2868:(head of the community), the babaylan takes in the role of interim head of the community. Babaylans were powerful ritual specialists who were believed to have influence over the weather and tap various spirits in the natural and spiritual realms. Babaylans were held in such high regard as they were believed to possess powers that can block the dark magic of an evil datu or spirit and heal the sick or wounded. Among other powers of the babaylan were to ensure a safe pregnancy and child birth. As a spiritual medium, babaylans also lead rituals with offerings to the various divinities or deities. As an expert in divine and herb lore, incantations, and concoctions of remedies, antidotes, and a variety of potions from various roots, leaves, and seeds, the babaylans were also regarded as allies of certain datus in subjugating an enemy, hence, the babaylans were also known for their specialization in medical and divine combat. According to William Henry Scott (Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society) a Katalonan could be of either sex, or male transvestites (bayoguin), but were usually women from prominent families who were wealthy in their own right. According to Luciano P. R. Santiago (To Love and to Suffer) as remuneration for their services they received a good part of the offerings of food, wine, clothing, and gold, the quality and quantity of which depended on the social status of the supplicant. Thus, the catalonas filled a very prestigious as well as lucrative role in society.
3000:
the
Spanish chronicler Chirino claimed that the natives had no religious writings, but on the same account narrated that a native possessed an indigenous poetic book. The book was utilized by the natives to express a "deliberate pact" with what the Spanish called with prejudice as "the devil", which contextually was an indigenous god and not a demon. The book was one of many of those burned by order of the colonizers. The scholar Beyer also noted of the time when a Spanish priest boasted about burning indigenous religious writings, specifically "more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character". To further prove the existence of indigenous religious writings, Chinese sources before the Spanish colonial era maintain the existence of such writings from the Philippines. In 1349, the Chinese Wang Ta-yuan recorded that widows of important leaders in Manila spent the rest of their lives poring over indigenous religious texts. Spanish sources note that native writings were written on native reeds and leaves that were turned into a papyrus-like material, while iron points and other locally-manufactured pointed objects were used pens. Bamboo was also utilized for writing. The native population had a high level of literacy even prior to Spanish contact, where every native could write in and read the indigenous writing systems.
2183:"Manila Manuscript" also emphasized the auxiliary role of gender non-conforming male shamans in relation to the female shamans. These evidences, together with the fact that there were no written accounts of female sex/male gender identification amongst the women who exercised authority within the spiritual sphere, prove that spiritual potency was not dependent upon the identification with a neuter "third" sex/gender space, but rather on the identification with the feminine – whether the biological sex was female or male. Femininity was considered the vehicle to the spirit world during the pre-colonial era, and the male shaman's identification with the feminine reinforced the normative situation of female as shaman. While Brewer (1999) agreed that it is naïve to dismiss the existence of a principal male shaman during the precolonial era, she also argued that such cases were unusual rather than the norm, and that the statistical imbalance in favour of principal male shamans occurred as a result of the influence of the male-centered Hispano-Catholic culture, such that in the late nineteenth century and in the early years of the twentieth century, in some areas like Negros, all the
1895:
2324:
put them in competition with one another. Individual success was attributed to the power of the deities with whom they identified, and who took possession of them in their frenzied dancing. The
Tagalog word “olak” according to Ferdinand Blumentritt is a term for the trembling of the whole body of the catalona, when she becomes possessed by the devil (anito). As spirit mediums, they conducted séances during which they spoke with the voice of spirits (anito), assisted by an "alagar" ("alagad", meaning personal attendant) to carry on the dialogue with the supernatural, or sent their own kaluluwa (soul) to seek lost souls. In this state of trance, the catalona was called “tarotaro” , for it was believed that the ancestral spirits had entered her body and were speaking from inside her. According to Blumentritt “tarotaro” is a Tagalog term describing the katalonas while possessed by the spirits, in this state, they cried tarotaro. When a catalona held the gift of prophecy, she was named masidhi (the fervent one).
2096:
313:
2875:, among the jobs of the shaman range from being a merchant, warrior, farmer, fisherfolk, blacksmith, crafstfolk, weaver, potter, musician, and even as a barber or chef, depending on the preference of the shaman, skill of the shaman, and the need of the community. Some shamans have more than two occupations at a time, especially if a community lacks people with the needed skills to take upon the role of certain jobs. This tradition of having a second job (or more than two jobs) has been ingrained in certain cultural societies in the Philippines and is still practiced today by certain communities that have not been converted into Christianity. Specific communities that have been converted into Islam have also preserved this tradition through Muslim imams.
3429:
42:
2550:
2695:, shamans are entirely differentiated from sorcerers. Shamans deal with the spirit world and supernatural beings but do not have magical powers of their own; while sorcerers were regarded as human beings with powers gained from magical spells or objects. Illnesses believed to be caused by sorcery are treated differently from illnesses caused by spirits. The former are treated with counter-spells, simple antidotes, and physical healing; while the latter requires the intervention or dialogue with the spirits and thus a shaman ritual.
337:
2316:. Unbound spirits always possess shamans during rituals. Either voluntarily or involuntarily. In contrast, bound spirits, as a rule, do not possess shamans. Instead, they are simply spoken to by the shaman. Bound spirits that inadvertently "stick" to humans are considered dangerous, and are the causes of spiritual illnesses, ranging from confusion, strange food cravings, lust, to unreasoning anger. Sometimes in order to speak to certain bound spirits, the shaman may need the intercession of their
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271:
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1862:, "forest" or "thicket"). Other scholars believed that the origin of the word catalonan is from its root word “talo” which according to them is a Tagalog word originally means "to converse", thus the word catalonan literally means someone who converse or communicate with the spirits (anito). According to Blumentritt an old Tagalog word “tarotaro” is a term describing the catalonas while possessed by the spirits (anito). In some
473:
1985:
1967:. In cases of people with "shamanic illness", these initiation rites are regarded as the cure, where the initiate regains health or sanity by conceding to the wishes of the spirits and "answering the call". When volunteered rather than volunteering, their relatives are usually required to pay a large fee to the senior shaman for the training. Initiation rites can range from simply inducing a
4349:. They are described as being charismatic, very intelligent, confident, and strong-willed. They have a tendency to dominate others, and can do so without consciously being aware of it. They are natural leaders and are often respected ranking members of the community and thus tend to become sorcerers, shamans, chieftains, master craftsmen, or renowned warrior-heroes (known variously as
3032:
2835:, however, these witches actually include a variety of different kinds of people with differing occupations and cultural connotations which depend on the ethnic group they are associated with. They are completely different from the Western notion of what a witch is. Notable examples of witches in a Philippine concept are the mannamay, witches known to the Ibanag people,
4709:
The maganito went by several different names throughout the islands depending on linguistic groups, such as the babaylan, but the term maganito and similar variations appear to be a more universal of a term in
Spanish colonial sources. Because of this universality and its indigenous origins, the term
2323:
The
Katalonas performed public ceremonies for community prosperity, fertility, or seasonable weather as well as private services to diagnose and cure ailments. They were respected for these functions but they were also feared sorcerers able to work black magic. Their numbers too were large enough to
2659:
is believed to bring misfortune and evil, and various points in the compass all had different aspects depending on where the mouth was facing. These were consulted when making future plans like travel, trade, or marriage. When building houses, shamans were also often consulted to determine the most
3876:
For the previous statement regarding the
Bolinao Manuscript, see paragraph 29. For the previous statement related to the Manila manuscript, see paragraph 31. For Brewer's comment regarding the spiritual potency of the shaman depending on identification with femininity and not on the identification
2999:
The
Spanish chroniclers was also guilty of erasing indigenous religious texts, claiming that the natives never had any religious writings such as books. However, scholars agree that such statement reflected a desire by the colonizers to deny the existence of what they did not approve. For example,
2285:
of various animals and plants. They have inhuman and abstract qualities, reflecting their particular dominions. They do not normally appear in human form and are usually gender-less or androgynous. They rarely concern themselves with human affairs. Rituals involving these spirits are almost always
2208:
After the
Spanish conquest of the Philippines, the practice of shamanism became clandestine due to persecution by the Catholic clergy. During this period, male shamans (particularly those specialized in the non-religious arts of herbalism and healing) became predominant. Female shamans became less
1975:
After initiation, the apprentices are then trained in the details of their role. This training includes learning about the rituals, the chants and songs, the sacrifices appropriate for each spirit, oral histories, herbs and healing practices, and magic spells, among others. They usually assist the
3011:
named Diego
Magsanga, along with his wife (who was said to be a skilled midwife), converted to Christianity. After he was baptized he became a faithful assistant of the friars in expanding Christianity in Silang, Cavite, teaching children and adults the catechism. Chirino also reported that many
2878:
In modern
Philippine society, their roles have largely been taken over by folk healers, which are now predominantly male, while some are still being falsely accused as "witches". In areas where the people have not been converted into Muslims or Christians, notably ancestral domains of indigenous
2182:
between 1679 and 1685, animistic paraphernalia were confiscated from 148 people. Of those, 145 were female shamans, and the remaining three were transvestite male shamans, thus highlighting the statistical imbalance between the female-to-male ratio of indigenous shamans. The anonymously-written
2127:
assumed the voice, mannerisms, hairstyle, and dress of females. They were treated as women by the community and were considered as comparable to biological women aside from their incapability to give birth to children. Their social status and recognition also granted them access to professions
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were seen as "shamans" whose souls and spirit guides were apparently more powerful than the native ones. They desecrated religious objects, sacred trees, and sacred areas with impunity, earning the awe of the natives. They could also cure various diseases that the native shamans could not.
2053:. Shamans either had spirit companions from birth, drew their attention during the "shamanic illness", or gained their allegiance during initiation into shamanism. Spirits are believed to be social beings, with individual quirks and personalities (both good and bad). The friendship of
3649:. Like their predecessors, they claimed supernatural powers and used fetishistic amulets, holy oils, and magic spells in battle. They attacked both American troops and local Filipinos cooperating with the American colonial government. The last Pulajanes leader was killed in 1911.
2342:
Healing was the most important role for shamans in their communities. Shamans distinguished between two kinds of illnesses, the natural (or non-spiritual) illnesses, and the spiritual illnesses. Natural illnesses do not require a shaman for healing, while spiritual illnesses do.
