Ba'ath Party - Knowledge

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approved. At the same time, criticism of Aflaq and Bitar was severe, both their leadership records and their ideology were criticized. A resolution was approved, which stated that the party leaders (Aflaq and al-Bitar among others) had too hastily entered into a union with Egypt, had wrongly dissolved the Syrian Regional Branch in 1958, and had given pan-Arabism primacy when socialism was more important. The resolution also affirmed the need to use a more Marxist lens rather than a Ba'athist one to analyze the current situation, and the need for the party to strengthen their positions among the workers, peasants, artisans, and shopkeepers. Because of the position of the Lebanese Regional Branch, Aflaq at the 5th National Congress invited enough Iraqi Regional Branch delegates to neutralize the Lebanese delegates. However, at the same time, the Lebanese Regional Branch opposed Hawrani and his faction. At the 6th National Congress, the Lebanese Regional Branch elected Jubrän Majdalani and Khalid al-Ali to the National Command.

1411: 1436:, the Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Regional Branch, accused the National Command of betraying Arab nationalist principles by conspiring against the UAR. In light of these criticisms, the Ba'ath convened the 3rd National Congress, held 27 August–1 September 1959, attended by delegates from Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, South Arabia, the Gulf, "Arab South", "Arab Maghreb", Palestine, and Party student organisations in Arab and other universities. The congress is notable for endorsing the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Branch, which had been decided by Aflaq and Bitar without inner-party consultation in 1958, and for expelling Rimawi, the Regional Secretary of the Jordanian Regional Branch. Rimawi reacted to his expulsion by forming his own party, the 2462:. However, with help from Nasserist propaganda, several Ba'athists changed affiliation and became Nasserists instead. The growth of these pan-Arab ideologies concerned the government, which led to the incarceration of several Nasserist and Ba'athist military officers in the early sixties. The Ba'athist were accused of working to overthrow "the political, economic and social system" of the Kingdom; the sentences ranged from everything to eight months to two years. By 1964, the Libyan Regional Branch had only managed to establish one-level below the Regional Command, the branch-level. Syrian specialist John Devlin estimated that the Libyan Regional Branch had been 50 and 150 members in 1964. 1624:

responsible for discipline inspection; and a Regional Secretary, the regional party leader. The Regional Congress was made of delegates from the provincial branches; other members attended, but as observers. The Regional Congress was responsible for evaluating the party's performance since the last Regional Congress, while at the same time formulating new policies for the next period, which would last until the next Regional Congress was held. How long this period lasted was decided by the Regional Command. The Regional Command, similar to the Branch Command, operated through bureaus and met for weekly-sessions.

2333:. The congress mapped out the "future course of the party". The next year, the 2nd Regional Congress was held, this time in Abdallah Na'was' home. It elected a Regional Command and appointed Rimawi as the branch's Regional Secretary. Shugyar, Gharbiyah and Na'was agreed to serve in the Regional Branch's Central Committee. Rimawi and Na'was, his deputy, would prove effective leaders. Shortly after the 2nd Regional Congress, the branch launched a successful recruitment campaign in Jordanian and Palestinian neighbourhoods and cities. On 28 August 1956 the branch was legalized by a High Court. 353: 282: 2356:. None of these elections can be considered democratic. Shuqyar, during the 1951 elections, was imprisoned by the authorities because his views were deemed to radical. Less than a month before the election day, the British Embassy in Amman had estimated that Shuqyar would gain an easy victory. However, because of the undemocratic nature of the election, Shuqyar was not elected. As voting patterns would prove, voters who voted for Ba'athist candidates lived in 9292: 1467:(CIA), however pertinent contemporary documents relating to the CIA's operations in Iraq have remained classified by the U.S. government, although the Iraqi Ba'athists are documented to have maintained supportive relationships with U.S. officials before, during, and after the coup. The Iraqi Regional Branch, when it took power, was so riven by factionalism that its purported allies launched a counter-coup forcing them out of power in November 1963. 2519: 1600:). The National Consultative Council was a forum made up of representatives from the party's regional branches. However, the number of National Consultative Council members was decided by the size of the regional branch. The National Congress elected the National Command, National Tribunal, the party's discipline body, and the Secretary-General, the party leader. The congress delegates determined the party's policies and procedures. 9667: 1773: 1451:'s seizure of power and its ensuing abolishment of the Iraqi Monarchy. The Iraqi Ba'athists supported Qasim on the grounds that they believed he would enter Iraq into the UAR, enlarging the Arab nationalist republic. However, this was proven to be a ruse, and after taking power, Qasim launched an Iraq first policy. In retaliation, the Ba'ath Party tried to assassinate Qasim in February 1959, but the operation, involving a young 9343: 1700: 1895:(ASP) merged with the Ba'ath Party, the majority of ASP members of peasant origin did not join the Ba'ath Party, instead becoming personal followers of Hawrani. However, the majority of Ba'ath members were of rural upbringing. The "Transitional Ba'ath", which grew out of the dissolution of the Syrian Regional Branch (1958) and the Military Committee, was more rural in outlook, policy and ideology. 1607:, because of that, the National Command formed the highest policy-making and coordinating council for the Ba'ath movement throughout the Arab world. The National Command had several bureaus, similar to those of the Regional Command. National Command sessions were held monthly. Of these, the National Liaisons Office was responsible for maintaining contact with the party's Regional Branches. 1501:, the Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Branch; Yasin al-Hafiz, one of the party's few ideological theorists; and by certain members of the secret Military Committee. The Marxist wing gained new ground at the 6th National Congress (held in October 1963), in which the Iraqi and Syrian regional branches called for the establishment of "socialist planning", " 1651:, controlled by a division commander. The lowest level was the circle. It was composed of three to seven members, constituting the basic organizational unit. Such Ba'athist groups occurred throughout the bureaucracy and the military. They functioned as the Party's watchdogs and were an effective form of covert surveillance within a public administration. 2039:. The document, which was approved by the 6th National Congress, relegated Arab unity to a secondary role and gave socialism prominence. Marxist concepts were used interchangeably alongside Ba'athist ones; however, the document was reluctant in explicitly admitting that certain ideas were of Marxist origins. The 6th National Congress borrowed key 1758:, equipping them with Islamic values, especially the Arabic language and the Arabic culture, but the Arab nation which created Islam. This conception of the Arab nation implicitly advantages the Arab contribution to history. On the other hand, Arab decadence can be overcome through a purifying and spiritual action, not religious but moral. 1675:). An Active member had to attend all formal meetings of his party unit, was given the right to vote in party elections, and could run for party office. In the Syrian Regional Branch, a member had to spend 18 months as a Supporter to be promoted to Apprentice status, and then wait another 18 months to be promoted to Active member status. 2247:. Of the 16-members of Qasim's cabinet, 12 of them were Regional Branch members. After taking power, Qasim changed his position on the UAR, reverting to the old "Iraq first policy". This turn displeased the Regional Branch and other Arab nationalists groups. Due to his policy reversal, the Regional Branch gathered a group, led by 1631:. The branch came above the sub-branch; it comprised at least two to five sub-branches and operated at the provincial level. The branch held a congress periodically in which it elected a Command and a Secretary (leader). The Command operated through bureaus, such as the Workers Bureau and the Bureau of the Secretariat. The 2220:. However, Efraim Karsh and Inari Rautsi contend that the Regional Branch was established in the 1940s, but that it received official recognition as a Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party in 1952 by the National Command. What is certain is that Rikabi was elected the Regional Branch's first Regional Secretary in 1952. 2140:" manifesto published by the Ba'ath party in 1960; which declared that the party's "educational policy" was to build a "new generation of Arabs that believe in the unity of the nation and the eternity of its mission". The manifesto also stated that this envisaged Ba'athist generation would be "committed to 1919:. Aflaq believed that the Ba'ath Party, at least in theory, would rule, and guide the people, in a transitional period of time without consulting the people, however he did support intra-party democracy. The last tenet, 'socialism', did not mean socialism as defined in the West, but rather a unique form of 2286:

by President Arif and his Nasserite supporters. Iraq expert Malik Mufti believes Aflaq may have supported Arif's coup because it weakened al-Sadi's position within the party and strengthened his own. The coup forced the branch to go underground. Due to the coup, several leading Ba'athist were jailed,

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founded the Iraqi Regional Branch in 1951 or 1952. There are those who trace the branch's founding to Abd ar Rahman ad Damin and Abd al Khaliq al Khudayri in 1947, after their return from the 1st National Congress, which was held in Syria. Another version is that the branch was established in 1948 by

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necessary for the peasants...the Congress stipulated that the changes be directed by a "revolutionary vanguard", the final aim being to establish a "popular democracy" that was to guarantee freedom to the classes which constitute the true people and ensure the country's rapid development. This regime

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didn't create a break with the party's traditional ideology, it criticized the party's old guard for giving Arab unity primacy over socialism and their failure to turn Ba'athism into a comprehensive theory. While the documents says Arab unity is progressive, the reason for it being important changed.

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While scholars and journalists have long suspected that the CIA was involved in the 1963 coup, as yet, there is very little archival analysis of the question. The most comprehensive study put forward thus far finds "mounting evidence of U.S. involvement" but ultimately runs up against the problem of

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By the end of 1957, the SCP was able to weaken the Ba'ath Party to such an extent that the Ba'ath Party drafted a bill in December that called for a union with Egypt, a move that proved to be very popular. The Ba'ath leadership dissolved the party in 1958, gambling that the illegalisation of certain

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party. A third group, led by people disenchanted with both Nasser and the union period, remained in the Ba'ath Party but stopped believing in the feasibility of pan-Arabism. On 21 February 1962, the National Command issued a new policy regarding the pan-Arab project by first mentioning the successes

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level constituted three to five sections "and was the lowest level of the party to hold a periodical Congress." Some sub-branches were independent of central authority and elected their own Command and secretaries, while other sub-branches were incorporated into the branches. In the latter case, the

1581:), which had been previously approved at the party's 1st National Congress (1947). The organizational structure ran from top to bottom, and members were forbidden to initiate contacts between groups on the same level of the organisation, i.e., all contacts had to pass through a higher command level. 2181:

By 1965 the anti-military leftists began to “spread rumors about the rightist character of the military junta within the party and their subversive efforts to engulf it. There was not a single officer in the party who was not accused of conspiracy and reactionary tendencies.” In collaboration with

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When the Syrian Regional Branch was reestablished, the majority of its members in the provinces were of communal origins – Druze, Alawi, or Ismaili. The provincial party members had not been told of the Syrian Regional Branch's dissolution, which in fact broke the communication line with provincial

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notes, "Aflaq was basically urban in outlook. The peasants never constituted an object of his special concern. In his writing there is scarcely an expression of concentrated interest in the country's husbandsmen." While peasants and the issues they faced are mentioned in some of Aflaq's work, there

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At the 7th National Congress, the National Command in collaboration with the Military Committee removed leftists, such as those found in the Lebanese Regional Branch, from leadership positions, and expelled them from the party in the most severe cases. The Lebanese Regional Branch managed to elect

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During the UAR years, the same factional lines that developed in the Syrian Regional Branch came to the Lebanese Regional Branch. At the 4th National Congress (held in Lebanon), which was mainly attended by delegates representing Lebanon, several resolutions with a pronounced anti-Nasser tone were

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refers to the dramatic changes that manifested in Ba'athist ideology from 1960 to 1964, and the Military Committee's takeover of the Syrian Regional Branch and the National Command in the period 1964 to 1966. The 6th National Congress signified the takeover of the party by an anti-militarist left,

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Administration officials viewed the Iraqi Ba'th Party in 1963 as an agent of counterinsurgency directed against Iraqi communists, and they cultivated supportive relationships with Ba'thist officials, police commanders, and members of the Ba'th Party militia. The American relationship with militia

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While the Ba'ath Party had attained power, there was significant infighting. The Military Committee, which was itself a tiny minority of the already small Ba'ath Party membership, ruled by force. The Ba'ath Party lacked a popular base, as it had only 2,500 members by mid-1963. Even if membership

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reflected the Party's refusal to acknowledge these countries as separate nation-states. The Regional Congress, which combined all the provincial branches, was the region's highest authority and elected a Regional Command, the party leadership in a specific region; the Regional Tribunal, the body

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in the late-1940s, most notably at universities. While the Regional Branch was not formed until 1951, several meetings took place at the universities where students and professors alike would discuss the Ba'athist thought. Despite the ideology being very popular, it took time before the actual

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branches and the National Command. While it is true that in 1962 the Regionalists supported the slogan adopted at the 5th National Congress, "the renewal of the union with Egypt while taking note of past mistakes", they treated such a slogan as a propaganda slogan rather than a feasible goal.

