydroxytoluene treatment of genital herpes simplex virus infections of guinea pigs".
920:
2949:
Chetverikova LK, Inozemtseva LI (1996). "Role of Lipid
Peroxidation in the Pathogenesis of Influenza and Search for Antiviral Protective Agents".
764:
1565:"Teknisk beskrivning av ämnet—2,6-Bis(tert-butyl)-4-metylfenol 1994 [Information on substances—2,6-Bis(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenol 1994]"
989:
that BHT was noncarcinogenic in an animal model, societal concerns over its broad use have been expressed. BHT has also been postulated as an
1660:
457:
2389:
181:
1239:
974:
993:
drug, but as of December 2022, use of BHT as a drug is not supported by the scientific literature and it has not been approved by any
757:
2102:
2077:"Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of butylated hydroxytoluene BHT (E 321) as a food additive | European Food Safety Authority"
1530:
1211:
1340:§ 137.350(a)(4) allows BHT up to 0.0033% by weight in "enriched rice", while 9 CFR § 381.147](f)(1) allows up to 0.01% in
915:
3039:
2999:"Traitements locaux, antiviraux ou non, dans la prise en charge de l'herpès oro-facial et génital (grossesse et nouveau-né exclus)"
1564:
1181:
2410:(1985). "Modification of aflatoxin B1 binding to DNA in vivo in rats fed phenolic antioxidants, ethoxyquin and a dithiothione".
1355:
Some food companies have voluntarily eliminated BHT from their products or have announced that they were going to phase it out.
1218:
3712:
3450:
2055:
2125:
2524:
3179:
2246:
1225:
17:
2388:(Report). Vol. 40. World Health Organization: International Agency For Research On Cancer. 1986. pp. 161–206.
3707:
3717:
2661:
2560:
Snipes W, Person S, Keith A, Cupp J (4 April 1975). "Butylated Hydroxytoluene Inactivated Lipid-Containing Viruses".
2233:
1207:
422:
2733:
2364:
2328:
2266:"Effect of a polymerization inhibitor on the chemomechanical properties and consistency of experimental resin compo"
2027:
1995:
927:
3677:
3303:
1975:
1506:
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reaction by converting peroxy radicals to hydroperoxides. It effects this function by donating a hydrogen atom:
994:
1272:, a process whereby unsaturated (usually) organic compounds are attacked by atmospheric oxygen. BHT stops this
2758:
1196:
1023:
626:
3763:
2015:
3374:
3308:
2313:
2155:"Understanding the chemistry behind the antioxidant activities of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): a review"
2050:
1510:
1333:
1325:
978:
701:
365:
259:
664:
3768:
3702:
2639:
1337:
386:
3115:
2693:"Persistence and Elimination of Human Norovirus in Food and on Food Contact Surfaces: A Critical Review"
3758:
3753:
3443:
3298:
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1392:
840:
827:
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1232:
221:
1962:
1696:
1525:
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1329:
986:
271:
3738:
3653:
3172:
1431:
1427:
889:
403:
3147:
2883:
Brugh, M (1977). "Butylated hydroxytoluene protects chickens exposed to Newcastle disease virus".
1303:, and where ArOH is BHT or related phenolic antioxidants. Each BHT consumes two peroxy radicals.
