Ba'ath Party - Knowledge

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approved. At the same time, criticism of Aflaq and Bitar was severe, both their leadership records and their ideology were criticized. A resolution was approved, which stated that the party leaders (Aflaq and al-Bitar among others) had too hastily entered into a union with Egypt, had wrongly dissolved the Syrian Regional Branch in 1958, and had given pan-Arabism primacy when socialism was more important. The resolution also affirmed the need to use a more Marxist lens rather than a Ba'athist one to analyze the current situation, and the need for the party to strengthen their positions among the workers, peasants, artisans, and shopkeepers. Because of the position of the Lebanese Regional Branch, Aflaq at the 5th National Congress invited enough Iraqi Regional Branch delegates to neutralize the Lebanese delegates. However, at the same time, the Lebanese Regional Branch opposed Hawrani and his faction. At the 6th National Congress, the Lebanese Regional Branch elected Jubrän Majdalani and Khalid al-Ali to the National Command.

1400: 1425:, the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch, accused the National Command of betraying Arab nationalist principles by conspiring against the UAR. In light of these criticisms, the Ba'ath convened the 3rd National Congress, held 27 August–1 September 1959, attended by delegates from Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, South Arabia, the Gulf, "Arab South", "Arab Maghreb", Palestine, and Party student organisations in Arab and other universities. The congress is notable for endorsing the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Branch, which had been decided by Aflaq and Bitar without inner-party consultation in 1958, and for expelling Rimawi, the Regional Secretary of the Jordanian Regional Branch. Rimawi reacted to his expulsion by forming his own party, the 2451:. However, with help from Nasserist propaganda, several Ba'athists changed affiliation and became Nasserists instead. The growth of these pan-Arab ideologies concerned the government, which led to the incarceration of several Nasserist and Ba'athist military officers in the early sixties. The Ba'athist were accused of working to overthrow "the political, economic and social system" of the Kingdom; the sentences ranged from everything to eight months to two years. By 1964, the Libyan Regional Branch had only managed to establish one-level below the Regional Command, the branch-level. Syrian specialist John Devlin estimated that the Libyan Regional Branch had been 50 and 150 members in 1964. 1613:

responsible for discipline inspection; and a Regional Secretary, the regional party leader. The Regional Congress was made of delegates from the provincial branches; other members attended, but as observers. The Regional Congress was responsible for evaluating the party's performance since the last Regional Congress, while at the same time formulating new policies for the next period, which would last until the next Regional Congress was held. How long this period lasted was decided by the Regional Command. The Regional Command, similar to the Branch Command, operated through bureaus and met for weekly-sessions.

2322:. The congress mapped out the "future course of the party". The next year, the 2nd Regional Congress was held, this time in Abdallah Na'was' home. It elected a Regional Command and appointed Rimawi as the branch's Regional Secretary. Shugyar, Gharbiyah and Na'was agreed to serve in the Regional Branch's Central Committee. Rimawi and Na'was, his deputy, would prove effective leaders. Shortly after the 2nd Regional Congress, the branch launched a successful recruitment campaign in Jordanian and Palestinian neighbourhoods and cities. On 28 August 1956 the branch was legalized by a High Court. 342: 271: 2345:. None of these elections can be considered democratic. Shuqyar, during the 1951 elections, was imprisoned by the authorities because his views were deemed to radical. Less than a month before the election day, the British Embassy in Amman had estimated that Shuqyar would gain an easy victory. However, because of the undemocratic nature of the election, Shuqyar was not elected. As voting patterns would prove, voters who voted for Ba'athist candidates lived in 9281: 1456:(CIA), however pertinent contemporary documents relating to the CIA's operations in Iraq have remained classified by the U.S. government, although the Iraqi Ba'athists are documented to have maintained supportive relationships with U.S. officials before, during, and after the coup. The Iraqi Regional Branch, when it took power, was so riven by factionalism that its purported allies launched a counter-coup forcing them out of power in November 1963. 2508: 1589:). The National Consultative Council was a forum made up of representatives from the party's regional branches. However, the number of National Consultative Council members was decided by the size of the regional branch. The National Congress elected the National Command, National Tribunal, the party's discipline body, and the Secretary-General, the party leader. The congress delegates determined the party's policies and procedures. 9656: 1762: 1440:'s seizure of power and its ensuing abolishment of the Iraqi Monarchy. The Iraqi Ba'athists supported Qasim on the grounds that they believed he would enter Iraq into the UAR, enlarging the Arab nationalist republic. However, this was proven to be a ruse, and after taking power, Qasim launched an Iraq first policy. In retaliation, the Ba'ath Party tried to assassinate Qasim in February 1959, but the operation, involving a young 9332: 1689: 1884:(ASP) merged with the Ba'ath Party, the majority of ASP members of peasant origin did not join the Ba'ath Party, instead becoming personal followers of Hawrani. However, the majority of Ba'ath members were of rural upbringing. The "Transitional Ba'ath", which grew out of the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Branch (1958) and the Military Committee, was more rural in outlook, policy and ideology. 1596:, because of that, the National Command formed the highest policy-making and coordinating council for the Ba'ath movement throughout the Arab world. The National Command had several bureaus, similar to those of the Regional Command. National Command sessions were held monthly. Of these, the National Liaisons Office was responsible for maintaining contact with the party's Regional Branches. 1490:, the Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Branch; Yasin al-Hafiz, one of the party's few ideological theorists; and by certain members of the secret Military Committee. The Marxist wing gained new ground at the 6th National Congress (held in October 1963), in which the Iraqi and Syrian regional branches called for the establishment of "socialist planning", " 1640:, controlled by a division commander. The lowest level was the circle. It was composed of three to seven members, constituting the basic organizational unit. Such Ba'athist groups occurred throughout the bureaucracy and the military. They functioned as the Party's watchdogs and were an effective form of covert surveillance within a public administration. 2028:. The document, which was approved by the 6th National Congress, relegated Arab unity to a secondary role and gave socialism prominence. Marxist concepts were used interchangeably alongside Ba'athist ones; however, the document was reluctant in explicitly admitting that certain ideas were of Marxist origins. The 6th National Congress borrowed key 1747:, equipping them with Islamic values, especially the Arabic language and the Arabic culture, but the Arab nation which created Islam. This conception of the Arab nation implicitly advantages the Arab contribution to history. On the other hand, Arab decadence can be overcome through a purifying and spiritual action, not religious but moral. 1664:). An Active member had to attend all formal meetings of his party unit, was given the right to vote in party elections, and could run for party office. In the Syrian Regional Branch, a member had to spend 18 months as a Supporter to be promoted to Apprentice status, and then wait another 18 months to be promoted to Active member status. 2236:. Of the 16-members of Qasim's cabinet, 12 of them were Regional Branch members. After taking power, Qasim changed his position on the UAR, reverting to the old "Iraq first policy". This turn displeased the Regional Branch and other Arab nationalists groups. Due to his policy reversal, the Regional Branch gathered a group, led by 1620:. The branch came above the sub-branch; it comprised at least two to five sub-branches and operated at the provincial level. The branch held a congress periodically in which it elected a Command and a Secretary (leader). The Command operated through bureaus, such as the Workers Bureau and the Bureau of the Secretariat. The 2209:. However, Efraim Karsh and Inari Rautsi contend that the Regional Branch was established in the 1940s, but that it received official recognition as a Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party in 1952 by the National Command. What is certain is that Rikabi was elected the Regional Branch's first Regional Secretary in 1952. 2129:" manifesto published by the Ba'ath party in 1960; which declared that the party's "educational policy" was to build a "new generation of Arabs that believe in the unity of the nation and the eternity of its mission". The manifesto also stated that this envisaged Ba'athist generation would be "committed to 1908:. Aflaq believed that the Ba'ath Party, at least in theory, would rule, and guide the people, in a transitional period of time without consulting the people, however he did support intra-party democracy. The last tenet, 'socialism', did not mean socialism as defined in the West, but rather a unique form of 2275:

by President Arif and his Nasserite supporters. Iraq expert Malik Mufti believes Aflaq may have supported Arif's coup because it weakened al-Sadi's position within the party and strengthened his own. The coup forced the branch to go underground. Due to the coup, several leading Ba'athist were jailed,

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founded the Iraqi Regional Branch in 1951 or 1952. There are those who trace the branch's founding to Abd ar Rahman ad Damin and Abd al Khaliq al Khudayri in 1947, after their return from the 1st National Congress, which was held in Syria. Another version is that the branch was established in 1948 by

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necessary for the peasants...the Congress stipulated that the changes be directed by a "revolutionary vanguard", the final aim being to establish a "popular democracy" that was to guarantee freedom to the classes which constitute the true people and ensure the country's rapid development. This regime

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didn't create a break with the party's traditional ideology, it criticized the party's old guard for giving Arab unity primacy over socialism and their failure to turn Ba'athism into a comprehensive theory. While the documents says Arab unity is progressive, the reason for it being important changed.

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While scholars and journalists have long suspected that the CIA was involved in the 1963 coup, as yet, there is very little archival analysis of the question. The most comprehensive study put forward thus far finds "mounting evidence of U.S. involvement" but ultimately runs up against the problem of

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By the end of 1957, the SCP was able to weaken the Ba'ath Party to such an extent that the Ba'ath Party drafted a bill in December that called for a union with Egypt, a move that proved to be very popular. The Ba'ath leadership dissolved the party in 1958, gambling that the illegalisation of certain

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party. A third group, led by people disenchanted with both Nasser and the union period, remained in the Ba'ath Party but stopped believing in the feasibility of pan-Arabism. On 21 February 1962, the National Command issued a new policy regarding the pan-Arab project by first mentioning the successes

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level constituted three to five sections "and was the lowest level of the party to hold a periodical Congress." Some sub-branches were independent of central authority and elected their own Command and secretaries, while other sub-branches were incorporated into the branches. In the latter case, the

1570:), which had been previously approved at the party's 1st National Congress (1947). The organizational structure ran from top to bottom, and members were forbidden to initiate contacts between groups on the same level of the organisation, i.e., all contacts had to pass through a higher command level. 2170:

By 1965 the anti-military leftists began to “spread rumors about the rightist character of the military junta within the party and their subversive efforts to engulf it. There was not a single officer in the party who was not accused of conspiracy and reactionary tendencies.” In collaboration with

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When the Syrian Regional Branch was reestablished, the majority of its members in the provinces were of communal origins – Druze, Alawi, or Ismaili. The provincial party members had not been told of the Syrian Regional Branch's dissolution, which in fact broke the communication line with provincial

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notes, "Aflaq was basically urban in outlook. The peasants never constituted an object of his special concern. In his writing there is scarcely an expression of concentrated interest in the country's husbandsmen." While peasants and the issues they faced are mentioned in some of Aflaq's work, there

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At the 7th National Congress, the National Command in collaboration with the Military Committee removed leftists, such as those found in the Lebanese Regional Branch, from leadership positions, and expelled them from the party in the most severe cases. The Lebanese Regional Branch managed to elect

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During the UAR years, the same factional lines that developed in the Syrian Regional Branch came to the Lebanese Regional Branch. At the 4th National Congress (held in Lebanon), which was mainly attended by delegates representing Lebanon, several resolutions with a pronounced anti-Nasser tone were

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refers to the dramatic changes that manifested in Ba'athist ideology from 1960 to 1964, and the Military Committee's takeover of the Syrian Regional Branch and the National Command in the period 1964 to 1966. The 6th National Congress signified the takeover of the party by an anti-militarist left,

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Administration officials viewed the Iraqi Ba'th Party in 1963 as an agent of counterinsurgency directed against Iraqi communists, and they cultivated supportive relationships with Ba'thist officials, police commanders, and members of the Ba'th Party militia. The American relationship with militia

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While the Ba'ath Party had attained power, there was significant infighting. The Military Committee, which was itself a tiny minority of the already small Ba'ath Party membership, ruled by force. The Ba'ath Party lacked a popular base, as it had only 2,500 members by mid-1963. Even if membership

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reflected the Party's refusal to acknowledge these countries as separate nation-states. The Regional Congress, which combined all the provincial branches, was the region's highest authority and elected a Regional Command, the party leadership in a specific region; the Regional Tribunal, the body

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in the late-1940s, most notably at universities. While the Regional Branch was not formed until 1951, several meetings took place at the universities where students and professors alike would discuss the Ba'athist thought. Despite the ideology being very popular, it took time before the actual

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branches and the National Command. While it is true that in 1962 the Regionalists supported the slogan adopted at the 5th National Congress, "the renewal of the union with Egypt while taking note of past mistakes", they treated such a slogan as a propaganda slogan rather than a feasible goal.