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Archival sources on the U.S. relationship with this regime are highly restricted. Many records of the Central Intelligence Agency's operations and the Department of Defense from this period remain classified, and some declassified records have not been transferred to the National Archives or

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The Military Organization was made up of branches similar to those in the Ba'ath's civilian sector. However, unlike the civilian sector, the Military Organization was controlled by a separate Military Bureau and held periodical Military Congresses. The Military Organization and the Civilian

1542:. Jadid moved the party in a more radical direction. Although he and his supporters had not signed onto the victorious far-left line at the 6th Party Congress, they had now moved to adopt its positions. The moderate faction, formerly led by Aflaq and al-Bitar, were purged from the party. 2619:

was established in the 1950s, but was forced underground for much of its existence. The Saudi Regional Branches elected Ali Ghannäm to represent them at the 7th National Command. While its currently unknown which side the Saudi Ba'ath took after the 1966 split, it published a newspaper,

2545:(who later retracted his signature). Following the UAR's dissolution, the Ba'ath Party was reestablished at the 1962 congress. The Military Committee did not show itself to the civilian wing of the party at this congress. During the congress, Aflaq and the Military Committee, through 1727:'s Arab Ba'ath. The first article of the party's constitution stated that: "...the Arabs form one nation. This nation has the natural right to live in a single state. the Arab fatherland constitutes an indivisible political and economic unit. No Arab can live apart from the others." 1886:

The early party organization never cultivated a deep following in rural areas. In fact, at the party's founding congress, only one peasant and one worker were present among the 217 delegates. Most of the delegates were either school teacher or students attending universities. When

1553:. However, both in Iraq and Syria, the Regional Command became the real centre of party power, and the membership of the National Command became a largely honorary position, often the destination of figures being eased out of the leadership. One consequence of the split was that 3066: 2274:. However, real power was in the hands of Ali Salih al-Sadi, the branch's Regional Secretary. After taking power, the Regional Branch through its militia, the National Guard, initiated what Iraqi expert Con Coughlin referred to as an "orgy of violence" against 1746:...that the Arab nation is a permanent entity in history. The Arab nation is considered, philosophically speaking, not as a social and economic formation, but as a transcendent fact inspiring different forms, one of its highest contributions taking the form of 1643:, which comprised two to five divisions, functioned at the level of a large city quarter, a town, or a rural district. It elected its own command, composed of five members, but the sub-branch appointed the command's secretary. Beneath the section were 1595:

The National Command was the ruling organ of the party between sessions of the National Congress and was headed by a Secretary-General. Between National Congresses, the National Command was held accountable by the National Consultative Council (Arabic:

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the Syrian Regional Branch won 22 seats in parliament, becoming the second largest party in the country. 90 percent of Ba'ath Party members who stood for elections were elected to parliament. The failure of the traditional parties, represented by the

2190:”. According to Middle East expert Avraham Ben-Tzur, “the Ba'th in its latest variant is a bureaucratic apparatus headed by the military, whose daily life and routine are shaped by the rigid military oppression on the home front, and military aid.” 1259:

Following the break-up of the UAR, the Baʿth Party was reconstituted. However, during the UAR period, military activists had established the Military Committee that took control of the Baʿath Party away from civilian hands. In the meantime, in Iraq,

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The Lebanese Regional Branch was formed in 1949–1950. During the existence of the UAR, the Regional Branch was split into two factions, those supporting Nasser and those opposing him. However, in April 1960, the UAR denied the Regional Branch organ

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the National Command, the Military Committee succeeded in expelling the anti-military left from the party at the 7th National Congress. The Military Committee, which now controlled the Syrian Regional Branch, took control of the Ba'ath Party in the

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in Syria, and from then on the Ba'ath functioned as the only officially recognized Syrian political party, but factionalism and splintering within the party led to a succession of varying governments and new constitutions. On 23 February 1966,

1367:. Throughout its existence, the National Command (the body responsible for all-Arab affairs) gave most attention to Syrian affairs. The 2nd National Congress was convened in June 1954 and elected a seven-man National Command; Aflaq, Bitar, and 3028: 2023:

became the leader of the party's Marxist faction during his short stint as Syrian Regional Secretary, literally the head of the Syrian Regional Organization. Shufi was able, due to his position as head of the Organization Bureau of the

2318:, and was thus resigned the responsibility of building the party's organization in the area the branch secretary in the West Bank, and was thus responsible in that area. In the West Bank, the branch was most active in the cities of 3014:

What really happened in Iraq in February 1963 remains shrouded behind a veil of official secrecy. Many of the most relevant documents remain classified. Others were destroyed. And still others were never created in the first

1964:). When the union with Egypt collapsed, the Ba'ath Party was put in a difficult position, as the party still sought Arab unity but did not oppose the UAR's dissolution and did not want to seek another union with Egypt under 2227:

dominated. The Regional Branch, and other parties of pan-Arab inclination, had difficulties in recruiting Shia members. Most Shi'ites considered pan-Arab ideology as a Sunni project, since the majority of Arabs are Sunnis.

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faction then in power, the "nationalist" (qawmi) faction. Jadid's supporters were considered to have been more left-wing then Aflaq and his peers. Several of Jadid's opponents managed to make their escape, and they fled to

7791: 1968:'s rule. However, being the unionist party that it was, the party's leaders could not state their position on this issue. The end result was that the pro-Arab nationalists within the Ba'ath Party became committed 6428: 2507:. The Ba'ath Party's main adversary was the SCP, whose support for class struggle and internationalism was anathema to the Ba'ath. In addition to parliamentary-level competition, all these parties (as well as 1440:, which established a rival National Command to compete with the original. The National Command responded to the problems in Iraq by appointing a Temporary Regional Command on 2 February 1960, which appointed 1525:, the informal head of the Military Committee, overthrew Aflaq and Bitar's cabinet. The coup sprung out of factional rivalry between Jadid's "regionalist" (qutri) camp, which promoted ambitions for a 1490:

The challenges of building a Ba'athist state led to considerable ideological discussion and internal struggle within the party. The Iraqi Regional Branch was increasingly dominated by self-described

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Rimawi and Na'was were elected to the National Command at the 2nd National Congress (held in 1952). At the 6th and 7th National Congress, the Regional Branch elected Razzaz to the National Command.

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The 4th National Congress, held in August 1960, criticized the leadership of Aflaq and Bitar, called for the reestablishment of the Syrian Regional Branch and deemphasized the party's commitment to

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literature. While he never became a communist, Shuqyar began to support communist concepts. On his return from exile he tried to persuade the Regional Branch to join in an electoral front with the

2025: 1715:" (translation: "The Road to Renaissance") was the primary ideological book of the Ba'ath party. The work was published by Aflaq in 1940. From its very beginning, the party was a manifestation of 7781: 7688: 7122: 6917: 2013:, who had been a moderate socialist for most of his life, called for the renunciation of Arab socialism in 1963 and the adoption of a "virtually Marxist concept of socialism" by claiming that 1603:

Before 1954, the party was ruled by the Executive Committee, but this organ, along with others, too, was replaced at the 2nd National Congress in 1954. In Ba'athist jargon, "Nation" means the

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was just a few votes short of being elected to parliament. However, a persistent problem for him during his election campaign was the vocal criticism of him and the Regional Branch by the

2352:(the branch was not a legal party at the time). In the 1951 election, the branch managed to elect three members to parliament. Rimawi was able to retain his seat in parliament until the 2055:"play the role of mediator and leader (even if it is in power) that acts to direct the journey of the masses towards the socialist future in a scientific way and in a democratic style". 7786: 1993:

The disillusionment felt among party members on the pan-Arab project, led to the radicalization of the party's interpretation of socialism. Yasin al-Hafiz, a former member of the

6779: 2314:. At the very beginning, the clinic owned by Abd al-Rahman Shuqyar was used as the branch's meeting place. Bahjat Abu Gharbiyah became the Regional Branch's first member in the 2174:

imposed the socialist policies adopted in the 6th National Congress; fully nationalizing Syrian industry and vast segments of the private sector, and establishing a centralized

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The delegates at the 6th National Congress elected an Ideology Committee that was responsible for writing a charter about the party's ideology. The end result was the document

1738:). Party ideology, and Ba'athism in general, was not based on concepts such as the purity of the Arab race or ethnic chauvinism, but on idealistic concepts borrowed from the 1981:

with Nasser's Egypt. Many rank-and-file members opposed this change in policy, with many members being both disenchanted with pan-Arabism and Aflaq's continued party rule.

2028:, to recruit several Marxist or Marxist-leaning members to the top of the Syrian Regional party hierarchy. Radical socialists led by Ali Salih al-Sadi took control of the 3133:

members and senior police commanders had begun even before the February coup, and Ba'thist police commanders involved in the coup had been trained in the United States.

2432:, to ensure themselves of a Regional Branch victory. On 17 July 1961 a group of rival Ba'athists led by Rimawi opened fire on several of the Regional Branch's members. 1236:, in 1952 to form the Arab Socialist Baʿth Party. The newly formed party was a relative success, and it became the second-largest party in the Syrian parliament in the 7930: 7771: 7730: 919: 861: 5449:

Stalemate: An Anatomy of Conflicts between Democracies, Islamists, and Muslim Autocrats: An Anatomy of Conflicts between Democracies, Islamists, and Muslim Autocrats

1509:. Aflaq, angry at this transformation of his party, retained a nominal leadership role, but the National Command as a whole came under the control of the radicals. 1867:

was scarcely any depth given to them. Aflaq never expressed explicit enmity towards traditional landowners. Issues such as these would only gain prominence when

1395:, strengthened the Ba'ath Party's public credibility. Through this position, the party was able to get two of its members into the cabinet; Bitar was appointed 1997:, was an early frontrunner for the party's radicalization. While he didn't oppose the pan-Arab project, he wanted to turn the concept of Arab socialism into a 2579:

The civilian wing was plagued by infighting between the radical socialist and moderate faction, while the military stood more unified. Whatever the case, the

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which opposed both the traditional leaders in the National Command and the pragmatists in the Military Committee. When the anti-military left called for

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The Regional Branch was founded in the 1950s by Amr Taher Deghayes. Ba'athism was a major political force in Libya following the establishment of the

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was overthrown and the democratic system restored. The Ba'ath, now a large and popular organisation, won 15 out of 142 parliamentary seats in the

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The party initially consisted of a majority of Shia Muslims, as Rikabi recruited supporters mainly from his friends and family, but slowly became

2170:, no involvement of the military in national politics and popular struggle, the Military Committee became concerned. In 1965, Ba'athist President 1903:

The slogan "Unity, liberty, socialism" is the key tenet in Ba'athist thought. Unity stood for the creation of an independent, strong Arab Nation.

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Following the party's establishment in Syria, Ba'athist ideas spread throughout the Arab world. In Jordan Ba'athist thought first spread to the

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of the commanding heights of the economy, the slow incorporation of the petty bourgeoisie into the socialist economy and the elimination of the

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The organizational structure of the Ba'ath Party was created at the 2nd National Congress (1954) by amending the party's Internal Regulations (

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and Khalil Kallas became Minister of Economics. Its new, strengthened position was used successfully to garner support for Syria's merger with

1095: 903: 682: 661: 2639:. In late 1963, Ba'ath cells were being established in Sudan, and there were even rumours that a Ba'ath cell had been established in Egypt. A 2572:(NCRC), consisting entirely of Ba'athists and Nasserists, and controlled by military personnel rather than civilians from the very beginning. 2075:

The concept of Arab socialism, accused of being narrow-minded and nationalistic, was replaced with the "Arab road to socialism" concept. The

2072:, despite not firmly stating it, the goal of creating a socialist society seemed to be both an immediate goal and the main goal of the party. 9834: 9630: 9081: 8528: 8141: 703: 613: 2111:

of the major branches of the economy with the participation of the toiling masses in the management of the economy, and for the creation of

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became a leading party figure and when the "transitional Ba'athists" took power. Of the four members in the 1st Executive Committee,

1550: 1296: 1295:, which ousted the National Command led by al-Razzāz, ʿAflaq, and their supporters. The 1966 coup split the Ba'ath Party between the 984: 656: 401: 157: 9520: 9161: 9091: 9056: 7985: 7766: 7695: 2541:

in 1961 brought the UAR to an end. Sixteen prominent politicians signed a statement supporting the coup, among them al-Hawrani and

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and Abdallah Na'was were elected to represent the Jordanian Branch. The 1954 congress is notable for sanctioning the merger of the

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thought, with the party describing itself as "The Party of Arab Unity". The pan-Arab tendencies of the party's predecessor, the

1590: 641: 2068:." Aflaq also believed that Arab unity was only an intermediate goal, but it stood at the centre of classical Ba'athism. In the 1505:

run by peasants", "workers' democratic control of the means of production", and other demands reflecting a certain emulation of

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while emphasizing more the socialist character of the party. A year later, during the UAR's nadir in Syria, the Syrian General

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was necessary, but instead focused on freeing the Arab Nation and its people from colonization and oppression in general.

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was to center on the party, leading the popular organizations and councils and operating according to the principle of "

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proved successful, and a Ba'athist government in Syria was established. The plotters first order was to establish the

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To express his heartfelt belief in Arab nationalism, Aflaq coined the term "one Arab nation with an eternal message" (

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together with popular participation from the toiler masses. Major policies in the "Arab road to socialism" included:

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and failures of the UAR, but ending the statement by calling for the reestablishment of the UAR as a decentralized

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was the only one who paid much attention to the problems of peasants and workers, as the other members (Aflaq,

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three members to the National Command at the 7th National Congress; Majdalani, al-Ali and Abd al-Majid Rafi.

2287:

such as al-Bakr and Saddam. Despite this, the Regional Branch elected al-Bakr as Regional Secretary in 1964.

1081: 594: 8669: 8649: 8629: 6397: 6372: 6352: 5261:

Kaylani, Nabil (January 1972). "The Rise of the Syrian Ba'th, 1940–1958: Political Success, Party Failure".