1192:
3663:
3389:
3333:
3313:
1922:
1668:
1495:
1324:
BHT is primarily used as an antioxidant food additive. In the United States, it is classified as
1146:
2759:"Persistence of Coronaviruses on Inanimate Surfaces and Their Inactivation With Biocidal Agents"
3240:
2382:
1029:
1750:"Production of Natural Butylated Hydroxytoluene as an Antioxidant by Freshwater Phytoplankton"
1749:
241:
3748:
3743:
3436:
2329:"New restrictions for Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Acid Yellow 3 apply as of July 2023"
687:
657:
589:
2103:"Food Additives & Ingredients > Overview of Food Ingredients, Additives & Colors"
41:
2892:
2569:
2014:, National Cancer Institute, CARCINOGENESIS Technical Report Series No. 150, 1979, 128 pp
1764:
1013:
374:
63:
1188:
8:
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2346:
1642:
1395:
1364:
1053:
157:
147:
2896:
2573:
1768:
1469:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
407:
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1788:
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in fluids (e.g. fuels, oils) and other materials, and the regulations overseen by the
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2427:
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2174:
2046:"9 CFR 3, Part 381.147 (Restrictions on the Use of Substances in Poultry Processing)"
1983:
1942:
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2455:
2419:
2285:
2277:
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1970:
1934:
1923:"Radical-scavenging activity of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and its metabolites"
1903:
1877:
1852:
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954:
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50:
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693:
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1979:
1966:
1726:
1399:
1380:
1372:
1040:
3040:"(BHT OR butylated hydroxytoluene) AND antiviral [TIAB] - PubMed - NCBI"
2998:
3558:
3530:
3343:
3260:
2925:
2778:
2281:
1154:
898:
602:
28:
3152:
2644:
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
2616:
1619:
800:
3732:
3188:
2423:
2407:
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1881:
1273:
1086:
1018:
1005:
982:
559:
549:
297:
252:
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study from 1979 in rats and mice. It is approved for use in the U.S. by the
3631:
3338:
3278:
3255:
3015:
2991:
2904:
2797:
2718:
2581:
2299:
2186:
1946:
1856:
1828:
1784:
1734:
1269:
1035:
966:
3092:
European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID)
2962:
2935:
2869:
2839:
2550:
research team (the pair by Chetverikova et al. being the nearest to this).
2467:
2431:
763:
431:
InChI=1S/C15H24O/c1-10-8-11(14(2,3)4)13(16)12(9-10)15(5,6)7/h8-9,16H,1-7H3
3616:
3591:
3576:
3525:
3488:
3459:
3379:
3220:
3210:
2912:
2624:
2589:
2481:
Franklin, R. A (1976). "Butylated hydroxytoluene in sarcoma-prone dogs".
1518:
1082:
1009:
962:
776:
441:
InChI=1/C15H24O/c1-10-8-11(14(2,3)4)13(16)12(9-10)15(5,6)7/h8-9,16H,1-7H3
2502:
2011:
1907:
749:
3606:
3596:
3586:
3581:
3553:
3543:
3500:
3369:
2012:
Bioassay of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) for Possible Carcinogenicity
1546:
advocated use of BHT products as an antiviral therapy or prophylactic.
1513:(GRAS) food preservative when used in an approved manner. In 1979, the
951:
756:
505:
272:
232:
1973:
3637:
3620:
3610:
3548:
3535:
3515:
3504:
3494:
3407:
3364:
3215:
1959:
US Dept of Health & Human Services. Household Products Database.
1491:
1384:
1368:
1265:
990:
970:
1422:
and other solvents and laboratory chemicals. It is added to certain
1170:
897:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3601:
3510:
3384:
3245:
3235:
3205:
1982:. US National Library of Medicine. Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
1921:
Fujisawa, Seiichiro; Kadoma, Yoshinori; Yokoe, Ichiro (July 2004).
1423:
1411:
1345:
1075:
1048:
722:
313:
289:
1617:
1562:
715:
180:
3626:
3318:
3250:
3087:
1403:
1341:
539:
325:
27:"E321" redirects here. For the Italian electric locomotive, see
3428:
3058:
2948:
2263:
1376:
1044:
958:
707:
532:
212:
3157:
1567:(in Swedish and English). Sundyberg, SE: KEMI . Archived from
1344:"by fat content". It is permitted in the European Union under
2691:
Cook, Nigel; Knight, Angus; Richards, Gary P. (1 July 2016).
1533:
puts BHT in its "caution" column and recommends avoiding it.
1419:
1296:
349:
192:
170:
2640:"Disinfection, Sterilization, and Control of Hospital Waste"
1841:
391:
3191:
2152:
1711:
1407:
1300:
857:
526:
304:
2756:
1960:
1893:
1268:, primarily acting as a terminating agent that suppresses
3112:
See for instance, this and the following two references:
1312:
2405:
2757:
Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E (March 2020).
1363:
BHT is also used as an antioxidant in products such as
3065:. International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID)
1153:
by hydroxymethylation or aminomethylation followed by
2995:
2559:
2531:. University of California Berkeley. February 1, 2011
1624:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
985:. Despite this, and the earlier determination by the
290:
2638:
Rutala, William A.; Weber, David J. (January 2015).
