1850:
185:
A distinct branch of Di known as the Ba-Di emerged during the 3rd-century. The Ba-Di were initially Cong people from
Sichuan that relocated to northwestern China and intermixed with the local Di population. The "Ba" in Ba-Di refers to the region of
390:. After Shi Hu's death and the collapse of Later Zhao that followed, Pu Hong attempted to break away by returning to Guanzhong, changing his family name to Fu (苻) and claiming the title of King of the Three Qins in the process. In 351, his son,
898:
560:
restored
Chouchi, beginning the Wudu period that lasted until the death of Yang Wendu in 477. Afterwards, the realm was split between two branches of the Yang clan in Wuxing and Yinping. The Wuxing regime was conquered by the
340:
and established the state of Cheng, one of the first of the
Sixteen Kingdoms and the only one that was not based in northern China. It became a haven for refugees fleeing the wars in the north, and due to the prevalence of
353:
took the throne in a coup and declared a new state called Han. As both Cheng and Han were ruled by the Li clan, historians consider them as a single polity, thus the name Cheng-Han. The Han was conquered in 347 by the
544:
rebellion in 296. Chouchi is divided into five periods: Former
Chouchi, Later Chouchi, Wudu, Yinping and Wuxing. Former Chouchi was subjugated by the Former Qin in 371. It was revived as Later Chouchi by
536:
Chouchi was a small state located southeast in present-day Gansu. It was ruled by the White Neck Di, which had briefly resided in the region before migrating to Lüeyang, but later returned under
333:
to escape the confusion. Li Te became a representative for the refugee families, and in 301, he rebelled against Jin in part due to an imperial edict forcing the refugees to return to
Guanzhong.
895:
565:
in 553, while the
Yinping regime seemingly disappeared around the same time. In 580, Yang Yongan (楊永安), a Di chieftain in Shazhou (沙州; a name of a region that appears in offices granted by the
1548:
570:
31:
349:
was appointed as the state's first
Chancellor. Li Xiong initially took the title of King, before elevating himself to Emperor in 306. In 338, Li Xiong's cousin,
182:
stories. There were various distinct tribes among the Di people such as the Baima Di (白馬氐) and White Neck Di (白項氐), each ruled by their own chieftain or king.
1541:
489:) his capital. He introduced a new reign era in 386, but only declared himself King of Sanhe in 389 and then Heavenly King of (Later) Liang in 396.
1507:
441:
from the
Eastern Jin dynasty. Fu Jiān vied to complete the full unification of China, but following a disastrous defeat to the Eastern Jin at the
578:
1534:
557:
421:, as his prime minister, the Former Qin briefly unified northern China and became the largest of the Sixteen Kingdoms, conquering the
99:
520:. Later Liang was unable to stop the rebellions, and in 403, faced with pressure from their rival Liang states, their last ruler,
492:
The Later Liang was a highly-militaristic regime as they violently suppress their subjects and launched continuous attacks on the
496:
dynasty. In 397, after a failed invasion of
Western Qin, a string of rebellions broke out in Later Liang. Most notably, the Tufa-
178:, but farmed in the river valleys and lived in wood-frame homes with mud walls. They might be related to the Geji (戈基) people in
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883:
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in 383, his empire disintegrated as his generals took the opportunity to secede. Fu Jiān was assassinated by a rebel general,
1027:
1849:
834:
805:
218:. Despite initial resistance, relations between the Han and their Di subjects were peaceful for the next three centuries.
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245:. The Di people who remained all surrendered to Cao Cao. In 219, Cao Cao relocated around 50,000 Di people from Wudu to
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As the
Western Jin collapsed, the Di tribes in Guanzhong had free rein over the region. One Di chieftain,
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being one of the state's most decorated generals. In 383, he was ordered to lead an expedition to the
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1394:
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788:
Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo, Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt.
355:
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138:(巴氐) were a branch of the Di that intermixed with another ethnic group known as the Cong people (賨).
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999:
386:
in 329, where became a high-ranking general and was appointed to supervise the Di under its ruler,
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155:
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that lived in western China, and are best known as one of the non-Han Chinese peoples known as the
469:, thus avoiding the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Fei River. In 385, at the advice of the
991:
1465:
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229:, Gansu) and Yang Qianwan (楊千萬) of the White Neck Di (白項氐) allied themselves with the warlord,
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during the 4th-century and early 5th-century. During this era, the Di ruled the states of
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to live in the valleys, while others submitted to the Han and dispersed throughout the
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origin, though there is a widespread belief among Chinese scholars that the Di spoke a
36:
1526:
293:(296–580) was another Di-led state which coincided with both the Sixteen Kingdoms and
141:
Only a few special Di names and place names have been preserved in old Chinese books.