2584: 2565: 2534: 2183: 1518: 1513: 1479: 1292: 1273: 1253: 603: 599: 9895: 9505: 9417: 9336: 9046: 9006: 8996: 8545: 8080: 7037: 6987: 4183: 2608: 1809: 618: 192: 8562: 1948:(UAR), a union of Egypt and Syria, the Ba'ath Party was divided into two main factions, the Regionalists ( 9966: 9930: 9844: 9745: 9733: 9515: 9171: 9001: 8991: 8221: 8186: 8146: 8027: 7725: 7405: 6440: 5824: 2616: 1862:

The early Ba'ath gave little attention to the problems facing the peasants and workers. As the historian

1464: 898: 623: 608: 10033: 9824: 9388: 9142: 9135: 9066: 8745: 8507: 8399: 8392: 8211: 8131: 7380: 7361: 6455: 6002: 5911: 5867: 5526: 5379: 5272: 1220:. The party quickly established branches in other Arab countries, although it would only hold power in 517: 512: 2371:

Shuqyar during a government-imposed exile to Southern Jordan, used his spare time reading Marxist and

10038: 9997: 9890: 9295: 9096: 8986: 8883: 8572: 8550: 8450: 8281: 8090: 7903: 6025: 5588: 5342: 2376: 1545:

While it took some years, the 1966 coup resulted in the creation of two competing National Commands,

1388: 17: 10082: 3303: 2310:

Regional Branch was established. A group of teachers established the Regional Branch in the city by

2282:

elements. These repressive measures coupled with factionalism within the Regional Branch led to the

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in the pro-Syrian Ba'ath movement, while the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement still considered Aflaq the

9910: 9794: 9727: 9470: 9446: 9257: 9176: 8961: 8206: 8010: 7710: 7587: 7277: 6962: 6932: 6310: 6305: 5475: 5406: 2186:. The military committee accused the Old Guard of diluting socialist ideology and casting aside “ 2002: 1892: 1720: 1475: 1376: 1229: 1209: 814: 589: 381: 201: 143: 139: 1444:

as Regional Secretary, and on 15 June 1961 the National Command expelled Rikabi from the party.

9920: 9885: 9880: 9770: 9543: 9370: 8684: 8236: 8042: 7572: 7552: 7542: 7492: 7297: 7272: 7207: 7112: 7047: 6992: 6947: 6647: 6552: 5979: 5665: 2485: 2349: 2271: 1994: 1663:

There existed three types of membership categories in the Ba'ath Party: Active member (Arabic:

1392: 1241: 573: 493: 10097: 3282: 3147:"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad" 2957:"Embracing Regime Change in Iraq: American Foreign Policy and the 1963 Coup d'etat in Baghdad" 9875: 9859: 9608: 9364: 9242: 8976: 8971: 8848: 8828: 8639: 8609: 7828: 7715: 7567: 7517: 7292: 7087: 7067: 6890: 6840: 6701: 6632: 6470: 6336: 5999:

Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary

4133: 3290: 2542: 2421: 2187: 2162: 2157: 2121: 1876: 1494: 1418: 1329: 1279:

A power struggle quickly developed between the civilian faction led by ʿAflaq, al-Bitar, and

1157: 1119: 835: 583: 448: 336: 89: 2583:

slowly amassed its powers by weakening the National Command. This all came to a head in the

1834: 9935: 9277: 9247: 9207: 9202: 9106: 8981: 8818: 7477: 7390: 7242: 7187: 7057: 6982: 6835: 6637: 5596: 2663:

Mohammed Shaffi Agwani (January 1961). "The Baʻth: A Study in Contemporary Arab Politics".

2629: 2455: 2337: 2306: 2259: 2244: 2083:. Classical Ba'athists supported private ownership as a way to recruit into the party many 2040: 1998: 1945: 1739: 1619:), in Ba'athist parlance, is an Arab state, e.g., Syria, Iraq, or Lebanon. Use of the term 1460: 1404: 1291:. As relations between the two factions deteriorated, the Military Committee initiated the 1245: 478: 5184: 8: 9799: 9525: 9476: 9267: 8624: 8557: 7887: 7592: 7435: 7302: 7257: 7227: 7212: 7052: 7042: 7032: 7017: 6362: 6166: 6076: 5850: 2065: 1973: 1923:. According to Ba'athist thought, socialism had originated under the rule of the Prophet 2458:. Many intellectuals were attracted to Ba'athist ideology during the later years of the 2144:

freed from the shackles of superstition and backward customs" and replace religion with

1794: 9569: 9376: 9272: 9252: 9212: 9128: 9111: 9086: 8893: 8704: 8694: 8674: 8644: 8619: 8216: 8161: 7872: 7557: 7532: 7420: 7252: 7157: 6967: 6937: 6820: 6754: 6574: 6413: 6367: 6357: 6208: 6120: 5639: 5399: 5292: 5284: 5249: 5241: 4356: 4348: 4262: 4254: 4177: 4097: 4089: 3999: 3991: 3123: 3058: 2688: 2553: 2279: 2255: 2240: 2232: 2084: 1965: 1916: 1502: 1456: 1448: 1422: 1400: 1265: 558: 548: 302: 221: 216: 8888: 2511:) competed in street-level activity and sought to recruit support among the military. 10061: 9781: 9400: 9232: 8923: 8858: 8773: 8753: 8047: 7582: 7547: 7487: 7317: 7132: 7097: 7027: 7022: 7002: 6957: 6800: 6584: 6418: 6170: 6147: 6124: 6114: 6099: 6080: 6057: 6047: 6029: 6006: 5983: 5960: 5934: 5915: 5894: 5871: 5828: 5805: 5780: 5761: 5738: 5715: 5692: 5669: 5646: 5623: 5600: 5576: 5557: 5530: 5507: 5479: 5456: 5433: 5410: 5383: 5346: 5321: 5296: 5253: 5229: 4409: 4360: 4266: 4163: 4101: 4003: 3166: 3127: 3115: 3062: 3050: 3003: 2976: 2692: 2680: 2267: 2167: 2064:

The document stated: "Arab unity is an indispensable basis for the construction of a

1912: 1908: 961: 563: 543: 321: 292: 2499:

The Ba'ath faced considerable competition from ideological competitors, notably the

9621: 9493: 9464: 9440: 9405: 9358: 9166: 8873: 8838: 8808: 8803: 8778: 8587: 8473: 8335: 8325: 8085: 7562: 7312: 7307: 7197: 7177: 7162: 6972: 6942: 6860: 6830: 6825: 6744: 6557: 6475: 6382: 5948: 5503: 5376:

Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics

5276: 5233: 4340: 4246: 4081: 3983: 3225: 3158: 3107: 3042: 2968: 2672: 2522: 2493: 2459: 2413: 2263: 2145: 2112: 2096: 2080: 1888: 1868: 1751: 1742:. According to author Tabitha Petran, the basic tenet of the party's ideology was: 1716: 1604: 1471: 1368: 1233: 1190: 1178: 1067: 1024: 628: 311: 205: 10051: 9458: 9452: 9217: 9186: 9181: 8966: 8913: 8843: 8823: 8798: 8788: 8689: 8567: 8423: 7960: 7950: 7877: 7823: 7445: 7425: 7322: 7287: 7282: 7267: 7232: 7152: 7142: 7082: 6997: 6900: 6895: 6885: 6850: 6810: 6764: 6739: 6669: 6627: 6594: 5546: 5429: 5336: 3094:"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime" 3029:"The Kennedy Administration, Counterinsurgency, and Iraq's First Ba'thist Regime" 2380: 2330: 2236: 2175: 2108: 2095:

and its allied classes. To safeguard the party from evolving into one supporting

2088: 2020: 2010: 1957: 1949: 1928: 1872: 1731: 1498: 1441: 1372: 1132: 1113: 1060: 488: 458: 453: 259: 4329:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 4235:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 4070:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 3972:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 1485: 9961: 9905: 9585: 9499: 9394: 9222: 9061: 8956: 8951: 8918: 8908: 8898: 8868: 8793: 8783: 8664: 8592: 8487: 8417: 8340: 7970: 7602: 7537: 7482: 7430: 7395: 7337: 7332: 7147: 7137: 7062: 7012: 6880: 6815: 6805: 6759: 6679: 6642: 6622: 6579: 6547: 6465: 6460: 6392: 6300: 5953:

Understanding Iraq: A Whistlestop Tour from Ancient Babylon to Occupied Baghdad

5553: 5237: 3585: 2676: 2561: 2546: 2489: 2477: 2248: 2209: 2014: 1920: 1724: 1554: 1452: 1433: 1340: 1288: 1213: 1186: 1161: 1029: 523: 483: 473: 463: 438: 371: 209: 135: 5280: 4344: 4250: 4085: 3987: 3111: 3046: 10076: 9423: 9227: 8853: 8833: 8768: 8720: 8634: 8360: 8355: 7975: 7527: 7522: 7415: 7347: 7327: 7247: 7202: 7192: 7092: 7007: 6870: 6855: 6749: 6043: 5580: 4960: 4948: 3274: 3170: 3119: 3054: 2980: 2684: 2625: 2595:

Following the Ba'ath Party's founding, regional branches were established in

2504: 2476:

Syrian politics took a dramatic turn in 1954 when the military government of

2429: 2171: 2133: 1526: 1382:

The Syrian Regional Branch rose to prominence in the 1940s and 1950s; in the

1205:", refers to Arab unity, and freedom from non-Arab control and interference. 281: 9262: 8903: 8763: 8758: 8614: 8540: 8492: 8345: 8330: 7818: 7761: 7172: 6875: 6795: 6717: 6674: 6542: 6526: 6521: 6331: 5795: 5497: 5493: 5371: 5114:"Tunisian Baath Party Celebrates 5th Anniversary of Saddam Hussein's Death" 4972: 3402: 3400: 3398: 2600: 2526: 2484:

that year, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. Aside from the

2239:, the Regional Branch had 300 members. The Iraqi Regional Branch supported 2032:

in 1963, which led to the official radicalization of the party's ideology.

1880: 1863: 1755: 1708: 1684: 1558: 1414: 1318: 1280: 1272:. The Military Committee, with Aflaq's consent, took power in Syria in the 1165: 1153: 840: 443: 344: 197: 184: 85: 74: 69: 5931:

The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic

3385: 3383: 3381: 3368: 3366: 3000:

The Paranoid Style in American Diplomacy: Oil and Arab Nationalism in Iraq

8878: 8735: 8582: 8577: 8523: 8502: 8375: 8350: 7980: 7597: 7342: 7262: 7237: 7222: 7217: 7182: 7107: 6865: 6845: 6722: 6696: 5956: 5821:

Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse

5757: 5734: 5317: 4936: 2224: 2100: 2092: 2048: 1530: 1522: 1333: 1284: 1039: 468: 4162:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 38. 4158:

Rubin, Barry (2007). "2: The World's Most Unstable Country, 1946-1970".

3395: 3162: 2972: 2576:

expanded, the authoritarian rule it had introduced would only increase.

2383:

opposed such an idea, and because of it, Shuqyar left the Ba'ath Party.

1790: 1699: 8813: 8730: 8725: 8654: 8370: 7577: 6977: 5898: 4413: 4352: 4328: 4258: 4234: 4093: 4069: 3995: 3971: 3378: 3363: 2633: 2214: 2116: 1978: 1426: 1325: 1194: 5797:

Sovereign creations: pan-Arabism and Political order in Syria and Iraq

5288: 5245: 1972:, while the more moderate Arab nationalists founded the pro-Nasserite 8497: 8365: 6435: 6143: 5711: 5688: 5619: 2848: 2518: 2379:. However, the Regional Branch leaders Rimawi, Na'was, Gharbiyah and 2319: 2315: 2275: 1969: 1202: 1044: 1034: 1772: 9237: 8946: 8442: 8121: 5452: 2538: 2508: 2372: 2323: 2311: 1924: 1348: 1344: 1182: 578: 568: 5523:

Arab nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair

4441: 4439: 2560:, the Military Committee hastily convened to hatch a coup against 1317:

The party was founded on 7 April 1947 as the Arab Ba'ath Party by

2644: 2612: 2141: 2006: 1904: 1563: 1539: 1491: 1198: 2243:'s rule on the grounds that he would seek Iraq's entry into the 1636:

sub-branch secretary would be appointed by the superior branch.

1482:, which led to the reestablishment of the Syrian Arab Republic. 5426:

Arab Nationalism: A History: Nation and State in the Arab World

5218:

Ben-Tzur, Avraham (July 1968). "The Neo-Ba'th Party of Syria".

4436: 4390: 2636: 2596: 2365: 2217: 1535: 1425:(centre) in 1958. The three leaders were prime advocates for a 1371:

were elected and represented the Syrian Regional Branch, while

1336: 3938: 3936: 3934: 9666: 9041: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4599: 4597: 4595: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 2361: 2357: 1747: 1497:. Al-Sa'di was supported in his ideological reorientation by 1486:

Rule in Syria, infighting, the 1966 coup and split: 1963–1966

1249: 1225: 1149: 247: 241: 235: 6191: 4924: 4801: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 1723:, were strengthened in 1945–1947 by recruiting members from 9342: 5054: 5052: 5050: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4202: 4190: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 3953: 3951: 3931: 3919: 3907: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3854: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3760: 3208: 3206: 3204: 1750:. It was not Islam that modeled the peoples of Arabia, the 1221: 5685:

The Future Catches Up: Transnational Parties and Democracy

5662:

The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics

5093: 5025: 5023: 4825: 4717: 4592: 3844: 3842: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 2515:

parties would hurt the SCP more than it would the Ba'ath.

