Bone morphogenetic protein 4

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whilst have been found to act independently of Smad signaling pathways, are mostly active in conjunction with Smad. The activation of the ERK and JNK pathways acts to phosphorylate Smad and therefore regulate its activation. In addition to this, MAPK pathways may be able to directly affect Smad-interacting transcription factors via a JNK or p38 substrate that induces convergence of the two signaling pathways. This convergence is noted to consist mainly of cooperative behavior however, there is evidence to suggest that they may at times counteract each other. Furthermore, the balance that exists between the direct activation of these signaling pathways has a significant effect on TGF-β induced cellular responses.

2272: 157: 134: 2156: 360: 5453: 163: 42: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2277: 2374:, Alk6 was found that blocked the BMP4 from activating the Msx2 which stopped lens differentiation . However, there are still a lot of unknown about the mechanism of inhibition on BMP4 and downstream regulation of Sox2. In the future, researchers are aiming to find out a more complete pathway of whole eye development and hoping one day, they can find a way to cure some genetic caused eye diseases. 2275: 2016:, BMP-mediated signaling via Smad4 is required to initiate neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells and suppress the alternative fate of oligodendrogliogenesis. Moreover, it has been shown that in the SVZ BMP4 has a prodifferentiative effect, since it rescues a defect of terminal differentiation in SVZ neurospheres where the gene 2068:

BMP4 antagonizes organizer tissue and is expressed in early development in ectoderm and mesoderm tissue. Upon gastrulation, the transcription of BMP4 is limited to the ventrolateral marginal zone due to inhibition from the dorsalizing side of the developing embryo. BMP4 aids in ventralizing mesoderm,

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which regulate hair differentiation. It is still unclear however where BMPs act within the genetic network. The signaling of bmp4 may potentially control expression of terminal differentiation molecules such as keratins. Other regulators have been shown to control hair follicle development as well.

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metabolism. The BMP4 signaling has been found in formation of early mesoderm and germ cells. Limb bud regulation and development of the lungs, liver, teeth and facial mesenchyme cells are other important functions attributed to BMP4 signaling. Digit formation is influenced by BMP4, along with other

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embryos occurs by inducing epidermis formation rather than neural tissue. They can aid in inducing the lateral characteristics in somites. Somites are required for the development of cartilage, bone, dermis on the dorsal side of the body, thoracic muscles and muscles within limbs. BMP4 helps in the

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Pathways that regulate hair follicle formation and hair growth are key in developing therapeutic methods for hair loss conditions. Such conditions include the development of new follicles, changing the shape of characteristics of existing follicles, and the altering of hair growth in existing hair

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which then induces an intracellular response. Activation of MAPKKK is through the interaction of mainly GTPases or another group of protein kinases. TGF-β receptors induce the MAPK signaling pathways of ERK, JNK and p38. BMP4 is also known to activate the ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK signalling pathways

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of its target genes. In order for signal transduction to occur, both receptors must be functional. BMP is able to bind to BMPR2 without BMPR1 however, the affinity significantly increases in the presence of both receptors. BMPR1 is transphosphorylated via BMPR2 which induces downstream signalling

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peptide of 116 residues, human bmp4 is initially synthesized as a forty percent residue preproprotein which is cleaved post translationally. BMP4 has seven residues which are conserved and glycosylated. The monomers are held with disulphide bridges and 3 pairs of cysteine amino acids. This

2410:. BMP4 is part of the signaling network which controls the development of hair. It is needed for the induction of biochemical pathways and signaling for regulating the differentiation of the hair shaft in the anagen hair follicle. This is done through controlling the expression of the 1949:, is involved in bone and cartilage development, specifically tooth and limb development and fracture repair. This particular family member plays an important role in the onset of endochondral bone formation in humans. It has been shown to be involved in muscle development, bone 2012:(SVZ) adjacent to lateral ventricles. In these niches new neurons are continuously generated from stem cells. In fact it has been shown that in the dentate gyrus BMP4 maintains neural stem cells in quiescence, thus preventing the depletion of the pool of stem cells. In the 2473:

is inhibited. In chick embryos it is shown that ectopically expressed noggin produces enlarged follicles, and BMP4 signaling shows repressed placode fate in nearby cells. Noggin has also been shown during in vivo experiments to induce hair growth in post natal skin.

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mutant embryos rescued the lens formation (12). This indicated that BMP4 is definitely required for lens formation. However, researchers also found that some of the mutated mice cannot be rescued. They later found that those mutants lacked of

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Biniazan F, Manzari-Tavakoli A, Safaeinejad F, Moghimi A, Rajaei F, Niknejad H (February 2021). "The differentiation effect of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) on human amniotic epithelial stem cells to express ectodermal lineage markers".

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BMP signals. The interdigital mesenchyme exhibits BMP4, which prevents apoptosis of the region. Tooth formation relies on BMP4 expression, which induces Msx 1 and 2. These transcription factors turn the forming tooth to become and incisor.

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development and primordial-to-primary follicle transition. In addition, inhibition of BMP4 with antibodies has been shown to decrease overall ovary size. These results indicate that BMP4 may aid in survival and prevention of apoptosis in

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Feijen A, Goumans MJ, van den Eijnden-van Raaij AJ (December 1994). "Expression of activin subunits, activin receptors and follistatin in postimplantation mouse embryos suggests specific developmental functions for different activins".

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Shore EM, Xu M, Shah PB, Janoff HB, Hahn GV, Deardorff MA, Sovinsky L, Spinner NB, Zasloff MA, Wozney JM, Kaplan FS (1998). "The human bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) gene: molecular structure and transcriptional regulation".

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which is activated by BMP4. The mechanism they predicted was that BMP4 will active Msx 2 in the optic vesicle and concentration combination of BMP4 and Msx2 together active Sox2 and the Sox2 is essential for lens differentiation.

2135:. Low amounts of BMP4 are correlated with low beak depths and widths. Conversely, high BMP4 expression makes high beak depths and widths. The genetic regulation of BMP4 provides the foundation for natural selection in bird beaks. 2356:

are expressed in the right place at the right time of the optic vesicle and prove that they have some essential functions for the lens induction. Furthermore, they did a follow-up experiment that by injecting BMP4 into the BMP4

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Lee TJ, Jang J, Kang S, Jin M, Shin H, Kim DW, Kim BS (January 2013). "Enhancement of osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells by mesodermal lineage induction with BMP-4 and FGF2 treatment".

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includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. BMP4 is highly conserved evolutionarily. BMP4 is found in early embryonic development in the ventral marginal zone and in the eye, heart blood and otic vesicle.

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and surface ectoderm. This concentration gradient of BMP4 in optic vesicle is critical for lens induction. Researcher, Dr. Furuta and Dr. Hogan found out that if they did a laser mutation on mice embryos and causing a BMP4

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BMP4, as a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family binds to 2 different types of serine-threonine kinase receptors known as BMPR1 and BMPR2. Signal transduction via these receptors occurs via Smad and map

2198:. It is thought that inactivation of human BMP4 would likely have the same effect. However, mutations which don't entirely inactivate BMP4 in humans can also have subtle effects phenotypically, and have been implicated in 3534:

Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Roth W, Nakamura M, Chen LH, Herzog W, Lindner G, McMahon JA, Peters C, Lauster R, McMahon AP, Paus R (July 1999). "Noggin is a mesenchymally derived stimulator of hair-follicle induction".

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gene in red which they thought it was involved in the lens formation as well. After they did these two in situ hybridizations in the mice embryos, they found that both green and red colors are found in the optic

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conformation is called a "cystine knot". BMP4 can form homodimers or heterodimers with similar BMPS. One example of this is BMP7. This ability to form homodimers or heterodimers gives the ability to have greater

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Raatikainen-Ahokas A, Hytönen M, Tenhunen A, Sainio K, Sariola H (2000). "BMP-4 affects the differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme and reveals an early anterior-posterior axis of the embryonic kidney".

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BMP4 is an important component of the biological pathways that involved regulating hair shaft differentiation within the anagen hair follicle. The strongest levels of expressed BMP4 are found within the

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Kurmann AA, Serra M, Hawkins F, Rankin SA, Mori M, Astapova I, Ullas S, Lin S, Bilodeau M, Rossant J, Jean JC, Ikonomou L, Deterding RR, Shannon JM, Zorn AM, Hollenberg AN, Kotton DN (November 2015).