6001:
served a threefold purpose. It gave the male shaman status and authority in a sphere that would otherwise have been denied to him. It reinforced the stereotypical boundaries of femininity, but in so doing it also, importantly, reinforced the normative situation of woman as
2684:, or their spirit intermediaries. Healers are more strongly associated with sorcerers than mediums. In most cases, a healer is also a sorcerer. In order to cure or counteract sorcerous illnesses, healers must themselves know sorcery. This relationship is most apparent in
2086:
are essential in shamanistic rituals as they prevent the shaman's soul from getting lost in the spirit world. They also communicate entreaties on behalf of the shaman to more powerful spirits or deities, as well as fight evil spirits during healing or exorcism rituals.
2570:
was closely tied to healing, as it was primarily used for diagnosing illnesses. It can be done by the shamans or by specialized apprentices with the necessary skill. Various paraphernalia and rituals are used to diagnose illnesses, examples include seashells, ginger,
5996:
Indeed, both female and male shamans, for ritual purposes, dressed in clothing that was identified as belonging to women. In the relative gender symmetry prevalent throughout the archipelago at this time, the temporary or permanent male/feminine inversion of the
2110:
In most
Philippine ethnic groups, shamans were predominantly female due to the role of the shaman (especially the medium) being an intrinsically feminine one. Among the minority of males, most belonged to a special class of shamans—the feminized men known as
2450:
can result in the loss of the person's mind and identity—thus insanity. Spiritual illnesses also include delirium, depression, trauma, fainting spells, and other mental illnesses. Evil or undesirable behavior may also be blamed on disharmony between the
2405:
will also mean the death of the body. They can range from wounds, broken bones, poisoning, and snakebites. These can be treated by skilled shamans, but were more often relegated to apprentices or assistants specializing in healing or herbalism.
3357:
by dressing up in women's clothing. He and his followers killed a Spanish priest and burned the town church before escaping to the mountains. Tapar and other leaders of his movement were captured and executed by Spanish and Filipino soldiers.
2217:, however, did not immediately change the originally feminine role of the shamans. Male shamans in the late 17th century still dressed as women during rituals, even though they did not do so in their day-to-day activities. Unlike the ancient
3530:" ("Whirlwind God") and proclaimed himself the savior of the people. He declared that they would stop paying taxes to the Spanish government. He formed a community of around two thousand followers (whom the Spanish authorities called the
2289:
The second type of spirits are the "unbound" spirits that have an independent existence. They appear in animals (usually as birds) or human-like forms, have gender differentiation, and have personal names. They are most similar to the
3282:
who saw the spread of Catholicism as a threat. He rallied around two thousand followers in an effort to "return to the old ways", but his rebellion was crushed by the Spanish authorities with the help of converted native auxiliaries.
3196:
shamans. During the 17th to 18th centuries, Spanish administrators in the Philippines burned people convicted of homosexual relations at the stake and confiscated their possessions, in accordance with a decree by the president of the
3220:
records that their "unnatural crime" was punished by the Muslim peoples in Mindanao with death by burning or drowning, and that their houses and property were also burned as they believed that the behavior was contagious.
3012:
people followed Magsanga and even the Jesuits could not surpass him when it came to devotion to the teachings of the Church and diligence in teaching his brethren. Magsanga was not a priest; his likely role was that of a
6347:
Labastida, Sean Clark Luinor Antallan; Alapay, Johnpolven; Billones, Jenny; Gonzales, Jackquilyn; Macuja, Yra; Manlapig, Ena Eloisa; Montevirgen, Maurice Joy; Pineda, Karla Joyce; Tirol, Fritzie Andrea (April 29, 2016).
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from a past event), and strange visions or dreams. These are regarded as encounters with the spirits, where the soul of the person is said to be journeying to the spirit world. In cases like this, it is said that a
3546:
in 1887. His wife and relatives attempted to continue the movement, but they were eventually captured and exiled by Spanish authorities. The remnants of the group either descended to banditry or joined other later
3424:
selling amulets and magical pieces of paper. Their members were mostly from the illiterate rural poor who had little knowledge of formal Catholic teachings and were living in extreme poverty under colonial rule.
2429:
detaches to travel through the spirit world, resulting in dreams. However, when this separation happens when the person is awake, it results in spiritual illnesses. The causes of the separation can include the
3471:) who claimed they had supernatural powers over diseases in 1865; Benedicta, an old woman and a healer who called herself "La Santa de Leyte" ("The Saint of Leyte") in 1862 and prophesied that the island of
2817:
There are also "true" sorcerers who are said to have hereditary sorcerous powers. Unlike healers, they do not consider the justice of their actions. The latter type of sorcerers are often conflated with the
7171:
5221:
1878:“talo or talotalo” means ‘a prayer or to pray’. Linguist Malcolm Mintz, however, offers a different etymology. He determines that the Tagalog root word is “tulong” which means to help. Some writers such as
2990:, or mentally unstable and were harshly persecuted by the Spanish clergy. The Spanish burned down everything they associated with the native people's indigenous religions (including shrines such as the
1971:
through herbs or alcohol, to inducing personal crises through physical or psychological hardship. Extreme examples of initiation rites include getting buried alive or being immersed in water overnight.
3024:
wore his hair long (which is unusual for Tagalog men) and braided it to signify his priesthood. Before he was baptized, in front of an audience, he cut his hair as a sign that the power of the
4643:
Anito: 16th century Tagalog and Visayan (according to Spanish records): an idol or deity inhabiting the idol, also maganito: a ceremony for such idols, and anitero: (Sp.) witch doctor, shaman.
2996:), even forcefully ordering native children to defecate on their own gods' idols, murdering those who disobeyed. Spanish friars often sought out and persecuted female shamans in particular.
3313:
in 1565 when their expedition first landed on the islands. Like Tamblot, Bankaw and Pagali both wanted a return to the old ways. Bankaw renounced his Catholic faith and built a temple to a
2718:) which was equated with " power". Their alleged powers include conjuring fire or water, flight, shape-shifting, invisibility, invulnerability, and the ability to call down disasters. The
2309:
These categories are not static, however. A bound spirit can become unbound, and vice versa. Some shamans have spirit guides which are originally nature spirits that have become unbound.
1976:
senior shaman during ceremonies until their training is complete, which can take months to years. Each shaman can have one or more such apprentices, at varying ranks or specializations.
4168:
There are various names for sorcerers in Philippine ethnic groups, different from the term for "shaman". Most of these names have negative connotations, and thus is also translated to "
3894:. In general, there was a great degree of sexual freedom in precolonial Filipino societies. Virginity was not valued, adultery was not perceived negatively, and there was wide use of
3141:, shamans, usually male, are now relegated to folk healing and dealing with "indigenous" spirits. All other aspects of the religious life of Muslim Filipinos have been taken over by
2895:
and the introduction of Catholic Christianity resulted in the extinction of most native shamanistic practices. Christianity was initially seen by native Filipinos as another type of
1886:
favoured Mintz suggestion and used the term catolonan (which is actually a Pampangan term) to refer to the priests and priestesses of the Tagalogs instead of catalona or catalonan.
2478:
of a person to prepare them for challenges, problems and obstacles. This ritual also protects the person from possible spiritual attack caused by malevolent spirits and sorcery.
3928:
Names of spirits are generally not spoken aloud outside of a shamanic ritual, as it is believed that it may provoke them. They are instead referred to in euphemistic terms like
2879:
peoples, the shamans and their cultural traits have continued to exist with their respective communities, although these shamans and their practices are being slowly diluted by
7201:
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Turner, Robert P.; Lukoff, David; Barnhouse, Ruth Tiffany; Lu, Francis G. (1995). "Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV".
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by leading them to a city that would rise from the waves; and many more. These movements were usually suppressed by the Spanish by imprisoning their leaders or exiling them.
4513:
2031:, with more powerful shamans having many. Certain individuals like powerful leaders or warriors (especially those with shaman relatives) are also believed to have their own
3073:) movement of the 20th century. However, their methods of worship remained basically the same. The faith healers were still, in essence, mediums; but instead of channeling
1959:
After being chosen, shamans go through an initiation rite. These rites are meant to gain or transfer the patronage of a spirit. Among Visayans, this ritual is known as the
2768:
named Salindagaw Masingir that can take the aspect of typhoons, floods, and pillars of fire; while King Dalondong a Mimbantas of the kingdom of Gindolongan Marogong has a
2306:) in modern Filipino folklore. Unlike the "bound" spirits, these spirits can be invited into human households, and their rituals can take place both outdoors and indoors.
4064:). (Scott, 1994; Tan, 2008; Mercado, 1991) Most of the terms for the astral soul literally translate to "twin" or "double", from PAN *duSa, "two". (Yu, 2000; Blust, 2010)
2320:, who in turn will possess the shaman. Bound spirits can also be interacted with by non-shamans, like when offering sacrifices to the spirit of the forest before a hunt.
3610:
3254:
Open revolts led by shamans were common during Spanish rule. Aside from the early revolts in the 17th century, most of these were led by religious leaders who practiced
5934:
Castano, José. 1895. “Breve Noticia Acerca del Origen, Religión, Creencias y Supersticiones de los Antiguos Indios del Bícol.” Madrid: Colegio de Misioneros de Almagro.
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after experiencing what has been termed a "shamanistic initiatory crisis" (also "shamanic illness" or "shamanic madness"). This includes serious or chronic illnesses,
3353:
named Tapar in 1663. Tapar syncretized native shamanism with Catholic terminology and declared himself "God Almighty" of a new religion. He also emulated the ancient
2724:
leaders of the Visayan peasant revolts in the late 19th century often claimed to possess these kinds of powers. A more common use of the power to command elements is
3229:
A few followers of the native shamanism resisted Spanish rule and conversion, especially in areas difficult to reach for Spanish missionaries, like the highlands of
1894:
3866:
This prevalence of the male in matters spiritual was not replicated in the Philippine case, where it was the female shamans who predominated in the religious realm.