2602:
2444:
1920:
2997:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2690:
3088:"ESCMID—Search—Website Search—Search in Category"
3027:DOI, DERM-04-2002-129-4-C2-0151-9638-101019-ART18
3730:
2817:
1845:European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology
1805:
1074:of BHT in industry has involved the reaction of
337:
3122:. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
2846:
2406:Kensler, TW; Egner, PA; Trush, MA; Bueding, E;
738:
711:
156:
3113:
3056:
2123:
1874:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3444:
3173:
2375:
2347:"SCOGS (Select Committee on GRAS Substances)"
1517:determined that BHT was noncarcinogenic in a
3153:CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
2028:"CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"
1996:"CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"
1972:. US National Library of Medicine. Haz-Map.
1701:Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1661:"Safety data for 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol"
1197:introducing citations to additional sources
3148:Chemistry of BHA and BHT Food Preservatives
2731:
2637:
1884:Article Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000.
3451:
3437:
3180:
3166:
3004:Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie
2996:Chosidow O, Lebrun-Vignes B (April 2002).
2365:"CFR—Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"
1868:
1866:
1145:Alternatively, BHT has been prepared from
965:properties. BHT is widely used to prevent
406:
262:
240:
2787:
2777:
2708:
2651:
2553:
2289:
1531:Center for Science in the Public Interest
373:
2928:Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR
2480:
2316:. Scientific American. 19 December 2013.
2218:
1896:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1688:
1686:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1618:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
1490:, BHT has low acute toxicity (e.g., the
1187:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1065:
2858:American Journal of Veterinary Research
2326:
2306:
2228:, Synapse Information Resources, 2004.
2159:European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1863:
1741:
1039:sp.) are capable of producing BHT as a
402:
14:
3731:
2395:from the original on 5 September 2015.
2007:
2005:
1747:
1643:"ICSC 0841 - BUTYLATED HYDROXYTOLUENE"
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1586:
781:127 °C (261 °F; 400 K)
564:265 °C (509 °F; 538 K)
253:
3432:
3161:
2882:
2734:"Why Soap Works - The New York Times"
2148:
2146:
1683:
1630:
1000:
554:70 °C (158 °F; 343 K)
434:Key: NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
220:
200:
1449:
1164:
132:3,5-(Dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxytoluene
2517:
2199:
2126:"The Food Babe: Enemy of Chemicals"
2124:Hamblin, James (11 February 2015).
2117:
2002:
1604:
1260:The species behaves as a synthetic
444:Key: NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYAU
328:
312:
24:
2653:10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00301-5
2605:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2143:
1594:"2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol"
1581:Vattenlöslighet: 1,1 mg/L (20 °C)
1291:• + ArO• → nonradical products
734:
25:
3780:
3141:
1939:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.03.005
1445:
129:4-Methyl-2,6-di-tert-butyl phenol
3458:
3114:IDSA Web Tools (12 March 2020).
3057:ISID Web Tools (12 March 2020).
2314:"BHA and BHT: A Case for Fresh?"
1777:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00596.x
1454:
1319:
1180:relies largely or entirely on a
1169:
1085:(2-methylpropene), catalyzed by
1057:) living in olives produce BHT.
905:
663:
492:
95:2,6-DI-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
49:
40:
3304:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
3187:
3106:
3080:
3050:
3032:
2979:
2969:
2942:
2919:
2876:
2811:
2750:
2725:
2684:
2631:
2596:
2543:
2474:
2438:
2399:
2357:
2339:
2327:Slavova, Siana (23 June 2023).
2320:
2257:
2239:
2193:
2095:
2069:
2038:
2020:
1988:
1953:
1927:Chemistry and Physics of Lipids
1914:
1887:
1835:
1748:Babu B, Wu JT (December 2008).
1507:US Food and Drug Administration
1414:. BHT is also used to prevent
1306:
901:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
2383:Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
1821:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.089
1799:
1705:
1653:
1556:
1358:
1024:Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii
627:Occupational safety and health
498:
486:
465:CC(C)(C)c1cc(C)cc(c1O)C(C)(C)C
13:
1:
3075:There are 0 results for 'BHT'
2732:Ferris Jabr (13 March 2020).