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Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or

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The Military Organization was made up of branches similar to those in the Ba'ath's civilian sector. However, unlike the civilian sector, the Military Organization was controlled by a separate Military Bureau and held periodical Military Congresses. The Military Organization and the Civilian

1531:. Jadid moved the party in a more radical direction. Although he and his supporters had not signed onto the victorious far-left line at the 6th Party Congress, they had now moved to adopt its positions. The moderate faction, formerly led by Aflaq and al-Bitar, were purged from the party. 2608:

was established in the 1950s, but was forced underground for much of its existence. The Saudi Regional Branches elected Ali Ghannäm to represent them at the 7th National Command. While its currently unknown which side the Saudi Ba'ath took after the 1966 split, it published a newspaper,

2534:(who later retracted his signature). Following the UAR's dissolution, the Ba'ath Party was reestablished at the 1962 congress. The Military Committee did not show itself to the civilian wing of the party at this congress. During the congress, Aflaq and the Military Committee, through 1716:'s Arab Ba'ath. The first article of the party's constitution stated that: "...the Arabs form one nation. This nation has the natural right to live in a single state. the Arab fatherland constitutes an indivisible political and economic unit. No Arab can live apart from the others." 1875:

The early party organization never cultivated a deep following in rural areas. In fact, at the party's founding congress, only one peasant and one worker were present among the 217 delegates. Most of the delegates were either school teacher or students attending universities. When

1542:. However, both in Iraq and Syria, the Regional Command became the real centre of party power, and the membership of the National Command became a largely honorary position, often the destination of figures being eased out of the leadership. One consequence of the split was that 3055: 2263:. However, real power was in the hands of Ali Salih al-Sadi, the branch's Regional Secretary. After taking power, the Regional Branch through its militia, the National Guard, initiated what Iraqi expert Con Coughlin referred to as an "orgy of violence" against 1735:...that the Arab nation is a permanent entity in history. The Arab nation is considered, philosophically speaking, not as a social and economic formation, but as a transcendent fact inspiring different forms, one of its highest contributions taking the form of 1632:, which comprised two to five divisions, functioned at the level of a large city quarter, a town, or a rural district. It elected its own command, composed of five members, but the sub-branch appointed the command's secretary. Beneath the section were 1584:

The National Command was the ruling organ of the party between sessions of the National Congress and was headed by a Secretary-General. Between National Congresses, the National Command was held accountable by the National Consultative Council (Arabic:

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the Syrian Regional Branch won 22 seats in parliament, becoming the second largest party in the country. 90 percent of Ba'ath Party members who stood for elections were elected to parliament. The failure of the traditional parties, represented by the

2179:”. According to Middle East expert Avraham Ben-Tzur, “the Ba'th in its latest variant is a bureaucratic apparatus headed by the military, whose daily life and routine are shaped by the rigid military oppression on the home front, and military aid.” 1248:

Following the break-up of the UAR, the Baʿth Party was reconstituted. However, during the UAR period, military activists had established the Military Committee that took control of the Baʿath Party away from civilian hands. In the meantime, in Iraq,

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The Lebanese Regional Branch was formed in 1949–1950. During the existence of the UAR, the Regional Branch was split into two factions, those supporting Nasser and those opposing him. However, in April 1960, the UAR denied the Regional Branch organ

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the National Command, the Military Committee succeeded in expelling the anti-military left from the party at the 7th National Congress. The Military Committee, which now controlled the Syrian Regional Branch, took control of the Ba'ath Party in the

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in Syria, and from then on the Ba'ath functioned as the only officially recognized Syrian political party, but factionalism and splintering within the party led to a succession of varying governments and new constitutions. On 23 February 1966,

1356:. Throughout its existence, the National Command (the body responsible for all-Arab affairs) gave most attention to Syrian affairs. The 2nd National Congress was convened in June 1954 and elected a seven-man National Command; Aflaq, Bitar, and 3017: 2012:

became the leader of the party's Marxist faction during his short stint as Syrian Regional Secretary, literally the head of the Syrian Regional Organization. Shufi was able, due to his position as head of the Organization Bureau of the

2307:, and was thus resigned the responsibility of building the party's organization in the area the branch secretary in the West Bank, and was thus responsible in that area. In the West Bank, the branch was most active in the cities of 3003:

What really happened in Iraq in February 1963 remains shrouded behind a veil of official secrecy. Many of the most relevant documents remain classified. Others were destroyed. And still others were never created in the first

1953:). When the union with Egypt collapsed, the Ba'ath Party was put in a difficult position, as the party still sought Arab unity but did not oppose the UAR's dissolution and did not want to seek another union with Egypt under 2216:

dominated. The Regional Branch, and other parties of pan-Arab inclination, had difficulties in recruiting Shia members. Most Shi'ites considered pan-Arab ideology as a Sunni project, since the majority of Arabs are Sunnis.

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faction then in power, the "nationalist" (qawmi) faction. Jadid's supporters were considered to have been more left-wing then Aflaq and his peers. Several of Jadid's opponents managed to make their escape, and they fled to

7780: 1957:'s rule. However, being the unionist party that it was, the party's leaders could not state their position on this issue. The end result was that the pro-Arab nationalists within the Ba'ath Party became committed 6417: 2496:. The Ba'ath Party's main adversary was the SCP, whose support for class struggle and internationalism was anathema to the Ba'ath. In addition to parliamentary-level competition, all these parties (as well as 1429:, which established a rival National Command to compete with the original. The National Command responded to the problems in Iraq by appointing a Temporary Regional Command on 2 February 1960, which appointed 1514:, the informal head of the Military Committee, overthrew Aflaq and Bitar's cabinet. The coup sprung out of factional rivalry between Jadid's "regionalist" (qutri) camp, which promoted ambitions for a 1479:

The challenges of building a Ba'athist state led to considerable ideological discussion and internal struggle within the party. The Iraqi Regional Branch was increasingly dominated by self-described

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Rimawi and Na'was were elected to the National Command at the 2nd National Congress (held in 1952). At the 6th and 7th National Congress, the Regional Branch elected Razzaz to the National Command.

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The 4th National Congress, held in August 1960, criticized the leadership of Aflaq and Bitar, called for the reestablishment of the Syrian Regional Branch and deemphasized the party's commitment to

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literature. While he never became a communist, Shuqyar began to support communist concepts. On his return from exile he tried to persuade the Regional Branch to join in an electoral front with the

2014: 1704:" (translation: "The Road to Renaissance") was the primary ideological book of the Ba'ath party. The work was published by Aflaq in 1940. From its very beginning, the party was a manifestation of 7770: 7677: 7111: 6906: 2002:, who had been a moderate socialist for most of his life, called for the renunciation of Arab socialism in 1963 and the adoption of a "virtually Marxist concept of socialism" by claiming that 1592:

Before 1954, the party was ruled by the Executive Committee, but this organ, along with others, too, was replaced at the 2nd National Congress in 1954. In Ba'athist jargon, "Nation" means the

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was just a few votes short of being elected to parliament. However, a persistent problem for him during his election campaign was the vocal criticism of him and the Regional Branch by the

2341:(the branch was not a legal party at the time). In the 1951 election, the branch managed to elect three members to parliament. Rimawi was able to retain his seat in parliament until the 2044:"play the role of mediator and leader (even if it is in power) that acts to direct the journey of the masses towards the socialist future in a scientific way and in a democratic style". 7775: 1982:

The disillusionment felt among party members on the pan-Arab project, led to the radicalization of the party's interpretation of socialism. Yasin al-Hafiz, a former member of the

6768: 2303:. At the very beginning, the clinic owned by Abd al-Rahman Shuqyar was used as the branch's meeting place. Bahjat Abu Gharbiyah became the Regional Branch's first member in the 2163:

imposed the socialist policies adopted in the 6th National Congress; fully nationalizing Syrian industry and vast segments of the private sector, and establishing a centralized

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The delegates at the 6th National Congress elected an Ideology Committee that was responsible for writing a charter about the party's ideology. The end result was the document

1727:). Party ideology, and Ba'athism in general, was not based on concepts such as the purity of the Arab race or ethnic chauvinism, but on idealistic concepts borrowed from the 1970:

with Nasser's Egypt. Many rank-and-file members opposed this change in policy, with many members being both disenchanted with pan-Arabism and Aflaq's continued party rule.

2017:, to recruit several Marxist or Marxist-leaning members to the top of the Syrian Regional party hierarchy. Radical socialists led by Ali Salih al-Sadi took control of the 3122:

members and senior police commanders had begun even before the February coup, and Ba'thist police commanders involved in the coup had been trained in the United States.

2421:, to ensure themselves of a Regional Branch victory. On 17 July 1961 a group of rival Ba'athists led by Rimawi opened fire on several of the Regional Branch's members. 1225:, in 1952 to form the Arab Socialist Baʿth Party. The newly formed party was a relative success, and it became the second-largest party in the Syrian parliament in the 7919: 7760: 7719: 908: 850: 5438:

Stalemate: An Anatomy of Conflicts between Democracies, Islamists, and Muslim Autocrats: An Anatomy of Conflicts between Democracies, Islamists, and Muslim Autocrats

1498:. Aflaq, angry at this transformation of his party, retained a nominal leadership role, but the National Command as a whole came under the control of the radicals. 1856:

was scarcely any depth given to them. Aflaq never expressed explicit enmity towards traditional landowners. Issues such as these would only gain prominence when

1384:, strengthened the Ba'ath Party's public credibility. Through this position, the party was able to get two of its members into the cabinet; Bitar was appointed 1986:, was an early frontrunner for the party's radicalization. While he didn't oppose the pan-Arab project, he wanted to turn the concept of Arab socialism into a 2568:

The civilian wing was plagued by infighting between the radical socialist and moderate faction, while the military stood more unified. Whatever the case, the

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which opposed both the traditional leaders in the National Command and the pragmatists in the Military Committee. When the anti-military left called for

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The Regional Branch was founded in the 1950s by Amr Taher Deghayes. Ba'athism was a major political force in Libya following the establishment of the

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was overthrown and the democratic system restored. The Ba'ath, now a large and popular organisation, won 15 out of 142 parliamentary seats in the

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The party initially consisted of a majority of Shia Muslims, as Rikabi recruited supporters mainly from his friends and family, but slowly became

2159:, no involvement of the military in national politics and popular struggle, the Military Committee became concerned. In 1965, Ba'athist President 1892:

The slogan "Unity, liberty, socialism" is the key tenet in Ba'athist thought. Unity stood for the creation of an independent, strong Arab Nation.

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Following the party's establishment in Syria, Ba'athist ideas spread throughout the Arab world. In Jordan Ba'athist thought first spread to the

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of the commanding heights of the economy, the slow incorporation of the petty bourgeoisie into the socialist economy and the elimination of the

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The organizational structure of the Ba'ath Party was created at the 2nd National Congress (1954) by amending the party's Internal Regulations (

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and Khalil Kallas became Minister of Economics. Its new, strengthened position was used successfully to garner support for Syria's merger with

1084: 892: 671: 650: 2628:. In late 1963, Ba'ath cells were being established in Sudan, and there were even rumours that a Ba'ath cell had been established in Egypt. A 2561:(NCRC), consisting entirely of Ba'athists and Nasserists, and controlled by military personnel rather than civilians from the very beginning. 2064:

The concept of Arab socialism, accused of being narrow-minded and nationalistic, was replaced with the "Arab road to socialism" concept. The

2061:, despite not firmly stating it, the goal of creating a socialist society seemed to be both an immediate goal and the main goal of the party. 9823: 9619: 9070: 8517: 8130: 692: 602: 2100:

of the major branches of the economy with the participation of the toiling masses in the management of the economy, and for the creation of

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became a leading party figure and when the "transitional Ba'athists" took power. Of the four members in the 1st Executive Committee,

1539: 1285: 1284:, which ousted the National Command led by al-Razzāz, ʿAflaq, and their supporters. The 1966 coup split the Ba'ath Party between the 973: 645: 390: 146: 9509: 9150: 9080: 9045: 7974: 7755: 7684: 2530:

in 1961 brought the UAR to an end. Sixteen prominent politicians signed a statement supporting the coup, among them al-Hawrani and

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and Abdallah Na'was were elected to represent the Jordanian Branch. The 1954 congress is notable for sanctioning the merger of the

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thought, with the party describing itself as "The Party of Arab Unity". The pan-Arab tendencies of the party's predecessor, the

1579: 630: 2057:." Aflaq also believed that Arab unity was only an intermediate goal, but it stood at the centre of classical Ba'athism. In the 1494:

run by peasants", "workers' democratic control of the means of production", and other demands reflecting a certain emulation of

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while emphasizing more the socialist character of the party. A year later, during the UAR's nadir in Syria, the Syrian General

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was necessary, but instead focused on freeing the Arab Nation and its people from colonization and oppression in general.

9971: 9904: 9808: 9778: 9728: 9060: 9005: 8215: 8180: 7745: 6192: 4406: 808: 2477:(SCP), the Ba'ath Party was the only party able to organise mass protests among workers. The party was supported by the 2109:

was to center on the party, leading the popular organizations and councils and operating according to the principle of "

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proved successful, and a Ba'athist government in Syria was established. The plotters first order was to establish the

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To express his heartfelt belief in Arab nationalism, Aflaq coined the term "one Arab nation with an eternal message" (

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together with popular participation from the toiler masses. Major policies in the "Arab road to socialism" included:

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and failures of the UAR, but ending the statement by calling for the reestablishment of the UAR as a decentralized

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was the only one who paid much attention to the problems of peasants and workers, as the other members (Aflaq,

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three members to the National Command at the 7th National Congress; Majdalani, al-Ali and Abd al-Majid Rafi.

2276:

such as al-Bakr and Saddam. Despite this, the Regional Branch elected al-Bakr as Regional Secretary in 1964.

1070: 583: 8658: 8638: 8618: 6386: 6361: 6341: 5250:

Kaylani, Nabil (January 1972). "The Rise of the Syrian Ba'th, 1940–1958: Political Success, Party Failure".

2573: 2554: 2523: 2172: 1507: 1502: 1468: 1281: 1262: 1242: 592: 588: 9884: 9494: 9406: 9325: 9035: 8995: 8985: 8534: 8069: 7026: 6976: 4172: 2597: 1798: 607: 181: 8551: 1937:(UAR), a union of Egypt and Syria, the Ba'ath Party was divided into two main factions, the Regionalists ( 9955: 9919: 9833: 9734: 9722: 9504: 9160: 8990: 8980: 8210: 8175: 8135: 8016: 7714: 7394: 6429: 5813: 2605: 1851:

The early Ba'ath gave little attention to the problems facing the peasants and workers. As the historian

1453: 887: 612: 597: 10022: 9813: 9377: 9131: 9124: 9055: 8734: 8496: 8388: 8381: 8200: 8120: 7369: 7350: 6444: 5991: 5900: 5856: 5515: 5368: 5261: 1209:. The party quickly established branches in other Arab countries, although it would only hold power in 506: 501: 2360:

Shuqyar during a government-imposed exile to Southern Jordan, used his spare time reading Marxist and

10027: 9986: 9879: 9284: 9085: 8975: 8872: 8561: 8539: 8439: 8270: 8079: 7892: 6014: 5577: 5331: 2365: 1534:

While it took some years, the 1966 coup resulted in the creation of two competing National Commands,

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Regional Branch was established. A group of teachers established the Regional Branch in the city by

2271:

elements. These repressive measures coupled with factionalism within the Regional Branch led to the

9981: 9914: 9499: 8593: 8190: 8041: 7156: 7091: 6941: 6641: 6205: 5790: 3135: 2945: 2414: 986: 1550:

in the pro-Syrian Ba'ath movement, while the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement still considered Aflaq the

9899: 9783: 9716: 9459: 9435: 9246: 9165: 8950: 8195: 7999: 7699: 7576: 7266: 6951: 6921: 6299: 6294: 5464: 5395: 2175:. The military committee accused the Old Guard of diluting socialist ideology and casting aside “ 1991: 1881: 1709: 1464: 1365: 1218: 1198: 803: 578: 370: 190: 132: 128: 1433:

as Regional Secretary, and on 15 June 1961 the National Command expelled Rikabi from the party.