3538:
shamans, he dressed in women's clothing and assumed feminine mannerisms even though he was married to a woman. He claimed supernatural powers much like the ancient
3157:. They follow Islam but also provide traditional healing practices and cultural rituals retained from their shamanistic past. They usually perform minor rites like
2901:. The Spanish missionaries exploited this misconception in their successful conversion and occupation of most of the islands with minimal military support. Spanish
7966:
5236:
5024:
3126:
are now usually male (except midwives). They are sought out by those with minor ailments or illnesses that modern medicine can not diagnose or cure. Like ancient
2281:). They "own" places and concepts like agricultural fields, forests, cliffs, seas, winds, lightning, or realms in the spirit world. Some were also "keepers" or
2729:
5913:
2143:
became shamans by virtue of being themselves. Unlike female shamans, they neither needed to be chosen nor did they undergo initiation rites. However, not all
7991:
5837:
4796:
4764:
3020:
who, together with a group of peers he was leading, was convinced by Jesuit priest Francisco Almerique to convert to Christianity. Chirino noted that this
4710:
maganito will be used as a general term to describe all the animist shaman missionaries came into contact with in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
7981:
7976:
6912:
3559:
3304:. Bankaw's rebellion was notable as Bankaw was one of the first converts to Catholicism in the Philippines. As a young man, he had formerly welcomed the
2205:
who were recorded by early Spanish colonists as being married to men. In some ethnic groups, marriage was a prerequisite for gaining full shaman status.
3617:. He surrendered on August 6, 1907, to American authorities and was sentenced to death. This was later commuted to life imprisonment and he died in the
3714:
242:
6154:
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3338:
751:
2871:
Shamans of the many ethnicities in the Philippines always have another role in the community, aside from being spiritualists. Similar to the Shinto
3567:
299:
252:
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covertly. Healer-sorcerers who practice this kind of sorcery usually justify it as a form of criminal punishment, as a widespread belief is that
4942:
7193:
3251:. Shamanistic rituals also continued to be performed secretly in some areas, though these were punished by the Spanish clergy when discovered.
5511:
They came to their calling through attacks of illness or insanity which could be cured by accepting the call, and then attached themselves an
8067:
8057:
2586:), and chicken entrails. Diviners have names that indicate their preferred methods. For example, a diviner using alum crystals is known as a
3634:
2166:
Historical accounts suggest that during the precolonial period in the Philippines, female shamans predominated in the religious realm. The
3201:, Pedro Hurtado Desquibel. Several instances of such punishments were recorded by the Spanish priest Juan Francisco de San Antonio in his
8072:
7067:
3838:, though they were not necessarily shamans (Garcia, 2008; Kroeber, 1918). In modern Filipino languages, the most commonly used terms are
2354:(sometimes referred to as "twin souls" or "double souls"). A person is believed to be composed of at least two souls—the breath of life (
5948:
5730:
2095:
7337:
7270:
4673:
A more general terminology that seems be used throughout the archipelago is based on the signifier for the spirit anito. These include
2892:
2814:. Sorcery of this type is seen as a kind of "justice", especially for people who can not (or failed to) legally prosecute a wrongdoer.
6833:
5049:
7332:
5307:
3578:), disseminated anti-colonial ideas, and launched attacks on towns in Antique and Iloilo. The group was eventually suppressed by the
381:
222:
194:
3890:
Early colonial accounts point out that same-sex sexual relations were common for precolonial Filipinos of both sexes, not only the
2527:
Aside from rituals and herbal medicine, an ubiquitous traditional healing method done by shamans and healers is massage with oils (
5983:
5806:
4982:
3416:) were religious leaders so named because of their penchant for identifying themselves with Christian religious figures. They led
6424:
5433:
217:
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and being described as having European features, along with a propensity for deceiving, seducing, and playing tricks on people.
312:
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2277:
rituals. The first are the environmental or nature spirits "bound" to a particular location or natural phenomenon (similar to
6817:
6236:. Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations. Vol. 3. Editrice Pontifica Universita Gregoriana. pp. 148, 149.
5504:
4740:
4666:
786:. However, different ethnic groups had different names for shamans, including shamans with specialized roles. These include:
6886:
5591:
5144:
2213:(shaman or otherwise) were punished harshly and driven to hiding. The change in women's status and the ostracization of the
2191:
during the late Spanish colonial period was probably the influence of the male-led Catholic church that "ousted" the female
7229:
7210:
5286:"Mystical Chants in the Bajau Society: A Preliminary Observation on the Changes in the Mindset Towards the Planting Ritual"
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and isolated herself and her followers from Spanish rule; Francisco Gonzalez (alias "Francisco Sales" or "Fruto Sales") of
3382:
was a result of the natives abandoning their ancestral beliefs. It was suppressed by neighboring Christian townsmen led by
2071:, and blood from a sacrificial animal (usually a chicken or a pig) in order to maintain good relations. This friendship of
292:
247:
235:
6111:"Contrasting Landscapes, Conflicting Ontologies: Assessing Environmental Conservation on Palawan Island (The Philippines)"
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5984:"Intersections: Baylans, Asogs, Transvestism, and Sodomy: Gender, Sexuality and the Sacred in Early Colonial Philippines"
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distinguish between "spiritual diseases" and "natural diseases"; the latter they will usually refer to a medical doctor.
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4836:
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movement was initially purely religious, only reacting defensively to Spanish persecution. However, by the 1880s, some
2746:
Sorcery was not restricted to shamans, but were also a common claim for leaders and warrior-heroes. In the pre-Islamic
5222:"The Traditional Maranaw Governance System: Descriptives, Issues and Imperatives for Philippine Public Administration"
2810:
does not work on people who are innocent. Their targets are usually "wrongdoers" like thieves, adulterous spouses, or
2298:, as they are the most "sociable" and can take interest in human activities. These spirits are usually referred to as
7688:
7033:
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6727:
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5619:
Mora, Manolete (2005). "Mind, Body, Spirit, and Soul: A Filipino Epistemology of Adeptness in Musical Performance".
3420:-like religious movements, promising prosperity, supernatural powers, or healing to their followers. Most were mere
3606:
2743:. According to local legend, she alleviated a three-year drought by performing a ritual that summoned a rainstorm.
377:
2764:) that grant them superhuman abilities. King Awilawil o Ndaw of the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan for example, has a
2147:
trained to become shamans. Castano (1895) states that the people of Bicol would hold a thanksgiving ritual called
7147:
7111:
5856:
4509:
2623:
affected the physical world, from the phases of the moon, to eclipses, the weather, floods, and earthquakes. The
1879:
686:
285:
4821:
The People of the Philippines, Their Religious Progress and Preparation for Spiritual Leadership in the Far East
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or disappearing for several days with no memory of the events), bouts of insanity (including those induced by
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7485:
7179:
5707:
5262:
156:
93:
83:
7377:
7718:
3760:
2780:
Numerous types of shamans use different kinds of items in their work, such as talismans or charms known as
2079:
of a deceased shaman will often "return" to a living relative who might choose to become a shaman as well.
802:
761:
More general terms used by Spanish sources for native shamans throughout the archipelago were derived from
7234:
7117:
To Love and to Suffer: the development of the religious congregations for women in the Spanish Philippines
6846:
8077:
7920:
4909:
3614:
3169:(exorcism). A version of the traditional massage therapy conducted by folk healers also exists, known as
3086:
2257:
2004:
1863:
732:
428:
6746:
Census of the Philippine Islands, Taken Under the Director of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1903
5682:
Songs and Gifts at the Frontier: Person and Exchange in the Agusan Manobo Possession Ritual, Philippines
3459:
who claimed he was Jesus Christ in 1811; Ignacio Dimas, who led the "Tres Cristos" ("Three Christs") of
2011:
that guide them and intercede for them. These spirits are usually referred to in euphemistic terms like
7951:
7905:
7239:
3506:
groups became more violently anti-colonial. The first such group was the one led by Ponciano Elofre, a
2502:
6055:"The passing of rice spirits: cosmology, technology, and gender relations in the colonial Philippines"
3310:
7618:
6935:
6351:
Tradisyunal nga Pamulong: A Rationale on the Persistence of Faith Healing Practices in Miagao, Iloilo
4950:
4367:
4159:. Though the cycles do not correspond exactly, all of them were used as a sort of geomantic calendar.
3684:
3579:
3323:
3142:
41:
5195:
2394:
represents the person's identity, mind, and strength of will. Both are required in a living person.
8032:
7160:
6834:
https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-15-1977/francisco-indian-prespanish-philippines.pdf
6749:. Vol. I: Geography, History, and Population. United States Bureau of the Census. p. 328.
3602:
3138:
2136:
717:
17:
3570:, a sacred pilgrimage site for shamans. Lampinio led a force of around 400 people. They collected
7444:
7095:
6536:. Vol. 1. Marawi: Folklore Division, University Research Center, Mindanao State University.
4696:'She Serves the Lord': Feminine Power and Catholic Appropriation in the Early Spanish Philippines
4393:
3492:
3460:
341:
4862:
3915:
Spirits in human form are believed to be distinguishable from humans because they do not have a
2221:, they did not have sexual relations with other men, and indeed, were usually married to women.
2065:
must regularly offer sacrifices to these spirits, usually consisting of food, alcoholic drinks,
925:
7956:
4458:
3743:
These sacrifices vary depending on the type of spirit being interacted with (Buenconsejo, 2002)
2039:
are also believed to guide, teach, and inspire skilled artists and craftsmen in the community.
1883:
534:
7071:
3428:
2710:). They could purportedly command the elements through magic spells and the strength of their
2549:
7996:
7971:
7946:
7120:
5960:
5770:
3601:
in 1896 against Spanish rule. After the Philippines was ceded to the United States after the
3484:
3208:
Feminized men were also persecuted harshly in the (then recently) Islamized ethnic groups in
2619:), usually depicted as a gigantic serpent or dragon with a looped tail. The movements of the
1929:
499:
6528:
7885:
7214:
5822:
5815:, Transvestism, and Sodomy: Gender, Sexuality and the Sacred in Early Colonial Philippines"
5058:
4694:
3659:
3098:
2409:
Spiritual illnesses, on the other hand, are believed to be caused by the separation of the
2347:
2235:
1948:
1921:, older shamans can choose apprentices from among the eligible young women of the village.
1159:
678:
566:
495:
449:
33:
5316:
4661:. C. Brewer and the Institute of Women's Studies, St. Scholastica's College. p. 156.