2525:"Two Preservatives to Avoid?"
2495:10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91766-9
2016:National Institutes of Health
1876:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002.
1549:
1060:
1051:. Several fungi (for example
1017:, as well as three different
957:, chemically a derivative of
821:(US health exposure limits):
3375:Automatic transmission fluid
3309:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
3261:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
2832:10.1016/0166-3542(85)90042-7
2710:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-570
2460:10.1016/0304-3835(96)04228-0
2171:10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.026
2051:Food and Drug Administration
1727:10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.026
1511:generally recognized as safe
1437:
1391:, where BHT is known as the
1334:Food and Drug Administration
1326:generally recognized as safe
1284:• + ArOH → ROOH + ArO•
1160:
981:"—allow small amounts to be
979:generally recognized as safe
977:—which considers BHT to be "
7:
789:or concentration (LD, LC):
10:
3785:
3299:Dimethyl methylphosphonate
2779:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
2697:Journal of Food Protection
2282:10.1590/0103-6440202204242
2202:"Butylated Hydroxytoluene"
1486:Like many closely related
1208:"Butylated hydroxytoluene"
126:Dibutylated hydroxytoluene
26:
3695:
3646:
3466:
3398:
3357:
3269:
3198:
2930:(in Russian) (11): 63–8.
2226:Handbook of Preservatives
1697:GESTIS Substance Database
1526:World Health Organization
1515:National Cancer Institute
1505:of >9 g/kg). The
1463:This section needs to be
1330:National Cancer Institute
1047:also produces BHT in its
997:for use as an antiviral.
987:National Cancer Institute
961:, that is useful for its
895:
878:
815:
785:
644:
624:
619:
473:
453:
418:
140:
78:
62:
57:
48:
39:
35:Butylated hydroxytoluene
3659:Butylated hydroxytoluene
3654:Butylated hydroxyanisole
3284:Butylated hydroxytoluene
2951:Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk
2270:Brazilian Dental Journal
2224:Michael Ash, Irene Ash,
2206:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1882:10.1002/14356007.a19_313
1432:butylated hydroxyanisole
1428:polymerisation inhibitor
940:Butylated hydroxytoluene
890:Butylated hydroxyanisole
702:Precautionary statements
3390:Windshield washer fluid
3334:Methyl tert-butyl ether
3314:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
3226:Lead Replacement Petrol
2617:10.1093/infdis/138.1.91
1563:KEMI Anställd (1994).
1496:2,6-di-tert-butylphenol
521:White to yellow powder
102:-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene
3241:Compressed natural gas
3059:"You searched for BHT"
2905:10.1126/science.897670
2582:10.1126/science.163494
2424:10.1093/carcin/6.5.759
2032:www.accessdata.fda.gov
1969:.US EPA. InertFinder.
1857:10.1002/ejlt.201600343
1081:(4-methylphenol) with
1030:Microcystis aeruginosa
995:drug regulatory agency
745:
1418:formation in organic
1311:BHT is listed by the
1066:Industrial production
948:dibutylhydroxytoluene
744:
72:-butyl-4-methylphenol
3764:Tert-butyl compounds
3044:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2109:. 20 February 2020.
1757:Journal of Phycology
1193:improve this article
1014:Botryococcus braunii
811:mg/kg (dermal, rat)
727:(fire diamond)
64:Preferred IUPAC name
2897:1977Sci...197.1291B
2574:1975Sci...188...64S
1908:10.1021/ja00411a035
1769:2008JPcgy..44.1447B
1488:phenol antioxidants
1365:metalworking fluids
1054:Aspergillus conicus
571:Solubility in water
513: g/mol
298:(antioxidants, ...)