9909: 9874: 9869: 9759: 9532: 9359: 8673: 8225: 8031: 7561: 7541: 7531: 7481: 7286: 7261: 7196: 7101: 7036: 6981: 6936: 6636: 6541: 5968: 5654: 2474: 2338: 2260: 1983: 1652:

There existed three types of membership categories in the Ba'ath Party: Active member (Arabic:

1381: 1230: 562: 482: 10086: 3271: 3136:"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad" 2946:"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad" 9864: 9848: 9597: 9353: 9231: 8965: 8960: 8837: 8817: 8628: 8598: 7817: 7704: 7556: 7506: 7281: 7076: 7056: 6879: 6829: 6690: 6621: 6459: 6325: 5988:

Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary

4122: 3279: 2531: 2410: 2176: 2151: 2146: 2110: 1865: 1483: 1407: 1318: 1268:

A power struggle quickly developed between the civilian faction led by ʿAflaq, al-Bitar, and

1146: 1108: 824: 572: 437: 325: 78: 2572:

slowly amassed its powers by weakening the National Command. This all came to a head in the

1823: 9924: 9266: 9236: 9196: 9191: 9095: 8970: 8807: 7466: 7379: 7231: 7176: 7046: 6971: 6824: 6626: 5585: 2652:

Mohammed Shaffi Agwani (January 1961). "The Baʻth: A Study in Contemporary Arab Politics".

2618: 2444: 2326: 2295: 2248: 2233: 2072:. Classical Ba'athists supported private ownership as a way to recruit into the party many 2029: 1987: 1934: 1728: 1608:), in Ba'athist parlance, is an Arab state, e.g., Syria, Iraq, or Lebanon. Use of the term 1449: 1393: 1280:. As relations between the two factions deteriorated, the Military Committee initiated the 1234: 467: 5173: 8: 9788: 9514: 9465: 9256: 8613: 8546: 7876: 7581: 7424: 7291: 7246: 7216: 7201: 7041: 7031: 7021: 7006: 6351: 6155: 6065: 5839: 2054: 1962: 1912:. According to Ba'athist thought, socialism had originated under the rule of the Prophet 2447:. Many intellectuals were attracted to Ba'athist ideology during the later years of the 2133:

freed from the shackles of superstition and backward customs" and replace religion with

1783: 9558: 9365: 9261: 9241: 9201: 9117: 9100: 9075: 8882: 8693: 8683: 8663: 8633: 8608: 8205: 8150: 7861: 7546: 7521: 7409: 7241: 7146: 6956: 6926: 6809: 6743: 6563: 6402: 6356: 6346: 6197: 6109: 5628: 5388: 5281: 5273: 5238: 5230: 4345: 4337: 4251: 4243: 4166: 4086: 4078: 3988: 3980: 3112: 3047: 2677: 2542: 2268: 2244: 2229: 2221: 2073: 1954: 1905: 1491: 1445: 1437: 1411: 1389: 1254: 547: 537: 291: 210: 205: 8877: 2500:) competed in street-level activity and sought to recruit support among the military. 10050: 9770: 9389: 9221: 8912: 8847: 8762: 8742: 8036: 7571: 7536: 7476: 7306: 7121: 7086: 7016: 7011: 6991: 6946: 6789: 6573: 6407: 6159: 6136: 6113: 6103: 6088: 6069: 6046: 6036: 6018: 5995: 5972: 5949: 5923: 5904: 5883: 5860: 5817: 5794: 5769: 5750: 5727: 5704: 5681: 5658: 5635: 5612: 5589: 5565: 5546: 5519: 5496: 5468: 5445: 5422: 5399: 5372: 5335: 5310: 5285: 5242: 5218: 4398: 4349: 4255: 4152: 4090: 3992: 3155: 3116: 3104: 3051: 3039: 2992: 2965: 2681: 2669: 2256: 2156: 2053:

The document stated: "Arab unity is an indispensable basis for the construction of a

1901: 1897: 950: 552: 532: 310: 281: 2488:

The Ba'ath faced considerable competition from ideological competitors, notably the

9610: 9482: 9453: 9429: 9394: 9347: 9155: 8862: 8827: 8797: 8792: 8767: 8576: 8462: 8324: 8314: 8074: 7551: 7301: 7296: 7186: 7166: 7151: 6961: 6931: 6849: 6819: 6814: 6733: 6546: 6464: 6371: 5937: 5492: 5365:

Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics

5265: 5222: 4329: 4235: 4070: 3972: 3214: 3147: 3096: 3031: 2957: 2661: 2511: 2482: 2448: 2402: 2252: 2134: 2101: 2085: 2069: 1877: 1857: 1740: 1731:. According to author Tabitha Petran, the basic tenet of the party's ideology was: 1705: 1593: 1460: 1357: 1222: 1179: 1167: 1056: 1013: 617: 300: 194: 10040: 9447: 9441: 9206: 9175: 9170: 8955: 8902: 8832: 8812: 8787: 8777: 8678: 8556: 8412: 7949: 7939: 7866: 7812: 7434: 7414: 7311: 7276: 7271: 7256: 7221: 7141: 7131: 7071: 6986: 6889: 6884: 6874: 6839: 6799: 6753: 6728: 6658: 6616: 6583: 5535: 5418: 5325: 3083:"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime" 3018:"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime" 2369: 2319: 2225: 2164: 2097: 2084:

and its allied classes. To safeguard the party from evolving into one supporting

2077: 2009: 1999: 1946: 1938: 1917: 1861: 1720: 1487: 1430: 1361: 1121: 1102: 1049: 477: 447: 442: 248: 4318:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 4224:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 4059:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 3961:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 1474: 9950: 9894: 9574: 9488: 9383: 9211: 9050: 8945: 8940: 8907: 8897: 8887: 8857: 8782: 8772: 8653: 8581: 8476: 8406: 8329: 7959: 7591: 7526: 7471: 7419: 7384: 7326: 7321: 7136: 7126: 7051: 7001: 6869: 6804: 6794: 6748: 6668: 6631: 6611: 6568: 6536: 6454: 6449: 6381: 6289: 5942:

Understanding Iraq: A Whistlestop Tour from Ancient Babylon to Occupied Baghdad

5542: 5226: 3574: 2665: 2550: 2535: 2478: 2466: 2237: 2198: 2003: 1909: 1713: 1543: 1441: 1422: 1329: 1277: 1202: 1175: 1150: 1018: 512: 472: 462: 452: 427: 360: 198: 124: 5269: 4333: 4239: 4074: 3976: 3100: 3035: 10065: 9412: 9216: 8842: 8822: 8757: 8709: 8623: 8349: 8344: 7964: 7516: 7511: 7404: 7336: 7316: 7236: 7191: 7181: 7081: 6996: 6859: 6844: 6738: 6032: 5569: 4949: 4937: 3263: 3159: 3108: 3043: 2969: 2673: 2614: 2584:

Following the Ba'ath Party's founding, regional branches were established in

2493: 2465:

Syrian politics took a dramatic turn in 1954 when the military government of

2418: 2160: 2122: 1515: 1371:

The Syrian Regional Branch rose to prominence in the 1940s and 1950s; in the

1194:", refers to Arab unity, and freedom from non-Arab control and interference. 270: 9251: 8892: 8752: 8747: 8603: 8529: 8481: 8334: 8319: 7807: 7750: 7161: 6864: 6784: 6706: 6663: 6531: 6515: 6510: 6320: 5784: 5486: 5482: 5360: 5103:"Tunisian Baath Party Celebrates 5th Anniversary of Saddam Hussein's Death" 4961: 3391: 3389: 3387: 2589: 2515: 2473:

that year, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. Aside from the

2228:, the Regional Branch had 300 members. The Iraqi Regional Branch supported 2021:

in 1963, which led to the official radicalization of the party's ideology.

1869: 1852: 1744: 1697: 1673: 1547: 1403: 1307: 1269: 1261:. The Military Committee, with Aflaq's consent, took power in Syria in the 1154: 1142: 829: 432: 333: 186: 173: 74: 63: 58: 5920:

The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic

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The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq

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Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse

5746: 5723: 5306: 4925: 2213: 2089: 2081: 2037: 1519: 1511: 1322: 1273: 1028: 457: 4151:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. 4147:

Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".

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expanded, the authoritarian rule it had introduced would only increase.

2372:

opposed such an idea, and because of it, Shuqyar left the Ba'ath Party.

1779: 1688: 8802: 8719: 8714: 8643: 8359: 7566: 6966: 5887: 4402: 4341: 4317: 4247: 4223: 4082: 4058: 3984: 3960: 3367: 3352: 2622: 2203: 2105: 1967: 1415: 1314: 1183: 5786:

Sovereign creations: pan-Arabism and Political order in Syria and Iraq

5277: 5234: 1961:, while the more moderate Arab nationalists founded the pro-Nasserite 8486: 8354: 6424: 6132: 5700: 5677: 5608: 2837: 2507: 2368:. However, the Regional Branch leaders Rimawi, Na'was, Gharbiyah and 2308: 2304: 2264: 1958: 1191: 1033: 1023: 1761: 9226: 8935: 8431: 8110: 5441: 2527: 2497: 2361: 2312: 2300: 1913: 1337: 1333: 1171: 567: 557: 5512:

Arab nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair

4430: 4428: 2549:, the Military Committee hastily convened to hatch a coup against 1306:

The party was founded on 7 April 1947 as the Arab Ba'ath Party by

2633: 2601: 2130: 1995: 1893: 1552: 1528: 1480: 1187: 2232:'s rule on the grounds that he would seek Iraq's entry into the 1625:

sub-branch secretary would be appointed by the superior branch.

1471:, which led to the reestablishment of the Syrian Arab Republic. 5415:

Arab Nationalism: A History: Nation and State in the Arab World

5207:

Ben-Tzur, Avraham (July 1968). "The Neo-Ba'th Party of Syria".

4425: 4379: 2625: 2585: 2354: 2206: 1524: 1414:(centre) in 1958. The three leaders were prime advocates for a 1360:

were elected and represented the Syrian Regional Branch, while

1325: 3927: 3925: 3923: 9655: 9030: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4588: 4586: 4584: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 2350: 2346: 1736: 1486:. Al-Sa'di was supported in his ideological reorientation by 1475:

Rule in Syria, infighting, the 1966 coup and split: 1963–1966

1238: 1214: 1138: 236: 230: 224: 6180: 4913: 4790: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 1712:, were strengthened in 1945–1947 by recruiting members from 9331: 5043: 5041: 5039: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4191: 4179: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3942: 3940: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3749: 3197: 3195: 3193: 1739:. It was not Islam that modeled the peoples of Arabia, the 1210: 5674:

The Future Catches Up: Transnational Parties and Democracy

5651:

The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics

5082: 5014: 5012: 4814: 4706: 4581: 3833: 3831: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 2504:

parties would hurt the SCP more than it would the Ba'ath.

2318:

The 1st Regional Congress was held in 1951 in the home of

1241:

and Syria, in 1958. The UAR would prove unsuccessful, and

5576: 4973: 4967: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4802: 4778: 4535: 4533: 4520: 4518: 4491: 4469: 4467: 4440: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3701: 3689: 3679: 3646: 3644: 3526: 3501: 3425: 3395: 3378: 3361: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3245: 3243: 3166: 2890: 2747: 2745: 1977: 244: 6227: 5965:

Syria Under the Baʻth, 1963–66: The Army Party Symbiosis

5060: 5058: 5056: 5036: 4891: 4889: 4687: 4666: 4615: 4598: 4116:"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" 4033: 4010: 3937: 3884: 3855: 3811: 3790: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3190: 2808: 1887: 5830: 5720:

Negotiating Change: The New Politics of the Middle East

5171: 5009: 4874: 4826: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4367: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4203: 3828: 3538: 2878: 2843: 2774: 2772: 2417:. In Tripoli the Communists supported the candidacy of 6062:

A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East

6011:

Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World

5327:

Nationalist Voices in Jordan: The Street and the State

5070: 4901: 4838: 4557: 4530: 4515: 4503: 4479: 4464: 3773: 3737: 3725: 3641: 3629: 3605: 3335: 3240: 2925: 2913: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2742: 2693: 2691: 2651: 5134:. Human Security Gateway. 3 June 2009. Archived from 5053: 4985: 4886: 4862: 4850: 4725: 4569: 4452: 3656: 3593: 3581: 3476: 3413: 3401: 2796: 2708: 2706: 2485:

stance along with their advocation of social reform.