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Injection of Noggin into lens fiber cells in mice significantly reduces the BMP4 proteins in the cells. This indicates that Noggin is sufficient to inhibit the production of BMP4. Moreover, another

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Yamaji N, Celeste AJ, Thies RS, Song JJ, Bernier SM, Goltzman D, Lyons KM, Nove J, Rosen V, Wozney JM (1995). "A mammalian serine/threonine kinase receptor specifically binds BMP-2 and BMP-4".

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There is strong evidence from sequencing studies of candidate genes involved in clefting that mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) gene may be associated in the pathogenesis of

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Aoki H, Fujii M, Imamura T, Yagi K, Takehara K, Kato M, Miyazono K (2001). "Synergistic effects of different bone morphogenetic protein type I receptors on alkaline phosphatase induction".

2486:. The two main methods which BMP4 inhibit expression of hair is through restricting growth factor expression in the hair matrix and antagonism between growth and differentiation signaling. 2191:

While overexpression of BMP4 expression can lead to ventralization, inhibition with a dominant negative may result in complete dorsalization of the embryo or the formation of two axises.

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Harris SE, Harris MA, Mahy P, Wozney J, Feng JQ, Mundy GR (1994). "Expression of bone morphogenetic protein messenger RNAs by normal rat and human prostate and prostate cancer cells".

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Aono A, Hazama M, Notoya K, Taketomi S, Yamasaki H, Tsukuda R, Sasaki S, Fujisawa Y (May 1995). "Potent ectopic bone-inducing activity of bone morphogenetic protein-4/7 heterodimer".

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Nakade O, Takahashi K, Takuma T, Aoki T, Kaku T (2001). "Effect of extracellular calcium on the gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4 of normal human bone cells".

2469:, which is all expressed in the developing hair follicles. In mice in which noggin is lacking, there are fewer hair follicles than on a normal mouse and the development of the 2152:

activity than just bmp4 alone. Not much is known yet about how BMPS interact with the extracellular matrix. As well little is known about the pathways which then degrade BMP4.

4360:"Identification of a human type II receptor for bone morphogenetic protein-4 that forms differential heteromeric complexes with bone morphogenetic protein type I receptors" 2833:

Wolpert L, Tickle C, Arias AM, Lawrence P, Lumsden A, Robertson E, Meyerowitz E, Smith J (2015). "Vertebrate development III: Chick and mouse - completing the body plan".

2438:, a known inhibitor of BMP4, is found within the matrix cells of the hair bulb. Other important factors to consider in the development of hair is the expression of Shh ( 2423:

are considered important regulators because loss-of-function experiments show impaired hair shaft differentiation that doesn't interfere in the hair follicle formation.

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Farioli-Vecchioli S, Ceccarelli M, Saraulli D, Micheli L, Cannas S, D'Alessandro F, Scardigli R, Leonardi L, Cinà I, Costanzi M, Mattera A, Cestari V, Tirone F (2014).

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Mira H, Andreu Z, Suh H, Lie DC, Jessberger S, Consiglio A, San Emeterio J, Hortigüela R, Marqués-Torrejón MA, Nakashima K, Colak D, Götz M, Fariñas I, Gage FH (2010).

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activated protein kinases (MAPK) undergo phosphorylation via a signaling cascade where MAPKKK phosphorylates and activates MAPKK and MAPKK phosphorylates and activates

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Oida S, Iimura T, Maruoka Y, Takeda K, Sasaki S (November 1995). "Cloning and sequence of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) from a human placental cDNA library".

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Wozney JM, Rosen V, Celeste AJ, Mitsock LM, Whitters MJ, Kriz RW, Hewick RM, Wang EA (1989). "Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities".

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BMP4, initially expressed in the epidermis, is found in the roof plate during formation of the neural tube. A gradient of BMP signaling is found in opposition to a

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Hatta T, Konishi H, Katoh E, Natsume T, Ueno N, Kobayashi Y, Yamazaki T (2001). "Identification of the ligand-binding site of the BMP type IA receptor for BMP-4".

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differentiation than untreated stem cells. Also in conjunction with FGF2 it can produce progenitor thyroid cells from pluripotent stem cells in mice and humans.

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Nilsson EE, Skinner MK (October 2003). "Bone morphogenetic protein-4 acts as an ovarian follicle survival factor and promotes primordial follicle development".

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vertebrates, to observe prey and obstacles; this is critical for their survival. The formation of the eyes starts as optic vesicles and lens derived from the

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In adult, BMP4 is important for the neurogenesis (i.e., the generation of new neurons) that occurs throughout life in two neurogenic niches of the brain, the

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BMP4 signal transduction pathway. The Smad and the MAPK signal transduction pathways are used by BMP4 in order to alter transcription of its target genes.

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Graham A, Francis-West P, Brickell P, Lumsden A (December 1994). "The signalling molecule BMP4 mediates apoptosis in the rhombencephalic neural crest".

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Alternative splicing in the 5' untranslated region of this gene has been described and three variants are described, all encoding an identical protein.

2089:, promote differentiation of stem cells to mesodermal lineages. After differentiation, BMP4 and FGF2 treated cells generally produces higher amounts of 1578: 95: 1559: 5310:

Wang EA, Israel DI, Kelly S, Luxenberg DP (1993). "Bone morphogenetic protein-2 causes commitment and differentiation in C3H10T1/2 and 3T3 cells".

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Hemmati-Brivanlou A, Thomsen GH (1995). "Ventral mesodermal patterning in Xenopus embryos: expression patterns and activities of BMP-2 and BMP-4".

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Pourquié O, Fan CM, Coltey M, Hirsinger E, Watanabe Y, Bréant C, Francis-West P, Brickell P, Tessier-Lavigne M, Le Douarin NM (February 1996).

2858: 1922: 7458: 6221: 2545: 7415: 7258: 7097: 6812: 6032: 5493: 2527: 7016: 6917: 6705: 6700: 6670: 6665: 6565: 5793: 5514: 2984:"Tis21 is required for adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and for olfactory behavior regulating cyclins, BMP4, Hes1/5 and Ids" 6685: 6148: 5452: 4736: 3964:

Faber SC, Robinson ML, Makarenkova HP, Lang RA (August 2002). "Bmp signaling is required for development of primary lens fiber cells".

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Abzhanov A, Protas M, Grant BR, Grant PR, Tabin CJ (September 2004). "Bmp4 and morphological variation of beaks in Darwin's finches".

7693: 6907: 6832: 6655: 6555: 6443: 6346: 6196: 5940: 5930: 5924: 5919: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5386: 2490:

follicles. Furthermore, BMP4 and the pathway through which it works may provide therapeutic targets for the prevention of hair loss.

1831: 6710: 6660: 6351: 6201: 1971:.BMPs are known to play a large role in embryonic development. In the embryo BMP4 helps establish dorsal-ventral axis formation in 7011: 6822: 6433: 6336: 6331: 2017: 3676: 7623: 2318:. Bone morphogenic proteins are known to stimulate eye lens formation. During early development of eyes, the formation of the 2100:

BMP4 has been shown to induce the expression of the Msx gene family, which is believed to be part of cartilage formation from

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where their function involves the phosphorylation of R-Smads (Smad-1, Smad-5, Smad-8). Upon phosphorylation, formation of an

4880: 2510: 5746: 5398: 3262:"Effects of Shh and Noggin on neural crest formation demonstrate that BMP is required in the neural tube but not ectoderm" 3186:"Evidence that bone morphogenetic protein 4 has multiple biological functions during kidney and urinary tract development" 7688: 5596: 2024:- required for terminal differentiation - has been deleted. Tis21 is a positive regulator of BMP4 expression in the SVZ. 3261: 2402:. In mammals reciprocal epithelial and mesenchymal interactions control the development of hair. Genes such as BMP4 and 5838: 156: 2887:"Signaling through BMPR-IA regulates quiescence and long-term activity of neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus" 2565:"Fine mapping of the human bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene (BMP4) to chromosome 14q22-q23 by in situ hybridization" 2291:

Increase in expression of BMP4 has been associated with a variety of bone diseases, including the heritable disorder

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is regulated by the small molecule inhibitor known as dorsomorphin which prevents the downstream effects of R-smads.

7500: 5486: 4762:"Antiestrogens specifically up-regulate bone morphogenetic protein-4 promoter activity in human osteoblastic cells" 133: 6931: 4505:

Nishitoh H, Ichijo H, Kimura M, Matsumoto T, Makishima F, Yamaguchi A, Yamashita H, Enomoto S, Miyazono K (1996).

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complex in conjunction with common-partner Smad (co-Smad) occurs where it migrates to the nucleus. This signaling

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Bone morphogenetic proteins are known to stimulate bone formation in adult animals. This is thought that inducing

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Tucker AS, Matthews KL, Sharpe PT (1998). "Transformation of tooth type induced by inhibition of BMP signaling".