36:
18:BHT (food additive)
3769:E-number additives
3673:1,2-Diaminopropane
3474:6-Hydroxymelatonin
3294:1,2-Dichloroethane
2820:Antiviral Research
2738:The New York Times
2081:www.efsa.europa.eu
1978:2015-09-05 at the
1965:2015-09-05 at the
1665:ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk
1524:Nevertheless, the
1509:classifies BHT as
1389:petroleum industry
1336:: For example, 21
1328:(GRAS) based on a
1072:chemical synthesis
1001:Natural occurrence
928:Infobox references
879:Related compounds
860:(Immediate danger)
746:
34:
3759:Food antioxidants
3754:Fuel antioxidants
3726:
3725:
3647:Fuel antioxidants
3538:
3489:Alpha-lipoic acid
3482:
3467:Food antioxidants
3426:
3425:
3349:Tetranitromethane
3329:Metal deactivator
3289:1,2-Dibromoethane
3103:Search for "bht".
3010:(4–C2): 635–645.
2529:Berkeley Wellness
1902:(21): 6472–6477.
1715:Eur. J. Med. Chem
1571:on 11 August 2011
1484:
1483:
1258:
1257:
1243:
946:), also known as
936:Chemical compound
934:
933:
885:Related compounds
870:Safety data sheet
688:Hazard statements
387:CompTox Dashboard
182:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
3776:
3571:-Acetylserotonin
3536:
3480:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3413:MTBE controversy
3182:
3175:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3135:
3134:
3132:No results found
3129:
3127:
3116:"Search Results"
3110:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3001:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2891:(4310): 1291–2.
2880:
2874:
2873:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2791:
2781:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2655:
2646:: 3294–3309.e4.
2635:
2629:
2628:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2054:. Archived from
2042:
2036:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1885:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1763:(6): 1447–1454.
1754:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1709:
1703:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1667:. Archived from
1657:
1651:
1650:
1639:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1602:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1560:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1400:hydraulic fluids
1398:, it is used in
1381:transformer oils
1253:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1201:
1173:
1165:
1008:, including the
955:organic compound
918:
912:
909:
908:
850:
810:
766:
759:
752:
737:
717:
713:
709:
695:
667:
614:
610:
583:
579:
512:
500:
494:
488:
481:Chemical formula
411:
410:
395:
393:
377:
341:
330:
316:
292:
274:
266:
255:
244:
224:
204:
184:
160:
53:
44:
37:
33:
21:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3739:Natural phenols
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3691:
3687:Ethylenediamine
3678:2,4-Dimethyl-6-
3642:
3562:-Acetylcysteine
3462:
3457:
3427:
3422:
3418:Pay at the pump
3394:
3353:
3324:Ethylenediamine
3265:
3206:Gasoline/petrol
3194:
3186:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3125:
3123:
3111:
3107:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3068:
3066:
3055:
3051:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3020:
3018:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2947:
2943:
2924:
2920:
2881:
2877:
2854:
2847:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2766:J. Hosp. Infect
2761:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2740:
2730:
2726:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2674:
2664:
2636:
2632:
2601:
2597:
2568:(4183): 64–66.
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2479:
2475:
2443:
2439:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2262:
2258:
2251:Millipore Sigma
2245:
2244:
2240:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2198:
2194:
2151:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2122:
2118:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1980:Wayback Machine
1967:Wayback Machine
1958:
1954:
1919:
1915:
1892:
1888:
1871:
1864:
1851:(11): 1600343.
1840:
1836:
1804:
1800:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1710:
1706:
1691:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1671:on 21 June 2002
1659:
1658:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1616:
1605:
1598:www.chemsrc.com
1592:
1591:
1587:
1574:
1572:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1503:
1494:analog of BHT,
1480:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1373:pharmaceuticals
1361:
1322:
1309:
1290:
1283:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1202:
1200:
1186:
1174:
1163:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1068:
1063:
1041:natural product
1003:
937:
930:
925:
924:
923: ?)
914:
910:
906:
902:
886:
861:
848:
844:
831:
808:
804:
798:
771:
770:
769:
768:
761:
754:
747:
743:
735:
704:
690:
676:
660:
637:
612:
608:
581:
577:
573:
510:
497:
491:
483:
469:
466:
461:
460:
449:
446:
445:
442:
436:
435:
432:
426:
425:
414:
396:
389:
380:
360:
344:
331:
319:
284:
247:
227:
207:
187:
174:
163:
150:
136:
135:
123:Additin RC 7110
120:Antioxidant 264
74:
73:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3782:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3675:
3670:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3624:
3614:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3531:Hydroxytyrosol
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3344:Tetraethyllead
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3271:Fuel additives
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3142:External links
3140:
3137:
3136:
3105:
3079:
3049:
3031:
2978:
2968:
2953:(in Russian).