2247:. The coup was led by leading Regional Branch member 1182:

interests. Baʿthism calls for the unification of the

5153: 5024: 4997: 4766: 4754: 4737: 4545: 2849: 2784: 2769: 2613:, from 1973 to 1980. It was an ardent critic of the 1565: 1229:. This, coupled with the increasing strength of the 1114: 5562:

The Baath Party: a History from its Origins to 1966

3761: 3713: 3617: 3323: 3299: 3178: 2861: 2820: 2688: 1928: 9041:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 7955:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 6193:The Constitution of the Arab Socialist Ba'th Party 5627: 5534: 5387: 3311: 2757: 2730: 2718: 2703: 2068:criticized the classical Ba'athist view regarding 1900:, but rather freedom from colonial oppression and 2401:The Regional Branch was strongest in the city of 2088:, the socialist economy would be controlled by a 1923: 1644:Organization converged at the Regional Congress. 1452:; long suspected to be supported by the American 1436:In Iraq, the Iraqi Regional Branch had supported 1253:had taken power by orchestrating and leading the 259:"Unity, Freedom, Socialism" "Long Live The Arabs" 10063: 6440:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq 6082: 5625: 4434: 4385: 1392:'s Egypt, which led to the establishment of the 1368:and the Ba'ath Party, which took place in 1952. 6038:Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East 5626:Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth K. (2004). 3133: 2986: 2943: 2492:(SSNP), which supported the establishment of a 2240:, which tried but failed to assassinate Qasim. 1166:, 'resurrection'), which is an ideology mixing 6367:National Council for the Revolutionary Command 5165: 4397: 2559:National Council for the Revolutionary Command 1725:ummah arabiyyah wahidah thatu risalah khalidah 1678: 9824:Movement for Justice and Development in Syria 9635: 9311: 9071:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 8518:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 8447: 8131:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria 6213: 1546:took Aflaq's place as the official father of 1340:, Syria, leading to the establishment of the 1122:[ˈħɪzbalˈbaʕθalˈʕarabiːalɪʃtɪˈraːkiː] 1078: 7918: 6129:Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society 5836:The Socialist Arab Ba'ath: a Profound Belief 5648: 5253:International Journal of Middle East Studies 5174:"Baath Party resumes underground activities" 5172:Belamry, Algiers-Ramada (8 September 2008). 5094: 4919: 3088:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3023:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2592:. Not long after it established branches in 2385:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region 1788:introducing citations to additional sources 1205:, led by al-ʾArsūzī, on 7 April 1947 as the 1158: 42: 5766:Conflict and Cooperation in the Gulf Region 5740: 5303:Bush in Babylon: The Recolonisation of Iraq 4446: 1872:upbringing and upheld middle class values. 1197:The party was founded by the merger of the 9642: 9628: 9318: 9304: 8454: 8440: 6220: 6206: 5962: 5390:Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq 5100: 5088: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4719: 4044: 4027: 3946: 3931: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3822: 3805: 3532: 3520: 3470: 3201: 2991:. Stanford University Press. p. 117. 2636:in 1988 after the one-party system ended. 2461:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region 1692:Part of the 1947 Ba'ath Party constitution 1085: 1071: 269: 155:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region 25:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region 8012:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 2194:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 1427:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 941:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 143:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 23:. For the party which governs Syria, see 21:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 9510:Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council 9151:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 9081:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 9046:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 7975:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 5880:George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited 5763: 5564:(2nd ed.). Hoover Institute Press. 5532: 5481: 5435: 5412: 5323: 5206: 4700: 4681: 4660: 4648: 4609: 4592: 4563: 4539: 4524: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4373: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4209: 4197: 4185: 3849: 3837: 3611: 3553: 3249: 3172: 3080: 3015: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2884: 2751: 2506: 2243:The Regional Branch seized power in the 2140: 1778:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1687: 1599: 1573: 1398: 1186:into a single state. Its motto, "Unity, 9752:Popular Front for Change and Liberation 9539:Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress 9026:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 9011:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 8116:Front of Patriotic and National Parties 8095:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces 7945:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 6101: 6085:Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas 6083:Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). 5807: 5671: 5509: 5458: 5249: 5076: 4880: 4832: 4473: 3650: 3495: 3081:Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). 3016:Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). 2814: 2802: 2790: 2778: 1217:. The Arab Baʿth Party merged with the 19:For the party which governed Iraq, see 10064: 9935:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 9799:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 9371:Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation 9021:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 8027:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 6149: 6059: 5894: 5850: 5840:Government of the Syrian Arab Republic 5602: 5559: 5537:The Iraq War: Origins and Consequences 5385: 5359: 5064: 5047: 4991: 4907: 4895: 4868: 4856: 4844: 4731: 4458: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3599: 3587: 3419: 3407: 2697: 1751: 1667: 1444:, failed. Qasim was overthrown in the 1201:, led by ʿAflaq and al-Bitar, and the 974:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 9623: 9299: 8435: 8296: 7917: 7624: 6485: 6267: 6201: 6126: 6031: 6008: 5985: 5917: 5782: 5743:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography 5741:Karsh, Afraim; Rautsi, Inari (1991). 5717: 5180:from the original on 9 September 2008 5159: 5030: 5018: 5003: 4979: 4575: 4551: 4315: 4221: 4146: 4056: 3958: 3784: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3635: 3623: 3305: 3207: 3184: 2855: 2763: 2736: 2724: 2389:Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party 2290:Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 2117: 1120: 10002:Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party 8461: 8146:Palestinian National Salvation Front 5936: 5873: 5694: 5649:Finer, Samuel; Stanley, Jay (2009). 4772: 4760: 4748: 4413:from the original on 12 October 2011 3329: 3228:from the original on 21 January 2017 2872: 2831: 2712: 2353:on the East Bank, and Jerusalem and 2182: 1755: 1636:. A division comprised two to seven 1580:National Command of the Ba'ath Party 1116:Ḥizb al-Baʿth al-ʿArabī al-Ishtirākī 9972:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria 9809:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria 9729:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party 9061:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 8216:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party 8181:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party 6181:The five volumes of Michel Aflaq's 5300: 4407:Library of Congress Country Studies 3346: 3317: 2621:. The majority of its members were 1950: 1945:) and the Nationalists (pan-Arab) ( 1942: 1724: 1259:lose power a couple of months later 1159: 1137:, was a political party founded in 1106: 43: 13: 10077:Arab nationalist political parties 9997:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria 9844:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria 9794:Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement 9001:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 8523:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 8266:General Federation of Trade Unions 8126:Lebanese National Resistance Front 7839:National Progressive Front (Syria) 5105:. Tunisia-live.net. Archived from 4403:"Iraq — Politics: The Baath Party" 4121:. pp. 364–365. Archived from 3134:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (2015-01-01). 2944:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (2015-01-01). 2439:Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 2076:elements. The document called for 1272:and the Military Committee led by 1233:, led to the establishment of the 513:The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue 16:Syrian political party (1947–1966) 14: 10103: 9066:Palestine Liberation Organization 8297: 8090:Palestine Liberation Organization 7834:National Progressive Front (Iraq) 7487:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai 6917:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur 6174: 6102:Simmons, Geoffrey Leslie (1993). 3220:United States Department of State 2987:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). 2398:access into the UAR-ruled Syria. 2006:was the moving force in society. 1616:Below the Regional Commands were 10082:Arab socialist political parties 10018:Assyrian Democratic Organization 9804:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 9711:Syrian Communist Party (Unified) 9705:Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash) 9654: 9330: 9280: 9279: 9006:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 8689:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 7995:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 7625: 6899:Members of the Regional Commands 6105:Libya: The Struggle for Survival 5605:Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom 5121: 3222:, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 3058:from the original on 3 July 2023 2259:while al-Bakr was appointed the 1929:Regionalists versus nationalists 1771:relies largely or entirely on a 1760: 1410:(right) with Egyptian President 1336:who later became an atheist) in 1290:Syrian-dominated Ba'ath movement 961:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 340: 9905:Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party 9819:Democratic Arab Socialist Union 9687:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 9400:Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq 8649:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 8243:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 6377:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 5348:from the original on 2023-04-02 5210:Journal of Contemporary History 5195: 4391: 4356:from the original on 2023-02-21 4309: 4262:from the original on 2023-02-21 4215: 4140: 4108: 4097:from the original on 2023-02-21 4050: 3999:from the original on 2023-02-21 3952: 3559: 3255: 3127: 3074: 3009: 2980: 2937: 2490:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 2273:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 2036:" and emphasized the need of a 1587:al-majlis al-istishari al-qawmi 1559: 1448:led by young Ba'athist officer 1286:Iraqi-dominated Ba'ath movement 9091:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 8853:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 8065:Alliance of Palestinian Forces 6486: 6043:University of California Press 5808:Moaddel, Mansoor Erik (2005). 5672:Goldman, Ralph Morris (2002). 5461:Historical Dictionary of Syria 5324:Anderson, Betty Signe (2005). 4968:Federal Research Division 2004 4956:Federal Research Division 2004 4944:Federal Research Division 2004 4932:Federal Research Division 2004 3396:Federal Research Division 2004 3379:Federal Research Division 2004 3362:Federal Research Division 2004 2645: 2481:due to their pro-Egyptian and 2147:Ba'athism § Neo-Ba'athism 1924:Transitional Ba'ath: 1960–1964 1683: 1656:), Apprentice Member (Arabic: 1: 10092:Left-wing nationalist parties 8276:General Union of Syrian Women 8186:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party 8141:Palestinian National Alliance 6413:Revolutionary Command Council 6305:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 5630:Historical Dictionary of Iraq 5101:Ajmi, Sana (4 January 2012). 2541:Following the success of the 2286:Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party 2224:in 1958, which overthrew the 1700:'s essay compilation titled " 1647: 1556:father of Ba'athist thought. 1518:, and the more traditionally 1251:the local Ba'ath Party branch 1129:in loose transcription, with 584:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 29:Ba'ath Party (disambiguation) 9885:League of Nationalist Action 9579:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 9544:Council of Free Shabaks (1) 9495:Assyrian Democratic Movement 9476:Reserved Christian seats (5) 9407:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 9036:Federation of Arab Republics 8996:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 8986:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 8587:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 8535:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 8085:National Democratic Alliance 8070:Forces of Freedom and Change 7067:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i 7027:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi 6977:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri 5634:. The Scarecrow Press, Ltd. 4386:Ghareeb & Dougherty 2004 2844:Ministry of Information 1971 2630:regional Ba'ath Party branch 2545:, led by the Ba'ath Party's 2325:Both Rimawi and Na'was were 2202:Rikabi and Sa'dun Hamadi, a 1978:The "Arab road to socialism" 1868:and Jalil al-Sayyide) had a 1373:1954 parliamentary elections 608:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 7: 9956:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria 9920:Socialist Cooperation Party 9735:Social Democratic Unionists 9723:Arab Democratic Union Party 9674:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 9552:Unrepresented in parliament 9526:Reserved minority seats (3) 9505:Beth Nahrin Patriotic Union 9161:Flag of the Arab Federation 8991:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 8981:Arab Socialist Action Party 8211:Social Democratic Unionists 8176:Arab Democratic Union Party 7872:National Defense Battalions 6268: 6230:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 5963:Rabinovich, Itamar (1972). 