2329:

The 1st Regional Congress was held in 1951 in the home of

1252:

and Syria, in 1958. The UAR would prove unsuccessful, and

5587: 4984: 4978: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4813: 4789: 4546: 4544: 4531: 4529: 4502: 4480: 4478: 4451: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3712: 3700: 3690: 3657: 3655: 3537: 3512: 3436: 3406: 3389: 3372: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3256: 3254: 3177: 2901: 2758: 2756: 1988: 255: 6238: 5976:

Syria Under the Baʻth, 1963–66: The Army Party Symbiosis

5071: 5069: 5067: 5047: 4902: 4900: 4698: 4677: 4626: 4609: 4127:"Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" 4044: 4021: 3948: 3895: 3866: 3822: 3801: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3201: 2819: 1898: 5841: 5731:

Negotiating Change: The New Politics of the Middle East

5182: 5020: 4885: 4837: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4378: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4214: 3839: 3549: 2889: 2854: 2785: 2783: 2428:. In Tripoli the Communists supported the candidacy of 6073:

A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East

6022:

Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World

5338:

Nationalist Voices in Jordan: The Street and the State

5081: 4912: 4849: 4568: 4541: 4526: 4514: 4490: 4475: 3784: 3748: 3736: 3652: 3640: 3616: 3346: 3251: 2936: 2924: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2753: 2704: 2702: 2662: 5145:. Human Security Gateway. 3 June 2009. Archived from 5064: 4996: 4897: 4873: 4861: 4736: 4580: 4463: 3667: 3604: 3592: 3487: 3424: 3412: 2807: 2719: 2717: 2496:

stance along with their advocation of social reform.

2258:. The coup was led by leading Regional Branch member 1193:

interests. Baʿthism calls for the unification of the

5164: 5035: 5008: 4777: 4765: 4748: 4556: 2860: 2795: 2780: 2624:, from 1973 to 1980. It was an ardent critic of the 1576: 1240:. This, coupled with the increasing strength of the 1125: 5573:

The Baath Party: a History from its Origins to 1966

3772: 3724: 3628: 3334: 3310: 3189: 2872: 2831: 2699: 1939: 9052:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 7966:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 6204:The Constitution of the Arab Socialist Ba'th Party 5638: 5545: 5398: 3322: 2768: 2741: 2729: 2714: 2079:criticized the classical Ba'athist view regarding 1911:, but rather freedom from colonial oppression and 2412:The Regional Branch was strongest in the city of 2099:, the socialist economy would be controlled by a 1934: 1655:Organization converged at the Regional Congress. 1463:; long suspected to be supported by the American 1447:In Iraq, the Iraqi Regional Branch had supported 1264:had taken power by orchestrating and leading the 270:"Unity, Freedom, Socialism" "Long Live The Arabs" 10074: 6451:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq 6093: 5636: 4445: 4396: 1403:'s Egypt, which led to the establishment of the 1379:and the Ba'ath Party, which took place in 1952. 6049:Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East 5637:Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth K. (2004). 3144: 2997: 2954: 2503:(SSNP), which supported the establishment of a 2251:, which tried but failed to assassinate Qasim. 1177:, 'resurrection'), which is an ideology mixing 6378:National Council for the Revolutionary Command 5176: 4408: 2570:National Council for the Revolutionary Command 1736:ummah arabiyyah wahidah thatu risalah khalidah 1689: 9835:Movement for Justice and Development in Syria 9646: 9322: 9082:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 8529:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 8458: 8142:National Alliance for the Liberation of Syria 6224: 1557:took Aflaq's place as the official father of 1351:, Syria, leading to the establishment of the 1133:[ˈħɪzbalˈbaʕθalˈʕarabiːalɪʃtɪˈraːkiː] 1089: 7929: 6140:Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society 5847:The Socialist Arab Ba'ath: a Profound Belief 5659: 5264:International Journal of Middle East Studies 5185:"Baath Party resumes underground activities" 5183:Belamry, Algiers-Ramada (8 September 2008). 5105: 4930: 3099:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3034:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2603:. Not long after it established branches in 2396:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region 1799:introducing citations to additional sources 1216:, led by al-ʾArsūzī, on 7 April 1947 as the 1169: 53: 5777:Conflict and Cooperation in the Gulf Region 5751: 5314:Bush in Babylon: The Recolonisation of Iraq 4457: 1883:upbringing and upheld middle class values. 1208:The party was founded by the merger of the 9653: 9639: 9329: 9315: 8465: 8451: 6231: 6217: 5973: 5401:Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq 5111: 5099: 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4730: 4055: 4038: 3957: 3942: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3833: 3816: 3543: 3531: 3481: 3212: 3002:. Stanford University Press. p. 117. 2647:in 1988 after the one-party system ended. 2472:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region 1703:Part of the 1947 Ba'ath Party constitution 1096: 1082: 280: 166:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region 36:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region 8023:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 2205:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 1438:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 952:Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party 154:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 34:. For the party which governs Syria, see 32:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 9521:Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council 9162:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 9092:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 9057:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 7986:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 5891:George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited 5774: 5575:(2nd ed.). Hoover Institute Press. 5543: 5492: 5446: 5423: 5334: 5217: 4711: 4692: 4671: 4659: 4620: 4603: 4574: 4550: 4535: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4384: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4220: 4208: 4196: 3860: 3848: 3622: 3564: 3260: 3183: 3091: 3026: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2895: 2762: 2517: 2254:The Regional Branch seized power in the 2151: 1789:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1698: 1610: 1584: 1409: 1197:into a single state. Its motto, "Unity, 9763:Popular Front for Change and Liberation 9550:Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress 9037:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 9022:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 8127:Front of Patriotic and National Parties 8106:Palestinian National and Islamic Forces 7956:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 6112: 6096:Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas 6094:Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). 5818: 5682: 5520: 5469: 5260: 5087: 4891: 4843: 4484: 3661: 3506: 3092:Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). 3027:Matthews, Weldon C. (9 November 2011). 2825: 2813: 2801: 2789: 1228:. The Arab Baʿth Party merged with the 30:For the party which governed Iraq, see 14: 10075: 9946:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 9810:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 9382:Islamic Dawa Party – Iraq Organisation 9032:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 8038:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 6160: 6070: 5905: 5861: 5851:Government of the Syrian Arab Republic 5613: 5570: 5548:The Iraq War: Origins and Consequences 5396: 5370: 5075: 5058: 5002: 4918: 4906: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4742: 4469: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3610: 3598: 3430: 3418: 2708: 1762: 1678: 1455:, failed. Qasim was overthrown in the 1212:, led by ʿAflaq and al-Bitar, and the 985:Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party 9634: 9310: 8446: 8307: 7928: 7635: 6496: 6278: 6212: 6137: 6042: 6019: 5996: 5928: 5793: 5754:Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography 5752:Karsh, Afraim; Rautsi, Inari (1991). 5728: 5191:from the original on 9 September 2008 5170: 5041: 5029: 5014: 4990: 4586: 4562: 4326: 4232: 4157: 4067: 3969: 3795: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3646: 3634: 3316: 3218: 3195: 2866: 2774: 2747: 2735: 2400:Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party 2301:Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 2128: 1131: 10013:Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party 8472: 8157:Palestinian National Salvation Front 5947: 5884: 5705: 5660:Finer, Samuel; Stanley, Jay (2009). 4783: 4771: 4759: 4424:from the original on 12 October 2011 3340: 3239:from the original on 21 January 2017 2883: 2842: 2723: 2364:on the East Bank, and Jerusalem and 2193: 1766: 1647:. A division comprised two to seven 1591:National Command of the Ba'ath Party 1127:Ḥizb al-Baʿth al-ʿArabī al-Ishtirākī 9983:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria 9820:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria 9740:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party 9072:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 8227:Socialist Democratic Unionist Party 8192:Democratic Socialist Unionist Party 6192:The five volumes of Michel Aflaq's 5311: 4418:Library of Congress Country Studies 3357: 3328: 2632:. The majority of its members were 1961: 1956:) and the Nationalists (pan-Arab) ( 1953: 1735: 1270:lose power a couple of months later 1170: 1148:, was a political party founded in 1117: 54: 24: 10088:Arab nationalist political parties 10008:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria 9855:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria 9805:Syrian Democratic Turkmen Movement 9012:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 8534:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 8277:General Federation of Trade Unions 8137:Lebanese National Resistance Front 7850:National Progressive Front (Syria) 5116:. Tunisia-live.net. Archived from 4414:"Iraq — Politics: The Baath Party" 4132:. pp. 364–365. Archived from 3145:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (2015-01-01). 2955:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, B. (2015-01-01). 2450:Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 2087:elements. The document called for 1283:and the Military Committee led by 1244:, led to the establishment of the 524:The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue 27:Syrian political party (1947–1966) 25: 10114: 9077:Palestine Liberation Organization 8308: 8101:Palestine Liberation Organization 7845:National Progressive Front (Iraq) 7498:Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai 6928:Humam Abd al-Khaliq Abd al-Ghafur 6185: 6113:Simmons, Geoffrey Leslie (1993). 3231:United States Department of State 2998:Wolfe-Hunnicutt, Brandon (2021). 2409:access into the UAR-ruled Syria. 2017:was the moving force in society. 1627:Below the Regional Commands were 10093:Arab socialist political parties 10029:Assyrian Democratic Organization 9815:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 9722:Syrian Communist Party (Unified) 9716:Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash) 9665: 9341: 9291: 9290: 9017:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 8700:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 8006:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 7636: 6910:Members of the Regional Commands 6116:Libya: The Struggle for Survival 5616:Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom 5132: 3233:, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 3069:from the original on 3 July 2023 2270:while al-Bakr was appointed the 1940:Regionalists versus nationalists 1782:relies largely or entirely on a 1771: 1421:(right) with Egyptian President 1347:who later became an atheist) in 1301:Syrian-dominated Ba'ath movement 972:Arab Revolutionary Workers Party 351: 9916:Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party 9830:Democratic Arab Socialist Union 9698:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 9411:Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq 8660:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 8254:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 6388:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 5359:from the original on 2023-04-02 5221:Journal of Contemporary History 5206: 4402: 4367:from the original on 2023-02-21 4320: 4273:from the original on 2023-02-21 4226: 4151: 4119: 4108:from the original on 2023-02-21 4061: 4010:from the original on 2023-02-21 3963: 3570: 3266: 3138: 3085: 3020: 2991: 2948: 2501:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 2284:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 2047:" and emphasized the need of a 1598:al-majlis al-istishari al-qawmi 1570: 1459:led by young Ba'athist officer 1297:Iraqi-dominated Ba'ath movement 9102:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 8864:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 8076:Alliance of Palestinian Forces 6497: 6054:University of California Press 5819:Moaddel, Mansoor Erik (2005). 5683:Goldman, Ralph Morris (2002). 5472:Historical Dictionary of Syria 5335:Anderson, Betty Signe (2005). 4979:Federal Research Division 2004 4967:Federal Research Division 2004 4955:Federal Research Division 2004 4943:Federal Research Division 2004 3407:Federal Research Division 2004 3390:Federal Research Division 2004 3373:Federal Research Division 2004 2656: 2492:due to their pro-Egyptian and 2158:Ba'athism § Neo-Ba'athism 1935:Transitional Ba'ath: 1960–1964 1694: 1667:), Apprentice Member (Arabic: 13: 1: 10103:Left-wing nationalist parties 8287:General Union of Syrian Women 8197:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party 8152:Palestinian National Alliance 6424:Revolutionary Command Council 6316:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 5641:Historical Dictionary of Iraq 5112:Ajmi, Sana (4 January 2012). 2552:Following the success of the 2297:Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party 2235:in 1958, which overthrew the 1711:'s essay compilation titled " 1658: 1567:father of Ba'athist thought. 1529:, and the more traditionally 1262:the local Ba'ath Party branch 1140:in loose transcription, with 595:Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 40:Ba'ath Party (disambiguation) 9896:League of Nationalist Action 9590:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 9555:Council of Free Shabaks (1) 9506:Assyrian Democratic Movement 9487:Reserved Christian seats (5) 9418:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 9047:Federation of Arab Republics 9007:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 8997:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 8598:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 8546:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 8096:National Democratic Alliance 8081:Forces of Freedom and Change 7078:Abdullah Sallum al-Samarra'i 7038:Muhyi Abdul-Hussein Mashhadi 6988:Adil Abdullah Mahdi Al-Douri 5645:. The Scarecrow Press, Ltd. 4397:Ghareeb & Dougherty 2004 2855:Ministry of Information 1971 2641:regional Ba'ath Party branch 2556:, led by the Ba'ath Party's 2336:Both Rimawi and Na'was were 2213:Rikabi and Sa'dun Hamadi, a 1989:The "Arab road to socialism" 1879:and Jalil al-Sayyide) had a 1384:1954 parliamentary elections 619:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 7: 9967:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria 9931:Socialist Cooperation Party 9746:Social Democratic Unionists 9734:Arab Democratic Union Party 9685:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 9563:Unrepresented in parliament 9537:Reserved minority seats (3) 9516:Beth Nahrin Patriotic Union 9172:Flag of the Arab Federation 9002:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 8992:Arab Socialist Action Party 8222:Social Democratic Unionists 8187:Arab Democratic Union Party 7883:National Defense Battalions 6279: 6241:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party 5974:Rabinovich, Itamar (1972). 5825:University of Chicago Press 1899:"Unity, liberty, socialism" 1690:Classical Ba'ath: 1947–1960 1577: 1480:a coup on 28 September 1961 1465:Central Intelligence Agency 1397:Minister of Foreign Affairs 1313:History of the Ba'ath Party 1126: 624:Assadist-Saddamist conflict 10: 10119: 9704:Arab Socialist Union Party 9677:National Progressive Front 9662:Political parties in Syria 9389:Kurdistan Democratic Party 9143:On the Way of Resurrection 9136:The Battle for One Destiny 9067:Lebanese National Movement 8508:Third International Theory 8400:On the Way of Resurrection 8393:The Battle for One Destiny 8182:Arab Socialist Union Party 8132:Lebanese National Movement 7362:Ali Ahmad Nasser al-Dhahab 7073:Abd al-Khaliq al-Samarra'i 6194:On The Way Of Resurrection 6003:Greenwood Publishing Group 5912:Greenwood Publishing Group 5868:Princeton University Press 5712:Routledge & Kegan Paul 5527:Princeton University Press 5424:Choueiri, Youssef (2000). 5380:Princeton University Press 5273:Cambridge University Press 5238:10.1177/002200946800300310 4327:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 4233:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 4068:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 3970:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 2677:10.1177/002088176100300102 2469: 2447: 2393: 2389: 2294: 2202: 2155: 1682: 1588: 1512:In 1963, the Ba'ath Party 1310: 1306: 1110:Arab Socialist Baʿth Party 518:The Battle for One Destiny 513:On the Way of Resurrection 173:(Syrian-dominated faction) 55:حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي 50:Arab Socialist Baʿth Party 29: 10057:List of political parties 10047: 10039:Assyrian Democratic Party 10021: 9998:Kurdish Supreme Committee 9975: 9954: 9868: 9790:Democratic People's Party 9780: 9761: 9675: 9619: 9578: 9562: 9536: 9486: 9433: 9351: 9338:Political parties in Iraq 9286: 9195: 9152: 9120: 9097:Unified Political Command 8987:Arab Nationalist Movement 8932: 8884:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 8744: 8713: 8680:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 8551:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 8516: 8480: 8409: 8384: 8318: 8314: 8303: 8282:General Union of Peasants 8269: 8174: 8114: 8091:National Consensus Forces 8068: 8061: 7994: 7943: 7939: 7924: 7904:Revolutionary Youth Union 7896: 7865: 7858: 7837: 7811: 7739: 7661: 7650: 7646: 7631: 7616: 7506: 7466: 7459: 7404: 7379: 7372: 7356: 7121: 6916: 6909: 6778: 6732: 6710: 6689: 6662: 6615: 6608: 6567: 6535: 6514: 6507: 6503: 6492: 6406: 6345: 6324: 6293: 6289: 6274: 6248: 6098:. Sussex Academic Press. 