8:
7925:
7865:
7855:
5057:. CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. National Library of the Philippines. Archived from
4612:
Dempwolff, Otto (1934–1938). "Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes".
4376:
3189:
3090:
2959:) during this period were also syncretized with the friars themselves, becoming known as
2880:
2725:
2171:
1836:
1832:
1129:
3217:
2929:
prayers and verses became part of the shaman's repertoire of magical chants and spells.
8006:
7986:
7961:
7875:
7829:
7286:
7156:
7049:
6754:
6699:
6592:
6558:
6326:
6207:
6199:
5991:
5848:
5644:
5636:
5458:
5122:
5089:
The Man In The Fairy Tale Isle (Colored Version): A true story narrated by Laura Montez
4986:
4890:
4213:
3956:
3563:
3508:
3182:
2632:
1856:
1840:
1459:
1224:
622:
275:
5685:. Current Research in Ethnomusicology: Outstanding Dissertations Volume 4. Routledge.
5471:
5113:
Williams, Mark S. (1997). "Causality, Power, and Cultural Traits of the Maguindanao".
4446:
3629:
Concurrent with Papa Isio's rebellion in Negros Occidental against American rule, the
7900:
7860:
7819:
7590:
7449:
7439:
7408:
7029:
6999:
6969:
6813:
6786:
6647:
6620:
6537:
6507:
6477:
6401:
6349:
6237:
6211:
6118:
6089:
6062:
6033:
5889:
5852:
5774:
5765:
Clash of Spirits: The History of Power and Sugar Planter Hegemony on a Visayan Island
5763:
5686:
5648:
5567:
5563:
5500:
5463:
5399:
5378:
5351:
5285:
5174:
5093:
4736:
4662:
4632:
4590:
4519:
4225:
3694:
3598:
3593:("Pope Isio"). He was a former member of the Dios Buhawi group. He organized his own
3575:
3247:(resettlement) and move deeper into the island interiors at the instigation of their
3165:
2946:
2698:
In contrast, in Visayan societies, the most powerful shamans were sorcerers known as
2438:
being captured, attacked, or seduced by another spirit; or simply the refusal of the
2313:
1937:
1867:
1848:
1844:
1658:
1617:
1408:
953:
942:
766:
612:
6716:
Myths of the Philippines; Gaverza, J.K., 2014, University of the Philippines Diliman
3108:
Other shamans abandoned the animistic aspects of shamanism and became folk healers (
2839:, witches that use materials from nature and the cursee as a form of curse, and the
2401:. While they do not require a shaman, they are still important, as the death of the
8011:
7870:
7347:
7138:
Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar
7025:
A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War
6726:
Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander; Edward Gaylord Bourne, eds. (1904).
6191:
5628:
5559:
5453:
5445:
4921:
4700:
4372:
4009:
3895:
3704:
3618:
3331:
3320:
3271:
3255:
3007:
was provided by a Spanish priest named Pedro Chirino (1604). He wrote that a blind
2797:
2761:
1634:
1576:
1492:
1470:
1391:
1331:
1177:
1029:
791:
762:
758:
is a suffixed form, and thus believe that Dempwolff's interpretation is incorrect.
708:
6182:
Gaabucayan, Samuel (1971). "The Medicine Men of Agusan in Mindanao, Philippines".
3562:(better known as "Gregorio Dios", and also known as "Hilario Pablo" or "Papa") in
3464:
2982:
were stigmatized by the Catholic clergy as "priests of the devil" and labeled as
7839:
7814:
7539:
7372:
7342:
7023:
6993:
6963:
6807:
6780:
6744:
6641:
6501:
6392:
6365:
6231:
6115:
Ethnographies of Conservation: Environmentalism and the Distribution of Privilege
6110:
6083:
6054:
6025:
6021:
5881:
5680:
5528:
5494:
5372:
5345:
5087:
4730:
4658:
Holy Confrontation: Religion, Gender, and Sexuality in the Philippines, 1521-1685
4656:
4177:
4049:
4041:
3985:
3770:
is the term used for transvestite male shamans in most of the Visayas and in the
3523:
3444:
3383:
3287:
3102:
2971:
2828:-like supernatural beings capable of appearing human (or were originally human).
2187:
were male. Lachica (1996) has also hypothesized that the disappearance of female
1875:
975:
903:
704:
690:
648:
388:
336:
199:
6258:
4549:
7559:
7549:
7316:
7311:
7301:
5914:"The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature"
4910:"The Tribal Philosophical Thoughts of the Higaunon of Iligan City, Philippines"
4389:
4237:
4185:
4135:
4033:
4017:
3835:
3198:
3178:
3089:. Late-20th-century and 21st-century faith healers also frequently use western
2852:
2747:
2733:
2652:
1917:
they were apprenticed to, usually a relative. In some cultures, like among the
1852:
1308:
1272:
914:
868:
852:
724:
658:
586:
487:
392:
98:
6742:
4926:
2046:
8026:
7743:
7554:
7534:
7423:
6690:
Millare, Florencio D. (1955). "The Tinguians and Their Old Form of Worship".
5434:"The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics"
4201:
4061:
4025:
3993:
3823:
3641:("those who wear red"), they were led by Faustino Ablen ("Papa Faustino") in
3589:
rebellion in the 19th century was led by Dionisio Magbuelas, better known as
3534:) and would regularly attack Spanish-controlled towns. Emulating the ancient
3468:
3409:
3371:
3291:
3094:
3078:
3044:
2860:
were highly respected members of the community, on par with the pre-colonial
2811:
2660:
propitious placement of the foundations to avoid the ill luck brought by the
2245:
2128:
related to the spiritual realm, such as shamans and religious functionaries.
2075:, once earned, is enduring. They become, in essence, part of the family. The
1989:
1587:
1105:
964:
832:
602:
576:
556:
477:
103:
6913:"PEACETALK: Understanding the typology of Filipino Muslim religious leaders"
6503:
Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World
6295:
2974:
of Philippine animistic cultures, in general, became more subdued under the
2672:
Some shamans were believed to be able to control the physical world through
7915:
7783:
7544:
7529:
6732:. Vol. 38 (1674–1683). The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 114, 218.
5467:
4515:
Looking For The Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in Philippine History
4001:
3878:
3771:
3519:
3306:
2628:
2422:
2351:
2337:
2294:
of European folklore. These are the most common types of spirits to become
2099:
2008:
1918:
1898:
1814:
1207:
1088:
1065:
843:
747:
668:
632:
522:
412:
387:. These shamans specialized in communicating, appeasing, or harnessing the
317:
171:
5632:
5571:
4447:"The Tinguian; Social, Religious, and Economic life of a Philippine tribe"
4409:("herbalist"). These generalist healers were also known by the Spanish as
3645:; and Pablo Bulan ("Papa Pablo"), Antonio Anugar, and Pedro de la Cruz in
3082:
2949:
people. These flourished as they were tolerated by the Spanish clergy as "
7910:
7728:
7703:
7564:
7403:
7357:
7306:
7204:
7167:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
3527:
3488:
2950:
2840:
2836:
2807:
2803:
2785:
2673:
2363:
1941:
415:, by which they could contact and interact with the spirits and deities (
384:
88:
6703:
6596:
6330:
5126:
4894:
3699:
3491:
who claimed in 1888 that he was a king sent to save people from another
3039:
Shamans who were assimilated by the church syncretized their roles into
2970:
was lost under Spanish colonization. The role of women and the relative
2490:
7895:
7834:
7678:
7668:
7362:
7265:
6559:"Darangen: In Original Maranao Verses, with English Translation, Vo. 5"
6203:
5640:
4704:
3709:
3674:
3243:
3052:
2983:
2975:
2945:-like powers to the idols such as miraculous healing or the ability to
2938:
2918:
2567:
2333:
2278:
2253:
2240:
2179:
2067:
1419:
743:
526:
461:
457:
432:
78:
2425:
literature). This separation happens normally during sleep, where the
685:-derived terms have largely disappeared among lowland Filipinos after
7824:
7788:
7763:
7723:
7658:
7623:
7524:
7413:
7382:
7367:
7352:
5449:
3936:, literally meaning "those unlike us". (Buenconsejo, 2002; Tan, 2008)
3664:
3590:
3432:
3421:
3110:
3056:
3040:
2922:
2418:
2261:
551:
453:
373:
166:
146:
63:
7126:
Shamanism, Catholicism, and Gender Relations in Colonial Philippines
6806:
Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (September 1, 2006).
6317:
Mercado, Leonardo N. (1991). "Soul and Spirit in Filipino Thought".
6195:
3951:
3145:. A direct equivalent of the Christian Filipino "faith healers" and
2909:
By the late 16th century, Christian symbols and paraphernalia (like
2831:
The negative counterparts of the shamans are collectively called as
2274:
439:
7758:
7753:
7738:
7698:
7663:
7633:
7628:
7291:
7260:
6725:
5416:
4265:
4153:
4139:
3916:
3480:
3375:
3234:
3209:
2987:
2914:
2872:
2752:
2685:
2677:
2611:
2602:
2555:
1933:
1483:
121:
3374:
was led by a healer named Lagutao. He claimed that an outbreak of
2772:
named Mabokelod a Romba which took the form of a giant crocodile.
2273:
There are two general types of spirits usually interacted with in
742:, in the meaning of "one who escorts a soul to the other world (a
472:
7798:
7793:
7648:
7643:
7516:
7475:
7418:
7255:
3638:
3597:
group from remnants of Elofre's followers and led an uprising in
3440:
3395:
3279:
3238:
3115:
3061:
2992:
2861:
2832:
2825:
2720:
2579:
2175:
1984:
1871:
1412:
530:
511:
482:
328:
176:
136:
7470:
5918:
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History
4591:"Baylan : Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology"
3669:
3455:
leaders in the 19th century. They include Lungao, a healer from
2195:
since the people were looking for parallels to the male clergy.