5814:University of Chicago Press 1888:"Unity, liberty, socialism" 1679:Classical Ba'ath: 1947–1960 1566: 1469:a coup on 28 September 1961 1454:Central Intelligence Agency 1386:Minister of Foreign Affairs 1302:History of the Ba'ath Party 1115: 613:Assadist-Saddamist conflict 10: 10108: 9693:Arab Socialist Union Party 9666:National Progressive Front 9651:Political parties in Syria 9378:Kurdistan Democratic Party 9132:On the Way of Resurrection 9125:The Battle for One Destiny 9056:Lebanese National Movement 8497:Third International Theory 8389:On the Way of Resurrection 8382:The Battle for One Destiny 8171:Arab Socialist Union Party 8121:Lebanese National Movement 7351:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab 7062:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i 6183:On The Way Of Resurrection 5992:Greenwood Publishing Group 5901:Greenwood Publishing Group 5857:Princeton University Press 5701:Routledge & Kegan Paul 5516:Princeton University Press 5413:Choueiri, Youssef (2000). 5369:Princeton University Press 5262:Cambridge University Press 5227:10.1177/002200946800300310 4316:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 4222:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 4057:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 3959:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 2666:10.1177/002088176100300102 2458: 2436: 2382: 2378: 2283: 2191: 2144: 1671: 1577: 1501:In 1963, the Ba'ath Party 1299: 1295: 1099:Arab Socialist Baʿth Party 507:The Battle for One Destiny 502:On the Way of Resurrection 162:(Syrian-dominated faction) 44:حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي 39:Arab Socialist Baʿth Party 18: 10046:List of political parties 10036: 10028:Assyrian Democratic Party 10010: 9987:Kurdish Supreme Committee 9964: 9943: 9857: 9779:Democratic People's Party 9769: 9750: 9664: 9608: 9567: 9551: 9525: 9475: 9422: 9340: 9327:Political parties in Iraq 9275: 9184: 9141: 9109: 9086:Unified Political Command 8976:Arab Nationalist Movement 8921: 8873:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 8733: 8702: 8669:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 8540:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 8505: 8469: 8398: 8373: 8307: 8303: 8292: 8271:General Union of Peasants 8258: 8163: 8103: 8080:National Consensus Forces 8057: 8050: 7983: 7932: 7928: 7913: 7893:Revolutionary Youth Union 7885: 7854: 7847: 7826: 7800: 7728: 7650: 7639: 7635: 7620: 7605: 7495: 7455: 7448: 7393: 7368: 7361: 7345: 7110: 6905: 6898: 6767: 6721: 6699: 6678: 6651: 6604: 6597: 6556: 6524: 6503: 6496: 6492: 6481: 6395: 6334: 6313: 6282: 6278: 6263: 6237: 6087:. Sussex Academic Press. 6015:Syracuse University Press 5922:. Sussex Academic Press. 5764:Kostiner, Joseph (2007). 5578:Federal Research Division 5488:Saddam: His Rise and Fall 5332:University of Texas Press 5270:10.1017/s0020743800030014 4334:10.1080/00263200008701312 4240:10.1080/00263200008701312 4075:10.1080/00263200008701312 3977:10.1080/00263200008701312 3101:10.1017/S0020743811000882 3036:10.1017/S0020743811000882 2579: 2366:Jordanian Communist Party 2279: 2251:. The plotters appointed 2127:Declaration of Principles 1933:After the failure of the 1696:For more than 2 decades, 1660:) and Supporter (Arabic: 985: 972: 959: 949: 939: 901: 880: 859: 838: 817: 796: 780: 759: 743: 722: 701: 680: 659: 638: 543:November 1963 coup d'état 399: 389: 379: 369: 359: 277: 268: 263: 255: 216: 204: 180: 168: 150:(Iraqi-dominated faction) 138: 120: 102: 84: 70: 52: 36: 9982:Kurdish National Council 9915:Arab Liberation Movement 9699:Socialist Unionist Party 9500:Assyrian Patriotic Party 8594:1952 Egyptian revolution 8221:Socialist Unionist Party 8191:Libyan National Movement 8017:Arabic Toilers' Movement 7921:Associated organizations 7781:National Security Bureau 7729:Syrian-dominated faction 7157:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan 7092:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi 6942:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed 6642:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed 6557:Syrian-dominated faction 6253:Syrian-dominated faction 5851:Nakash, Yitzhak (2003). 5791:Cornell University Press 5533:DeFronzo, James (2009). 4920:Finer & Stanley 2009 4435:Sheffer & Ma'oz 2002 4171:: CS1 maint: location ( 3215:"Background Note: Syria" 2975:available documentation. 2639: 2454: 2432: 2415:Lebanese Communist Party 2261:country's Prime Minister 2137:as their belief system. 1328:), and the followers of 401:Baath Party (pro-Syrian) 9992:Kurdish Future Movement 9944:Banned Islamist parties 9839:Kurdish Future Movement 9784:Syrian Turkmen Assembly 9741:Arab Socialist Movement 9717:National Covenant Party 9460:Kurdistan Justice Group 9436:New Generation Movement 9423:Minor political parties 9341:Major political parties 9247:Palestinian nationalism 9166:Flag of the Arab Revolt 8659:1966 Syrian coup d'état 8639:1963 Syrian coup d'état 8619:1961 Syrian coup d'état 8196:National Covenant Party 8000:Arab Socialist Movement 7651:Iraqi-dominated faction 7577:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji 7267:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham 6952:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash 6922:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun 6525:Iraqi-dominated faction 6445:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge 6435:Union of Arab Republics 6387:1966 Syrian coup d'état 6362:1963 Syrian coup d'état 6342:1954 Syrian coup d'état 6300:Arab Socialist Movement 6244:Iraqi-dominated faction 6152:Libya: A Modern History 5986:Reich, Bernard (1990). 5844:Ministry of Information 5832:Ministry of Information 5510:Dawisha, Addid (2005). 5436:Claessen, Erik (2010). 5396:Oxford University Press 5201:Articles & journals 4447:Karsh & Rautsi 1991 2574:1966 Syrian coup d'état 2570:Syrian Regional Command 2187: 2125:was emphasized in the " 1994:ideology which adapted 1992:revolutionary socialist 1465:Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi 1366:Arab Socialist Movement 1282:1966 Syrian coup d'état 1263:1963 Syrian coup d'état 1219:Arab Socialist Movement 603:Intervention in Lebanon 391:Baath Party (pro-Iraqi) 206:Political position 191:Revolutionary socialism 133:Arab Socialist Movement 9977:Democratic Union Party 9930:Communist Labour Party 9910:Syrian Communist Party 9829:Democratic Union Party 9533:Hareth Shanshal Sunaid 9360:State of Law Coalition 8674:1969 Libyan revolution 8552:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 8226:Syrian Communist Party 8032:Palestinian Arab Front 7562:Muhammad Naji al-Otari 7542:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi 7532:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 7482:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi 7287:Muhammad Naji al-Otari 7262:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 7197:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi 7102:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi 7037:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi 6982:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 6937:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah 6637:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 6542:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 6060:Seddon, David (2004). 5969:Transaction Publishers 5874:Oron, Yitzhak (1960). 5718:Jones, Jeremy (2007). 5697:Inside the Middle East 5655:Transaction Publishers 5582:Syria: A Country Study 5459:Commins, Dean (2004). 4322:Middle Eastern Studies 4228:Middle Eastern Studies 4063:Middle Eastern Studies 3965:Middle Eastern Studies 3287:Cite journal requires 2519: 2475:Syrian Communist Party 2255:, a Nasserite, to the 2115: 2046: 1984:Syrian Communist Party 1749: 1693: 1496:Soviet-style socialism 1418: 1342:Syrian Regional Branch 1231:Syrian Communist Party 1125:), also anglicized as 631:Regional organisations 483:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 108:; 58 years ago 90:; 77 years ago 27:. For other uses, see 9849:Reform Party of Syria 9679:pan-Arab organization 9598:Arab Liberation Front 9588:pan-Arab organization 9232:Jordanian nationalism 8966:Arab Islamic Republic 8961:Arab Higher Committee 8838:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 8818:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 8629:North Yemen civil war 8562:Arab–Israeli conflict 8042:Sudanese Ba'ath Party 7557:Muhammad Mustafa Mero 7507:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 7282:Muhammad Mustafa Mero 7077:Nayef Shindakh Thamer 6830:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 6691:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei 6326:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 6150:Wright, John (1981). 6127:Tejei, Jordi (2009). 5897:The Middle East Today 5783:Mufti, Malik (1996). 5603:George, Alan (2003). 5560:Devlin, John (1979). 5386:Bengio, Ofra (1998). 5129:"Embattled in Arabia" 4149:The Truth About Syria 2654:International Studies 2547:Iraqi Regional Branch 2532:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 2510: 2411:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei 2327:elected to Parliament 2284:Further information: 2177:collective leadership 2145:Further information: 2141:Neo-Ba'ath: 1964–1966 2111:democratic centralism 2094: 2042: 2019:Iraqi Regional Branch 1998:to local conditions. 1866:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 1733: 1691: 1672:Further information: 1600:Regional organization 1578:Further information: 1574:National organization 1402: 1319:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 1243:a Syrian coup in 1961 1153:. The party espoused 1147:Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Bīṭār 987:Sudanese Ba'ath Party 598:Corrective Revolution 438:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 79:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 9925:Arab Communist Party 9900:Arab Ba'ath Movement 9834:National Youth Party 9267:Tunisian nationalism 9237:Lebanese nationalism 9197:Egyptian nationalism 9192:Algerian nationalism 9096:United Arab Republic 8971:Arab Liberation Army 8951:Arab Ba'ath Movement 8808:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 8136:National Union Front 7467:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 7425:Abdul Halim Khaddam 7380:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 7232:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi 7177:Fahd Jassem al-Freij 7047:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi 6972:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 6825:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 6627:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 6598:Regional Secretaries 6295:Arab Ba'ath Movement 6156:Taylor & Francis 6066:Taylor & Francis 6009:Salem, Paul (1994). 5918:Podeh, Elie (1999). 5895:Peretz, Don (1994). 5695:Hiro, Dilip (1982). 5586:Kessinger Publishing 5141:on December 22, 2012 2619:American imperialism 2445:United Arab Republic 2249:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 2234:United Arab Republic 2082:national bourgeoisie 1935:United Arab Republic 1882:Arab Socialist Party 1784:improve this article 1710:Arab Ba'ath Movement 1567:An-Nidhāmu-d-Dākhilī 1536:one Syrian-dominated 1450:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 1394:United Arab Republic 1235:United Arab Republic 1199:Arab Ba'ath Movement 1149:, and associates of 468:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 371:Arab Ba'ath Movement 129:Arab Ba'ath Movement 9890:Arab National Party 9789:Syrian Turkmen Bloc 9760:People's Will Party 9515:Sons of Mesopotamia 9466:Iraqi Turkmen Front 9257:Sahrawi nationalism 8614:1959 Mosul uprising 8547:Great Syrian Revolt 8259:Other organizations 8201:Popular Unity Party 8051:Political alliances 7582:Wael Nader al-Halqi 7449:Heads of government 7292:Abdul Qadir Qaddura 7247:Abdul Halim Khaddam 7217:Mohammad al-Hussein 7202:Wael Nader al-Halqi 7042:Taha Yassin Ramadan 7032:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan 7022:Ali Hassan al-Majid 7007:Latif Nassif Jassim 6497:General Secretaries 6430:Corrective Movement 6352:1959 Mosul uprising 6185:(Fi Sabil al Ba'th) 5301:Ali, Tariq (2004). 4982:, pp. 152–153. 4958:, pp. 211–212. 4946:, pp. 210–211. 4663:, pp. 136–137. 4200:, pp. 174–175. 4188:, pp. 170–175. 3852:, pp. 166–167. 3710:, pp. 144–145. 3698:, pp. 134–136. 3577:on 21 October 2020. 3349:, pp. 106–107. 2632:was established in 2553:'s presidency. The 2123:Militant secularism 2066:Points of Departure 2059:Points of Departure 2050:Points of Departure 2026:Points of Departure 1963:Socialist Unionists 1752:Peasant and workers 1668:Ideology and policy 1312:Antiochian Orthodox 10023:Syriac Union Party 9814:Syriac Union Party 9366:Islamic Dawa Party 9262:Syrian nationalism 9242:Libyan nationalism 9202:Greater Mauritania 9118:The Arab Awakening 9101:United Arab States 9076:Rejectionist Front 8883:Gamal Abdel Nasser 8694:Yemeni unification 8684:Lebanese Civil War 8664:17 July Revolution 8634:Ramadan Revolution 8609:14 July Revolution 8151:Rejectionist Front 7547:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm 7522:Nureddin al-Atassi 7410:Nureddin al-Atassi 7242:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm 7147:Nureddin al-Atassi 7057:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 6957:Salih Mahdi Ammash 6927:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil 6880:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 6810:Nureddin al-Atassi 6744:Nureddin al-Atassi 6622:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 6574:Abdullah al-Ahmar 6564:Nureddin al-Atassi 6460:De-Ba'athification 6403:17 July Revolution 6357:Ramadan Revolution 6347:14 July Revolution 6110:Palgrave Macmillan 5876:Middle East Record 5853:The Shi'is of Iraq 4399:Metz, Helen Chapin 4363:– via JSTOR. 4269:– via JSTOR. 4104:– via JSTOR. 4006:– via JSTOR. 3758:, pp. 67–68]. 