6026:Syracuse University Press 5933:. Sussex Academic Press. 5775:Kostiner, Joseph (2007). 5589:Federal Research Division 5499:Saddam: His Rise and Fall 5343:University of Texas Press 5281:10.1017/s0020743800030014 4345:10.1080/00263200008701312 4251:10.1080/00263200008701312 4086:10.1080/00263200008701312 3988:10.1080/00263200008701312 3112:10.1017/S0020743811000882 3047:10.1017/S0020743811000882 2590: 2377:Jordanian Communist Party 2290: 2262:. The plotters appointed 2138:Declaration of Principles 1944:After the failure of the 1707:For more than 2 decades, 1671:) and Supporter (Arabic: 996: 983: 970: 960: 950: 912: 891: 870: 849: 828: 807: 791: 770: 754: 733: 712: 691: 670: 649: 554:November 1963 coup d'état 410: 400: 390: 380: 370: 288: 279: 274: 266: 227: 215: 191: 179: 161:(Iraqi-dominated faction) 149: 131: 113: 95: 81: 63: 47: 9993:Kurdish National Council 9926:Arab Liberation Movement 9710:Socialist Unionist Party 9511:Assyrian Patriotic Party 8605:1952 Egyptian revolution 8232:Socialist Unionist Party 8202:Libyan National Movement 8028:Arabic Toilers' Movement 7932:Associated organizations 7792:National Security Bureau 7740:Syrian-dominated faction 7168:Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan 7103:Yahya Abdallah al-Ubaydi 6953:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed 6653:Mohammed Younis al-Ahmed 6568:Syrian-dominated faction 6264:Syrian-dominated faction 5862:Nakash, Yitzhak (2003). 5802:Cornell University Press 5544:DeFronzo, James (2009). 4931:Finer & Stanley 2009 4446:Sheffer & Ma'oz 2002 4182:: CS1 maint: location ( 3226:"Background Note: Syria" 2986:available documentation. 2650: 2465: 2443: 2426:Lebanese Communist Party 2272:country's Prime Minister 2148:as their belief system. 1339:), and the followers of 412:Baath Party (pro-Syrian) 10003:Kurdish Future Movement 9955:Banned Islamist parties 9850:Kurdish Future Movement 9795:Syrian Turkmen Assembly 9752:Arab Socialist Movement 9728:National Covenant Party 9471:Kurdistan Justice Group 9447:New Generation Movement 9434:Minor political parties 9352:Major political parties 9258:Palestinian nationalism 9177:Flag of the Arab Revolt 8670:1966 Syrian coup d'état 8650:1963 Syrian coup d'état 8630:1961 Syrian coup d'état 8207:National Covenant Party 8011:Arab Socialist Movement 7662:Iraqi-dominated faction 7588:Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji 7278:Mohammad Jihad al-Laham 6963:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash 6933:Muhammad Zimam al-Sadun 6536:Iraqi-dominated faction 6456:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge 6446:Union of Arab Republics 6398:1966 Syrian coup d'état 6373:1963 Syrian coup d'état 6353:1954 Syrian coup d'état 6311:Arab Socialist Movement 6255:Iraqi-dominated faction 6163:Libya: A Modern History 5997:Reich, Bernard (1990). 5855:Ministry of Information 5843:Ministry of Information 5521:Dawisha, Addid (2005). 5447:Claessen, Erik (2010). 5407:Oxford University Press 5212:Articles & journals 4458:Karsh & Rautsi 1991 2585:1966 Syrian coup d'état 2581:Syrian Regional Command 2198: 2136:was emphasized in the " 2005:ideology which adapted 2003:revolutionary socialist 1476:Abd al-Karim al-Nahlawi 1377:Arab Socialist Movement 1293:1966 Syrian coup d'état 1274:1963 Syrian coup d'état 1230:Arab Socialist Movement 614:Intervention in Lebanon 402:Baath Party (pro-Iraqi) 217:Political position 202:Revolutionary socialism 144:Arab Socialist Movement 9988:Democratic Union Party 9941:Communist Labour Party 9921:Syrian Communist Party 9840:Democratic Union Party 9544:Hareth Shanshal Sunaid 9371:State of Law Coalition 8685:1969 Libyan revolution 8563:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 8237:Syrian Communist Party 8043:Palestinian Arab Front 7573:Muhammad Naji al-Otari 7553:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi 7543:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 7493:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi 7298:Muhammad Naji al-Otari 7273:Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 7208:Muhammad Ali al-Halabi 7113:Mohammed Hamza Zubeidi 7048:Ghazi Hamoud Al-Obaidi 6993:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 6948:Jamal Mustafa Abdullah 6648:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 6553:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 6071:Seddon, David (2004). 5980:Transaction Publishers 5885:Oron, Yitzhak (1960). 5729:Jones, Jeremy (2007). 5708:Inside the Middle East 5666:Transaction Publishers 5593:Syria: A Country Study 5470:Commins, Dean (2004). 4333:Middle Eastern Studies 4239:Middle Eastern Studies 4074:Middle Eastern Studies 3976:Middle Eastern Studies 3298:Cite journal requires 2530: 2486:Syrian Communist Party 2266:, a Nasserite, to the 2126: 2057: 1995:Syrian Communist Party 1760: 1704: 1507:Soviet-style socialism 1429: 1353:Syrian Regional Branch 1242:Syrian Communist Party 1136:), also anglicized as 642:Regional organisations 494:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri 119:; 58 years ago 101:; 77 years ago 38:. For other uses, see 9860:Reform Party of Syria 9690:pan-Arab organization 9609:Arab Liberation Front 9599:pan-Arab organization 9243:Jordanian nationalism 8977:Arab Islamic Republic 8972:Arab Higher Committee 8849:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 8829:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 8640:North Yemen civil war 8573:Arab–Israeli conflict 8053:Sudanese Ba'ath Party 7568:Muhammad Mustafa Mero 7518:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 7293:Muhammad Mustafa Mero 7088:Nayef Shindakh Thamer 6841:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 6702:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei 6337:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 6161:Wright, John (1981). 6138:Tejei, Jordi (2009). 5908:The Middle East Today 5794:Mufti, Malik (1996). 5614:George, Alan (2003). 5571:Devlin, John (1979). 5397:Bengio, Ofra (1998). 5140:"Embattled in Arabia" 4160:The Truth About Syria 2665:International Studies 2558:Iraqi Regional Branch 2543:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 2521: 2422:Abd al-Majid al-Rafei 2338:elected to Parliament 2295:Further information: 2188:collective leadership 2156:Further information: 2152:Neo-Ba'ath: 1964–1966 2122:democratic centralism 2105: 2053: 2030:Iraqi Regional Branch 2009:to local conditions. 1877:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 1744: 1702: 1683:Further information: 1611:Regional organization 1589:Further information: 1585:National organization 1413: 1330:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 1254:a Syrian coup in 1961 1164:. The party espoused 1158:Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Bīṭār 998:Sudanese Ba'ath Party 609:Corrective Revolution 449:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 90:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 9936:Arab Communist Party 9911:Arab Ba'ath Movement 9845:National Youth Party 9278:Tunisian nationalism 9248:Lebanese nationalism 9208:Egyptian nationalism 9203:Algerian nationalism 9107:United Arab Republic 8982:Arab Liberation Army 8962:Arab Ba'ath Movement 8819:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 8147:National Union Front 7478:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 7436:Abdul Halim Khaddam 7391:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 7243:Abdul-Karim al-Jundi 7188:Fahd Jassem al-Freij 7058:Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi 6983:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 6836:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 6638:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 6609:Regional Secretaries 6306:Arab Ba'ath Movement 6167:Taylor & Francis 6077:Taylor & Francis 6020:Salem, Paul (1994). 5929:Podeh, Elie (1999). 5906:Peretz, Don (1994). 5706:Hiro, Dilip (1982). 5597:Kessinger Publishing 5152:on December 22, 2012 2630:American imperialism 2456:United Arab Republic 2260:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 2245:United Arab Republic 2093:national bourgeoisie 1946:United Arab Republic 1893:Arab Socialist Party 1795:improve this article 1721:Arab Ba'ath Movement 1578:An-Nidhāmu-d-Dākhilī 1547:one Syrian-dominated 1461:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 1405:United Arab Republic 1246:United Arab Republic 1210:Arab Ba'ath Movement 1160:, and associates of 479:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 382:Arab Ba'ath Movement 140:Arab Ba'ath Movement 9901:Arab National Party 9800:Syrian Turkmen Bloc 9771:People's Will Party 9526:Sons of Mesopotamia 9477:Iraqi Turkmen Front 9268:Sahrawi nationalism 8625:1959 Mosul uprising 8558:Great Syrian Revolt 8270:Other organizations 8212:Popular Unity Party 8062:Political alliances 7593:Wael Nader al-Halqi 7460:Heads of government 7303:Abdul Qadir Qaddura 7258:Abdul Halim Khaddam 7228:Mohammad al-Hussein 7213:Wael Nader al-Halqi 7053:Taha Yassin Ramadan 7043:Aziz Saleh Al-Numan 7033:Ali Hassan al-Majid 7018:Latif Nassif Jassim 6508:General Secretaries 6441:Corrective Movement 6363:1959 Mosul uprising 6196:(Fi Sabil al Ba'th) 5312:Ali, Tariq (2004). 4993:, pp. 152–153. 4969:, pp. 211–212. 4957:, pp. 210–211. 4674:, pp. 136–137. 4211:, pp. 174–175. 4199:, pp. 170–175. 3863:, pp. 166–167. 3721:, pp. 144–145. 3709:, pp. 134–136. 3588:on 21 October 2020. 3360:, pp. 106–107. 2643:was established in 2564:'s presidency. The 2134:Militant secularism 2077:Points of Departure 2070:Points of Departure 2061:Points of Departure 2037:Points of Departure 1974:Socialist Unionists 1763:Peasant and workers 1679:Ideology and policy 1323:Antiochian Orthodox 10034:Syriac Union Party 9825:Syriac Union Party 9377:Islamic Dawa Party 9273:Syrian nationalism 9253:Libyan nationalism 9213:Greater Mauritania 9129:The Arab Awakening 9112:United Arab States 9087:Rejectionist Front 8894:Gamal Abdel Nasser 8705:Yemeni unification 8695:Lebanese Civil War 8675:17 July Revolution 8645:Ramadan Revolution 8620:14 July Revolution 8162:Rejectionist Front 7558:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm 7533:Nureddin al-Atassi 7421:Nureddin al-Atassi 7253:Abdul Rauf al-Kasm 7158:Nureddin al-Atassi 7068:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 6968:Salih Mahdi Ammash 6938:Ghanim Abdul-Jalil 6891:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 6821:Nureddin al-Atassi 6755:Nureddin al-Atassi 6633:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 6585:Abdullah al-Ahmar 6575:Nureddin al-Atassi 6471:De-Ba'athification 6414:17 July Revolution 6368:Ramadan Revolution 6358:14 July Revolution 6121:Palgrave Macmillan 5887:Middle East Record 5864:The Shi'is of Iraq 4410:Metz, Helen Chapin 4374:– via JSTOR. 4280:– via JSTOR. 4115:– via JSTOR. 4017:– via JSTOR. 3769:, pp. 67–68]. 3151:Diplomatic History 2961:Diplomatic History 2626:Saudi royal family 2566:8 March Revolution 2554:Ramadan Revolution 2531: 2368:on the West Bank. 2256:Ramadan Revolution 2241:Abd al-Karim Qasim 2237:Hashemite monarchy 2233:14 July Revolution 2142:scientific thought 2129:Stance on religion 2049:socialist vanguard 2045:people's democracy 1966:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1713:Fi Sabil al-Ba’ath 1705: 1495:Ali Salih al-Sa'di 1457:Ramadan Revolution 1449:Abd al-Karim Qasim 1430: 1423:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1419:Salah al-Din Bitar 1401:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1266:Ramadan Revolution 1248:(UAR), a union of 956:1960–1962/63 584:De-Ba'athification 559:17 July Revolution 549:Ramadan Revolution 10070: 10069: 10062:Politics of Syria 9906:Arab Ba'ath Party 9628: 9627: 9401:Badr Organization 9304: 9303: 9233:Iraqi nationalism 8924:Constantin Zureiq 8774:Abdul Rahman Arif 8754:Butrus al-Bustani 8440: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8175:Political parties 8170: 8169: 8048:Socialist Lebanon 7920: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7807: 7806: 7653:Regional branches 7627: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7612: 7611: 7583:Riyad Farid Hijab 7548:Mahmoud al-Ayyubi 7455: 7454: 7441: 7368: 7367: 7318:Hikmat al-Shihabi 7133:Abdullah al-Ahmar 7098:Hardan al-Tikriti 7028:Adnan Khayr Allah 7023:Rashid Taan Kazim 6958:Salah Omar al-Ali 6801:Abdullah al-Ahmar 6774: 6773: 6604: 6603: 6590: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6153:978-1-134-09643-5 6105:978-1-902210-84-1 6035:978-0-8156-2628-2 5966:978-1-84511-123-6 5949:Polk, William Roe 5877:978-0-691-11575-7 5786:978-3-531-16205-8 5744:978-1-84511-269-1 5698:978-0-595-22888-1 5675:978-0-7658-0922-3 5652:978-0-8108-4330-1 5606:978-1-4191-5022-7 5563:978-0-8133-4391-4 5536:978-0-691-12272-4 5352:978-0-292-70625-5 5230:SAGE Publications 5187:. alarabiya.net. 5061:, pp. 68–69. 5032:, pp. 76–78. 4981:, pp. 52–53. 4810:, pp. 23–24. 4606:, pp. 46–48. 4511:, pp. 25–26. 4169:978-1-4039-8273-5 3945:, pp. 84–86. 3928:, pp. 82–83. 3916:, pp. 77–78. 3892:, pp. 41–42. 3798:, pp. 69–70. 3757:, pp. 66–68. 3649:, pp. 30–31. 3186:, pp. 44–46. 3163:10.1093/dh/dht121 3009:978-1-5036-1382-9 2973:10.1093/dh/dht121 2921:, pp. 24–25. 2828:, pp. 19–21. 2194:Regional branches 2168:popular democracy 2081:private ownership 2066:socialist economy 1913:freedom of speech 1909:liberal democracy 1860: 1859: 1845: 1740:enlightenment era 1559:Ba'athist thought 1432:On 24 June 1959, 1106: 1105: 1009: 1008: 962:Socialist Lebanon 933: 932: 604:1966 coup d'états 423: 422: 330: 329: 317:Political parties 298:Political parties 293:Politics of Syria 174: 162: 150:Succeeded by 65:Secretary-General 16:(Redirected from 10110: 10022:Assyrian parties 9670: 9669: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9632: 9631: 9622:Politics of Iraq 9494:Babylon Movement 9465:Victory Alliance 9441:Emtidad Movement 9406:Al-Sadiqoun Bloc 9346: 9345: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9308: 9307: 9294: 9293: 9167:Eagle of Saladin 8874:Amin al-Husseini 8839:Faisal I of Iraq 8809:Sultan al-Atrash 8804:Mansur al-Atrash 8779:Abdul Salam Arif 8588:War of Attrition 8474:Arab nationalism 8467: 8460: 8453: 8444: 8443: 8336:Arab nationalism 8326:Anti-imperialism 8316: 8315: 8305: 8304: 8086:March 8 Alliance 8066: 8065: 7998: 7997:Breakaway groups 7941: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7925: 7863: 7862: 7689:Regional Command 7659: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7632: 7563:Mahmoud Al-Zoubi 7510: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7437: 7408: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7313:Farouk al-Sharaa 7308:Hammouda Sabbagh 7198:Ibrahim al-Hadid 7178:Mahdi Dakhlallah 7163:Shibli al-Aysami 7125: 6973:Hussein Al-Awadi 6943:Saad Abdul-Majid 6920: 6914: 6913: 6861:Akram al-Hawrani 6831:Shibli al-Aysami 6826:Mansur al-Atrash 6788: 6787:National Command 6782: 6745:Shibli al-Aysami 6613: 6612: 6586: 6558:Salah Al-Mukhtar 6512: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6494: 6493: 6476:Syrian civil war 6383:Ar-Rashid revolt 6291: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6275: 6265: 6256: 6242: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6200: 6180: 6157: 6134: 6109: 6090: 6067: 6039: 6016: 5993: 5970: 5944: 5925: 5902: 5881: 5858: 5838: 5815: 5790: 5771: 5748: 5725: 5702: 5679: 5656: 5644: 5633: 5610: 5584: 5567: 5551: 5540: 5517: 5504:Harper Perennial 5489: 5466: 5443: 5420: 5404: 5393: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5331: 5300: 5257: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5151: 5144: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5120:on 10 March 2012 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5062: 5056: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4715: 4709: 4696: 4690: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4624: 4618: 4607: 4601: 4590: 4584: 4578: 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Archived from 3574: 3568: 3562: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3510: 3504: 3485: 3479: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3393: 3387: 3376: 3370: 3361: 3355: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3286: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3074: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2712: 2706: 2697: 2696: 2660: 2622:Sawt al-Tal‘iyya 2523:Akram al-Hawrani 2494:anti-imperialist 2460:Kingdom of Libya 2264:Abdul Salam Arif 2146:Arab nationalism 2113:collective farms 2097:state capitalism 2043:tenets such as " 2041:Marxist-Leninist 2026:Regional Command 1963: 1955: 1889:Akram al-Hawrani 1869:Akram al-Hawrani 1855: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1803: 1775: 1767: 1752:Fertile Crescent 1737: 1717:Arab nationalist 1580: 1503:collective farms 1472:Arab nationalism 1369:Akram al-Hawrani 1234:Akram al-Hawrani 1218:Arab Baʿth Party 1191:anti-imperialist 1179:Arab nationalist 1173: 1172: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1122:العربي الاشتراكي 1098: 1091: 1084: 1070: 1068:Socialism portal 1063: 1025:Arab nationalism 1005: 992: 979: 948: 947: 647: 646: 629:Syrian civil war 419: 368: 367: 355: 332: 331: 312:Politics of Iraq 284: 254: 250: 246: 240: 234: 206:Arab nationalism 172: 160: 127: 125: 124:23 February 1966 120: 117:23 February 1966 109: 107: 102: 66: 57: 56: 45: 44: 21: 10118: 10117: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10108: 10107: 10073: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10052:Portal:Politics 10043: 10017: 9976:Kurdish parties 9971: 9950: 9869:Defunct parties 9864: 9776: 9757: 9671: 9664: 9659: 9629: 9624: 9615: 9574: 9558: 9532: 9482: 9459:Tasmim Alliance 9453:Ishraqat Kanoon 9429: 9347: 9340: 9335: 9305: 9300: 9282: 9218:Greater Morocco 9191: 9187:Pan-Arab colors 9182:Hawk of Quraish 9148: 9116: 8967:Arab Federation 8928: 8914:Abdullah Rimawi 8889:Mostéfa Merarda 8844:Muammar Gaddafi 8824:Ahmed Ben Bella 8799:Jamal al-Atassi 8789:Bashar al-Assad 8740: 8709: 8690:Black September 8568:Anglo-Iraqi War 8512: 8476: 8471: 8441: 8428: 8424:Pan-Arab colors 8418:Arḍ ul-Furātayn 8405: 8380: 8310: 8291: 8265: 8166: 8110: 8057: 8016:Damascus branch 7996: 7990: 7961:Free Iraqi Army 7951:Al-Abud Network 7935: 7931: 7908: 7892: 7878:Fedayeen Saddam 7873:Ba'ath Brigades 7854: 7833: 7824:Sawt al-Jamahir 7803: 7782:Central Command 7735: 7652: 7642: 7638: 7619: 7608: 7508: 7502: 7468: 7451: 7446:Bashar al-Assad 7426:Ahmad al-Khatib 7406: 7400: 7381: 7364: 7352: 7323:Hammud al-Shufi 7288:Zuhair Masharqa 7283:Ibrahim Makhous 7268:Ahmad al-Khatib 7233:Hisham Ikhtiyar 7153:Rifaat al-Assad 7143:Bashar al-Assad 7123: 7117: 7083:Talib El-Shibib 6998:Saadoun Ghaidan 6918: 6905: 6901:Khaled Yashruti 6896:Talib El-Shibib 6886:Abdullah Rimawi 6851:Wahib al-Ghanim 6811:Bashar al-Assad 6786: 6780: 6770: 6765:Bashar al-Assad 6740:Hammud al-Shufi 6728: 6706: 6685: 6670:Abdullah Rimawi 6658: 6628:Talib El-Shibib 6600: 6595:Bashar al-Assad 6563: 6531: 6499: 6480: 6402: 6341: 6320: 6285: 6281: 6270: 6263: 6254: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6198: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6154: 6131: 6106: 6087: 6064: 6036: 6013: 5990: 5967: 5941: 5922: 5889:. Vol. 1. 