2159:, assisted him and led the women in singing what was called the
340:
A performer depicting a shaman in a recent Babaylan Festival of
7768:
7733:
7638:
7580:
7387:
7296:
6346:
5819:
Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context
3679:
3543:
3456:
3443:
after his surrender to American authorities in 1907. Note his "
3367:
3342:
3159:
2910:
2820:
2781:
2740:
2681:
2572:
1968:
1827:
According to Jaime Veneracion, Katalonan incorporates the root
151:
141:
73:
58:
4907:
4375:
culture as well as similar "men of prowess" concepts in other
3633:
movement in eastern Visayas turned their attention to the new
3613:. However, he picked up armed resistance again in 1899 in the
2256:. They were intermediaries between the physical world and the
7930:
7890:
7748:
7713:
7708:
7683:
7673:
7613:
7585:
7480:
7465:
6583:
Saber, Mamitua (1961). "Darangen: The Epic of the Maranaws".
6530:
Darangen: In Original Maranao Verse, with English Translation
6155:"Faith Healing in the Philippines: An Historical Perspective"
6085:
A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos
5515:, apprentices, to some older babaylan, frequently a relative.
4169:
4146:
3960:
3852:
3724:
3646:
3642:
3514:
3472:
3379:
3346:
3315:
3275:
3230:
3105:), with little connection to traditional shamanic religions.
2955:
2926:
2902:
2897:
2692:
2533:
2522:
2379:
2378:
is believed to reside in the pit of the stomach (usually the
2291:
2282:
2266:
2050:
1953:
1432:
770:
423:
417:
396:
322:
257:
131:
68:
6669:"The complementary roles of the Mandirigma and the Babaylan"
4881:
Lambrecht, Godfrey (1960). "Anitu Rites Among the Gaddang".
2590:, while a diviner that prefers to conduct a ritual known as
2462:
Shamans may also perform rituals to heal and strengthen the
693:
where it persisted and acquired the Spanish feminine suffix
7693:
7506:
7108:
Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society
7070:. The Visayan Daily Star. November 10, 2009. Archived from
3719:
3689:
3417:
3296:
3286:
Tamblot's revolt inspired another rebellion in neighboring
3031:
2886:
2865:
2576:
861:
580:
126:
6809:
The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
5496:
Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society
4765:"Naming the PHILIPPINE SHAMAN: Which Term Should You Use?"
4732:
Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society
2601:
Diviners are also able to foretell the future and perform
6782:
Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times
5882:"Precolonial Gender-Crossing and the Babaylan Chronicles"
5290:
International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation
4173:
3946:
3326:. Bankaw was beheaded, while Pagali and eighty-one other
3214:
Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Iolo, y sus adyacentes
2390:
represents the person's body and bodily urges; while the
2350:
cultures, animistic Filipinos believed in the concept of
2248:
shaman performing a sacred wake ritual with a death chair
514:
and spelling variants thereof. They are all derived from
5886:
Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM
5838:"Male Homosexuality in the Philippines: a short history"
2788:, and sacred oil concoctions, among many other objects.
2151:
that was "presided" by an "effeminate" priest called an
2027:("guide"), among other terms. Shamans have at least one
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
6743:
United States Philippine Commission, 1900-1916 (1905).
6425:"Witches in Philippines' Siquijor province are old hat"
5549:
4451:
Field Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Series
2474:
among Visayan shamans. It strengthens and empowers the
1901:
shamans (the two women in the foreground) conducting a
1627:
1621:
7021:
5679:
Buenconsejo, José S. (2002). Post, Jennifer C. (ed.).
4797:"Walking between heaven and earth: The babaylan today"
3483:, Iloilo in the late 1880s who proclaimed herself the
2446:. While it is not immediately lethal, the loss of the
1463:
7022:
Constantino, Renato; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975).
5315:. National Library of the Philippines. Archived from
4856:
4854:
2559:
in a calendar year, as explained in Mansueto Porras'
6832:
chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/
5025:"Philippine Shamanism and Southeast Asian Parallels"
4870:. The Babaylan Symposium. St. Scholastica's College.
3447:" and the woman's dress worn by the man to his left.
3203:
Chronicas de la Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio
3122:
massage therapy with oils. These modern versions of
2937:) were replaced by Catholic idols and their rituals
1995:
overseeing the ritual sacrifice of a pig during the
1956:
chose the person, rather than the other way around.
1098:
1092:
7017:
7015:
6233:
Inculturation of Filipino-Chinese Culture Mentality
4908:Daug & Ashera Dyan T. Neri, Artchil C. (2013).
4699:(M.A.). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. p. 4.
4361:in various Filipino ethnic groups). The concept of
3224:
2843:, witches that utilize insects as a form of curse.
2201:can freely marry and have children, including male
544:
538:
7056:. Today Printers and Publishers. pp. 110–118.
5762:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5431:
5370:
4851:
3715:Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people
3188:Most strongly affected by this religious shift to
2397:Natural illnesses are the result of damage to the
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
560:
3237:. In Spanish-controlled areas (especially in the
2688:Island, where healer-sorcerers are still common.
1940:, strange events or behavior (including climbing
1169:
1163:
8024:
7012:
6805:
6617:Cebuano Sorcery: Malign Magic in the Philippines
6113:. In Anderson, David G.; Berglund, Eeva (eds.).
3945:With strong parallels to human-like beings like
3278:in 1621–1622. It was led by a male shaman named
2802:Sorcerers are also believed to have powers that
2756:epic poem, heroes are born with "twin spirits" (
957:
521:, meaning "shaman" (probably originally female,
6527:Coronel, Maria Delia; Cali, Hadji Lawa (1986).
6177:
6175:
5946:
5655:
5592:"The Sulod: A Mountain People in Central Panay"
5162:
3955:, as well as diminutive human-like beings like
2061:. The shamans do not command them. People with
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
616:
494:The most common native terms for shamans among
6736:
5432:Greenhill, S.J.; Blust, R; Gray, R.D. (2008).
5219:
5196:"IP leaders hold tribal ritual to save Mt Apo"
5081:
5079:
4860:
4611:
3759:, "shaman in ritual transvestite attire"; and
3475:would sink; Clara Tarrosa, an eighty-year-old
3319:. Their rebellion was defeated by the Spanish
3241:), entire villages would defy the policies of
2541:. It is still commonly practiced to this day.
946:
606:
7187:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6032:. Studies in Liturgy. Vol. 77. Peeters.
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5706:Madarang, Rhea Claire E. (January 29, 2013).
5585:
5583:
5581:
5529:"6 Guidelines for Becoming a Filipino Shaman"
5018:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4874:
4828:
3366:A religious uprising in 1785 in Ituy (modern
3051:movement in the 17th and 18th centuries, the
2605:rituals. A key mythological creature used in
2374:, which can travel to the spirit world). The
2135:(1668), the Spanish historian and missionary
1831:which in ancient Tagalog meant "forest" (cf.
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1580:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1395:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
935:
929:
918:
907:
836:
781:
775:
711:
672:
443:
442:rituals. There were also various subtypes of
406:
400:
366:
352:
293:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6495:
6493:
6342:
6340:
6172:
6057:. In Gin, Ooi Keat; Tuan, Hoang Anh (eds.).
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5106:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
3605:, he was initially made "military chief" of
3542:. He was killed while attacking the town of
2362:, which stays with the living body) and the
2174:investigation of the shamans in the town of
2170:(1685), for example, records that during an
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1121:
1115:
1109:
968:
689:in the Spanish era. Some exceptions include
642:
636:
6927:
6904:
6759:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6667:Mallari, Perry Gil S. (November 16, 2013).
6526:
6381:
6379:
6310:
6075:
5888:. The University of the Philippines Press.
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5678:
5614:
5612:
5520:
5229:Philippine Journal of Public Administration
5168:
5076:
4756:
4620:
4595:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
4097:(Ilocano, Itawis, Zambal, & Pampango);
3065:movement of the late 19th century, and the
2784:or anting-anting, curse deflectors such as
2003:The shaman's power to communicate with the
1818:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1401:
1081:
1075:
1069:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
795:
698:
662:
652:
27:Shamans of ethnic groups in the Philippines
7194:
7180:
6965:The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook
6950:
6767:
6292:"Pacete: Exploring the spirit world in us"
6259:"Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: *du"
6181:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6010:
5942:
5940:
5907:
5905:
5866:
5829:
5578:
5391:
5001:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4550:"Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: *ba"
3790:. In the rest of Luzon, they are known as
3300:named Bankaw and his son Pagali who was a
754:have noted that there is no evidence that
596:
590:
570:
300:
286:
7096:Babaylan: Folk Healers in the Philippines
6938:. Panitikan: Philippine Literature Portal
6861:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6490:
6337:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6108:
6102:
5745:
5526:
5457:
5425:
5364:
5300:
5260:
4925:
4880:
4834:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4715:
4692:
4465:
3266:The first recorded armed revolt led by a
2466:of a person. These include the ritual of
2133:Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas
716:, although the meaning has shifted after
626:
7215:including their mythologies and folklore
7132:The Religious System and Culture of Nias
7042:
6987:
6985:
6838:
6778:
6385:
6376:
6354:. University of the Philippines Visayas.
6256:
6026:"Inculturation: An Interpretative Model"
5947:Geremia-Lachica, Maria Milagros (1996).
5787:
5731:"Brief encounter with a Manobo babaylan"
5705:
5699:
5609:
5397:
5339:
5337:
5138:
5136:
5112:
5022:
4941:Manipon, Roel Hoang (February 1, 2021).
4914:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
4901:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4518:. New Day Publishers. pp. 124–127.
4502:
4444:
3972:Other names for the astral soul include
3755:is from Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian
3566:from 1888. The uprising was formed near
3427:
3163:(cutting the hair of the firstborn) and
3030:
2887:Persecution, decline, and syncretization
2775:
2548:
2239:
2094:
1983:
1893:
738:("escort", "accompany") with the suffix
471:
335:
311:
7048:
6998:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 99–100.
6910:
6847:"The Filipina as ritualist and warrior"
6845:Mallari, Perry Gil S. (March 8, 2014).
6844:
6689:
6666:
6660:
6646:. University of the Philippines Press.
6449:Tomada, Nathalie M. (October 3, 2010).
6316:
6152:
6131:
6081:
6052:
6046:
6030:Liturgy and Inculturation: Introduction
6007:
5937:
5911:
5902:
5769:. University of Hawaii Press. pp.
5760:
5728:
5722:
5499:. Ateneo University Press. p. 83.