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Derynck R, Zhang YE (October 2003). "Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-beta family signaling".

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morphology and hair follicle cycling in an abnormal fashion. The cycles of hair follicles are that of growth, or

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Kalinovsky A, Boukhtouche F, Blazeski R, Bornmann C, Suzuki N, Mason CA, Scheiffele P (2011). Polleux F (ed.).

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Li W, LoTurco JJ (2000). "Noggin is a negative regulator of neuronal differentiation in developing neocortex".

4461:"Genomic organization of the human bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene: molecular basis for multiple transcripts" 2086: 1623: 7374: 7210: 7075: 6958: 6860: 6786: 6598: 6489: 6153: 5988: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 4507:"Identification of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors for growth/differentiation factor-5" 4215:

Botchkarev VA, Botchkareva NV, Nakamura M, Huber O, Funa K, Lauster R, Paus R, Gilchrest BA (October 2001).

1604: 7410: 7346: 7166: 7043: 6742: 6388: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5614: 5609: 2563:

van den Wijngaard A, Weghuis DO, Boersma CJ, van Zoelen EJ, Geurts van Kessel A, Olijve W (November 1995).

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from forming. As well establishes dorsal-ventral patterning of the developing neural tube with the help of

75: 6074: 3819:"Transgenic Mice Overexpressing BMP4 Develop a Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)-Like Phenotype" 5479: 4970:

Cotsarelis G, Millar SE (July 2001). "Towards a molecular understanding of hair loss and its treatment".

3999:

Cotsarelis G, Millar SE (July 2001). "Towards a molecular understanding of hair loss and its treatment".

2934: 2564: 1946: 7342: 7162: 7039: 6738: 6384: 6277: 6138: 5604: 2336: 1901: 169: 5191:"Dorsal differentiation of neural plate cells induced by BMP-mediated signals from epidermal ectoderm" 4460: 2928:

Colak D, Mori T, Brill MS, Pfeifer A, Falk S, Deng C, Monteiro R, Mummery C, Sommer L, Götz M (2008).

5425: 4305:

Rosenzweig BL, Imamura T, Okadome T, Cox GN, Yamashita H, ten Dijke P, Heldin CH, Miyazono K (1995).

2188:, they will differentiate into the spinal cord; in the absence of FGF the cells become brain tissue. 162: 7486: 6379: 6267: 5723: 5506: 4760:

van den Wijngaard A, Mulder WR, Dijkema R, Boersma CJ, Mosselman S, van Zoelen EJ, Olijve W (2000).

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is essential in Mice and BMP4 expressed strongly in the optic vesicle and weakly in the surrounding

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negative regulation of branch elongation involved in ureteric bud branching by BMP signaling pathway

62: 5821: 5766: 5750: 2224: 2185: 1950: 1805: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1726: 83: 1454:

positive regulation of cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

3742: 2282:

Generation-of-Trophoblast-Stem-Cells-from-Rabbit-Embryonic-Stem-Cells-with-BMP4-pone.0017124.s005

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It is important to note that mice in which BMP4 was completely inactivated usually died during

3349:"Regeneration of Thyroid Function by Transplantation of Differentiated Pluripotent Stem Cells" 2240:

signaling pathway to tranduce signals. Type 2 receptors are responsible for activating type 1

5341:"Bone morphogenetic protein-4 is required for mesoderm formation and patterning in the mouse" 5076:"beta-Catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin" 4652:"Functional characterization of two promoters in the human bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene" 4132:"beta-Catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin" 3580:"Structural and functional analysis of the BMP-4 promoter in early embryos of Xenopus laevis" 2930:"Adult neurogenesis requires Smad4-mediated bone morphogenic protein signaling in stem cells" 2794:"Bone morphogenetic protein-4 is required for mesoderm formation and patterning in the mouse" 2447: 2411: 1968: 5119:"Inhibition of Bmp signaling affects growth and differentiation in the anagen hair follicle" 4080:"Inhibition of Bmp signaling affects growth and differentiation in the anagen hair follicle" 2701:"Bone morphogenetic protein 4 regulates the budding site and elongation of the mouse ureter" 7683: 5418: 5038: 4622: 4318: 4277: 3775: 3454: 2406:

are both active within the precursors of the hair shaft. Specifically BMP4 is found in the

2299: 2040: 17: 4307:"Cloning and characterization of a human type II receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins" 103: 8: 5873: 5558: 5471: 5404: 5392: 4650:

Van den Wijngaard A, Pijpers MA, Joosten PH, Roelofs JM, Van zoelen EJ, Olijve W (1999).

2132: 2108: 2013: 2009: 5042: 4626: 4322: 4281: 3779: 3458: 2434:

gene expression noting that BMP4 is important in the differentiation of the hair shaft.

7583: 6080: 6043: 5948: 5737: 5298: 5220: 5105: 5062: 4953: 4926: 4855: 4748: 4710: 4601: 4447: 4246: 4161: 3892: 3867: 3843: 3818: 3799: 3653: 3628: 3609: 3560: 3478: 3427: 3373: 3348: 3157: 3132: 3105: 3080: 3061: 3010: 2983: 2956: 2929: 2852: 2774: 2681: 2311: 1977:

frog through inducing ventral mesoderm. In mice targeted inactivation of BMP4 disrupts

107: 5285: 5268: 5173: 5143: 5118: 5092: 5075: 4983: 4217:"Noggin is required for induction of the hair follicle growth phase in postnatal skin" 4148: 4131: 4104: 4079: 4012: 3941: 3916: 3834: 3644: 3596: 3579: 2725: 2700: 2668: 2651: 1921:

Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized

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negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development

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Nohno T, Ishikawa T, Saito T, Hosokawa K, Noji S, Wolsing DH, Rosenbaum JS (1995).

4336: 4326: 4285: 4228: 4189: 4143: 4099: 4091: 4050: 4008: 3973: 3936: 3928: 3887: 3879: 3838: 3830: 3803: 3783: 3710: 3648: 3640: 3591: 3564: 3544: 3505: 3462: 3409: 3368: 3360: 3321: 3273: 3234: 3197: 3152: 3144: 3100: 3092: 3065: 3045: 3005: 2995: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2900: 2805: 2758: 2720: 2712: 2663: 2624: 2587: 2579: 2435: 2173: 2144: 2120: 249: 180: 124: 4634: 3049: 2685: 2430:(ORS) the proliferation of the cell matrix is inhibited. BMP4 also activates hair 579:

specification of ureteric bud anterior/posterior symmetry by BMP signaling pathway

87: 7439: 7369: 7364: 7282: 7205: 7200: 7070: 7065: 6888: 6781: 6776: 6536: 6423: 6418: 6303: 5973: 4943: 1419:

positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

224: 111: 5269:"Lateral and axial signals involved in avian somite patterning: a role for BMP4" 4668: 4651: 2550:

National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine

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National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine

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BMP4 secretion helps cause differentiation of the ureteric bud into the ureter.

5877: 5502: 5134: 4797:"Requirement of Bmp8b for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse" 4095: 3364: 3325: 2905: 2891: 2886: 2762: 2479: 2439: 2407: 2363: 2349: 2237: 2199: 2149: 2079: 1909: 1434:

positive regulation of production of miRNAs involved in gene silencing by miRNA

282: 5323: 4459:

van den Wijngaard A, van Kraay M, van Zoelen EJ, Olijve W, Boersma CJ (1996).

3627:

Yu M, Wang H, Fan Z, Xie C, Liu H, Liu Y, Han D, Wong SW, Feng H (July 2019).

2628: 1319:

epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation

584:

blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis

7677: 7593: 6186: 4523: 4506: 4376: 4359: 3289: 3260:

Selleck MA, García-Castro MI, Artinger KB, Bronner-Fraser M (December 1998).

3000: 2470: 2455: 2426:

When BMP4 is expressed ectopically, within transgenic mice the hair follicle

2387: 2319: 2315: 2059: 2001: 388: 359: 5013: 4542:"Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery" 4435: 4331: 4289: 4193: 3977: 3466: 3277: 3079:

Arteaga-Solis E, Gayraud B, Lee SY, Shum L, Sakai L, Ramirez F (July 2001).