5878: 5835: 5812: 5787: 5768: 5745: 5722: 5699: 5676: 5653: 5630: 5607: 5564: 5537: 5514: 5486: 5476:Scarecrow Press 5463: 5440: 5430:Wiley-Blackwell 5417: 5390: 5362: 5360: 5353: 5328: 5209: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5110: 5106: 5100:Rabinovich 1972 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5065: 5057: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4832:Rabinovich 1972 4830: 4826: 4820:Rabinovich 1972 4818: 4814: 4808:Rabinovich 1972 4806: 4802: 4796:Rabinovich 1972 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4731:Rabinovich 1972 4729: 4718: 4710: 4699: 4691: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4627: 4619: 4610: 4602: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 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1804: 1802: 1788: 1776: 1765: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1681: 1661: 1613: 1593: 1587: 1573: 1551:Iraqi-dominated 1499:Hammud al-Shufi 1488: 1442:Talib El-Shibib 1407:(UAR) in 1958. 1373:Abdullah Rimawi 1315: 1309: 1281:Munīf ar-Razzāz 1162:Zakī al-ʾArsūzī 1102: 1073: 1066: 1061:Politics portal 1059: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1003: 990: 977: 966:1965–1970 945: 943:Splinter groups 935: 934: 929: 908: 887: 866: 845: 824: 803: 787: 766: 750: 729: 708: 687: 666: 644: 634: 633: 593: 547: 538: 530: 529: 526: 508: 500: 499: 498: 489:Bashar al-Assad 459:Wahib al-Ghanim 454:Abdullah Rimawi 433: 425: 424: 417: 406:1968–2003 396:1947–1966 386:1940–1947 376:1940–1947 365: 326: 307: 260:Pan-Arab colors 252: 251: 244: 238: 232: 231: 208: 204: 200: 171: 164: 159: 142: 138: 123: 121: 118: 105: 103: 100: 88: 73: 64: 59: 58: 51: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10116: 10106: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10025: 10023: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9962:Hizb ut-Tahrir 9958: 9956: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9891:People's Party 9888: 9886:National Union 9883: 9881:National Party 9878: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9786: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9767: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9681: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9658: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9635: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9588: 9586:Hizb ut-Tahrir 9582: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9553: 9547: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9500:Athra Alliance 9497: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9474: 9468: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9395:Fatah Alliance 9392: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9379: 9368: 9365:Progress Party 9362: 9355: 9353: 9349: 9348: 9334: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9311: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9298: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9199: 9197: 9196:Related topics 9193: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9146: 9139: 9132: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9062:Islamic Legion 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8952:Al-Mourabitoun 8949: 8944: 8938: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8919:Hamdeen Sabahi 8916: 8911: 8909:Fuad al-Rikabi 8906: 8901: 8899:Adnan Pachachi 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8869:Saddam Hussein 8866: 8861: 8859:Sati' al-Husri 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8794:Hafez al-Assad 8791: 8786: 8784:Zaki al-Arsuzi 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8717: 8715: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8665:Aden Emergency 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8610:Iraqi Intifada 8607: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8593:Yom Kippur War 8590: 8585: 8580: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8554: 8553: 8543: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8526: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8488:Arab socialism 8484: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8470: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8447: 8438: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8396: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8341:Arab socialism 8338: 8333: 8328: 8322: 8320: 8312: 8311: 8301: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8261: 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al-Rikabi 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7013:Saddam Hussein 7010: 7005: 7003:Sa'dun Hammadi 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6881:Fuad al-Rikabi 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6816:Hafez al-Assad 6813: 6808: 6806:Zaki al-Arsuzi 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6762: 6760:Hafez al-Assad 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6680:Akram al-Homsi 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6650: 6645: 6643:Saddam Hussein 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6623:Fuad al-Rikabi 6619: 6617: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6592: 6582: 6580:Hafez al-Assad 6577: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6555: 6550: 6548:Saddam Hussein 6545: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6509: 6501: 6500: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6466:Iraqi conflict 6463: 6461:Faith Campaign 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6421: 6419:Ba'athist Iraq 6416: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6393:1964 Hama riot 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6287: 6286: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6259: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6187: 6186:External links 6184: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6158: 6152: 6135: 6129: 6110: 6104: 6091: 6085: 6068: 6062: 6044:Seale, Patrick 6040: 6034: 6017: 6011: 5994: 5988: 5971: 5965: 5945: 5939: 5926: 5920: 5903: 5882: 5876: 5859: 5839: 5833: 5816: 5810: 5791: 5785: 5772: 5766: 5749: 5743: 5726: 5720: 5703: 5697: 5680: 5674: 5657: 5651: 5634: 5628: 5611: 5605: 5585: 5568: 5562: 5554:Westview Press 5541: 5535: 5518: 5512: 5490: 5484: 5467: 5461: 5444: 5438: 5421: 5415: 5394: 5388: 5368: 5351: 5332: 5326: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5258: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5175: 5163: 5131: 5104: 5102:, p. 169. 5092: 5080: 5063: 5046: 5034: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4947: 4945:, p. 211. 4935: 4933:, p. 149. 4923: 4921:, p. 413. 4911: 4896: 4894:, p. 161. 4884: 4872: 4860: 4858:, p. 227. 4848: 4846:, p. 166. 4836: 4834:, p. 106. 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4786:, p. 378. 4776: 4774:, p. 348. 4764: 4762:, p. 356. 4747: 4735: 4733:, p. 227. 4716: 4714:, p. 175. 4697: 4695:, p. 137. 4676: 4664: 4662:, p. 136. 4625: 4623:, p. 135. 4608: 4591: 4589:, p. 165. 4579: 4567: 4565:, p. 161. 4555: 4540: 4525: 4513: 4501: 4489: 4487:, p. 174. 4474: 4472:, p. 136. 4462: 4450: 4448:, p. 174. 4435: 4401: 4399:, p. 194. 4389: 4387:, p. 181. 4377: 4319: 4317:, p. 180. 4307: 4305:, p. 179. 4295: 4293:, p. 177. 4283: 4245:(2): 157–158. 4225: 4223:, p. 175. 4213: 4201: 4189: 4168: 4150: 4118: 4060: 4043: 4020: 3982:(2): 151–152. 3962: 3947: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3865: 3853: 3851:, p. 166. 3838: 3821: 3800: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3697:, p. 136. 3666: 3664:, p. 229. 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3613:, p. 135. 3603: 3601:, p. 134. 3591: 3578:"Michel Aflaq" 3569: 3567:, p. 234. 3548: 3546:, p. 148. 3536: 3534:, p. 231. 3511: 3486: 3484:, p. 230. 3435: 3433:, p. 392. 3423: 3421:, p. 218. 3411: 3409:, p. 213. 3394: 3377: 3362: 3345: 3343:, p. 143. 3333: 3331:, p. 105. 3321: 3309: 3300:|journal= 3265: 3250: 3217: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3137: 3106:(4): 635–653. 3084: 3041:(4): 635–653. 3019: 3008: 2990: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2900: 2898:, p. 203. 2888: 2886:, p. 497. 2871: 2869:, p. 219. 2859: 2847: 2845:, p. 271. 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2779: 2767: 2765:, p. 231. 2752: 2740: 2728: 2726:, p. 109. 2713: 2698: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2592: 2589: 2562:Nazim al-Kudsi 2547:Muhammad Umran 2490:intelligentsia 2478:Adib Shishakli 2470:Main article: 2467: 2464: 2448:Main article: 2445: 2442: 2418:1960 elections 2391: 2388: 2346:1951 elections 2292: 2289: 2249:Saddam Hussein 2210:Fuad al-Rikabi 2203:Main article: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2153: 2150: 2130: 2127: 2115:to effect the 2101:vanguard party 2051:in-order to: 2015:class struggle 1990: 1987: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1921:Arab socialism 1900: 1897: 1858: 1857: 1810:"Ba'ath Party" 1793:. Please help 1779: 1777: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1725:Zaki al-Arsuzi 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1680: 1677: 1669:udw mutadarrib 1660: 1657: 1612: 1609: 1586: 1583: 1572: 1569: 1555:Zaki al-Arsuzi 1487: 1484: 1453:Saddam Hussein 1434:Fuad al-Rikabi 1427:pan-Arab union 1393:National Party 1389:People's Party 1341:Zaki al-Arsuzi 1311:Main article: 1308: 1305: 1289:Hafez al-Assad 1256:dissolved it. 1187:Arab socialist 1104: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1086: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1030:Arab socialism 1027: 1021: 1020: 1018:Related topics 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1006: 1000: 994: 993: 987: 981: 980: 974: 968: 967: 964: 958: 957: 954: 946: 941: 940: 937: 936: 931: 930: 928: 927: 922: 916: 914: 910: 909: 907: 906: 901: 895: 893: 889: 888: 886: 885: 880: 874: 872: 868: 867: 865: 864: 859: 853: 851: 847: 846: 844: 843: 838: 832: 830: 826: 825: 823: 822: 817: 811: 809: 805: 804: 802: 801: 795: 793: 789: 788: 786: 785: 780: 774: 772: 768: 767: 765: 764: 758: 756: 752: 751: 749: 748: 743: 737: 735: 731: 730: 728: 727: 722: 716: 714: 710: 709: 707: 706: 701: 695: 693: 689: 688: 686: 685: 680: 674: 672: 668: 667: 665: 664: 659: 653: 651: 645: 640: 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 597: 590:Baathist Syria 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 544:Ba'athist Iraq 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 522: 520: 515: 509: 506: 505: 502: 501: 497: 496: 491: 486: 484:Saddam Hussein 481: 476: 474:Hafez al-Assad 471: 466: 464:Fuad al-Rikabi 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 439:Zaki al-Arsuzi 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 421: 420: 414: 408: 407: 404: 398: 397: 394: 388: 387: 384: 378: 377: 374: 366: 361: 360: 357: 356: 348: 347: 341: 340: 328: 327: 325: 324: 319: 314: 308: 306: 305: 300: 295: 289: 286: 285: 277: 276: 272: 271: 268: 264: 263: 229: 225: 224: 219: 213: 212: 210:Arab socialism 195: 189: 188: 181: 177: 176: 151: 147: 146: 133: 132:Merger of 129: 128: 115: 111: 110: 97: 93: 92: 83: 79: 78: 67: 61: 60: 52: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10115: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9974: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9953: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9876:National Bloc 9874: 9873: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9782:Unrepresented 9779: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9760: 9753: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9714: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9696: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9674: 9668: 9663: 9656: 9651: 9649: 9644: 9642: 9637: 9636: 9633: 9623: 9618: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9554: 9551: 9548: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9478: 9475: 9472: 9469: 9466: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9451: 9448: 9445: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9432: 9425: 9424:Azem Alliance 9422: 9419: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9366: 9363: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9327: 9325: 9320: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9297: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9228:Greater Yemen 9226: 9224: 9223:Greater Syria 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8934:Organizations 8931: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8854:George Habash 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8834:Izzat Darwaza 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8769:Yasser Arafat 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8746:Personalities 8743: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8721:Arab identity 8719: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8635:Arab Cold War 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8461: 8456: 8454: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8361:Republicanism 8359: 8357: 8356:Progressivism 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309:Miscellaneous 8306: 8302: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7976:Rejectionists 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7927: 7923: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7630: 7618:* = incumbent 7615: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7528:Yusuf Zuayyin 7526: 7524: 7523:Amin al-Hafiz 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7416:Amin al-Hafiz 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7348:Yusuf Zuayyin 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7328:Mustafa Tlass 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7248:Sami al-Jundi 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7203:Amin al-Hafiz 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193:Marwan Habash 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7093:Khamis Sirhan 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7008:Qusay Hussein 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6871:Zuheir Mohsen 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6856:Amin al-Hafiz 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6750:Amin al-Hafiz 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6491: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6243: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6205: 6202: 6197: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6178: 6176:0-7099-2727-4 6172: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6130:0-312-08997-X 6126: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6086:1-85743-212-6 6082: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6063:0-520-06976-5 6059: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5989:0-7065-1266-9 5985: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5940:1-902210-20-4 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5921:0-275-94576-6 5917: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5834:9780226533339 5830: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5811:0-06-050543-5 5807: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5779:. VS Verlag. 