5374:Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog
5254:
5213:
5193:
5085:
4965:
4940:
4934:
4817:
4811:
4795:Mayuga, Sylvia L. (November 15, 2012).
4616:(Special Publications nos. 15, 17, 19).
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4445:Cole, Fay-Cooper; Gale, Albert (1922).
3047:and miracle workers. These include the
2893:Spanish colonization of the Philippines
14:
8025:
7140:by Frank M. LeBar and George N. Appell
6933:
6719:
6710:
6614:
6603:
6476:. Lopez Group Foundation. p. 65.
6448:
6442:
6289:
6276:
6218:
6059:Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1350-1800
6020:
5879:
5835:
5804:
5589:
5543:
5527:De Guzman, Daniel (December 4, 2016).
5418:The T'boli: Songs, Stories and Society
5408:
5401:The T'boli: Songs, Stories and Society
5283:
5277:
5145:"Foreign Influences on Muslim Rituals"
5092:. BoD - Books on Demand. p. 404.
5042:
4835:Cojuangco, Tingting (March 23, 2008).
4794:
4783:
4654:
4483:Limos, Mario Alvaro (March 18, 2019).
4440:
4438:
4436:
4388:Examples include the festivals of the
3016:. Chirino also mentioned another male
2481:
2434:getting lost in the spirit world; the
2102:potters, the person on the right is a
1874:it means ‘a malediction or curse’. In
1358:(mediator, keeper of traditions, also
7175:
6982:
6961:
6884:
6582:
6576:
6556:
6550:
6499:
6471:
6465:
6364:
6358:
6294:. SunStar Philippines. Archived from
5949:"Panay's Babaylan: The Male Takeover"
5552:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
5492:
5343:
5334:
5263:"Palaw'an-English-Tagalog Dictionary"
5142:
5133:
4983:"The Healing Arts of the Philippines"
4728:
4626:
4614:Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen
4588:
4532:
4508:
4482:
3400:The 19th century saw the rise of the
1913:inherited their status from an older
1870:“tarotaro” means ‘to pray’, while in
774:("spirit"), these include terms like
8068:Southeast Asian traditional medicine
8058:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
7211:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
7060:
6991:
6936:"Philippine Gay Culture: Conclusion"
6934:Garcia, J. Neil C. (June 23, 2014).
6422:
6416:
6250:
6117:. Berghahn Books. pp. 171–188.
5618:
5347:Introducing Anthropology of Religion
5284:Mahali, Saidatul Nornis Hj. (2015).
5235:(1 & 2): 155–203. Archived from
4985:. Jade Dragon Online. Archived from
4767:. The Aswang Project. Archived from
4567:
2485:
2252:The primary role of shamans were as
320:renewing an offering to the spirit (
248:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines
6639:
6633:
6423:Haas, Benjamin (October 30, 2011).
6263:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
5414:
4980:
4631:. New Day Publishers. p. 148.
4605:
4554:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
4433:
4176:" in English sources. They include
3826:, the highest-ranking shaman was a
3558:uprising was led by a shaman named
3118:, and practitioners of traditional
3043:in the Christian context, becoming
2312:Not all shamanic rituals result in
2270:), both malevolent and benevolent.
2155:. His female counterpart, called a
395:. They were almost always women or
24:
8073:Traditional healthcare occupations
7101:
6619:. University of California Press.
6520:
6229:
5981:
3077:, they instead claimed to channel
3003:An account of the conversion of a
2966:The previously high status of the
2635:every three months; facing north (
40:
25:
8089:
7089:
6729:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803
6290:Pacete, Ver F. (March 16, 2017).
6257:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen.
6053:Aguilar, Filomeno V. Jr. (2015).
5761:Aguilar, Filomeno V. Jr. (1998).
5729:Morales, Ime (January 22, 2013).
5398:Talavera, Maria Jezia P. (2013).
4864:Babaylan: She Dances in Wholeness
4861:Miclat-Cacayan, Agnes N. (2005).
4762:
4548:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen.
4134:Similar beliefs exist throughout
4121:(Maranao & Maguindanao); and
3864:From paragraph 26 (Brewer 1999):
3097:terminology and practices (like "
2229:
2090:
731:may have ultimately derived from
7203:
6911:Morales, Yusuf (July 26, 2017).
6061:. Routledge. pp. 250, 251.
5564:10.1097/00005053-199507000-00003
5377:. Lulu Press, Inc. p. 322.
5261:Macdonald, Charles (July 2011).
5220:Ibañez-Nolasco, Liberty (2004).
5194:Cauayan, Editha (May 24, 2016).
3607:La Castellana, Negros Occidental
3225:Resistance against colonial rule
2846:
2489:
1979:
372:, among many other names), were
269:
6826:
6799:
6683:
6615:Lieban, Richard Warren (1977).
6506:. Verso Books. pp. 96–97.
5975:
5928:
5708:"In the presence of a Babaylan"
5486:
5187:
5171:Songs and Gifts at the Frontier
5023:Demetrio, Francisco R. (1973).
4818:Laubach, Frank Charles (1925).
4399:
4382:
4335:
4162:
4128:
4067:
3966:
3939:
3922:
3909:
3884:
3870:
3858:
3746:
3737:
3624:
3451:There are numerous examples of
3412:" or "false god", from Spanish
3389:
3361:
3261:
3149:are Islamized shamans known as
2627:was central to a sixteen-point
2609:geomancy in the Visayas is the
2035:that give them magical powers.
516:Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian
7881:Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko
6585:Philippine Sociological Review
5350:. Routledge. pp. 68, 69.
5309:Philippine Ethnography: Badjao
5115:Philippine Sociological Review
5051:Philippine Ethnography: Ivatan
4735:. University of Hawaii Press.
4686:
4648:
3774:. Other Visayan terms include
3035:Performers depicting babaylans
2791:
703:. It also survives among some
467:
411:). They were believed to have
13:
1:
8053:Healthcare in the Philippines
7486:Witchcraft in the Philippines
7128:, 1521-1685 by Carolyn Brewer
6779:Peletz =, Michael G. (2009).
6643:Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam
6474:Iloilo: A Rich and Noble Land
5493:Scott, William Henry (1994).
5169:Buenconsejo, Jose S. (2013).
4729:Scott, William Henry (1994).
4693:Fluckiger, Steven J. (2018).
4627:Scott, William Henry (1988).
4427:
3290:in the same time period. The
2978:culture of the Spanish. Most
2544:
2049:, but they are more commonly
1889:
431:. Their primary role were as
7153:The Threshold of the Pacific
6812:. ANU E Press. p. 338.
6230:Yu, Jose Vidamor B. (2000).
6028:. In Lamberts, Jozef (ed.).
3635:American colonial government
3258:rather than true shamanism.
448:specializing in the arts of
7:
7921:Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang
7134:, Indonesia by Peter Suzuki
7068:"Papa Isio marker unveiled"
5880:Garcia, J. Neil C. (2008).
5836:Garcia, J. Neil C. (2004).
5438:Evolutionary Bioinformatics
5371:Jean-Paul G. Potet (2013).
3652:
3216:(1667), the Spanish priest
1864:Malayo-Polynesian languages
746:)". However, the linguists
10:
8094:
8038:Filipino religious leaders
7952:Philippine folk literature
6887:"Dios-Dios in the Visayas"
6400:(9): 37–41. Archived from
5959:(1): 53–60. Archived from
5344:Eller, Jack David (2015).
4981:Apostol, Virgil J. Mayor.
4824:. George H. Doran Company.
4485:"The Fall of the Babaylan"
4365:is comparable to the term
3766:, "sterile" or "asexual".
3393:
2850:
2804:cause harm to other people
2795:
2691:In some cultures like the
2667:
2651:) in a given twelve-month
2520:
2331:
2327:
2260:, due to their ability to
2233:
2106:in female attire (c. 1922)
1370:(healer against sorcery),
1233:(female shaman, midwife),
253:Shrines and sacred grounds
8048:Feminism and spirituality
8043:Austronesian spirituality
7939:
7848:
7807:
7604:
7573:
7515:
7494:
7458:
7432:
7396:
7325:
7279:
7248:
7222:
7163:, and Frederic Henry Drew
7144:The Polynesian Wanderings
7054:Negros Occidental History
6992:Duka, Cecilio D. (2008).
6785:. Routledge. p. 84.
6153:Salazar, Zeus A. (2007).
6109:Novellino, Dario (2003).
6082:Francia, Luis H. (2013).
5953:Review of Women's Studies
5590:Jocano, J. Landa (1958).
5173:. Routledge. p. 91.
5143:Loyre, Ghislaine (1998).
4927:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p74
4379:cultures. (Aguilar, 1998)
3881:gender, see paragraph 34.
3830:. They are also known as
3637:. Calling themselves the
3572:contribuciones babaylanes
3439:followers in a prison in
3324:Alonso Fajardo de Entenza
3143:Islamic religious leaders
2386:resides in the head. The
525:, or hermaphroditic) or "
326:) of a warrior's shield (
7326:Epic and folklore heroes
7161:Sir Grafton Elliot Smith
7028:. Monthly Review Press.
6962:Woods, Damon L. (2006).
6640:Tan, Michael L. (2008).
6472:Feleo, Anita B. (2007).
6386:McClenon, James (1985).
5988:intersections.anu.edu.au
5805:Brewer, Carolyn (1999).
5086:Stummer, Martin (2017).
4837:"Women, North and South"
4655:Brewer, Carolyn (2001).
3761:Proto-Central Philippine
3731:
3192:were the feminized male
2941:, including attributing
2864:. In the absence of the
2750:society depicted in the
2728:. A notable example was
2224:
2163:, in honor of Gugurang.
2137:Francisco Ignacio Alcina
727:has also theorized that
7445:Battle of Dolores River
5912:Kroeber, A. L. (1918).
4943:"When we were babaylan"
3615:Philippine–American War
3311:Miguel López de Legazpi
2631:. It faces a different
1924:A few, however, become
1819:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1464:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1170:
1164:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
969:
958:
947:
936:
930:
919:
908:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
837:
796:
782:
776:
712:
699:
673:
663:
653:
643:
637:
627:
617:
607:
597:
591:
571:
561:
545:
539:
444:
401:
353:
342:Bago, Negros Occidental
7967:Kapampangan literature
7957:Philippine epic poetry
6885:Marco, Sophia (2001).