3140:Diplomatic History 2950:Diplomatic History 2615:Saudi royal family 2555:8 March Revolution 2543:Ramadan Revolution 2520: 2357:on the West Bank. 2245:Ramadan Revolution 2230:Abd al-Karim Qasim 2226:Hashemite monarchy 2222:14 July Revolution 2131:scientific thought 2118:Stance on religion 2038:socialist vanguard 2034:people's democracy 1955:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1702:Fi Sabil al-Ba’ath 1694: 1484:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 1446:Ramadan Revolution 1438:Abd al-Karim Qasim 1419: 1412:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1408:Salah al-Din Bitar 1390:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1255:Ramadan Revolution 1237:(UAR), a union of 945:1960–1962/63 573:De-Ba'athification 548:17 July Revolution 538:Ramadan Revolution 10059: 10058: 10051:Politics of Syria 9895:Arab Ba'ath Party 9617: 9616: 9390:Badr Organization 9293: 9292: 9222:Iraqi nationalism 8913:Constantin Zureiq 8763:Abdul Rahman Arif 8743:Butrus al-Bustani 8429: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8288: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8164:Political parties 8159: 8158: 8037:Socialist Lebanon 7909: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7796: 7795: 7642:Regional branches 7616: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7601: 7600: 7572:Riyad Farid Hijab 7537:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi 7444: 7443: 7430: 7357: 7356: 7307:Hikmat al-Shihabi 7122:Abdullah al-Ahmar 7087:Hardan al-Tikriti 7017:Adnan Khayr Allah 7012:Rashid Taan Kazim 6947:Salah Omar al-Ali 6790:Abdullah al-Ahmar 6763: 6762: 6593: 6592: 6579: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6142:978-1-134-09643-5 6094:978-1-902210-84-1 6024:978-0-8156-2628-2 5955:978-1-84511-123-6 5938:Polk, William Roe 5866:978-0-691-11575-7 5775:978-3-531-16205-8 5733:978-1-84511-269-1 5687:978-0-595-22888-1 5664:978-0-7658-0922-3 5641:978-0-8108-4330-1 5595:978-1-4191-5022-7 5552:978-0-8133-4391-4 5525:978-0-691-12272-4 5341:978-0-292-70625-5 5219:SAGE Publications 5176:. alarabiya.net. 5050:, pp. 68–69. 5021:, pp. 76–78. 4970:, pp. 52–53. 4799:, pp. 23–24. 4595:, pp. 46–48. 4500:, pp. 25–26. 4158:978-1-4039-8273-5 3934:, pp. 84–86. 3917:, pp. 82–83. 3905:, pp. 77–78. 3881:, pp. 41–42. 3787:, pp. 69–70. 3746:, pp. 66–68. 3638:, pp. 30–31. 3175:, pp. 44–46. 3152:10.1093/dh/dht121 2998:978-1-5036-1382-9 2962:10.1093/dh/dht121 2910:, pp. 24–25. 2817:, pp. 19–21. 2183:Regional branches 2157:popular democracy 2070:private ownership 2055:socialist economy 1902:freedom of speech 1898:liberal democracy 1849: 1848: 1834: 1729:enlightenment era 1548:Ba'athist thought 1421:On 24 June 1959, 1095: 1094: 998: 997: 951:Socialist Lebanon 922: 921: 593:1966 coup d'états 412: 411: 319: 318: 306:Political parties 287:Political parties 282:Politics of Syria 163: 151: 139:Succeeded by 54:Secretary-General 10099: 10011:Assyrian parties 9659: 9658: 9644: 9637: 9630: 9621: 9620: 9611:Politics of Iraq 9483:Babylon Movement 9454:Victory Alliance 9430:Emtidad Movement 9395:Al-Sadiqoun Bloc 9335: 9334: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9297: 9296: 9283: 9282: 9156:Eagle of Saladin 8863:Amin al-Husseini 8828:Faisal I of Iraq 8798:Sultan al-Atrash 8793:Mansur al-Atrash 8768:Abdul Salam Arif 8577:War of Attrition 8463:Arab nationalism 8456: 8449: 8442: 8433: 8432: 8325:Arab nationalism 8315:Anti-imperialism 8305: 8304: 8294: 8293: 8075:March 8 Alliance 8055: 8054: 7987: 7986:Breakaway groups 7930: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7914: 7852: 7851: 7678:Regional Command 7648: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7621: 7552:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi 7499: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7426: 7397: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7302:Farouk al-Sharaa 7297:Hammouda Sabbagh 7187:Ibrahim al-Hadid 7167:Mahdi Dakhlallah 7152:Shibli al-Aysami 7114: 6962:Hussein Al-Awadi 6932:Saad Abdul-Majid 6909: 6903: 6902: 6850:Akram al-Hawrani 6820:Shibli al-Aysami 6815:Mansur al-Atrash 6777: 6776:National Command 6771: 6734:Shibli al-Aysami 6602: 6601: 6575: 6547:Salah Al-Mukhtar 6501: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6483: 6482: 6465:Syrian civil war 6372:Ar-Rashid revolt 6280: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6264: 6254: 6245: 6231: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6189: 6169: 6146: 6123: 6098: 6079: 6056: 6028: 6005: 5982: 5959: 5933: 5914: 5891: 5870: 5847: 5827: 5804: 5779: 5760: 5737: 5714: 5691: 5668: 5645: 5633: 5622: 5599: 5573: 5556: 5540: 5529: 5506: 5493:Harper Perennial 5478: 5455: 5432: 5409: 5393: 5382: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5320: 5289: 5246: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5140: 5133: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5109:on 10 March 2012 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5051: 5045: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4704: 4698: 4685: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4613: 4607: 4596: 4590: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 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Archived from 3563: 3557: 3551: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3499: 3493: 3474: 3468: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3382: 3376: 3365: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3285: 3283: 3275: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3065: 3063: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2701: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2649: 2611:Sawt al-Tal‘iyya 2512:Akram al-Hawrani 2483:anti-imperialist 2449:Kingdom of Libya 2253:Abdul Salam Arif 2135:Arab nationalism 2102:collective farms 2086:state capitalism 2032:tenets such as " 2030:Marxist-Leninist 2015:Regional Command 1952: 1944: 1878:Akram al-Hawrani 1858:Akram al-Hawrani 1844: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1792: 1764: 1756: 1741:Fertile Crescent 1726: 1706:Arab nationalist 1569: 1492:collective farms 1461:Arab nationalism 1358:Akram al-Hawrani 1223:Akram al-Hawrani 1207:Arab Baʿth Party 1180:anti-imperialist 1168:Arab nationalist 1162: 1161: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1111:العربي الاشتراكي 1087: 1080: 1073: 1059: 1057:Socialism portal 1052: 1014:Arab nationalism 994: 981: 968: 937: 936: 636: 635: 618:Syrian civil war 408: 357: 356: 344: 321: 320: 301:Politics of Iraq 273: 243: 239: 235: 229: 223: 195:Arab nationalism 161: 149: 116: 114: 113:23 February 1966 109: 106:23 February 1966 98: 96: 91: 55: 46: 45: 34: 33: 10107: 10106: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10041:Portal:Politics 10032: 10006: 9965:Kurdish parties 9960: 9939: 9858:Defunct parties 9853: 9765: 9746: 9660: 9653: 9648: 9618: 9613: 9604: 9563: 9547: 9521: 9471: 9448:Tasmim Alliance 9442:Ishraqat Kanoon 9418: 9336: 9329: 9324: 9294: 9289: 9271: 9207:Greater Morocco 9180: 9176:Pan-Arab colors 9171:Hawk of Quraish 9137: 9105: 8956:Arab Federation 8917: 8903:Abdullah Rimawi 8878:Mostéfa Merarda 8833:Muammar Gaddafi 8813:Ahmed Ben Bella 8788:Jamal al-Atassi 8778:Bashar al-Assad 8729: 8698: 8679:Black September 8557:Anglo-Iraqi War 8501: 8465: 8460: 8430: 8417: 8413:Pan-Arab colors 8407:Arḍ ul-Furātayn 8394: 8369: 8299: 8280: 8254: 8155: 8099: 8046: 8005:Damascus branch 7985: 7979: 7950:Free Iraqi Army 7940:Al-Abud Network 7924: 7920: 7897: 7881: 7867:Fedayeen Saddam 7862:Ba'ath Brigades 7843: 7822: 7813:Sawt al-Jamahir 7792: 7771:Central Command 7724: 7641: 7631: 7627: 7608: 7597: 7497: 7491: 7457: 7440: 7435:Bashar al-Assad 7415:Ahmad al-Khatib 7395: 7389: 7370: 7353: 7341: 7312:Hammud al-Shufi 7277:Zuhair Masharqa 7272:Ibrahim Makhous 7257:Ahmad al-Khatib 7222:Hisham Ikhtiyar 7142:Rifaat al-Assad 7132:Bashar al-Assad 7112: 7106: 7072:Talib El-Shibib 6987:Saadoun Ghaidan 6907: 6894: 6890:Khaled Yashruti 6885:Talib El-Shibib 6875:Abdullah Rimawi 6840:Wahib al-Ghanim 6800:Bashar al-Assad 6775: 6769: 6759: 6754:Bashar al-Assad 6729:Hammud al-Shufi 6717: 6695: 6674: 6659:Abdullah Rimawi 6647: 6617:Talib El-Shibib 6589: 6584:Bashar al-Assad 6552: 6520: 6488: 6469: 6391: 6330: 6309: 6274: 6270: 6259: 6252: 6243: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6187: 6177: 6172: 6166: 6143: 6120: 6095: 6076: 6053: 6025: 6002: 5979: 5956: 5930: 5911: 5878:. Vol. 1. 5867: 5824: 5801: 5776: 5757: 5734: 5711: 5688: 5665: 5642: 5619: 5596: 5553: 5526: 5503: 5475: 5465:Scarecrow Press 5452: 5429: 5419:Wiley-Blackwell 5406: 5379: 5351: 5349: 5342: 5317: 5198: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5099: 5095: 5089:Rabinovich 1972 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5054: 5046: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4821:Rabinovich 1972 4819: 4815: 4809:Rabinovich 1972 4807: 4803: 4797:Rabinovich 1972 4795: 4791: 4785:Rabinovich 1972 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4720:Rabinovich 1972 4718: 4707: 4699: 4688: 4680: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4616: 4608: 4599: 4591: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4516: 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 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1793: 1791: 1777: 1765: 1754: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1670: 1650: 1602: 1582: 1576: 1562: 1540:Iraqi-dominated 1488:Hammud al-Shufi 1477: 1431:Talib El-Shibib 1396:(UAR) in 1958. 1362:Abdullah Rimawi 1304: 1298: 1270:Munīf ar-Razzāz 1151:Zakī al-ʾArsūzī 1091: 1062: 1055: 1050:Politics portal 1048: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1008: 1000: 999: 992: 979: 966: 955:1965–1970 934: 932:Splinter groups 924: 923: 918: 897: 876: 855: 834: 813: 792: 776: 755: 739: 718: 697: 676: 655: 633: 623: 622: 582: 536: 527: 519: 518: 515: 497: 489: 488: 487: 478:Bashar al-Assad 448:Wahib al-Ghanim 443:Abdullah Rimawi 422: 414: 413: 406: 395:1968–2003 385:1947–1966 375:1940–1947 365:1940–1947 354: 315: 296: 249:Pan-Arab colors 241: 240: 233: 227: 221: 220: 197: 193: 189: 160: 153: 148: 131: 127: 112: 110: 107: 94: 92: 89: 77: 62: 53: 48: 47: 40: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10105: 10095: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9951:Hizb ut-Tahrir 9947: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9880:People's Party 9877: 9875:National Union 9872: 9870:National Party 9867: 9861: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9775: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9756: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9738: 9732: 9726: 9720: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9696: 9690: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9670: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9647: 9646: 9639: 9632: 9624: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9577: 9575:Hizb ut-Tahrir 9571: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9555: 9553: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9536: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9489:Athra Alliance 9486: 9479: 9477: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9384:Fatah Alliance 9381: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9357: 9354:Progress Party 9351: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9337: 9323: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9300: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9188: 9186: 9185:Related topics 9182: 9181: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9147: 9145: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9051:Islamic Legion 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8941:Al-Mourabitoun 8938: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8908:Hamdeen Sabahi 8905: 8900: 8898:Fuad al-Rikabi 8895: 8890: 8888:Adnan Pachachi 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8858:Saddam Hussein 8855: 8850: 8848:Sati' al-Husri 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8783:Hafez al-Assad 8780: 8775: 8773:Zaki al-Arsuzi 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8739: 8737: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8699: 8697: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8654:Aden Emergency 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8599:Iraqi Intifada 8596: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8582:Yom Kippur War 8579: 8574: 8569: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8532: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8515: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8477:Arab socialism 8473: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8459: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8436: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8385: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8330:Arab socialism 8327: 8322: 8317: 8311: 8309: 8301: 8300: 8290: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8233: 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7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7592:Hussein Arnous 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7527:Hafez al-Assad 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7503: 7501: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7477:Sa'dun Hammadi 7474: 7472:Saddam Hussein 7469: 7463: 7461: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7432: 7422: 7420:Hafez al-Assad 7417: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7385:Saddam Hussein 7382: 7376: 7374: 7363: 7362:Heads of state 7359: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7327:Muhammad Umran 7324: 7322:Hasan Turkmani 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7137:Hafez al-Assad 7134: 7129: 7127:Hussein Arnous 7124: 7118: 7116: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7052:Fuad al-Rikabi 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 7002:Saddam Hussein 6999: 6994: 6992:Sa'dun Hammadi 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6913: 6911: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6870:Fuad al-Rikabi 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6805:Hafez al-Assad 6802: 6797: 6795:Zaki al-Arsuzi 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6751: 6749:Hafez al-Assad 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6669:Akram al-Homsi 6666: 6661: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6639: 6634: 6632:Saddam Hussein 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6612:Fuad al-Rikabi 6608: 6606: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6581: 6571: 6569:Hafez al-Assad 6566: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6544: 6539: 6537:Saddam Hussein 6534: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6505: 6498: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6455:Iraqi conflict 6452: 6450:Faith Campaign 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6410: 6408:Ba'athist Iraq 6405: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6382:1964 Hama riot 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6276: 6275: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6248: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6225: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6176: 6175:External links 6173: 6171: 6170: 6164: 6147: 6141: 6124: 6118: 6099: 6093: 6080: 6074: 6057: 6051: 6033:Seale, Patrick 6029: 6023: 6006: 6000: 5983: 5977: 5960: 5954: 5934: 5928: 5915: 5909: 5892: 5871: 5865: 5848: 5828: 5822: 5805: 5799: 5780: 5774: 5761: 5755: 5738: 5732: 5715: 5709: 5692: 5686: 5669: 5663: 5646: 5640: 5623: 5617: 5600: 5594: 5574: 5557: 5551: 5543:Westview Press 5530: 5524: 5507: 5501: 5479: 5473: 5456: 5450: 5433: 5427: 5410: 5404: 5383: 5377: 5357: 5340: 5321: 5315: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5247: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5164: 5152: 5120: 5093: 5091:, p. 169. 