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1934:
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122:(狄), which refers to unrelated nomadic peoples in northern China during the earlier
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in 310 and independently controlled the region until 319, when he submitted to the
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In 111 BC, the Han dynasty established Wudu Commandery (武都郡; around present-day
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Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History
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Jin shu Xie Xuan Chuan: 晉書謝玄傳: Wen feng sheng he lei, jie yi wei wang shi
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1965:
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210:. In 108 BC, the Di rebelled against Han but were defeated, prompting
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413:) overthrew his cousin and took the throne. With the early help of
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The Baima Tibetans and the Di people of Chinese historical records
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in 385, and in 394, the last of the Former Qin rulers was killed.
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period. This ethnic group should not be confused with the earlier
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With the fall of the last Chouchi states, the Di were eventually
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Jin dynasty, Sixteen Kingdoms and Northern and Southern dynasties
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Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form
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685:(died 407), a pair of sisters and empresses of the Xianbei-led
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In 304, Li Te's son, Li Xiong captured the provincial capital,
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675:368–394), military general and rebel of Former Qin
237:. Agui was killed in battle by Cao Cao's general,
2163:
1508:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
824:, Volume 1, Issue 1, J. Benjamins 1996. page 7.
114:that seized power in northern China during the
285:(386–403), while the Ba-Di ruled the state of
1542:
1021:
779:. University of Hawaii Press, 2004, page 44.
321:region. Many refugees, including the Ba-Di,
549:in 385, which in turn was conquered by the
257:to deter them from allying with his rival,
1549:
1535:
1028:
1014:
457:The Lü were a prominent Di clan under the
27:Historical ethnic group in Chinese history
1096:Northern Wei's unification of North China
888:
764:An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese
190:, where their ancestors originated from.
452:
662:(died 310), empress of the Xiongnu-led
365:
158:, the Di lived in areas of present-day
82:
14:
2164:
300:
174:. They were culturally related to the
1530:
1009:
126:. The Di are thought to have been of
1081:Fu Jian's unification of North China
1035:
812:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. page 43.
766:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 209
531:
822:Guo Ji Zhongguo Yu Yan Xue Ping Lun
588:into other populations. The modern
24:
699:List of past Chinese ethnic groups
569:to the rulers of Yinping), joined
345:in the region, the Taoist hermit,
25:
2198:
985:
603:
214:to relocate a portion of them to
30:Not to be confused with mythical
1848:
1061:Shi Le's conquest of North China
573:in rebelling against the future
516:Juqu clan into establishing the
1051:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
996:(a 3rd century CE Chinese text)
970:
959:
941:
930:
919:
908:
485:, making Guzang (姑臧, in modern
374:, declared himself the Duke of
307:upheaval of the Five Barbarians
295:Northern and Southern dynasties
877:
852:
827:
815:
795:
782:
769:
756:
742:
600:may be descended from the Di.
233:, against the Han Chancellor,
193:
72:
13:
1:
730:
382:. He later submitted to the
7:
915:四川三星堆之謎新解：平武發現"縱目人"後裔?-搜狐IT
792:. Routledge, 2005, page 87.
692:
500:broke away and founded the
10:
2203:
313:. In 296, a Di chieftain,
149:
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1043:
977:华夏文化-西南夷——氐羌、笮人及炯人 - 国际在线
477:, Lü Guang returned from
273:that founded most of the
61:
32:Di people (Shan Hai Jing)
2177:Ethnic groups in Sichuan
2172:Ancient peoples of China
1210:Southern Liang (397–414)
1126:Northern Liang (397–460)
1000:University of Washington
762:Schuessler, Axel. 2007.