6566:Asian Folklore Studies
6184:Asian Folklore Studies
6088:. The Overlook Press.
5994:on September 9, 2019.
4589:McCoy, Alfred (1982).
3448:
3036:
2564:
2262:influence and interact
2249:
2107:
2007:is derived from their
2000:
1930:near-death experiences
1906:
1884:Luciano P. R. Santiago
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
581:
535:Austronesian languages
533:in other non-Filipino
491:
407:
367:
344:
333:
316:1922: a shaman of the
276:Philippines portal
223:Mythological creatures
45:
8063:Religious occupations
7997:Pangasinan literature
7972:Hiligaynon literature
7947:Philippine literature
7121:Luciano P.R. Santiago
6404:on September 17, 2019
6388:"Island of Sorcerers"
6370:Some Filipino Beliefs
5825:on February 12, 2020.
5633:10.1353/amu.2005.0022
4405:Derived from Spanish
3963:. (Buenconsejo, 2002)
3919:. (Buenconsejo, 2002)
3585:The last significant
3431:
3233:and the interiors of
3034:
2972:gender egalitarianism
2776:Talismans and potions
2552:
2243:
2098:
1987:
1897:
500:Island Southeast Asia
475:
339:
315:
44:
7074:on November 13, 2009
6995:Struggle for Freedom
6557:Miura, Taro (1993).
6500:Davis, Mike (2002).
5963:on February 12, 2020
5862:on December 8, 2019.
5531:. The Aswang Project
5322:on February 15, 2019
5242:on February 10, 2020
5064:on November 23, 2018
4510:Scott, William Henry
4138:. These include the
4101:(northern Ilocano);
3934:"hindi kagaya natin"
3822:. Notably among the
3660:Philippine mythology
3603:Spanish–American War
3526:. He took the name "
2730:Estrella Bangotbanwa
2553:The rotation of the
2286:conducted outdoors.
2236:Philippine mythology
1949:psychological trauma
480:to prepare land for
350:, commonly known as
218:Mythological figures
34:Philippine mythology
7992:Mindanao literature
7926:The Mythology Class
7866:Ang Mahiwagang Baul
7378:Malakas and Maganda
7112:William Henry Scott
7050:Sa-onoy, Modesto P.
6451:"Mystical Siquijor"
6372:. W. Glaisher, Ltd.
6298:on October 18, 2018
5821:(2). Archived from
4341:People with strong
3877:with the neuter or
3611:American government
3341:was an uprising in
3332:burned at the stake
3190:Abrahamic religions
2953:". Nature spirits (
2881:Abrahamic religions
2655:. The mouth of the
2482:Traditional massage
2115:in the Visayas and
1880:William Henry Scott
389:spirits of the dead
36:
8078:Women and religion
8007:Tagbanwa mythology
8002:Tagalog literature
7987:Ilokano literature
7962:Cebuano literature
7830:Hudhud hi Aliguyon
7606:Mythical creatures
7157:Charles Elliot Fox
6894:Philippine Studies
6849:. The Manila Times
6692:Philippine Studies
6671:. The Manila Times
6319:Philippine Studies
5599:Philippine Studies
5415:Cabalza, Chester.
5152:Philippine Studies
4883:Philippine Studies
4394:Santo Niño de Cebú
3619:old Bilibid Prison
3509:cabeza de barangay
3449:
3183:Maguindanao people
3037:
2633:cardinal direction
2565:
2501:. You can help by
2264:with the spirits (
2250:
2168:Bolinao Manuscript
2108:
2001:
1907:
733:Proto-Austronesian
492:
385:Philippine islands
345:
334:
46:
32:
8020:
8019:
7982:Ifugao literature
7977:Ibanag literature
7820:Code of Kalantiaw
7591:Code of Kalantiaw
7574:Legendary objects
7495:Spiritual persons
7450:Negros Revolution
7440:Dagohoy Rebellion
7433:Historical events
7409:Francisco Dagohoy
7397:Historical people
7148:William Churchill
6819:978-1-920942-85-4
6453:. PhilStar Global
6429:Los Angeles Times
5982:Brewer, Carolyn.
5924:(Part II): 35–37.
5733:. GMA News Online
5506:978-971-550-135-4
5265:. SIL Philippines
4799:. GMA News Online
4742:978-971-550-135-4
4668:978-971-8605-29-5
3930:"dili ingon nato"
3906:). (Brewer, 1999)
3896:genital piercings
3695:Negros Revolution
3599:Negros Occidental
3576:revolutionary tax
3560:Gregorio Lampinio
3137:Similarly, among
3028:had been broken.
2519:
2518:
2442:to return to the
2417:(referred to as "
2314:spirit possession
2139:records that the
2051:non-human spirits
2023:("guardian"), or
2009:spirit companions
1456:(healer, midwife)
859:(also the female
393:spirits of nature
310:
309:
16:(Redirected from
8085:
8012:Waray literature
7940:Literary sources
7871:Aso ni San Roque
7502:Filipino shamans
7476:Pulajan religion
7348:Daragang Magayon
7235:Creation stories
7208:
7207:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7173:
7172:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7019:
7010:
7009:
6989:
6980:
6979:
6959:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6891:
6882:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6776:
6765:
6764:
6758:
6750:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6723:
6717:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6612:
6601:
6600:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6563:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6535:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6497:
6488:
6487:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6383:
6374:
6373:
6366:Starr, Frederick
6362:
6356:
6355:
6344:
6335:
6334:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6287:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6227:
6216:
6215:
6179:
6170:
6169:
6159:
6150:
6129:
6128:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6022:Brazal, Agnes M.
6018:
6005:
6004:
5990:. Archived from
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5944:
5935:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5909:
5900:
5899:
5877:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5855:. Archived from
5842:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5802:
5785:
5784:
5768:
5758:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5676:
5653:
5652:
5616:
5607:
5606:
5596:
5587:
5576:
5575:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5474:on June 24, 2020
5470:. Archived from
5461:
5450:10.4137/EBO.S893
5429:
5423:
5422:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5341:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5314:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5241:
5226:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5149:
5140:
5131:
5130:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5056:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5029:
5020:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4989:on July 16, 2015
4978:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4953:on June 11, 2021
4949:. Archived from
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4792:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4726:
4713:
4712:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4586:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4545:
4530:
4529:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4480:
4463:
4462:
4442:
4422:
4403:
4397:
4386:
4380:
4373:Pacific Islander
4339:
4333:
4166:
4160:
4132:
4126:
4071:
4065:
3970:
3964:
3943:
3937:
3926:
3920:
3913:
3907:
3888:
3882:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3705:Tamblot Uprising
3384:Dominican friars
3321:Governor-general
3272:Tamblot uprising
3256:Folk Catholicism
3218:Francisco Combés
3139:Muslim Filipinos
3095:pseudoscientific
2798:Filipino witches
2514:
2511:
2493:
2486:
2047:ancestor spirits
1905:ritual (c. 1922)
1822:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1631:
1625:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1584:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1467:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1173:
1167:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1102:
1096:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
972:
961:
950:
939:
933:
922:
911:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
840:
799:
785:
779:
715:
705:Muslim Filipinos
702:
687:Christianization
676:
666:
656:
646:
640:
630:
620:
610:
600:
594:
584:
574:
564:
548:
542:
476:A ritual of the
447:
410:
404:
370:
356:
348:Filipino shamans
302:
295:
288:
274:
273:
272:
116:Mythical animals
37:
31:
21:
8093:
8092:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8033:Asian shamanism
8023:
8022:
8021:
8016:
7935:
7896:Encantadia Saga
7849:Popular culture
7844:
7815:Biag ni Lam-ang
7803:
7600:
7596:Gintong Salakot
7569:
7511:
7490:
7454:
7428:
7392:
7388:Princess Urduja
7343:Bernardo Carpio
7321:
7275:
7249:Supreme deities
7244:
7218:
7202:
7200:
7119:, 1565-1898 by
7104:
7102:Further reading
7092:
7087:
7077:
7075:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7047:
7043:
7036:
7020:
7013:
7006:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6960:
6951:
6941:
6939:
6932:
6928:
6918:
6916:
6909:
6905:
6889:
6883:
6862:
6852:
6850:
6843:
6839:
6831:
6827:
6820:
6804:
6800:
6793:
6777:
6768:
6752:
6751:
6741:
6737:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6711:
6688:
6684:
6674:
6672:
6665:
6661:
6654:
6638:
6634:
6627:
6613:
6604:
6581:
6577:
6561:
6555:
6551:
6544:
6533:
6525:
6521:
6514:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6470:
6466:
6456:
6454:
6447:
6443:
6433:
6431:
6421:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6384:
6377:
6363:
6359:
6345:
6338:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6299:
6288:
6277:
6267:
6265:
6255:
6251:
6244:
6228:
6219:
6196:10.2307/1177763
6180:
6173:
6157:
6151:
6132:
6125:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6080:
6076:
6069:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6019:
6008:
5980:
5976:
5966:
5964:
5945:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5878:
5867:
5859:
5845:IIAS Newsletter
5840:
5834:
5830:
5803:
5788:
5781:
5759:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5711:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5677:
5656:
5617:
5610:
5594:
5588:
5579:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5525:
5521:
5507:
5491:
5487:
5477:
5475:
5430:
5426:
5413:
5409:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5369:
5365:
5358:
5342:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5259:
5255:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5224:
5218:
5214:
5204:
5202:
5192:
5188:
5181:
5167:
5163:
5147:
5141:
5134:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5084:
5077:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5027:
5021:
5002:
4992:
4990:
4979:
4966:
4956:
4954:
4939:
4935:
4906:
4902:
4879:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4852:
4842:
4840:
4833:
4829:
4816:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4793:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4771:on July 6, 2018
4763:Clark, Jordan.