5081: 5069: 5052: 5035: 5023: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4936: 4934:, p. 211. 4924: 4922:, p. 149. 4912: 4910:, p. 413. 4900: 4885: 4883:, p. 161. 4873: 4861: 4849: 4847:, p. 227. 4837: 4835:, p. 166. 4825: 4823:, p. 106. 4813: 4801: 4789: 4777: 4775:, p. 378. 4765: 4763:, p. 348. 4753: 4751:, p. 356. 4736: 4724: 4722:, p. 227. 4705: 4703:, p. 175. 4686: 4684:, p. 137. 4665: 4653: 4651:, p. 136. 4614: 4612:, p. 135. 4597: 4580: 4578:, p. 165. 4568: 4556: 4554:, p. 161. 4544: 4529: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4476:, p. 174. 4463: 4461:, p. 136. 4451: 4439: 4437:, p. 174. 4424: 4390: 4388:, p. 194. 4378: 4376:, p. 181. 4366: 4308: 4306:, p. 180. 4296: 4294:, p. 179. 4284: 4282:, p. 177. 4272: 4234:(2): 157–158. 4214: 4212:, p. 175. 4202: 4190: 4178: 4157: 4139: 4107: 4049: 4032: 4009: 3971:(2): 151–152. 3951: 3936: 3919: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3871: 3854: 3842: 3840:, p. 166. 3827: 3810: 3789: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3686:, p. 136. 3655: 3653:, p. 229. 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3602:, p. 135. 3592: 3590:, p. 134. 3580: 3567:"Michel Aflaq" 3558: 3556:, p. 234. 3537: 3535:, p. 148. 3525: 3523:, p. 231. 3500: 3475: 3473:, p. 230. 3424: 3422:, p. 392. 3412: 3410:, p. 218. 3400: 3398:, p. 213. 3383: 3366: 3351: 3334: 3332:, p. 143. 3322: 3320:, p. 105. 3310: 3298: 3289:|journal= 3254: 3239: 3206: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3126: 3095:(4): 635–653. 3073: 3030:(4): 635–653. 3008: 2997: 2979: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2889: 2887:, p. 203. 2877: 2875:, p. 497. 2860: 2858:, p. 219. 2848: 2836: 2834:, p. 271. 2819: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2768: 2756: 2754:, p. 231. 2741: 2729: 2717: 2715:, p. 109. 2702: 2687: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2581: 2578: 2551:Nazim al-Kudsi 2536:Muhammad Umran 2479:intelligentsia 2467:Adib Shishakli 2459:Main article: 2456: 2453: 2437:Main article: 2434: 2431: 2407:1960 elections 2380: 2377: 2335:1951 elections 2281: 2278: 2238:Saddam Hussein 2199:Fuad al-Rikabi 2192:Main article: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2142: 2139: 2119: 2116: 2104:to effect the 2090:vanguard party 2040:in-order to: 2004:class struggle 1979: 1976: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1910:Arab socialism 1889: 1886: 1847: 1846: 1799:"Ba'ath Party" 1782:. Please help 1768: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1714:Zaki al-Arsuzi 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1669: 1666: 1658:udw mutadarrib 1649: 1646: 1601: 1598: 1575: 1572: 1561: 1558: 1544:Zaki al-Arsuzi 1476: 1473: 1442:Saddam Hussein 1423:Fuad al-Rikabi 1416:pan-Arab union 1382:National Party 1378:People's Party 1330:Zaki al-Arsuzi 1300:Main article: 1297: 1294: 1278:Hafez al-Assad 1245:dissolved it. 1176:Arab socialist 1093: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1075: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1019:Arab socialism 1016: 1010: 1009: 1007:Related topics 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 996: 995: 989: 983: 982: 976: 970: 969: 963: 957: 956: 953: 947: 946: 943: 935: 930: 929: 926: 925: 920: 919: 917: 916: 911: 905: 903: 899: 898: 896: 895: 890: 884: 882: 878: 877: 875: 874: 869: 863: 861: 857: 856: 854: 853: 848: 842: 840: 836: 835: 833: 832: 827: 821: 819: 815: 814: 812: 811: 806: 800: 798: 794: 793: 791: 790: 784: 782: 778: 777: 775: 774: 769: 763: 761: 757: 756: 754: 753: 747: 745: 741: 740: 738: 737: 732: 726: 724: 720: 719: 717: 716: 711: 705: 703: 699: 698: 696: 695: 690: 684: 682: 678: 677: 675: 674: 669: 663: 661: 657: 656: 654: 653: 648: 642: 640: 634: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 586: 579:Baathist Syria 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 533:Ba'athist Iraq 528: 525: 524: 521: 520: 517: 516: 511: 509: 504: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 486: 485: 480: 475: 473:Saddam Hussein 470: 465: 463:Hafez al-Assad 460: 455: 453:Fuad al-Rikabi 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 428:Zaki al-Arsuzi 424: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 410: 409: 403: 397: 396: 393: 387: 386: 383: 377: 376: 373: 367: 366: 363: 355: 350: 349: 346: 345: 337: 336: 330: 329: 317: 316: 314: 313: 308: 303: 297: 295: 294: 289: 284: 278: 275: 274: 266: 265: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 218: 214: 213: 208: 202: 201: 199:Arab socialism 184: 178: 177: 170: 166: 165: 140: 136: 135: 122: 121:Merger of 118: 117: 104: 100: 99: 86: 82: 81: 72: 68: 67: 56: 50: 49: 41: 38: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10104: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10035: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10009: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9963: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9865:National Bloc 9863: 9862: 9860: 9856: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9771:Unrepresented 9768: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9749: 9742: 9739: 9736: 9733: 9730: 9727: 9724: 9721: 9718: 9715: 9712: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9652: 9645: 9640: 9638: 9633: 9631: 9626: 9625: 9622: 9612: 9607: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9543: 9540: 9537: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9484: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9443: 9440: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9413:Azem Alliance 9411: 9408: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9339: 9333: 9328: 9321: 9316: 9314: 9309: 9307: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9286: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9217:Greater Yemen 9215: 9213: 9212:Greater Syria 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9183: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8923:Organizations 8920: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8843:George Habash 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8823:Izzat Darwaza 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8758:Yasser Arafat 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8735:Personalities 8732: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8710:Arab identity 8708: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8624:Arab Cold War 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8452: 8450: 8445: 8443: 8438: 8437: 8434: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8350:Republicanism 8348: 8346: 8345:Progressivism 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298:Miscellaneous 8295: 8291: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7965:Rejectionists 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7912: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7623: 7619: 7607:* = incumbent 7604: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7517:Yusuf Zuayyin 7515: 7513: 7512:Amin al-Hafiz 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7405:Amin al-Hafiz 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7337:Yusuf Zuayyin 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7317:Mustafa Tlass 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7237:Sami al-Jundi 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7192:Amin al-Hafiz 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7182:Marwan Habash 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082:Khamis Sirhan 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6997:Qusay Hussein 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860:Zuheir Mohsen 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6845:Amin al-Hafiz 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6739:Amin al-Hafiz 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 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6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6075:1-85743-212-6 6071: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6052:0-520-06976-5 6048: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5978:0-7065-1266-9 5974: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5929:1-902210-20-4 5925: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5910:0-275-94576-6 5906: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5823:9780226533339 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5800:0-06-050543-5 5796: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5768:. VS Verlag. 5767: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5710:0-7100-9039-0 5706: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5624: 5620: 5618:1-84277-213-9 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5502:0-06-050543-5 5498: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5483:Coughlin, Con 5480: 5476: 5474:0-8108-4934-8 5470: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5451:9780313384455 5447: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5428:0-631-21729-0 5424: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5405:0-19-511439-6 5401: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5384: 5380: 5378:9780691002545 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5361:Batatu, Hanna 5358: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5316:1-84467-512-2 5312: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5162:, p. 90. 5161: 5156: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5085: 5079:, p. 60. 5078: 5073: 5067:, p. 69. 5066: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5033:, p. 78. 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5006:, p. 75. 5005: 5000: 4994:, p. 68. 4993: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4921: 4916: 4909: 4904: 4898:, p. 18. 4897: 4892: 4890: 4882: 4877: 4871:, p. 96. 4870: 4865: 4859:, p. 94. 4858: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4817: 4811:, p. 39. 4810: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4787:, p. 23. 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4734:, p. 85. 4733: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4701:Anderson 2005 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4683: 4682:Anderson 2005 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4661:Anderson 2005 4657: 4650: 4649:Anderson 2005 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4611: 4610:Anderson 2005 4606: 4604: 4602: 4594: 4593:Coughlin 2005 4589: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4572: 4566:, p. 44. 4565: 4564:Coughlin 2005 4560: 4553: 4548: 4542:, p. 41. 4541: 4540:Coughlin 2005 4536: 4534: 4527:, p. 39. 4526: 4525:Coughlin 2005 4521: 4519: 4512:, p. 26. 4511: 4510:Coughlin 2005 4506: 4499: 4498:Coughlin 2005 4494: 4488:, p. 22. 4487: 4486:Coughlin 2005 4482: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4460: 4455: 4449:, p. 13. 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4374:Ben-Tzur 1968 4370: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4304:Ben-Tzur 1968 4300: 4293: 4292:Ben-Tzur 1968 4288: 4281: 4280:Ben-Tzur 1968 4276: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4210:Ben-Tzur 1968 4206: 4199: 4198:Ben-Tzur 1968 4194: 4187: 4186:Ben-Tzur 1968 4182: 4174: 4168: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4047:, p. 89. 4046: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4030:, p. 88. 4029: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3949:, p. 87. 3948: 3943: 3941: 3933: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3916: 3911: 3904: 3899: 3893:, p. 77. 3892: 3887: 3880: 3875: 3869:, p. 41. 3868: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3851: 3850:Ben-Tzur 1968 3846: 3839: 3838:Ben-Tzur 1968 3834: 3832: 3825:, p. 37. 3824: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3808:, p. 36. 3807: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3770:, p. 67. 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3722:, p. 62. 3721: 3716: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3637: 3632: 3626:, p. 30. 3625: 3620: 3614:, p. 24. 3613: 3612:Claessen 2010 3608: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3554:Choueiri 2000 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3498:, p. 65. 3497: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3381:, p. 59. 3380: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3364:, p. 55. 3363: 3358: 3356: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3308:, p. 87. 3307: 3302: 3294: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3264:The Spectator 3258: 3252:, p. 61. 3251: 3250:DeFronzo 2009 3246: 3244: 3227: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3210: 3204:, p. 24. 3203: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3187:, p. 66. 3186: 3181: 3174: 3173:Coughlin 2005 3169: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3146:(1): 98–125. 3145: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2956:(1): 98–125. 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2934:, p. 40. 2933: 2932:Coughlin 2005 2928: 2922:, p. 29. 2921: 2920:Coughlin 2005 2916: 2909: 2908:Coughlin 2005 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2885:Anderson 2005 2881: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2852: 2846:, p. 33. 2845: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2805:, p. 19. 2804: 2799: 2793:, p. 16. 2792: 2787: 2781:, p. 15. 2780: 2775: 2773: 2766:, p. 65. 2765: 2760: 2753: 2752:Anderson 2005 2748: 2746: 2739:, p. 10. 2738: 2733: 2727:, p. 98. 2726: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2700:, p. 66. 