512:, who was backed by the
156:Spring and Autumn period
1256:Western Liang (400–421)
269:The Di were one of the
253:commanderies along the
1360:Northern Wei (386–535)
1261:Northern Yan (407–436)
1251:Former Liang (318–376)
1215:Southern Yan (398–410)
1076:Huan Wen's Expeditions
1071:Conquest of Wei by Yan
577:, but was defeated by
398:and declaring himself
394:succeeded him, taking
241:while Qianwan fled to
223:end of the Han dynasty
1298:Western Yan (384–394)
1205:Western Qin (385–431)
1159:Later Liang (386–403)
860:"古羌族派分之民族 五 川西北地区的氐类"
453:Later Liang (386–403)
1500:Histories of the Era
1195:Former Yan (337–370)
1177:Later Zhao (319–351)
1154:Former Qin (351–394)
1091:Liu Yu's Expeditions
592:living in southeast
409:(note the different
366:Former Qin (351–394)
1233:Later Qin (384–417)
1200:Later Yan (384–409)
1149:Cheng-Han (304–347)
1086:Battle of Fei River
1056:Disaster of Yongjia
937:“羌戈大战”与岷江上游古羌人的族群认同
835:"用麗江白族語試讀趙整歌謠"阿得脂""
801:John A.G. Roberts:
654:Western Jin dynasty
443:Battle of Fei River
311:Western Jin dynasty
301:Cheng-Han (304–347)
88:Eastern Han Chinese
1313:Qiao Shu (405–413)
1308:Huan Chu (403–404)
1303:Zhai Wei (388–392)
1121:Han-Zhao (304–329)
953:2012-05-10 at the
901:2018-09-08 at the
896:段渝, 先秦巴蜀地区百濮和氐羌的来源
808:2016-04-29 at the
803:A History of China
575:Emperor Wen of Sui
567:Southern dynasties
504:, followed by the
437:by 376 as well as
216:Jiuquan Commandery
106:) were an ancient
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1424:Key personalities
1368:
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1293:Duan Qi (350–356)
1288:Ran Wei (350–352)
1269:
1268:
992:Described in the
775:Dorothy C. Wong:
532:Chouchi (296–580)
402:of (Former) Qin.
212:Emperor Wu of Han
16:(Redirected from
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1561:peoples in China
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998:- Section 1 (at
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862:. Archived from
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948:羌族族源及其文化多样性成因研究
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483:Liang province
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926:汉晋时期藏彝走廊中的“氐”
922:
916:
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866:on 2013-08-25
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1696:
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1274:Other states
1140:
1066:Wei–Zhao War
993:
972:
961:
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868:. Retrieved
864:the original
854:
843:. Retrieved
839:the original
829:
817:
797:
784:
771:
763:
758:
744:
704:Qiang people
660:Empress Shan
652:(died 299),
590:Baima people
583:
579:Daxi Changru
555:
551:Northern Wei
542:Qi Wannian's
535:
491:
487:Wuwei, Gansu
456:
431:Former Liang
404:
369:
335:
304:
268:
220:
204:Qinghai Lake
197:
184:
180:Qiang people
153:
140:
135:
124:Zhou dynasty
108:ethnic group
103:
91:
81:
71:
53:
51:
46:
1515:Book of Jin
1471:Murong Chui
1380:Jin dynasty
1281:Short-lived
715:Later Liang
636:Later Liang
586:assimilated
563:Western Wei
538:Yang Maosou
506:Han Chinese
494:Western Qin
481:and seized
419:Han Chinese
358:commander,
356:Eastern Jin
289:(304–347).
283:Later Liang
243:Yi province
239:Xiahou Yuan
221:During the
194:Han dynasty
96:Old Chinese
43:Northern Di
35: [
2166:Categories
1925:Karakhanid
905:2006-11-30
894:(Chinese)
870:2013-08-25
845:2013-08-25
731:References
720:Former Qin
683:Fu Xunying
650:Qi Wannian
627:Former Qin
558:Yang Wende
540:to escape
508:governor,
475:Kumārajīva
459:Former Qin
423:Former Yan
384:Later Zhao
315:Qi Wannian
279:Former Qin
78:Wade–Giles
2027:Xueyantuo
1935:Khotanese
1717:Tocharian
1486:Tuoba Tao
1481:Tuoba Gui
1466:Wang Meng
710:Cheng-Han
687:Later Yan
679:Fu Song'e
669:Dou Chong
614:Cheng-Han
571:Wang Qian
547:Yang Ding
526:Later Qin
447:Yao Chang
415:Wang Meng
319:Guanzhong
287:Cheng-Han
255:Wei River
49:) people.