7613: 6996: 6991: 6680: 6640: 6635: 6211: 5259: 5152: 5101: 4991: 4962: 4917: 4909: 4888: 4851: 4822: 4813: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4761: 4744: 4706: 4677: 4479: 4406: 4242: 4157: 4113: 4064: 4020: 3985: 3932: 3901: 3852: 3795: 3724: 3662: 3556: 3509: 3474: 3382: 3333: 3238: 3211: 3166: 3114: 3057: 3019: 2965: 2914: 2770: 2734: 2677: 2583: 2451: 2195: 2181: 2043: 1994: 1964: 1954: 1926: 242: 5366: 5357: 5340: 5331: 5294: 5216: 5181: 5058: 5021: 4843: 4737:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(200002)217:2<146::AID-DVDY2>3.0.CO;2-I

4642: 4597: 4589: 4567: 4532: 4497: 4458: 4443: 4414: 4385: 4350: 4297: 4233: 4216: 4201: 3950: 3868:"Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences" 3605: 3517: 3423: 3285: 3259: 3246: 3096: 2981: 2819: 2810: 2793: 2747: 2636: 2601: 1871: 1866: 559:

mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

7603: 7301: 7001: 6645: 6003: 5963: 3133:"Beyond the bone: Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in adipose tissue" 2562: 2462: 2177: 2094: 2005: 1938: 1668: 1649: 974:

negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis

3787: 3715: 3698: 2482:, hair shaft cells, distal hair matrix, and potential precursors of the 41: 7643: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7336: 7156: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6675: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6483: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6261: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6127: 5859: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5074:

Huelsken J, Vogel R, Erdmann B, Cotsarelis G, Birchmeier W (May 2001).

4721: 4558: 4541: 4130:

Huelsken J, Vogel R, Erdmann B, Cotsarelis G, Birchmeier W (May 2001).

3181: 2358: 2328: 2323: 2090: 2039:

BMP4 also plays important roles in adipose tissue: it is essential for

1249:

negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

141: 91: 4998: 4927:"Development of Axon-Target Specificity of Ponto-Cerebellar Afferents" 4698: 4649: 4488: 4178: 3148: 2652:"Structure and expression of Xenopus tropicalis BMP-2 and BMP-4 genes" 2592: 2082:, Shh, gradient. This expression of BMP4 patterns the dorsal neurons. 1169:

positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation

7536: 7532: 7523: 7433: 7429: 7400: 7332: 7328: 7276: 7272: 7248: 7152: 7148: 7115: 7111: 6953: 6912: 6695: 6593: 6560: 6530: 6526: 6507: 6479: 6475: 6272: 6257: 6253: 6133: 6123: 6119: 5696: 5160:

Leong LM, Brickell PM (December 1996). "Bone morphogenic protein-4".

5050: 4924: 4759: 2051: 2047: 2032: 1523: 499:

mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in renal system development

208: 195: 99: 7509: 6940: 3883: 2716: 2075:

BMP4 has been found to aid in formation of blood and blood islands.

7660: 6725: 6366: 5381: 4881:

10.1002/1097-0282(2000)55:5<399::AID-BIP1014>3.0.CO;2-9

2383: 2332: 1993:

patterning of the developing head though inducing apoptosis of the

1978: 1855: 1474:

negative regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

799:

mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureteric bud development

7510: 7027: 6941: 6580: 4214: 3548: 2335:, this embryo will not develop the lens. They also did an in situ 1014:

negative regulation of metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis

66:, BMP2B, BMP2B1, MCOPS6, OFC11, ZYME, bone morphogenetic protein 4 7598: 7588: 7528: 7425: 7324: 7268: 7144: 7107: 6522: 6471: 6249: 6115: 5958: 5953: 5028: 3533: 2699:

Miyazaki Y, Oshima K, Fogo A, Hogan BL, Ichikawa I (April 2000).

2483: 2466: 2431: 2399: 2395: 2260: 2169: 2071: 1973: 1887: 1635: 1590: 1508: 1504: 2461:

Other genes which can inhibit or interact with BMP4 are noggin,

1960:

BMP4 stimulates differentiation of overlying ectodermal tissue.

934:

regulation of branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis

79: 7649: 7447: 7443: 7311: 7290: 7286: 7126: 6896: 6892: 6690: 6544: 6540: 6016: 5915: 5885: 5831: 5826: 5803: 5798: 5788: 5781: 5776: 3578:

Metz A, Knöchel S, Büchler P, Köster M, Knöchel W (June 1998).

3398:"A role for BMP-4 in the development of subcutaneous cartilage" 2416: 2391: 2245: 2220: 2125: 2101: 1988:

BMP4 also limits the extent to which neural differentiation in

1839: 1545: 1349:

apoptotic process involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis

944:

positive regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis

779:

mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in kidney development

7469: 5410: 5339:

Winnier G, Blessing M, Labosky PA, Hogan BL (September 1995).

5073: 4129: 3699:"Bone morphogenetic protein receptors and signal transduction" 2792:

Winnier G, Blessing M, Labosky PA, Hogan BL (September 1995).

1209:

negative regulation of metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis

1099:

negative regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation

529:

negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus

368: 7578: 7468: 7405: 7253: 7242: 7238: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7059: 7026: 6962: 6878: 6872: 6806: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6606: 6602: 6512: 6501: 6412: 6408: 6297: 6293: 6142: 6011: 5843: 5771: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5568: 4504: 3130: 3081:"Regulation of limb patterning by extracellular microfibrils" 2650:

Knöchel S, Dillinger K, Köster M, Knöchel W (November 2001).

2649: 2420: 2112: 1024:

mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development

689:

regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation

3963: 2131:

In birds, BMP4 has been shown to influence the beak size of

1424:

negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

969:

epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis

7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7055: 7051: 7047: 6868: 6864: 6842: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6720: 6575: 6497: 6493: 6453: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6361: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6231: 6157: 6097: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5563: 5461:: Structure of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 mutant L51P 5338: 5234:"Molecular mechanisms regulating hair follicle development" 5189:

Liem KF, Tremml G, Roelink H, Jessell TM (September 1995).

4304: 4039:"Molecular mechanisms regulating hair follicle development" 3740: 3078: 2791: 2443: 2353: 2344: 2340: 2264: 2055: 2028: 2021: 1982: 1894: 1449:

positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition

589:

BMP signaling pathway involved in renal system segmentation

5501: 5266: 4357: 3917:"BMP4 is essential for lens induction in the mouse embryo" 3179: 2832: 1429:

regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

4829: 4267: 3866:

Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March 2011).

3346: 1359:

positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

1314:

negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

1149:

negative regulation of striated muscle tissue development

6073: 5309: 5188: 4866: 3865: 3577: 3495: 3444: 3224: 2050:

differentiation. Additionally, it is also important for

1339:

epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis

1164:

BMP signaling pathway involved in nephric duct formation

544:

anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis

232: 7473: 6075: 2837:(Fifth ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom. p. 207. 2698: 2614: 2255: 1284:

positive regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction

1144:

positive regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development

1104:

positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

524:

positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation

484:

negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

6843: 6721: 6576: 6454: 6362: 6232: 6102: 6098: 4421: 4392: 3696: 3131:

Blázquez-Medela AM, Jumabay M, Boström KI (May 2019).

794:

BMP signaling pathway involved in ureter morphogenesis

789:

regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

4795:

Ying Y, Liu XM, Marble A, Lawson KA, Zhao GQ (2000).

2927: 1967:

commitment and differentiation of stem cells such as

1134:

positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation

1079:

positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

349: 4895: 4612: 3629:"BMP4 mutations in tooth agenesis and low bone mass" 1464:

positive regulation of cell population proliferation

999:

regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure

964:

positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

709:

positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process

694:

negative regulation of cell population proliferation

654:

negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

4794: 4539: 2069:which guides the dorsal-ventral axis formation. In 1409:

BMP signaling pathway involved in heart development

1074:

negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

819:

positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated

6847: 6458: 6236: 3817:Kan L, Hu M, Gomes WA, Kessler JA (October 2004). 3395: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2352:of the mice embryos. This indicated that BMP4 and 884:branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis 774:negative regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process 614:negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation 4574: 3816: 3697:Miyazono K, Kamiya Y, Morikawa M (January 2010). 1334:positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation 1199:positive regulation of endothelial cell migration 649:BMP signaling pathway involved in heart induction 179: 7675: 7508: 7312: 7127: 5116: 4969: 4125: 4123: 4077: 3998: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3677:"Entrez Gene: BMP4 bone morphogenetic protein 4" 2884: 2180:) causes the ectoderm to differentiate into the 924:regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation 844:branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis 417:transforming growth factor beta receptor binding 7131: 3761: 3759: 3529: 3527: 3031: 3029: 2977: 2975: 2499: 1929:osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. 1114:pulmonary artery endothelial tube morphogenesis 734:glomerular visceral epithelial cell development 719:negative regulation of myoblast differentiation 624:negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division 4032: 4030: 3310: 3035: 2511:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021835 994:regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation 829:negative regulation of prostatic bud formation 514:positive regulation of protein phosphorylation 6059: 5487: 5426: 5382:BMPedia - the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Wiki 5159: 5117:Kulessa H, Turk G, Hogan BL (December 2000). 4120: 4078:Kulessa H, Turk G, Hogan BL (December 2000). 3683: 2310:Eyes are essential for organisms, especially 2236:TGF-β family receptors most commonly use the 1289:negative regulation of glomerulus development 1084:branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube 1034:hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation 879:positive regulation of neuron differentiation 4208: 4071: 3992: 3957: 3859: 3810: 3765: 3756: 3736: 3734: 3626: 3524: 3438: 3304: 3173: 3072: 3026: 2972: 1109:intermediate mesodermal cell differentiation 1039:positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway 869:positive regulation of cartilage development 639:positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade 4172: 4027: 3914: 3908: 3743:"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades" 3571: 3489: 3389: 3253: 3218: 2643: 2184:. If these cells also receive signals from 1184:cellular response to growth factor stimulus 894:positive regulation of cell differentiation 729:common-partner SMAD protein phosphorylation 6066: 6052: 5494: 5480: 5433: 5419: 2857:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2608: 2556: 2228:within the cell, affecting transcription. 1364:positive regulation of bone mineralization 864:negative regulation of MAP kinase activity 699:steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway 5356: 5284: 5249: 5206: 5142: 5091: 4952: 4942: 4812: 4777: 4684: 4667: 4557: 4522: 4487: 4375: 4340: 4330: 4232: 4147: 4103: 4054: 3940: 3891: 3842: 3731: 3714: 3652: 3595: 3413: 3372: 3201: 3156: 3104: 3009: 2999: 2955: 2904: 2809: 2724: 2667: 2591: 2231: 1897:. BMP4 is found on chromosome 14q22-q23. 1459:regulation of signaling receptor activity 889:regulation of protein import into nucleus 849:positive regulation of kidney development 759:ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation 534:bud elongation involved in lung branching 4540:Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). 2286: 2270: 2154: 1945:superfamily of proteins. It, like other 1234:positive regulation of apoptotic process 1049:embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis 979:negative regulation of apoptotic process 809:lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation 604:odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth 3396:Watanabe Y, Le Douarin NM (June 1996). 2213: 1439:post-translational protein modification 1139:bud dilation involved in lung branching 669:inner ear receptor cell differentiation 664:metanephric collecting duct development 479:embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis 14: 7676: 5231: 4036: 1997:cells; this is done in the hindbrain. 1469:negative regulation of gene expression 1444:positive regulation of gene expression 1239:embryonic skeletal joint morphogenesis 1094:specification of animal organ position 1064:positive regulation of protein binding 919:negative regulation of phosphorylation 549:ureter epithelial cell differentiation 6047: 5475: 5414: 3126: 3124: 2705:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2454:as these are required in early stage 2293:Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva 1369:cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis 1154:positive regulation of cell migration 1069:anterior/posterior axis specification 1054:dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning 1019:embryonic skeletal system development 769:epithelial-mesenchymal cell signaling 184: 145: 140: 3915:Furuta Y, Hogan BL (December 1998). 2256:Map kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways 2138: 1414:pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis 3340: 1344:cardiac muscle cell differentiation 984:positive regulation of ossification 954:regulation of cartilage development 914:secondary heart field specification 317:migratory enteric neural crest cell 24: 7576:Endogenous antagonists/inhibitors: 4260: 3121: 2305: 2168:Inhibition of the BMP4 signal (by 1985:, and inducing dorsal characters. 1374:outflow tract septum morphogenesis 1244:regulation of cell differentiation 1204:multicellular organism development 929:regulation of cell fate commitment 804:smooth muscle cell differentiation 684:type B pancreatic cell development 674:mesodermal cell fate determination 25: 7710: 5375: 3645:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.05.012 1329:cellular response to BMP stimulus 1124:positive regulation of cell death 874:lens induction in camera-type eye 784:negative regulation of cell death 554:negative regulation of cell cycle 7694:Developmental genes and proteins 5451: 5251:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01670.x 4056:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01670.x 3741:Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. 3203:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00834.x 1404:coronary vasculature development 1294:embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis 739:SMAD protein signal transduction 644:smooth muscle tissue development 358: 168: 161: 155: 132: 40: 5515:TGF beta superfamily of ligands 5440: 3669: 3620: 2921: 2878: 2865: 2826: 2386:is caused from the changing of 1906:transforming growth factor-beta 1479:regulation of apoptotic process 1394:endocardial cushion development 1379:membranous septum morphogenesis 1254:mesodermal cell differentiation 1229:protein localization to nucleus 6352:ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381) 6202:ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381) 5662:Growth differentiation factors 2948:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4374-07.2008 2785: 2741: 2692: 2538: 2520: 1189:glomerular capillary formation 824:deltoid tuberosity development 369:More reference expression data 13: 1: 5286:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81291-X 5174:10.1016/S1357-2725(96)00075-1 5093:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00336-1 4984:10.1016/S1471-4914(01)02027-5 4635:10.1126/science.282.5391.1136 4468:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 4395:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 4149:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00336-1 4013:10.1016/S1471-4914(01)02027-5 3835:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63372-X 3597:10.1016/S0925-4773(98)00059-8 3498:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 3314:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 3050:10.1095/biolreprod.103.018671 2669:10.1016/S0925-4773(01)00506-8 2493: 2163: 1890:that in humans is encoded by 1389:pulmonary valve morphogenesis 1354:muscular septum morphogenesis 1279:camera-type eye morphogenesis 1044:regulation of gene expression 764:embryonic digit morphogenesis 609:telencephalon regionalization 153: 27:Human protein and coding gene 5208:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90276-7 4944:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001013 4311:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 3415:10.1016/0925-4773(96)00534-5 2377: 2115:. BMP4, in conjunction with 1916: 1904:family which is part of the 1884:Bone morphogenetic protein 4 904:smoothened signaling pathway 859:embryonic limb morphogenesis 634:prostate gland morphogenesis 594:cranial suture morphogenesis 313:posterior semicircular canal 7: 6691:RepSox (E-616452, SJN-2511) 5605:Bone morphogenetic proteins 5391:human gene location in the 5232:Millar SE (February 2002). 