2941:
2918:
2875:
2845:
2810:
2772:(3): 246–251.
2749:
2724:
2703:(7): 1273–94.
2683:
2662:
2630:
2595:
2552:
2542:
2516:
2489:(7972): 1296.
2473:
2448:Cancer Letters
2437:
2418:(5): 759–763.
2412:Carcinogenesis
2398:
2374:
2356:
2338:
2319:
2305:
2256:
2238:
2217:
2192:
2142:
2116:
2094:
2083:. 7 March 2012
2068:
2037:
2019:
2001:
1987:
1952:
1933:(2): 189–195.
1913:
1886:
1862:
1834:
1809:Food Chemistry
1798:
1740:
1704:
1682:
1652:
1647:www.inchem.org
1629:
1603:
1585:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1501:
1482:
1481:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1446:Health effects
1444:
1439:
1436:
1387:fluid. In the
1360:
1357:
1321:
1318:
1308:
1305:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1256:
1255:
1191:. Please help
1177:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1155:hydrogenolysis
1143:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1002:
999:
983:added to foods
935:
932:
931:
926:
904:
903:
899:standard state
896:
893:
892:
887:
884:
881:
880:
876:
875:
873:
866:
865:
862:
856:
853:
852:
845:
839:
836:
835:
832:
826:
823:
822:
813:
812:
805:
796:
794:
791:
790:
783:
782:
779:
773:
772:
762:
755:
748:
733:
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731:
730:
728:
719:
718:
705:
700:
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691:
686:
683:
682:
677:
672:
669:
668:
661:
656:
653:
652:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
622:
621:
617:
616:
605:
603:Vapor pressure
599:
598:
595:
586:
585:
574:
569:
566:
565:
562:
556:
555:
552:
546:
545:
542:
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535:
529:
523:
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519:
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508:
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399:
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385:
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334:
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324:
321:
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317:
309:
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301:
300:
294:
286:
285:
283:
282:
278:
276:
268:
267:
257:
249:
248:
246:
245:
237:
235:
229:
228:
226:
225:
217:
215:
209:
208:
206:
205:
197:
195:
189:
188:
186:
185:
177:
175:
168:
165:
164:
162:
161:
153:
151:
146:
143:
142:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
96:
93:
81:
80:
76:
75:
67:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
29:FS Class E.321
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3781:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3495:Ascorbic acid
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3120:IDSociety.org
3117:
3109:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2864:(9): 1892–5.
2863:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2826:(5): 281–90.
2825:
2821:
2814:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2673:
2669:
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2058:on 2009-07-09
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1649:. March 1999.
1648:
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1393:fuel additive
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
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1370:
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1349:
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1343:
1339:
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1320:Food additive
1317:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:autocatalytic
1271:
1267:
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1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
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1210: –
1209:
1205:
1204:Find sources:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1182:single source
1178:This section
1176:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:sulfuric acid
1084:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:cyanobacteria
1016:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Phytoplankton
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
953:
949:
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929:
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894:
891:
888:
883:
882:
877:
874:
871:
868:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:
846:
843:(Recommended)
842:
838:
837:
833:
830:(Permissible)
829:
825:
824:
820:
819:
814:
806:
802:
793:
792:
788:
784:
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575:
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568:
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563:
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560:Boiling point
558:
557:
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551:
550:Melting point
548:
547:
543:
541:
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404:DTXSID2020216
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254:ECHA InfoCard
251:
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243:
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231:
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77:
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65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
3749:Alkylphenols
3744:Antioxidants
3703:Folin method
3696:Measurements
3682:-butylphenol
3679:
3668:-butylphenol
3665:
3658:
3634:(coenzyme Q)
3617:Tocotrienols
3568:
3559:
3460:Antioxidants
3339:Nitromethane
3283:
3279:Butyl rubber
3256:Butanol fuel
3131:
3124:. Retrieved
3119:
3108:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:
3082:
3074:
3067:. Retrieved
3062:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3026:
3019:. Retrieved
3007:
3003:
2981:
2971:
2957:(3): 37–40.