2102:Northern
2071:Southern
1949:Northern
1865:Southern
1858:Medieval
1814:Shanrong
1787:Dingling
1758:Northern
1732:Quanrong
1617:Lạc Việt
1590:Southern
1476:Yao Xing
1456:Huan Wen
1436:Liu Cong
1431:Liu Yuan
1415:Goguryeo
1410:Dingling
1373:Involved
966:浅说黑水民族源流
951:Archived
899:Archived
806:Archived
693:See also
664:Han-Zhao
553:in 443.
514:Lushuihu
471:Buddhist
463:Lü Guang
405:In 357,
396:Chang'an
380:Han-Zhao
360:Huan Wen
327:Hanzhong
247:Tianshui
41:or the
2182:Chouchi
2145:Khoshut
2140:Dzungar
2128:Western
1993:Khereid
1971:Jurchen
1961:Kumo Xi
1940:Tibetan
1918:Western
1882:Cuanman
1831:Xianyun
1804:Guifang
1797:Xianbei
1775:Xiongnu
1770:Chunwei
1737:Xianyun
1690:Western
1637:Yangyue
1632:Shanyue
1612:Dong'ou
1607:Âu Việt
1574:Eastern
1567:Ancient
1461:Fu Jian
1451:Ran Min
1400:Xianbei
1390:Xiongnu
1187:Xianbei
1113:Xiongnu
1044:History
994:Wei Lue
725:Chouchi
645:Chouchi
598:Sichuan
522:Lü Long
510:Duan Ye
498:Xianbei
461:, with
439:Sichuan
427:Chouchi
407:Fu Jiān
392:Fu Jiàn
376:Lüeyang
372:Pu Hong
351:Li Shou
338:Chengdu
331:Sichuan
291:Chouchi
259:Liu Bei
235:Cao Cao
231:Ma Chao
200:Longnan
172:Shaanxi
168:Sichuan
164:Qinghai
150:Origins
145:History
86:; <
58:Chinese
2135:Oirats
2114:Manchu
2049:Shatuo
2044:Yueban
2022:Uyghur
2012:Tangut
1998:Naiman
1978:Shiwei
1956:Khitan
1930:Karluk
1902:Zhuang
1897:Bouyei
1819:Sushen
1792:Wuhuan
1782:Donghu
1749:Yuezhi
1727:Xirong
1676:Yelang
1671:Nanman
1627:Nanyue
1622:Minyue
1602:Âu Lạc
1597:Baiyue
1581:Dongyi
1491:Liu Yu
1446:Shi Hu
1441:Shi Le
1343:States
1322:Tribes
473:monk,
411:pinyin
388:Shi Hu
343:Taoism
251:Fufeng
134:. The
80::
70::
68:pinyin
60::
2119:Nivkh
2039:Tujue
2032:Yugur
2017:Tiele
2003:Tatar
1836:Xunyu
1824:Yilou
1765:Beidi
1742:Xunyu
1722:Wusun
1712:Sumpa
1702:Qiang
1664:Hmong
1395:Qiang
1329:Yuwen
1225:Qiang
656:rebel
594:Gansu
479:Kucha
323:Li Te
176:Qiang
160:Gansu
136:Ba-Di
94:<
39:]
18:Ba-Di
2083:Shan
1983:Zubu
1966:Mohe
1707:Saka
1659:Miao
1654:Dian
1334:Duan
750:"汉典"
641:Yang
433:and
417:, a
329:and
249:and
170:and
104:tˤij
102:): *
52:The
2093:Yao
2088:She
1892:Rau
1872:Bai
1809:Jie
1642:Yue
1559:Han
1385:Jie
1243:Han
1169:Jie
673:fl.
435:Dai
100:B-S
92:tei
2168::
2078:Bo
1909:Yi
1887:Li
1877:Bo
1697:Di
1681:Yi
1649:Bo
1405:Di
1141:Di
632:Lü
623:Fu
619:Pu
610:Li
581:.
528:.
429:,
425:,
362:.
297:.
261:.
188:Ba
166:,
162:,
120:Dí
83:Ti
76:;
73:Dī
66:;
54:Di
37:zh
1550:e
1543:t
1536:v
1029:e
1022:t
1015:v
873:.
848:.
752:.
671:(
621:/
98:(
90:*
63:氐
56:(
47:狄
45:(
20:)
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