4669:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.8.1432 4037:Millar SE (February 2002). 3184:, Ichikawa I (March 2003). 2935:The Journal of Neuroscience 2205: 2058:, related to non-shivering 1947:bone morphogenetic proteins 1932: 1304:outflow tract morphogenesis 1119:pituitary gland development 949:chondrocyte differentiation 909:camera-type eye development 899:erythrocyte differentiation 539:tendon cell differentiation 494:skeletal system development 463:endoplasmic reticulum lumen 10: 7715: 7689:Bone morphogenetic protein 5403:human gene details in the 5162:Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol 3365:10.1016/j.stem.2015.09.004 3326:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.067 2906:10.1016/j.stem.2010.04.016 2763:10.1007/s00441-020-03280-z 2085:BMP4, in conjunction with 1902:bone morphogenetic protein 1484:regulation of MAPK cascade 1384:aortic valve morphogenesis 1029:osteoblast differentiation 1009:macrophage differentiation 569:post-embryonic development 504:cardiac septum development 7568: 7499: 7467: 7310: 7125: 7025: 6939: 6930: 6841: 6719: 6681:Galunisertib (LY-2157299) 6574: 6452: 6360: 6230: 6096: 6087: 6025: 6002: 5939: 5872: 5852: 5814: 5759: 5736: 5594: 5522: 5513: 5446: 5324:10.3109/08977199308991582 2835:Principles of development 2629:10.3109/10425179509030980 2546:"Mouse PubMed Reference:" 2528:"Human PubMed Reference:" 2202:as well as osteoporosis. 1870: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1838: 1821: 1802: 1798: 1769: 1745: 1738: 1719: 1715: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1666: 1662: 1647: 1643: 1634: 1621: 1617: 1602: 1598: 1589: 1576: 1572: 1557: 1553: 1544: 1529: 1522: 1518: 1502: 1324:cardiac jelly development 1059:lung alveolus development 989:endochondral ossification 839:telencephalon development 387: 383: 366: 357: 348: 340: 289: 280: 265: 261: 231: 223: 219: 202: 189: 152: 131: 122: 118: 73: 70: 60: 53: 48: 39: 34: 7629:Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) 7411:Osteogenin (BMP3, BMP3A) 5822:Activin type 2 receptors 5767:Activin type 1 receptors 5135:10.1093/emboj/19.24.6664 4524:10.1074/jbc.271.35.21345 4377:10.1074/jbc.270.38.22522 4096:10.1093/emboj/19.24.6664 3633:Archives of Oral Biology 3001:10.3389/fncel.2014.00098 2751:Cell and Tissue Research 2343:showing green color and 2111:, has been found in rat 1900:BMP4 is a member of the 1832:Chr 14: 46.62 – 46.63 Mb 714:renal system development 619:blood vessel development 574:monocyte differentiation 509:ureteric bud development 437:chemoattractant activity 5014:10.1242/dev.120.12.3621 4436:10.1002/pros.2990240406 4332:10.1073/pnas.92.17.7632 4290:10.1126/science.3201241 4194:10.1242/dev.120.12.3621 3978:10.1242/dev.129.15.3727 3467:10.1126/science.1098095 3278:10.1242/dev.125.24.4919 2798:Genes & Development 2109:paracrine growth factor 1224:embryonic morphogenesis 1219:vasculature development 704:mammary gland formation 679:metanephros development 599:mesonephros development 329:external carotid artery 6828:Dorsomorphin (BML-275) 6439:Dorsomorphin (BML-275) 6342:Dorsomorphin (BML-275) 5724:Anti-müllerian hormone 5507:TGFβ signaling pathway 4910:10.1242/jcs.114.8.1483 4814:10.1210/mend.14.7.0479 4779:10.1210/mend.14.5.0463 4480:10.1006/bbrc.1996.0312 4407:10.1006/bbrc.1994.2898 3933:10.1101/gad.12.23.3764 3510:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1712 3239:10.1002/dvg.1020170109 3180:Miyazaki Y, Oshima K, 2584:10.1006/geno.1995.1096 2382:Hair loss or known as 2283: 2232:Smad signaling pathway 2160: 2027:BMP4 is important for 1969:mesenchymal stem cells 1259:neuron fate commitment 814:epithelium development 422:growth factor activity 186:14 C1|14 23.95 cM 5358:10.1101/gad.9.17.2105 4844:10.1007/s007740170055 4590:10.1007/s002239900518 4234:10.1096/fj.01-0207com 3097:10.1083/jcb.200105046 2811:10.1101/gad.9.17.2105 2412:transcription factors 2287:Clinical significance 2281: 2158: 1264:forebrain development 1004:BMP signaling pathway 854:cartilage development 489:germ cell development 147:Chromosome 14 (mouse) 6078:receptor superfamily 4832:J. Bone Miner. Metab 2300:cleft lip and palate 2214:Molecular mechanisms 1399:endoderm development 1194:bronchus development 939:cell differentiation 724:cell fate commitment 519:renal system process 453:extracellular region 427:BMP receptor binding 7646:(against myostatin) 5559:Activin and inhibin 5405:UCSC Genome Browser 5393:UCSC Genome Browser 5238:J. Invest. Dermatol 5043:1994Natur.372..684G 4627:1998Sci...282.1136T 4323:1995PNAS...92.7632R 4282:1988Sci...242.1528W 4043:J. Invest. Dermatol 3788:10.1038/nature02006 3780:2003Natur.425..577D 3459:2004Sci...305.1462A 2988:Front Cell Neurosci 2223:pathways to effect 2143:Yielding an active 2054:, where it induces 2010:subventricular zone 1299:positive chemotaxis 1214:neural tube closure 564:trachea development 458:extracellular space 412:co-receptor binding 7652:(against endoglin) 7009:Kinase inhibitors: 6905:Kinase inhibitors: 6820:Kinase inhibitors: 6653:Kinase inhibitors: 6553:Kinase inhibitors: 6431:Kinase inhibitors: 6329:Kinase inhibitors: 6194:Kinase inhibitors: 5738:TGF beta receptors 4656:J. Bone Miner. Res 4578:Calcif. Tissue Int 4559:10.1101/gr.6.9.791 2284: 2161: 1624:ENSMUSG00000021835 1179:mesoderm formation 1129:lung morphogenesis 749:kidney development 659:tissue development 472:Biological process 446:Cellular component 395:Molecular function 297:semicircular canal 7669: 7668: 7564: 7563: 7495: 7494: 6926: 6925: 6219:Other inhibitors: 6041: 6040: 5941:Ligand inhibitors 5868: 5867: 5732: 5731: 5469: 5468: 4699:10.1159/000017428 4276:(4885): 1528–34. 3716:10.1093/jb/mvp148 3149:10.1111/obr.12822 2844:978-0-19-870988-6 2804:(17): 2105–2116. 2428:outer root sheath 2372:inhibitor protein 2279: 2139:Protein structure 2119:, regulate early 1941:belonging to the 1908:superfamily. The 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1850: 1849: 1817: 1816: 1792: 1791: 1734: 1733: 1709: 1708: 1675: 1674: 1656: 1655: 1630: 1629: 1611: 1610: 1585: 1584: 1566: 1565: 1514: 1513: 1269:cloacal septation 1089:trachea formation 834:heart development 407:cytokine activity 379: 378: 375: 374: 344: 343: 336: 335: 274: 273: 215: 214: 16:(Redirected from 7706: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7475: 7471: 7456:Decoy receptors: 7401:Myostatin (GDF8) 7314: 7299:Decoy receptors: 7249:Myostatin (GDF8) 7133: 7129: 7029: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6849: 6845: 6727: 6723: 6582: 6578: 6508:Myostatin (GDF8) 6460: 6456: 6368: 6364: 6238: 6234: 6209:Decoy receptors: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6077: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6045: 6044: 5757: 5756: 5520: 5519: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5473: 5472: 5455: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5412: 5411: 5370: 5360: 5335: 5306: 5288: 5263: 5253: 5228: 5210: 5185: 5156: 5146: 5113: 5095: 5070: 5051:10.1038/372684a0 5025: 4995: 4966: 4956: 4946: 4921: 4904:(Pt 8): 1483–9. 4892: 4863: 4826: 4816: 4791: 4781: 4756: 4718: 4681: 4671: 4646: 4621:(5391): 1136–8. 4609: 4571: 4561: 4536: 4526: 4517:(35): 21345–52. 4501: 4491: 4465: 4455: 4418: 4389: 4379: 4354: 4344: 4334: 4301: 4255: 4254: 4236: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4151: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4107: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4034: 4025: 4024: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3944: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3895: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3774:(6958): 577–84. 3763: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3694: 3681: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3656: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3599: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3453:(5689): 1462–5. 