2954:
2950:
2944:
2927:
2921:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2861:
2857:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2769:
2765:
2752:
2741:. Retrieved
2737:
2727:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2675:. Retrieved
2643:
2633:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2545:
2535:12 September
2533:. Retrieved
2528:
2519:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2454:(1): 49–53.
2451:
2447:
2440:
2415:
2411:
2408:Groopman, JD
2401:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2333:Obelis Group
2332:
2322:
2308:
2276:(3): 92–98.
2273:
2269:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2225:
2220:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:
2195:
2162:
2158:
2135:12 September
2133:. Retrieved
2130:The Atlantic
2129:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:the original
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
1990:
1955:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1873:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1815:(2): 563–8.
1812:
1808:
1801:
1760:
1756:
1743:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1664:
1655:
1646:
1597:
1588:
1580:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1558:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1523:
1485:
1472:
1464:
1441:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1323:
1310:
1307:Applications
1294:
1270:autoxidation
1259:
1246:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1203:
1179:
1151:-butylphenol
1148:
1144:
1105:)OH + 2 CH
1076:
1069:
1052:
1043:. The fruit
1036:Oscillatoria
1034:
1028:
1022:
1012:
1004:
967:free radical
947:
943:
939:
938:
817:
786:
723:
679:
646:
636:Main hazards
625:
591:
350:RTECS number
141:Identifiers
99:
89:
85:
79:Other names
69:
3607:Tocopherols
3592:Resveratrol
3577:Oleocanthal
3526:Glutathione
3521:Polyphenols
3501:Carotenoids
3497:(vitamin C)
3380:Brake fluid
3231:Electricity
3221:Biogasoline
2611:(1): 91–4.
2165:: 295–312.
2107:www.fda.gov
1721:: 295–312.
1519:mouse model
1359:Antioxidant
1295:where R is
1083:isobutylene
1010:green algae
975:U.S. F.D.A.
963:antioxidant
801:median dose
787:Lethal dose
777:Flash point
674:Signal word
630:(OHS/OSH):
544:1.048 g/cm
518:Appearance
474:Properties
260:100.004.439
202:CHEBI:34247
3733:Categories
3632:Ubiquinone
3597:Selegiline
3587:Rasagiline
3582:Oleuropein
3554:Mofegiline
3544:Ladostigil
3539:-carnitine
3483:-carnitine
3370:Antifreeze
3199:Fuel types
2743:2020-03-13
2677:2020-03-13
2247:"Solvents"
2211:2023-09-01
2062:2019-12-16
1675:17 January
1550:References
1475:March 2020
1410:oils, and
1249:March 2020
1219:newspapers
1061:Production
969:-mediated
952:lipophilic
807:> 2,000
658:Pictograms
640:Flammable
506:Molar mass
375:1P9D0Z171K
233:ChemSpider
169:3D model (
148:CAS Number
3638:Uric acid
3621:vitamin E
3611:vitamin E
3549:Melatonin
3516:Edaravone
3505:vitamin A
3408:Fuel card
3365:Motor oil
3216:Biodiesel
2200:PubChem.
2179:1768-3254
2087:4 October
1498:, has an
1492:desmethyl
1438:Cosmetics
1412:jet fuels
1385:embalming
1369:cosmetics
1266:vitamin E
1189:talk page
1161:Reactions
991:antiviral
971:oxidation
649:labelling
357:GO7875000
281:204-881-4
273:EC Number
222:ChEMBL146
3602:Selenium
3511:Curcumin
3385:Gear oil
3246:Hydrogen
3236:Kerosene
3126:12 March
3097:12 March
3069:12 March
3063:ISID.org
3021:12 March
3016:12122334
2992:12122334
2976:systems.
2803:14 March
2798:32035997
2719:27357051
2672:79423095
2511:54366594
2390:Archived
2300:35766722
2187:26150290
1976:Archived
1963:Archived
1947:15172835
1829:23122098
1793:26084768
1785:27039859
1735:26150290
1626:(NIOSH).