2699: 2694: 2692: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524:military coup 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2494:Greater Syria 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2419:Rashid Karami 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2343:1956 election 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2161:Amin al-Hafiz 2158: 2153: 2152:Neo-Ba'athism 2148: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1968:federal union 1964: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1921: 1919: 1918:state control 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1896:did not mean 1895: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1843: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1801: – 1800: 1796: 1795:Find sources: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1773:single source 1769:This article 1767: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1581: 1571: 1568: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1516:Greater Syria 1513: 1509: 1508:a coup d'état 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:1954 election 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1157:(from Arabic 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143:Mishel ʿAflaq 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1110: 1104: 1100: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1004: 1003: 990: 988: 984: 977: 975: 971: 964: 962: 958: 954: 952: 948: 944: 942: 938: 933: 928: 927: 915: 912: 910: 907: 906: 904: 900: 894: 891: 889: 886: 885: 883: 879: 873: 870: 868: 865: 864: 862: 858: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 841: 837: 831: 828: 826: 823: 822: 820: 816: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 799: 795: 789: 786: 785: 783: 779: 773: 770: 768: 765: 764: 762: 758: 752: 749: 748: 746: 742: 736: 733: 731: 728: 727: 725: 721: 715: 712: 710: 707: 706: 704: 700: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 683: 679: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 662: 658: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 641: 637: 632: 627: 626: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 590: 587: 585: 581: 580: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 553:Iran–Iraq War 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 535: 534: 530: 529: 523: 522: 514: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 493: 492: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 418: 417: 404: 402: 398: 394: 392: 388: 384: 382: 378: 374: 372: 368: 364: 362: 358: 353: 352:Organisations 348: 347: 343: 339: 338: 335: 332: 331: 327: 323: 322: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 276: 272: 267: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 238: 232: 226: 219: 215: 212: 209: 207: 203: 200: 196: 192: 188: 185: 183: 179: 176: 175: 171: 167: 164: 156: 152: 144: 141: 137: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 105: 101: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 65: 60: 57: 51: 35: 30: 26: 22: 10072:Ba'ath Party 9252:Pan-Islamism 9130: 9123: 9116: 9016:Ba'ath Party 9015: 8893:Ameen Rihani 8753:Jassem Alwan 8748:Michel Aflaq 8604:Algerian War 8530:Iraqi Revolt 8405: 8387: 8380: 8320:Anti-Zionism 7933:Armed groups 7877:Popular Army 7855:Paramilitary 7628:Organization 7427: 7162:Muhsen Bilal 6865:Munif Razzaz 6785:Michel Aflaq 6707:Isam al-Qadi 6664:Munif Razzaz 6576: 6532:Michel Aflaq 6516:Munif Razzaz 6511:Michel Aflaq 6321:Michel Aflaq 6283:Predecessors 6250: 6241: 6228: 6182: 6151: 6128: 6104: 6084: 6061: 6037: 6010: 5987: 5964: 5941: 5919: 5896: 5875: 5852: 5835: 5809: 5785: 5765: 5742: 5719: 5696: 5673: 5650: 5629: 5604: 5581: 5561: 5536: 5511: 5487: 5460: 5437: 5414: 5389: 5364: 5350:. Retrieved 5326: 5302: 5294:Bibliography 5257: 5251: 5214: 5208: 5196:Bibliography 5182:. Retrieved 5167: 5155: 5143:. Retrieved 5136:the original 5123: 5111:. Retrieved 5107:the original 5096: 5084: 5077:Goldman 2002 5072: 5026: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4963: 4951: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4881:Simmons 1993 4876: 4864: 4852: 4840: 4833:Simmons 1993 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4727: 4656: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4474:Dawisha 2005 4454: 4442: 4415:. Retrieved 4393: 4381: 4369: 4358:. Retrieved 4325: 4321: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4264:. Retrieved 4231: 4227: 4217: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4148: 4142: 4130:. Retrieved 4123:the original 4110: 4099:. Retrieved 4066: 4062: 4052: 4001:. Retrieved 3968: 3964: 3954: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3845: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3651:Moaddel 2005 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3583: 3575:the original 3570: 3561: 3528: 3496:Commins 2004 3415: 3403: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3280:cite journal 3267: 3257: 3230:. Retrieved 3224:. 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Retrieved 3027: 3021: 3011: 3002: 2988: 2982: 2973: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2880: 2851: 2839: 2815:Kaylani 1972 2810: 2803:Kaylani 1972 2798: 2791:Kaylani 1972 2786: 2779:Kaylani 1972 2759: 2732: 2720: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2610: 2590:Saudi Arabia 2583: 2567: 2563: 2540: 2521: 2516:Michel Aflaq 2514:(left) with 2502: 2487: 2464: 2442: 2427: 2423: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2374: 2359: 2339:independents 2324: 2317: 2293: 2242: 2219: 2211: 2197: 2173:coup of 1966 2169: 2150: 2126: 2121: 2095: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2025: 2023: 2008: 1981: 1972: 1932: 1891: 1874: 1870:middle class 1853:Hanna Batatu 1850: 1837: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1794: 1770: 1745:North Africa 1734: 1718: 1701: 1698:Michel Aflaq 1695: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1604:A "region" ( 1603: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1563: 1560:Organization 1551: 1538:and another 1533: 1503:seized power 1500: 1478: 1458: 1435: 1420: 1404:Michel Aflaq 1370: 1308:Michel Aflaq 1305: 1267: 1247: 1206: 1196: 1163: 1135:resurrection 1134: 1130: 1126: 1113: 1098: 1096: 591: / 577: 563:UN sanctions 531: 433:Michel Aflaq 381:Ba'ath Party 380: 172: 159:Ba'ath Party 147:Ba'ath Party 95:7 April 1947 88:7 April 1947 75:Michel Aflaq 64:Munif Razzaz 59:Michel Aflaq 8946:Arab Ba'ath 8868:Salah Jadid 8725:Arabization 8572:Six-Day War 8567:Suez Crisis 8513:Arab Revolt 8492:Pan-Arabism 8365:Vanguardism 8340:Pan-Arabism 7970:Snake Party 7756:South Yemen 7587:Imad Khamis 7332:Salim Yasin 7252:Imad Khamis 7227:Salah Jadid 7212:Hilal Hilal 7207:Salim Hatum 7172:Ahmad Diyab 7097:Tahir Yahya 6855:Salah Jadid 6835:Elias Farah 6712:Rakad Salem 6686:Assem Qanso 6290:Arab Ba'ath 6188:(in Arabic) 5946:I.B. Tauris 5747:Grove Press 5724:I.B. Tauris 5221:: 161–181. 5145:20 February 5113:19 February 5065:George 2003 5048:George 2003 4992:George 2003 4908:Peretz 1994 4896:Devlin 1979 4869:Wright 1981 4857:Wright 1981 4845:Wright 1981 4732:Seddon 2004 4459:Nakash 2003 3708:Batatu 1999 3696:Batatu 1999 3684:Batatu 1999 3600:Batatu 1999 3588:Batatu 1999 3571:harvard.edu 3420:Batatu 1999 3408:Bengio 1998 2698:George 2003 2660:(1): 6–24. 2598:South Yemen 2594:North Yemen 1684:Arab Nation 1594:Arab Nation 1512:Salah Jadid 1406:(left) and 1274:Salah Jadid 1203:Arab Ba'ath 1029:Pan-Arabism 991:2002– 978:1970– 965:1966– 458:Salah Jadid 405:1966– 361:Arab Ba'ath 125:Arab Ba'ath 10066:Categories 9559:The Iraqis 9110:Literature 8803:Tariq Aziz 8720:Arab world 8715:Arab Union 8644:Dhofar War 8374:Literature 8360:Secularism 8248:in Lebanon 7801:Newspapers 7746:Mauritania 7700:Mauritania 7567:Adel Safar 6967:Tariq Aziz 6577:(de facto) 6487:Leadership 6396:Post-split 6001:0313262136 5888:B0028IN0X6 5756:078815110X 5352:2020-11-08 5160:Seale 1990 5031:Seale 1990 5019:Seale 1990 5004:Seale 1990 4980:Podeh 1999 4576:Mufti 1996 4552:Mufti 1996 4417:23 October 4360:2023-02-21 4328:(2): 153. 4266:2023-02-21 4101:2023-02-21 4069:(2): 157. 4003:2023-02-21 3785:Salem 1994 3768:Salem 1994 3756:Salem 1994 3744:Salem 1994 3732:Salem 1994 3720:Salem 1994 3636:Seale 1990 3624:Seale 1990 3306:Seale 1990 3185:Seale 1990 3069:cataloged. 2856:Podeh 1999 2764:Seale 1990 2737:Reich 1990 2725:Seale 1990 2396:As Sahafäh 2257:Presidency 2106:revolution 2048:While the 1988:scientific 1959:Nasserists 1840:March 2022 1810:newspapers 1648:Membership 1622:sub-branch 1257:, only to 1184:Arab world 797:Mauritania 496:Literature 264:Party flag 10087:Ba'athism 9143:Symbolism 8487:Nasserism 8482:Ba'athism 8399:Symbolism 8355:Saddamism 8335:Ba'athism 7818:Al-Thawra 7808:Al-Ba'ath 7751:Palestine 7705:Palestine 7428:(interim) 6700:Palestine 6504:Pre-split 6425:Arab Belt 6335:Pre-split 6133:Routledge 5678:iUniverse 5609:Zed Books 5570:884273607 5286:154642979 5243:159345006 4773:Oron 1960 4761:Oron 1960 4749:Oron 1960 4350:144922816 4256:144922816 4167:cite book 4091:144922816 3993:144922816 3330:Hiro 1982 3160:0145-2096 3117:159490612 3109:0020-7438 3052:159490612 3044:1471-6380 2970:0145-2096 2873:Oron 1960 2832:Oron 1960 2713:Polk 2006 2682:154673494 2674:0020-8817 2498:Islamists 2405:. In the 2309:Jerusalem 2305:West Bank 2296:East Bank 2269:left-wing 2265:communist 1951:Qawmiyyun 1943:Qutriyyun 1780:talk page 1674:Ba'athism 1634:divisions 1467:launched 1315:Christian 1265:of 1963. 1221:, led by 1192:Socialism 1155:Baʿathism 1034:Saddamism 1024:Nasserism 914:pro-Syria 893:pro-Syria 872:pro-Syria 851:pro-Syria 830:pro-Syria 818:Palestine 809:pro-Syria 772:pro-Syria 735:pro-Syria 714:pro-Syria 693:pro-Syria 672:pro-Syria 651:pro-Syria 334:Ba'athism 311:Elections 292:Elections 211:Left-wing 187:Ba'athism 174:Al-Ba'ath 169:Newspaper 103:Dissolved 66:(1965–66) 61:(1954–65) 9348:Sadrists 9285:Category 9227:Islamism 8936:Al-Fatat 8703:Concepts 8470:Ideology 8308:Ideology 8111:Ahd Bloc 6314:Founders 6035:(1990). 5940:(2006). 5834:(1971). 5580:(2004). 5485:(2005). 5442:ABC-CLIO 5363:(1999). 5346:Archived 5264:: 3–23. 5178:Archived 4411:Archived 4354:Archived 4260:Archived 4095:Archived 3997:Archived 3347:Ali 2004 3318:Ali 2004 3270:. 1964: 3232:8 August 3226:Archived 3056:Archived 2528:Damascus 2362:Leninist 2313:Ramallah 2301:Al-Karak 1914:Muhammad 1654:udw ämil 1618:branches 1520:pan-Arab 1380:and the 1338:Damascus 1288:and the 1172:pan-Arab 1133:meaning 909:pro-Iraq 888:pro-Iraq 867:pro-Iraq 846:pro-Iraq 825:pro-Iraq 804:pro-Iraq 788:pro-Iraq 767:pro-Iraq 751:pro-Iraq 730:pro-Iraq 709:pro-Iraq 688:pro-Iraq 667:pro-Iraq 646:pro-Iraq 568:Iraq War 558:Gulf War 326:a series 324:Part of 182:Ideology 71:Founders 9593:al-Awda 9583:in Iraq 8931:Al-Awda 8506:History 8236:Unified 8231:Bakdash 8058:Current 8022:Al-Awda 7776:History 7741:Lebanon 7715:Tunisia 7690:Lebanon 7663:Bahrain 7658:Algeria 6773:of the 6770:Members 6679:Lebanon 6418:Members 6271:History 5184:10 July 4342:4284075 4248:4284075 4132:8 March 4083:4284075 3985:4284075 3062:30 July 2634:Algeria 2626:Muslims 2602:Tunisia 2518:, 1957. 2403:Tripoli 2379:Lebanon 2329:in the 1996:Marxism 1906:thought 1894:Liberty 1824:scholar 1638:circles 1630:section 1553:de jure 1529:Lebanon 1510:led by 1481:Marxist 1334:Alawite 1296:History 1188:Liberty 993:present 980:present 967:present 881:Tunisia 760:Lebanon 660:Bahrain 639:Algeria 526:History 407:present 111: ( 93: ( 85:Founded 9681:) (167 9568:Banned 8104:Former 7736:Jordan 7685:Jordan 6652:Jordan 6162: 6139: 6116: 6091: 6072: 6049: 6021: 5998: 5975: 5952: 5926: 5907: 5886: 5863: 5820: 5797: 5772: 5753: 5730: 5707: 5684: 5661: 5638: 5615: 5592: 5568: 5549: 5522: 5499: 5471: 5448: 5425: 5402: 5375: 5338: 5313: 5284: 5278:162353 5276: 5241: 5235:259704 5233: 4348: 4340: 4254: 4246: 4155: 4089: 4081: 3991: 3983: 3158: 3115: 3107: 3050: 3042: 3004:place. 2995: 2968: 2680: 2672: 2586:Kuwait 2580:Others 2355:Nablus 2280:Jordan 2207:Muslim 1947:Arabic 1939:Arabic 1826: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1797: 1743:, and 1721:Arabic 1610:region 1525:Beirut 1354:Jordan 1326:Muslim 1178:, and 1127:Ba'ath 1103:Arabic 744:Kuwait 723:Jordan 421:People 256:Slogan 242: 234: 228: 222: 217:Colors 9386:(17) 9362:(33) 9031:Fatah 8206:Sawab 7886:Youth 7848:Wings 7788:Yemen 7766:Syria 7761:Sudan 7720:Yemen 7710:Sudan 7695:Libya 7668:Egypt 7498:Syria 7396:Syria 7346:Yemen 7113:Syria 6722:Syria 5307:Verso 5282:S2CID 5274:JSTOR 5260:(1). 5239:S2CID 5231:JSTOR 5217:(3). 5139:(PDF) 5132:(PDF) 4346:S2CID 4338:JSTOR 4252:S2CID 4244:JSTOR 4126:(PDF) 4119:(PDF) 4087:S2CID 4079:JSTOR 3989:S2CID 3981:JSTOR 3113:S2CID 3048:S2CID 2678:S2CID 2640:Notes 2600:. In 2455:Syria 2433:Libya 2351:Amman 2347:Irbid 2214:Sunni 1831:JSTOR 1817:books 1737:Islam 1662:firqa 1350:Yemen 1323:Sunni 1239:Egypt 1215:Syria 1164:baʿth 1139:Syria 1131:baʿth 1109:البعث 902:Yemen 860:Syria 839:Sudan 781:Libya 681:Egypt 237:Green 231:White 225:Black 9541:(1) 9535:(1) 9491:(1) 9415:(14) 9409:(17) 9380:(31) 9356:(37) 9350:(73) 7673:Iraq 7458:Iraq 7371:Iraq 6908:Iraq 6605:Iraq 6160:ISBN 6137:ISBN 6114:ISBN 6089:ISBN 6070:ISBN 6047:ISBN 6019:ISBN 5996:ISBN 5973:ISBN 5950:ISBN 5924:ISBN 5905:ISBN 5884:ASIN 5861:ISBN 5818:ISBN 5795:ISBN 5770:ISBN 5751:ISBN 5728:ISBN 5705:ISBN 5682:ISBN 5659:ISBN 5636:ISBN 5613:ISBN 5590:ISBN 5566:OCLC 5547:ISBN 5520:ISBN 5497:ISBN 5469:ISBN 5446:ISBN 5423:ISBN 5400:ISBN 5373:ISBN 5336:ISBN 5311:ISBN 5186:2013 5147:2012 5115:2012 4419:2011 4173:link 4153:ISBN 4134:2013 3293:help 3234:2013 3156:ISSN 3105:ISSN 3064:2023 3040:ISSN 2993:ISBN 2966:ISSN 2670:ISSN 2623:Shia 2617:and 2604:, a 2596:and 2588:and 2387:and 2349:and 2333:and 2331:1950 2311:and 2288:and 2267:and 2204:Shia 2188:Iraq 2096:The 1990:and 1904:and 1803:news 1606:quṭr 1352:and 1346:Iraq 1332:(an 1310:(an 1276:and 1213:and 1211:Iraq 1107:حزب 1097:The 702:Iraq 589:1963 157:and 145:and 9762:(0) 9743:(0) 9737:(0) 9731:(1) 9725:(1) 9719:(2) 9713:(2) 9707:(3) 9701:(2) 9695:(3) 9689:(3) 9485:(4) 9468:(1) 9462:(2) 9456:(4) 9450:(5) 9444:(6) 9438:(9) 9432:(9) 5266:doi 5223:doi 4330:doi 4236:doi 4071:doi 3973:doi 3272:473 3268:212 3266:". 3148:doi 3097:doi 3032:doi 2958:doi 2662:doi 2526:in 2337:as 2167:. 1880:'s 1786:by 1321:(a 1317:), 1160:بعث 1141:by 245:Red 10068:: 6158:. 6154:. 6135:. 6131:. 6112:. 6108:. 6068:. 6064:. 6045:. 6041:. 6017:. 6013:. 5994:. 5990:. 5971:. 5967:. 5948:. 5944:. 5903:. 5899:. 5882:. 5859:. 5855:. 5842:. 5838:. 5816:. 5812:. 5793:. 5789:. 5749:. 5745:. 5726:. 5722:. 5703:. 5699:. 5680:. 5676:. 5657:. 5653:. 5611:. 5607:. 5588:. 5584:. 5545:. 5541:. 5518:. 5514:. 5495:. 5491:. 5467:. 5463:. 5444:. 5440:. 5421:. 5417:. 5398:. 5394:. 5371:. 5367:. 5344:. 5334:. 5330:. 5309:. 5305:. 5280:. 5272:. 5256:. 5237:. 5229:. 5213:. 5055:^ 5038:^ 5011:^ 4888:^ 4739:^ 4708:^ 4689:^ 4668:^ 4617:^ 4600:^ 4583:^ 4532:^ 4517:^ 4466:^ 4427:^ 4409:. 4405:. 4401:. 4352:. 4344:. 4336:. 4326:36 4324:. 4320:. 4258:. 4250:. 4242:. 4232:36 4230:. 4226:. 4169:}} 4165:{{ 4093:. 4085:. 4077:. 4067:36 4065:. 4061:. 4035:^ 4012:^ 3995:. 3987:. 3979:. 3969:36 3967:. 3963:. 3939:^ 3922:^ 3857:^ 3830:^ 3813:^ 3792:^ 3775:^ 3658:^ 3643:^ 3569:. 3540:^ 3503:^ 3478:^ 3427:^ 3386:^ 3369:^ 3354:^ 3337:^ 3284:: 3282:}} 3278:{{ 3242:^ 3217:. 3192:^ 3154:. 3144:39 3142:. 3138:. 3119:. 3111:. 3103:. 3093:43 3091:. 3085:. 3066:. 3054:. 3046:. 3038:. 3028:43 3026:. 3020:. 3001:. 2972:. 2964:. 2954:39 2952:. 2948:. 2892:^ 2863:^ 2822:^ 2771:^ 2744:^ 2705:^ 2690:^ 2676:. 2668:. 2656:. 2576:. 2522:A 2409:, 2315:. 1949:: 1941:: 1723:: 1628:A 1527:, 1348:, 1292:. 1190:, 1174:, 1170:, 1145:, 1105:: 328:on 9643:e 9636:t 9629:v 9319:e 9312:t 9305:v 8455:e 8448:t 8441:v 7594:* 7437:* 6756:* 6714:* 6671:* 6644:* 6586:* 6549:* 6221:e 6214:t 6207:v 6168:. 6145:. 6122:. 6097:. 6078:. 6055:. 6027:. 6004:. 5981:. 5958:. 5932:. 5913:. 5890:. 5869:. 5846:. 5826:. 5803:. 5778:. 5759:. 5736:. 5713:. 5690:. 5667:. 5644:. 5621:. 5598:. 5572:. 5555:. 5528:. 5505:. 5477:. 5454:. 5431:. 5408:. 5381:. 5355:. 5319:. 5288:. 5268:: 5258:3 5245:. 5225:: 5215:3 5188:. 5149:. 5117:. 4421:. 4332:: 4238:: 4175:) 4161:. 4136:. 4073:: 3975:: 3295:) 3291:( 3274:. 3262:" 3236:. 3162:. 3150:: 3099:: 3034:: 2960:: 2684:. 2664:: 2658:3 2113:" 1842:) 1838:( 1828:· 1821:· 1814:· 1807:· 1790:. 1776:. 1101:( 1086:e 1079:t 1072:v 251:) 247:( 115:) 97:) 31:.

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