3442: 3436: 3435: 3417: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3376: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3288:. Archived from 3257: 3251: 3250: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3205: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3160: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3108: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3033: 3024: 3023: 3013: 3003: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2959: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2908: 2882: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2856: 2848: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2728: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2671: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2595: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2524: 2518: 2508: 2394:, regression or 2280: 2145:carboxy-terminal 2133:Darwin's finches 2121:ovarian follicle 1863: 1862: 1834: 1827: 1812: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1743: 1742: 1739:RefSeq (protein) 1729: 1713: 1712: 1704: 1684: 1683: 1660: 1659: 1641: 1640: 1615: 1614: 1596: 1595: 1570: 1569: 1551: 1550: 1520: 1519: 1489:cell development 1274:bone development 754:lung development 385: 384: 371: 362: 355: 354: 305:surface ectoderm 301:genital tubercle 285: 283:Top expressed in 278: 277: 259: 258: 238: 237: 221: 220: 211: 198: 187: 172: 165: 159: 148: 136: 120: 119: 114: 112:BMP4 - orthologs 65: 58: 44: 32: 31: 21: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7665: 7584:Cerberus (CER1) 7560: 7491: 7463: 7370:Eptotermin alfa 7365:Dibotermin alfa 7306: 7206:Eptotermin alfa 7201:Dibotermin alfa 7121: 7071:Eptotermin alfa 7066:Dibotermin alfa 7021: 6922: 6837: 6782:Eptotermin alfa 6777:Dibotermin alfa 6715: 6570: 6448: 6424:Eptotermin alfa 6419:Dibotermin alfa 6356: 6304:Eptotermin alfa 6226: 6083: 6072: 6042: 6037: 6021: 5998: 5935: 5864: 5848: 5810: 5740: 5728: 5590: 5537:TGF beta family 5509: 5500: 5470: 5465: 5462: 5456: 5442: 5439: 5378: 5373: 5351:(17): 2105–16. 5129:(24): 6664–74. 5037:(6507): 684–6. 5008:(12): 3621–37. 4937:(2): e1001013. 4801:Mol. Endocrinol 4766:Mol. Endocrinol 4463: 4370:(38): 22522–6. 4263: 4261:Further reading 4258: 4227:(12): 2205–14. 4213: 4209: 4188:(12): 3621–37. 4177: 4173: 4128: 4121: 4090:(24): 6664–74. 4076: 4072: 4035: 4028: 3997: 3993: 3972:(15): 3727–37. 3962: 3958: 3927:(23): 3764–75. 3913: 3909: 3884:10.1038/nrg2933 3872:Nat. Rev. Genet 3864: 3860: 3815: 3811: 3764: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3695: 3684: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3625: 3621: 3576: 3572: 3532: 3525: 3494: 3490: 3443: 3439: 3394: 3390: 3345: 3341: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3272:(24): 4919–30. 3258: 3254: 3223: 3219: 3178: 3174: 3137:Obesity Reviews 3129: 3122: 3077: 3073: 3034: 3027: 2980: 2973: 2926: 2922: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2866: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2831: 2827: 2790: 2786: 2746: 2742: 2717:10.1172/JCI8256 2697: 2693: 2648: 2644: 2613: 2609: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2509: 2500: 2496: 2380: 2308: 2306:Eye development 2289: 2271: 2258: 2234: 2216: 2208: 2166: 2141: 2046:, and promotes 1935: 1919: 1872:View/Edit Mouse 1867:View/Edit Human 1830: 1825: 1822:Location (UCSC) 1808: 1804: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1725: 1721: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1605:ENSG00000125378 1498: 959:organ induction 467: 441: 432:protein binding 402:heparin binding 367: 332: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 281: 270: 206: 193: 185: 175: 174: 173: 166: 146: 123:Gene location ( 74: 61: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7712: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7654: 7653: 7647: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7540: 7526: 7517: 7515: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7480: 7478: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7452: 7451: 7437: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7340: 7318: 7316: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7295: 7294: 7280: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7160: 7138: 7136: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7033: 7031: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6985: 6984: 6966: 6956: 6947: 6945: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6901: 6900: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6854: 6852: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6732: 6730: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6629: 6628: 6610: 6596: 6587: 6585: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6534: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6487: 6465: 6463: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6382: 6373: 6371: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6325: 6324: 6306: 6301: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6243: 6241: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6215: 6214: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6190: 6189: 6180: 6179: 6161: 6151: 6146: 6136: 6131: 6109: 6107: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6071: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5913: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5763: 5761: 5754: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5697:Myostatin/GDF8 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5601: 5599: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5533: 5531: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5503:Cell signaling 5499: 5498: 5491: 5484: 5476: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5457: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5396: 5384: 5377: 5376:External links 5374: 5372: 5371: 5336: 5312:Growth Factors 5307: 5264: 5229: 5186: 5168:(12): 1293–6. 5157: 5114: 5071: 5026: 4996: 4978:(7): 293–301. 4972:Trends Mol Med 4967: 4922: 4893: 4875:(5): 399–406. 4864: 4827: 4807:(7): 1053–63. 4792: 4757: 4719: 4693:(1–2): 68–73. 4682: 4662:(8): 1432–41. 4647: 4610: 4572: 4552:(9): 791–806. 4537: 4502: 4456: 4419: 4401:(3): 1944–51. 4390: 4355: 4317:(17): 7632–6. 4302: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4207: 4171: 4119: 4070: 4026: 4007:(7): 293–301. 4001:Trends Mol Med 3991: 3956: 3907: 3858: 3829:(4): 1107–15. 3809: 3755: 3730: 3682: 3668: 3619: 3590:(1–2): 29–39. 3570: 3537:Nat. Cell Biol 3523: 3488: 3437: 3388: 3353:Cell Stem Cell 3339: 3303: 3292:on 20 May 2022 3252: 3217: 3172: 3143:(5): 648–658. 3120: 3071: 3044:(4): 1265–72. 3025: 2971: 2942:(2): 434–446. 2920: 2892:Cell Stem Cell 2877: 2864: 2843: 2825: 2784: 2757:(2): 751–763. 2740: 2711:(7): 863–873. 2691: 2642: 2607: 2555: 2537: 2519: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2440:sonic hedgehog 2408:dermal papilla 2398:, and rest or 2379: 2376: 2307: 2304: 2288: 2285: 2257: 2254: 2233: 2230: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2200:tooth agenesis 2165: 2162: 2150:osteoinductive 2140: 2137: 2080:Sonic hedgehog 1951:mineralization 1934: 1931: 1918: 1915: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1767: 1766: 1740: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 475: 473: 469: 468: 466: 465: 460: 455: 449: 447: 443: 442: 440: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 398: 396: 392: 391: 381: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 364: 363: 352: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 331: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 309:abdominal wall 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 287: 286: 275: 272: 271: 269: 266: 263: 262: 255: 254: 246: 235: 229: 228: 225:RNA expression 217: 216: 213: 212: 204: 200: 199: 191: 188: 183: 177: 176: 167: 160: 154: 150: 149: 144: 138: 137: 129: 128: 116: 115: 72: 68: 67: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7711: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7672: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7634:Tomoregulin 1 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7609:Gremlin (Drm) 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7466: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7124: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6573: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6187:Ascrinvacumab 6185: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6057: 6055: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5485: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5460: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5424: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5279:(3): 461–71. 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5244:(2): 216–25. 5243: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5201:(6): 969–79. 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5086:(4): 533–45. 5085: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4772:(5): 623–33. 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4731:(2): 146–58. 4730: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4687:Dev. Neurosci 4683: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4511:J. Biol. Chem 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4474:(3): 789–94. 4473: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4430:(4): 204–11. 4429: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4364:J. Biol. Chem 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4142:(4): 533–45. 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4049:(2): 216–25. 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4031: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3878:(3): 167–78. 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823:Am. J. Pathol 3820: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3760: 3744: 3737: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3678: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3549:10.1038/11078 3546: 3543:(3): 158–64. 