1575:14 March
1539:in vitro
1424:monomers
1416:peroxide
1049:pericarp
724:NFPA 704
620:Hazards
611:mmHg (20
580:mg/L (20
533:phenolic
531:Slight,
291:E number
242:13835296
158:128-37-0
117:Avox BHT
3664:2,6-Di-
3627:Tyrosol
3485:(ALCAR)
3479:Acetyl-
3319:Ecalene
3251:Ethanol
2963:8672960
2936:2623936
2893:Bibcode
2885:Science
2870:3021025
2840:2998276
2789:7132493
2570:Bibcode
2562:Science
2468:8640745
2432:3924431
2369:FDA.gov
2351:FDA.gov
2291:9645198
1765:Bibcode
1699:of the
1695:in the
1693:Record
1620:"#0246"
1465:updated
1434:(BHA).
1404:turbine
1342:poultry
1233:scholar
1147:2,6-di-
1117:→ ((CH
1079:-cresol
950:, is a
921:what is
919: (
680:Warning
540:Density
511:220.356
326:PubChem
98:3,5-Di-
92:-cresol
88:-butyl-
84:2,6-Di-
68:2,6-Di-
3400:Retail
3358:Fluids
3211:Diesel
3014:
2990:
2961:
2934:
2913:897670
2911:
2868:
2838:
2796:
2786:
2717:
2670:
2660:
2625:210237
2623:
2590:163494
2588:
2509:
2501:
2483:Lancet
2466:
2430:
2298:
2288:
2232:
2185:
2177:
1945:
1827:
1791:
1783:
1733:
1420:ethers
1383:, and
1377:rubber
1262:analog
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1045:lychee
959:phenol
916:verify
913:
872:(SDS)
849:
847:TWA 10
809:
613:
609:
582:
578:
458:SMILES
314:D02413
213:ChEMBL
58:Names
3573:(NAS)
3564:(NAC)
3491:(ALA)
3192:fuels
3189:Motor
2762:(PDF)
2668:S2CID
2507:S2CID
2503:73719
2393:(PDF)
2386:(PDF)
1789:S2CID
1753:(PDF)
1426:as a
1396:AO-29
1297:alkyl
1240:JSTOR
1226:books
1109:=C(CH
864:N.D.
851:mg/m
834:None
818:NIOSH
597:5.32
423:InChI
339:31404
296:E321
193:ChEBI
171:JSmol
114:AO-29
3718:FRAP
3713:TEAC
3708:ORAC
3680:tert
3666:tert
3128:2020
3099:2020
3071:2020
3023:2020
3012:PMID
2988:PMID
2959:PMID
2932:PMID
2909:PMID
2866:PMID
2836:PMID
2805:2020
2794:PMID
2715:PMID
2658:ISBN
2621:PMID
2586:PMID
2537:2015
2499:PMID
2464:PMID
2428:PMID
2296:PMID
2230:ISBN
2183:PMID
2175:ISSN
2137:2015
2089:2015
1943:PMID
1825:PMID
1781:PMID
1731:PMID
1677:2022
1577:2020
1408:gear
1406:and
1346:E321
1301:aryl
1212:news
1149:tert
1070:The
1033:and
858:IDLH
716:P501
712:P391
708:P273
694:H410
615:°C)
607:0.01
590:log
584:°C)
527:Odor
366:UNII
305:KEGG
111:E321
105:DBPC
100:tert
86:tert
70:tert
3008:129
2901:doi
2889:197
2828:doi
2784:PMC
2774:doi
2770:104
2705:doi
2648:doi
2613:doi
2609:138
2578:doi
2566:188
2491:doi
2456:doi
2452:104
2420:doi
2286:PMC
2278:doi
2167:doi
2163:101
1935:doi
1931:130
1904:doi
1900:103
1878:doi
1853:doi
1849:119
1817:doi
1813:136
1773:doi
1723:doi
1719:101
1338:CFR
1313:NIH
1299:or
1264:of
1195:by
944:BHT
841:REL
828:PEL
647:GHS
576:1.1
392:EPA
329:CID
108:BHT
3735::
3130:.
3118:.
3090:.
3073:.
3061:.
3042:.
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2887:.
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