5778: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5721:0-7100-9039-0 5717: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5631: 5629:1-84277-213-9 5625: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5513:0-06-050543-5 5509: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5494:Coughlin, Con 5491: 5487: 5485:0-8108-4934-8 5481: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5462:9780313384455 5458: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5439:0-631-21729-0 5435: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5416:0-19-511439-6 5412: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5395: 5391: 5389:9780691002545 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5372:Batatu, Hanna 5369: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5333: 5329: 5327:1-84467-512-2 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5173:, p. 90. 5172: 5167: 5148: 5141: 5135: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5096: 5090:, p. 60. 5089: 5084: 5078:, p. 69. 5077: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5044:, p. 78. 5043: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5024: 5017:, p. 75. 5016: 5011: 5005:, p. 68. 5004: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4951: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4909:, p. 18. 4908: 4903: 4901: 4893: 4888: 4882:, p. 96. 4881: 4876: 4870:, p. 94. 4869: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4822:, p. 39. 4821: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4798:, p. 23. 4797: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4773: 4768: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4745:, p. 85. 4744: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4713: 4712:Anderson 2005 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4694: 4693:Anderson 2005 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4673: 4672:Anderson 2005 4668: 4661: 4660:Anderson 2005 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4622: 4621:Anderson 2005 4617: 4615: 4613: 4605: 4604:Coughlin 2005 4600: 4598: 4596: 4588: 4583: 4577:, p. 44. 4576: 4575:Coughlin 2005 4571: 4564: 4559: 4553:, p. 41. 4552: 4551:Coughlin 2005 4547: 4545: 4538:, p. 39. 4537: 4536:Coughlin 2005 4532: 4530: 4523:, p. 26. 4522: 4521:Coughlin 2005 4517: 4510: 4509:Coughlin 2005 4505: 4499:, p. 22. 4498: 4497:Coughlin 2005 4493: 4486: 4481: 4479: 4471: 4466: 4460:, p. 13. 4459: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4440: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4385:Ben-Tzur 1968 4381: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4315:Ben-Tzur 1968 4311: 4304: 4303:Ben-Tzur 1968 4299: 4292: 4291:Ben-Tzur 1968 4287: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4221:Ben-Tzur 1968 4217: 4210: 4209:Ben-Tzur 1968 4205: 4198: 4197:Ben-Tzur 1968 4193: 4185: 4179: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4135: 4128: 4122: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4058:, p. 89. 4057: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4041:, p. 88. 4040: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3960:, p. 87. 3959: 3954: 3952: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3904:, p. 77. 3903: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3880:, p. 41. 3879: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3861:Ben-Tzur 1968 3857: 3850: 3849:Ben-Tzur 1968 3845: 3843: 3836:, p. 37. 3835: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3819:, p. 36. 3818: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3781:, p. 67. 3780: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3733:, p. 62. 3732: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3648: 3643: 3637:, p. 30. 3636: 3631: 3625:, p. 24. 3624: 3623:Claessen 2010 3619: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3566: 3565:Choueiri 2000 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3509:, p. 65. 3508: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3392:, p. 59. 3391: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3375:, p. 55. 3374: 3369: 3367: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3319:, p. 87. 3318: 3313: 3305: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3275:The Spectator 3269: 3263:, p. 61. 3262: 3261:DeFronzo 2009 3257: 3255: 3238: 3234: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3215:, p. 24. 3214: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3198:, p. 66. 3197: 3192: 3185: 3184:Coughlin 2005 3180: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3157:(1): 98–125. 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2967:(1): 98–125. 2966: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2945:, p. 40. 2944: 2943:Coughlin 2005 2939: 2933:, p. 29. 2932: 2931:Coughlin 2005 2927: 2920: 2919:Coughlin 2005 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2897: 2896:Anderson 2005 2892: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2868: 2863: 2857:, p. 33. 2856: 2851: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2816:, p. 19. 2815: 2810: 2804:, p. 16. 2803: 2798: 2792:, p. 15. 2791: 2786: 2784: 2777:, p. 65. 2776: 2771: 2764: 2763:Anderson 2005 2759: 2757: 2750:, p. 10. 2749: 2744: 2738:, p. 98. 2737: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2711:, p. 66. 2710: 2705: 2703: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2535:military coup 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2505:Greater Syria 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2430:Rashid Karami 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:1956 election 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2172:Amin al-Hafiz 2169: 2164: 2163:Neo-Ba'athism 2159: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1979:federal union 1975: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1932: 1930: 1929:state control 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1907:did not mean 1906: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1854: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1812: – 1811: 1807: 1806:Find sources: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1784:single source 1780:This article 1778: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1592: 1582: 1579: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1527:Greater Syria 1524: 1520: 1519:a coup d'état 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:1954 election 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1168:(from Arabic 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154:Mishel ʿAflaq 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1121: 1115: 1111: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1014: 1001: 999: 995: 988: 986: 982: 975: 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369: 364: 363:Organisations 359: 358: 354: 350: 349: 346: 343: 342: 338: 334: 333: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 287: 283: 278: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 249: 243: 237: 230: 226: 223: 220: 218: 214: 211: 207: 203: 199: 196: 194: 190: 187: 186: 182: 178: 175: 167: 163: 155: 152: 148: 145: 141: 137: 134: 130: 116: 112: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 76: 71: 68: 62: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10083:Ba'ath Party 9263:Pan-Islamism 9141: 9134: 9127: 9027:Ba'ath Party 9026: 8904:Ameen Rihani 8764:Jassem Alwan 8759:Michel Aflaq 8615:Algerian War 8541:Iraqi Revolt 8416: 8398: 8391: 8331:Anti-Zionism 7944:Armed groups 7888:Popular Army 7866:Paramilitary 7639:Organization 7438: 7173:Muhsen Bilal 6876:Munif Razzaz 6796:Michel Aflaq 6718:Isam al-Qadi 6675:Munif Razzaz 6587: 6543:Michel Aflaq 6527:Munif Razzaz 6522:Michel Aflaq 6332:Michel Aflaq 6294:Predecessors 6261: 6252: 6239: 6193: 6162: 6139: 6115: 6095: 6072: 6048: 6021: 5998: 5975: 5952: 5930: 5907: 5886: 5863: 5846: 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Retrieved 5337: 5313: 5305:Bibliography 5268: 5262: 5225: 5219: 5207:Bibliography 5193:. Retrieved 5178: 5166: 5154:. Retrieved 5147:the original 5134: 5122:. Retrieved 5118:the original 5107: 5095: 5088:Goldman 2002 5083: 5037: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4892:Simmons 1993 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4844:Simmons 1993 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4738: 4667: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4485:Dawisha 2005 4465: 4453: 4426:. Retrieved 4404: 4392: 4380: 4369:. Retrieved 4336: 4332: 4322: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4275:. Retrieved 4242: 4238: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4159: 4153: 4141:. Retrieved 4134:the original 4121: 4110:. Retrieved 4077: 4073: 4063: 4012:. Retrieved 3979: 3975: 3965: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3856: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3662:Moaddel 2005 3642: 3630: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3586:the original 3581: 3572: 3539: 3507:Commins 2004 3426: 3414: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3291:cite journal 3278: 3268: 3241:. Retrieved 3235:. 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Retrieved 3038: 3032: 3022: 3013: 2999: 2993: 2984: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2891: 2862: 2850: 2826:Kaylani 1972 2821: 2814:Kaylani 1972 2809: 2802:Kaylani 1972 2797: 2790:Kaylani 1972 2770: 2743: 2731: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2621: 2601:Saudi Arabia 2594: 2578: 2574: 2551: 2532: 2527:Michel Aflaq 2525:(left) with 2513: 2498: 2475: 2453: 2438: 2434: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2385: 2370: 2350:independents 2335: 2328: 2304: 2253: 2230: 2222: 2208: 2184:coup of 1966 2180: 2161: 2137: 2132: 2106: 2076: 2074: 2069: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2036: 2034: 2019: 1992: 1983: 1943: 1902: 1885: 1881:middle class 1864:Hanna Batatu 1861: 1848: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1805: 1781: 1756:North Africa 1745: 1729: 1712: 1709:Michel Aflaq 1706: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1615:A "region" ( 1614: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1574: 1571:Organization 1562: 1549:and another 1544: 1514:seized power 1511: 1489: 1469: 1446: 1431: 1415:Michel Aflaq 1381: 1319:Michel Aflaq 1316: 1278: 1258: 1217: 1207: 1174: 1146:resurrection 1145: 1141: 1137: 1124: 1109: 1107: 602: / 588: 574:UN sanctions 542: 444:Michel Aflaq 392:Ba'ath Party 391: 183: 170:Ba'ath Party 158:Ba'ath Party 106:7 April 1947 99:7 April 1947 86:Michel Aflaq 75:Munif Razzaz 70:Michel Aflaq 8957:Arab Ba'ath 8879:Salah Jadid 8736:Arabization 8583:Six-Day War 8578:Suez Crisis 8524:Arab Revolt 8503:Pan-Arabism 8376:Vanguardism 8351:Pan-Arabism 7981:Snake Party 7767:South Yemen 7598:Imad Khamis 7343:Salim Yasin 7263:Imad Khamis 7238:Salah Jadid 7223:Hilal Hilal 7218:Salim Hatum 7183:Ahmad Diyab 7108:Tahir Yahya 6866:Salah Jadid 6846:Elias Farah 6723:Rakad Salem 6697:Assem Qanso 6301:Arab Ba'ath 6199:(in Arabic) 5957:I.B. Tauris 5758:Grove Press 5735:I.B. Tauris 5232:: 161–181. 5156:20 February 5124:19 February 5076:George 2003 5059:George 2003 5003:George 2003 4919:Peretz 1994 4907:Devlin 1979 4880:Wright 1981 4868:Wright 1981 4856:Wright 1981 4743:Seddon 2004 4470:Nakash 2003 3719:Batatu 1999 3707:Batatu 1999 3695:Batatu 1999 3611:Batatu 1999 3599:Batatu 1999 3582:harvard.edu 3431:Batatu 1999 3419:Bengio 1998 2709:George 2003 2671:(1): 6–24. 2609:South Yemen 2605:North Yemen 1695:Arab Nation 1605:Arab Nation 1523:Salah Jadid 1417:(left) and 1285:Salah Jadid 1214:Arab Ba'ath 1040:Pan-Arabism 1002:2002– 989:1970– 976:1966– 469:Salah Jadid 416:1966– 372:Arab Ba'ath 136:Arab Ba'ath 10077:Categories 9570:The Iraqis 9121:Literature 8814:Tariq Aziz 8731:Arab world 8726:Arab Union 8655:Dhofar War 8385:Literature 8371:Secularism 8259:in Lebanon 7812:Newspapers 7757:Mauritania 7711:Mauritania 7578:Adel Safar 6978:Tariq Aziz 6588:(de facto) 6498:Leadership 6407:Post-split 6012:0313262136 5899:B0028IN0X6 5767:078815110X 5363:2020-11-08 5171:Seale 1990 5042:Seale 1990 5030:Seale 1990 5015:Seale 1990 4991:Podeh 1999 4587:Mufti 1996 4563:Mufti 1996 4428:23 October 4371:2023-02-21 4339:(2): 153. 4277:2023-02-21 4112:2023-02-21 4080:(2): 157. 4014:2023-02-21 3796:Salem 1994 3779:Salem 1994 3767:Salem 1994 3755:Salem 1994 3743:Salem 1994 3731:Salem 1994 3647:Seale 1990 3635:Seale 1990 3317:Seale 1990 3196:Seale 1990 3080:cataloged. 2867:Podeh 1999 2775:Seale 1990 2748:Reich 1990 2736:Seale 1990 2407:As Sahafäh 2268:Presidency 2117:revolution 2059:While the 1999:scientific 1970:Nasserists 1851:March 2022 1821:newspapers 1659:Membership 1633:sub-branch 1268:, only to 1195:Arab world 808:Mauritania 507:Literature 275:Party flag 10098:Ba'athism 9154:Symbolism 8498:Nasserism 8493:Ba'athism 8410:Symbolism 8366:Saddamism 8346:Ba'athism 7829:Al-Thawra 7819:Al-Ba'ath 7762:Palestine 7716:Palestine 7439:(interim) 6711:Palestine 6515:Pre-split 6436:Arab Belt 6346:Pre-split 6144:Routledge 5689:iUniverse 5620:Zed Books 5581:884273607 5297:154642979 5254:159345006 4784:Oron 1960 4772:Oron 1960 4760:Oron 1960 4361:144922816 4267:144922816 4178:cite book 4102:144922816 4004:144922816 3341:Hiro 1982 3171:0145-2096 3128:159490612 3120:0020-7438 3063:159490612 3055:1471-6380 2981:0145-2096 2884:Oron 1960 2843:Oron 1960 2724:Polk 2006 2693:154673494 2685:0020-8817 2509:Islamists 2416:. In the 2320:Jerusalem 2316:West Bank 2307:East Bank 2280:left-wing 2276:communist 1962:Qawmiyyun 1954:Qutriyyun 1791:talk page 1685:Ba'athism 1645:divisions 1478:launched 1326:Christian 1276:of 1963. 1232:, led by 1203:Socialism 1166:Baʿathism 1045:Saddamism 1035:Nasserism 925:pro-Syria 904:pro-Syria 883:pro-Syria 862:pro-Syria 841:pro-Syria 829:Palestine 820:pro-Syria 783:pro-Syria 746:pro-Syria 725:pro-Syria 704:pro-Syria 683:pro-Syria 662:pro-Syria 345:Ba'athism 322:Elections 303:Elections 222:Left-wing 198:Ba'athism 185:Al-Ba'ath 180:Newspaper 114:Dissolved 77:(1965–66) 72:(1954–65) 18:Baathists 9359:Sadrists 9296:Category 9238:Islamism 8947:Al-Fatat 8714:Concepts 8481:Ideology 8319:Ideology 8122:Ahd Bloc 6325:Founders 6046:(1990). 5951:(2006). 5845:(1971). 5591:(2004). 5496:(2005). 5453:ABC-CLIO 5374:(1999). 5357:Archived 5275:: 3–23. 5189:Archived 4422:Archived 4365:Archived 4271:Archived 4106:Archived 4008:Archived 3358:Ali 2004 3329:Ali 2004 3281:. 1964: 3243:8 August 3237:Archived 3067:Archived 2539:Damascus 2373:Leninist 2324:Ramallah 2312:Al-Karak 1925:Muhammad 1665:udw ämil 1629:branches 1531:pan-Arab 1391:and the 1349:Damascus 1299:and the 1183:pan-Arab 1144:meaning 920:pro-Iraq 899:pro-Iraq 878:pro-Iraq 857:pro-Iraq 836:pro-Iraq 815:pro-Iraq 799:pro-Iraq 778:pro-Iraq 762:pro-Iraq 741:pro-Iraq 720:pro-Iraq 699:pro-Iraq 678:pro-Iraq 657:pro-Iraq 579:Iraq War 569:Gulf War 337:a series 335:Part of 193:Ideology 82:Founders 9604:al-Awda 9594:in Iraq 8942:Al-Awda 8517:History 8247:Unified 8242:Bakdash 8069:Current 8033:Al-Awda 7787:History 7752:Lebanon 7726:Tunisia 7701:Lebanon 7674:Bahrain 7669:Algeria 6784:of the 6781:Members 6690:Lebanon 6429:Members 6282:History 5195:10 July 4353:4284075 4259:4284075 4143:8 March 4094:4284075 3996:4284075 3073:30 July 2645:Algeria 2637:Muslims 2613:Tunisia 2529:, 1957. 2414:Tripoli 2390:Lebanon 2340:in the 2007:Marxism 1917:thought 1905:Liberty 1835:scholar 1649:circles 1641:section 1564:de jure 1540:Lebanon 1521:led by 1492:Marxist 1345:Alawite 1307:History 1199:Liberty 1004:present 991:present 978:present 892:Tunisia 771:Lebanon 671:Bahrain 650:Algeria 537:History 418:present 122: ( 104: ( 96:Founded 9692:) (167 9579:Banned 8115:Former 7747:Jordan 7696:Jordan 6663:Jordan 6173: 6150: 6127: 6102: 6083: 6060: 6032: 6009: 5986: 5963: 5937: 5918: 5897: 5874: 5831: 5808: 5783: 5764: 5741: 5718: 5695: 5672: 5649: 5626: 5603: 5579: 5560: 5533: 5510: 5482: 5459: 5436: 5413: 5386: 5349: 5324: 5295: 5289:162353 5287: 5252: 5246:259704 5244: 4359: 4351: 4265: 4257: 4166: 4100: 4092: 4002: 3994: 3169: 3126: 3118: 3061: 3053: 3015:place. 3006: 2979: 2691: 2683: 2597:Kuwait 2591:Others 2366:Nablus 2291:Jordan 2218:Muslim 1958:Arabic 1950:Arabic 1837: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1808: 1754:, and 1732:Arabic 1621:region 1536:Beirut 1365:Jordan 1337:Muslim 1189:, and 1138:Ba'ath 1114:Arabic 755:Kuwait 734:Jordan 432:People 267:Slogan 253: 245: 239: 233: 228:Colors 9397:(17) 9373:(33) 9042:Fatah 8217:Sawab 7897:Youth 7859:Wings 7799:Yemen 7777:Syria 7772:Sudan 7731:Yemen 7721:Sudan 7706:Libya 7679:Egypt 7509:Syria 7407:Syria 7357:Yemen 7124:Syria 6733:Syria 5318:Verso 5293:S2CID 5285:JSTOR 5271:(1). 5250:S2CID 5242:JSTOR 5228:(3). 5150:(PDF) 5143:(PDF) 4357:S2CID 4349:JSTOR 4263:S2CID 4255:JSTOR 4137:(PDF) 4130:(PDF) 4098:S2CID 4090:JSTOR 4000:S2CID 3992:JSTOR 3124:S2CID 3059:S2CID 2689:S2CID 2651:Notes 2611:. 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