3542: 3538: 3530: 3528: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3359:(5): 527–42. 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3196:(3): 835–44. 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091:(2): 275–81. 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2976: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2868: 2860: 2854: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2578:(3): 559–60. 2577: 2573: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2456:morphogenesis 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:hair follicle 2385: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337:hybridization 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2320:optic vesicle 2317: 2316:neuroectoderm 2313: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2229: 2226: 2225:transcription 2222: 2211: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2060:thermogenesis 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2002:dentate gyrus 1998: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1957:development. 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1680:RefSeq (mRNA) 1678: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1309:odontogenesis 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 474: 471: 470: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 448: 445: 444: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389:Gene ontology 386: 382: 370: 365: 361: 356: 353: 351: 347: 339: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 291: 288: 284: 279: 276: 267: 264: 260: 257: 256: 253: 251: 247: 245: 244: 240: 239: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 210: 205: 201: 197: 192: 182: 178: 171: 164: 158: 151: 143: 139: 135: 130: 126: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 69: 64: 57: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7671: 7657: 7640: 7575: 7520: 7483: 7455: 7423:Antagonists: 7422: 7321: 7298: 7266:Antagonists: 7265: 7141: 7105:Antagonists: 7104: 7036: 7008: 6997:Lerdelimumab 6992:Fresolimumab 6988: 6950: 6904: 6886:Antagonists: 6885: 6857: 6819: 6735: 6652: 6641:Lerdelimumab 6636:Fresolimumab 6632: 6590: 6552: 6520:Antagonists: 6519: 6468: 6430: 6376: 6328: 6246: 6218: 6212:Dalantercept 6208: 6193: 6183: 6112: 5619: 5458: 5399: 5387: 5348: 5344: 5318:(1): 57–71. 5315: 5311: 5276: 5272: 5241: 5237: 5198: 5194: 5165: 5161: 5126: 5122: 5083: 5079: 5034: 5030: 5005: 5001: 4975: 4971: 4934: 4931:PLOS Biology 4930: 4901: 4897: 4872: 4868: 4835: 4831: 4804: 4800: 4769: 4765: 4728: 4724: 4690: 4686: 4659: 4655: 4618: 4614: 4584:(3): 221–9. 4581: 4577: 4549: 4545: 4514: 4510: 4471: 4467: 4427: 4423: 4398: 4394: 4367: 4363: 4314: 4310: 4273: 4269: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4139: 4135: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4046: 4042: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3771: 3767: 3746:. Retrieved 3709:(1): 35–51. 3706: 3702: 3671: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3540: 3536: 3504:(3): 670–7. 3501: 3497: 3491: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3408:(1): 69–78. 3405: 3401: 3391: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3320:(2): 793–7. 3317: 3313: 3306: 3294:. Retrieved 3290:the original 3269: 3265: 3255: 3233:(1): 78–89. 3230: 3226: 3220: 3193: 3189: 3175: 3140: 3136: 3088: 3085:J. Cell Biol 3084: 3074: 3041: 3038:Biol. Reprod 3037: 2991: 2987: 2939: 2933: 2923: 2899:(1): 78–89. 2896: 2890: 2880: 2872: 2867: 2834: 2828: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2662:(1): 79–82. 2659: 2655: 2645: 2623:(5): 273–5. 2620: 2616: 2610: 2575: 2571: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2488: 2476: 2460: 2425: 2381: 2369: 2339:of the BMP4 2309: 2297: 2290: 2259: 2235: 2217: 2209: 2196:gastrulation 2193: 2190: 2182:neural plate 2167: 2142: 2130: 2106: 2099: 2095:chondrogenic 2084: 2077: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2044:adipogenesis 2038: 2026: 1999: 1995:neural crest 1989: 1987: 1972: 1965:osteoblastic 1962: 1959: 1955:ureteric bud 1936: 1927:endochondral 1923:bone extract 1920: 1899: 1891: 1883: 1882: 1806:NP_001303289 1803: 1781:NP_001334846 1777:NP_001334845 1773:NP_001334844 1770: 1763:NP_001334843 1759:NP_001334842 1755:NP_001334841 1727:NM_001316360 1720: 1691: 1667: 1648: 1622: 1603: 1577: 1558: 1538: 1533: 744:ossification 629:angiogenesis 248: 241: 71:External IDs 29: 7699:TGFβ domain 7684:Human genes 7641:Antibodies: 7604:Follistatin 7459:Ramatercept 7302:Sotatercept 7002:Metelimumab 6989:Antibodies: 6646:Metelimumab 6633:Antibodies: 6222:Disitertide 6184:Antibodies: 6004:Coreceptors 5964:Follistatin 5874:Transducers 5441:PDB gallery 5002:Development 4898:J. Cell Sci 4869:Biopolymers 4838:(1): 13–9. 4182:Development 3966:Development 3748:17 November 3266:Development 2463:follistatin 2312:terrestrial 2178:follistatin 2006:hippocampus 1939:polypeptide 1910:superfamily 207:46,628,126 194:46,620,977 49:Identifiers 7678:Categories 7644:Stamulumab 7594:DAN (PARN) 7513:(β-glycan) 7416:Radotermin 7259:Radotermin 7239:11 (BMP11) 7195:15 (GDF9B) 7098:Radotermin 6963:10 (BMP3B) 6873:11 (BMP11) 6813:Radotermin 6771:15 (GDF9B) 6676:LY-2109761 6607:11 (BMP11) 6603:10 (BMP3B) 6502:11 (BMP11) 6081:modulators 5860:betaglycan 5595:Ligand of 5523:Ligand of 4546:Genome Res 4489:2066/23948 3703:J. Biochem 3227:Dev. Genet 3190:Kidney Int 2593:2066/22049 2517:, May 2017 2494:References 2359:homozygous 2329:homozygous 2324:mesenchyme 2164:Inhibition 2104:mesoderm. 2091:osteogenic 1937:BMP4 is a 1925:to induce 252:(ortholog) 92:HomoloGene 7524:Avotermin 7487:AMH (MIS) 7484:Agonists: 7395:7 (BMP12) 7391:6 (BMP13) 7387:5 (BMP14) 7322:Agonists: 7231:7 (BMP12) 7227:6 (BMP13) 7223:5 (BMP14) 7142:Agonists: 7092:7 (BMP12) 7088:6 (BMP13) 7084:5 (BMP14) 7037:Agonists: 7017:LY-364947 6954:Avotermin 6951:Agonists: 6918:SB-505124 6913:SB-431542 6858:Agonists: 6799:7 (BMP12) 6795:6 (BMP13) 6791:5 (BMP14) 6736:Agonists: 6706:SB-525334 6701:SB-505124 6696:SB-431542 6671:LY-364947 6666:GW-788388 6594:Avotermin 6591:Agonists: 6566:SB-505124 6561:SB-431542 6469:Agonists: 6380:AMH (MIS) 6377:Agonists: 6273:Avotermin 6268:AMH (MIS) 6247:Agonists: 6134:Avotermin 6113:Agonists: 5345:Genes Dev 3921:Genes Dev 3639:: 40–46. 3584:Mech. Dev 3402:Mech. Dev 3296:22 August 2853:cite book 2779:221843254 2656:Mech. Dev 2452:β-catenin 2378:Hair loss 2242:receptors 2052:brown fat 2048:adipocyte 2033:cartilage 1917:Discovery 1810:NP_031580 1785:NP_570912 1751:NP_570911 1747:NP_001193 1723:NM_007554 1702:NM_130851 1698:NM_130850 1694:NM_001202 1524:Orthologs 100:GeneCards 7661:Endoglin 7569:Unsorted 7521:Ligands: 7501:Type III 7080:2 (BMP9) 6686:R-268712 6158:2 (BMP9) 6149:Cetermin 5949:Cerberus 5303:15824329 5260:11841536 5225:17106597 5153:11118201 5110:16775006 5102:11371349 4992:11425637 4963:21346800 4918:11282024 4889:11241215 4860:23873280 4852:11156467 4823:10894154 4788:10809227 4753:11672134 4745:10706139 4725:Dev. Dyn 4715:35547875 4707:10657699 4678:10457277 4452:21276656 4424:Prostate 4251:10236217 4243:11641247 4166:16775006 4158:11371349 4114:11118201 4065:11841536 4021:11425637 3986:12117821 3902:21331089 3853:15466378 3796:14534577 3725:19762341 3663:31128441 3614:14496024 3557:10559902 3483:17226774 3475:15353802 3432:16858412 3383:26593959 3334:23206696 3212:12631064 3167:30609449 3115:11470817 3058:12801979 3020:24744701 2966:18184786 2915:20621052 2771:32960356 2735:10749566 2678:11677055 2572:Genomics 2513:– 2471:follicle 2446:, BMP2, 2384:alopecia 2333:mutation 2206:Isoforms 2107:BMP4, a 2008:and the 1979:mesoderm 1933:Function 1856:Wikidata 1503:Sources: 325:calvaria 293:meninges 7658:Others: 7599:Decorin 7589:Chordin 7529:Inhibin 7426:Inhibin 7325:Activin 7269:Inhibin 7145:Activin 7108:Inhibin 6932:Type II 6908:A 83-01 6833:K-02288 6656:A 83-01 6556:A 83-01 6523:Inhibin 6472:Activin 6444:K-02288 6347:K-02288 6250:Activin 6197:K-02288 6116:Activin 5969:Gremlin 5959:Decorin 5954:Chordin 5853:TGFBR3: 5815:TGFBR2: 5760:TGFBR1: 5743:Activin 5367:7657163 5332:8347351 5295:8608600 5217:7553857 5182:9022288 5067:4361935 5059:7990961 5039:Bibcode 5022:7821227 4954:3035609 4643:9804553 4623:Bibcode 4615:Science 4606:8339465 4598:9701626 4568:8889548 4533:8702914 4498:8645259 4444:8146069 4415:7811286 4386:7673243 4351:7644468 4319:Bibcode 4298:3201241 4278:Bibcode 4270:Science 4221:FASEB J 4202:7821227 3951:9851982 3893:3086810 3844:1618644 3804:4419607 3776:Bibcode 3654:6639811 3606:9651472 3565:8777441 3518:7763240 3455:Bibcode 3447:Science 3424:8817454 3374:4666682 3286:9811576 3247:7554498 3158:6447448 3106:2150751 3066:2141586 3011:3977348 2957:6670509 2871:Graham 2820:7657163 2637:7579580 2617:DNA Seq 2602:7558046 2515:Ensembl 2484:cuticle 2480:medulla 2467:gremlin 2432:keratin 2400:telogen 2396:catagen 2350:vesicle 2261:Mitogen 2250:pathway 2170:chordin 2126:oocytes 2113:ovaries 2102:somitic 2072:Xenopus 2004:of the 1990:Xenopus 1974:Xenopus 1888:protein 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Bone morphogenetic protein 4

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