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4727:
4716:
4691:
4687:
4669:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4629:A Sagada Reader
4625:
4621:
4610:
4606:
4587:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4546:
4533:
4526:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4491:
4481:
4466:
4443:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4404:
4400:
4387:
4383:
4340:
4336:
4167:
4163:
4133:
4129:
4072:
4068:
4054:kadengan-dengan
3971:
3967:
3944:
3940:
3927:
3923:
3914:
3910:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3655:
3627:
3524:Negros Oriental
3445:Papal vestments
3398:
3392:
3364:
3339:Tapar rebellion
3288:Carigara, Leyte
3264:
3227:
3103:psychic surgery
2889:
2855:
2849:
2800:
2794:
2778:
2670:
2547:
2525:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2499:needs expansion
2484:
2423:anthropological
2340:
2330:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2093:
2045:spirits can be
1982:
1936:and trembling,
1892:
1825:
1257:( healer, also
1198:(diviner, also
1150:(diviner, also
752:Stephen Trussel
488:swidden farming
470:
376:of the various
306:
270:
268:
263:
262:
243:Tagalog beliefs
238:
228:
227:
213:
205:
204:
200:Bernardo Carpio
190:
189:Mythical heroes
182:
181:
117:
109:
108:
54:
53:Mythical beings
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8091:
8081:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7906:Juan dela Cruz
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7852:
7850:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7811:
7809:
7808:Literary works
7805:
7804:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7610:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7560:Mount Pinatubo
7557:
7552:
7550:Mount Makiling
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7498:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7462:
7460:
7459:Belief systems
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7329:
7327:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7283:
7281:
7280:Lesser deities
7277:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7226:
7224:
7220:
7219:
7199:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7176:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7150:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7123:
7114:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7091:
7090:External links
7088:
7086:
7085:
7059:
7041:
7034:
7011:
7004:
6981:
6974:
6949:
6926:
6903:
6860:
6837:
6825:
6818:
6798:
6791:
6766:
6735:
6718:
6709:
6698:(4): 403–414.
6682:
6659:
6652:
6632:
6625:
6602:
6591:(1/2): 42–46.
6575:
6549:
6542:
6519:
6512:
6489:
6482:
6464:
6441:
6415:
6375:
6357:
6336:
6325:(3): 287–302.
6309:
6275:
6249:
6242:
6217:
6171:
6130:
6123:
6101:
6094:
6074:
6067:
6045:
6038:
6006:
5974:
5936:
5927:
5901:
5894:
5865:
5828:
5786:
5779:
5744:
5721:
5698:
5691:
5654:
5608:
5577:
5558:(7): 435–444.
5542:
5519:
5505:
5485:
5424:
5407:
5390:
5383:
5363:
5356:
5333:
5299:
5276:
5253:
5212:
5186:
5179:
5161:
5132:
5105:
5098:
5075:
5041:
5000:
4964:
4947:Tribune.net.ph
4933:
4900:
4889:(3): 584–602.
4873:
4850:
4827:
4810:
4782:
4755:
4741:
4714:
4685:
4667:
4647:
4637:
4619:
4604:
4566:
4531:
4525:978-9711005245
4524:
4501:
4464:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4398:
4390:Black Nazarene
4381:
4334:
4234:mangngibawanen
4161:
4136:Southeast Asia
4127:
4089:(Pangasinan);
4066:
3965:
3938:
3921:
3908:
3883:
3869:
3857:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3626:
3623:
3568:Mount Balabago
3394:Main article:
3391:
3388:
3363:
3360:
3263:
3260:
3226:
3223:
3199:Real Audiencia
3099:psychic energy
2888:
2885:
2853:Barangay state
2848:
2845:
2796:Main article:
2793:
2790:
2777:
2774:
2739:from southern
2669:
2666:
2594:is known as a
2546:
2543:
2521:Main article:
2517:
2516:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2480:
2346:Like in other
2329:
2326:
2302:(from Spanish
2254:spirit mediums
2234:Main article:
2231:
2230:Spirit mediums
2228:
2226:
2223:
2209:common, while
2123:in Luzon. The
2092:
2091:Sex and gender
2089:
1981:
1978:
1891:
1888:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1656:
1632:
1615:
1585:
1574:
1490:
1481:
1468:
1457:
1417:
1406:
1389:
1329:
1306:
1299:(healer, also
1270:
1266:ebpamangalamat
1222:
1205:
1175:
1157:
1127:
1103:
1086:
1063:
1027:
973:
962:
951:
940:
923:
912:
901:
866:
850:
841:
830:
800:
788:
725:Otto Dempwolff
469:
466:
308:
307:
305:
304:
297:
290:
282:
279:
278:
265:
264:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
236:Folk religions
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
220:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
197:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
101:
99:Maria Makiling
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
52:
51:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8090:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7806:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7744:Nuno sa punso
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7572:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7540:Mount Kanlaon
7538:
7536:
7535:Mount Banahaw
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7517:Sacred places
7514:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7424:Nardong Putik
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7241:
7240:Soul concepts
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7221:
7216:
7212:
7206:
7197:
7192:
7190:
7185:
7183:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7037:
7035:9780853453949
7031:
7027:
7026:
7018:
7016:
7007:
7005:9789712350450
7001:
6997:
6996:
6988:
6986:
6977:
6975:9781851096756
6971:
6967:
6966:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6937:
6930:
6914:
6907:
6899:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6848:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6821:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6802:
6794:
6792:9781135954895
6788:
6784:
6783:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6762:
6756:
6748:
6747:
6739:
6731:
6730:
6722:
6713:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6686:
6670:
6663:
6655:
6653:9789715425704
6649:
6645:
6644:
6636:
6628:
6626:9780520034204
6622:
6618:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6572:(2): 319–322.
6571:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6545:
6543:9789711110338
6539:
6532:
6531:
6523:
6515:
6513:9781859843826
6509:
6505:
6504:
6496:
6494:
6485:
6483:9789719390404
6479:
6475:
6468:
6452:
6445:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6382:
6380:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6353:
6352:
6343:
6341:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6245:
6243:9788876528484
6239:
6235:
6234:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6178:
6176:
6167:
6163:
6162:Asian Studies
6156:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6126:
6124:9780857456748
6120:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6097:
6095:9781468315455
6091:
6087:
6086:
6078:
6070:
6068:9781317559191
6064:
6060:
6056:
6049:
6041:
6039:9789068318371
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6003:
6000:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5941:
5931:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5906:
5897:
5895:9789715425773
5891:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5782:
5780:9780824820824
5776:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5732:
5725:
5709:
5702:
5694:
5692:9780415941242
5688:
5684:
5683:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5613:
5605:(4): 401–436.
5604:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5420:
5419:
5411:
5403:
5402:
5394:
5386:
5384:9781291457261
5380:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5359:
5357:9781317579144
5353:
5349:
5348:
5340:
5338:
5318:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5264:
5257:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5182:
5180:9781136719738
5176:
5172:
5165:
5158:(4): 429–451.
5157:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5137:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5101:
5099:9783744864862
5095:
5091:
5090:
5082:
5080:
5060:
5053:
5052:
5045:
5038:(2): 128–154.
5037:
5033:
5032:Asian Studies
5026:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4866:
4865:
4857:
4855:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4822:
4814:
4798:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4744:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4644:
4640:
4638:9789711003302
4634:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4608:
4601:(3): 141–194.
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4421:(Marco, 2001)
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4396:(McCoy, 1982)
4395:
4391:
4385:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4345:are known as
4344:
4338:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3580:Guardia Civil
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:Camarines Sur
3466:
3465:Nueva Cáceres
3462:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3410:god pretender
3407:
3403:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3372:Nueva Vizcaya
3369:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3294:was led by a
3293:
3292:Bankaw revolt
3289:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3205:(1738–1744).
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:revolutionary
3055:(and usually
3054:
3050:
3046:
3045:faith healers
3042:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2925:objects, and
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2847:Social status
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2812:land grabbers
2809:
2805:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2693:Manobo people
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:), and east (
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2513:
2510:December 2018
2504:
2500:
2497:This section
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:), while the
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:Inquisitional
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1980:Spirit guides
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1793:(herbalist),
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1748:makinaadmanon
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1549:(herbalist),
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1388:(head shaman)
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1260:ebpamanggamut
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
977:
974:
971:
966:
963:
960:
955:
952:
949:
944:
941:
938:
932:
927:
924:
921:
916:
913:
910:
905:
902:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
870:
867:
865:of the tribe)
864:
863:
858:
854:
851:
849:
845:
842:
839:
834:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
801:
798:
793:
790:
789:
787:
784:
778:
773:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
723:The linguist
721:
719:
714:
710:
706:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
557:Kadazan-Dusun
554:
553:
547:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
485:
484:
479:
478:Iraya Mangyan
474:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
419:
414:
413:spirit guides
409:
403:
398:
397:feminized men
394:
390:
386:
383:
379:
378:ethnic groups
375:
371:
369:
363:
362:
357:
355:
349:
343:
338:
331:
330:
325:
324:
319:
314:
303:
298:
296:
291:
289:
284:
283:
281:
280:
277:
267:
266:
259:
256:
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251:
249:
246:
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241:
240:
237:
232:
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224:
221:
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209:
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198:
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192:
186:
185:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
113:
112:
105:
104:Nuno sa punso
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
50:
49:
43:
39:
38:
35:
30:
19:
7916:Luna Mystika
7784:Tigmamanukan
7545:Mount Lantoy
7530:Mount Arayat
7501:
7166:
7152:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7125:
7116:
7107:
7076:. Retrieved
7072:the original
7062:
7053:
7044:
7024:
6994:
6968:. ABC-CLIO.
6964:
6940:. Retrieved
6929:
6917:. Retrieved
6906:
6897:
6893:
6851:. Retrieved
6840:
6828:
6808:
6801:
6781:
6745:
6738:
6728:
6721:
6712:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6673:. Retrieved
6662:
6642:
6635:
6616:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6569:
6565:
6552:
6529:
6522:
6502:
6473:
6467:
6455:. Retrieved
6444:
6432:. Retrieved
6428:
6418:
6406:. Retrieved
6402:the original
6397:
6391:
6369:
6360:
6350:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6300:. Retrieved
6296:the original
6266:. Retrieved
6262:
6252:
6232:
6190:(1): 39–54.
6187:
6183:
6165:
6161:
6114:
6104:
6084:
6077:
6058:
6048:
6029:
5998:
5995:
5992:the original
5987:
5977:
5967:February 12,
5965:. Retrieved
5961:the original
5956:
5952:
5930:
5921:
5917:
5885:
5857:the original
5844:
5831:
5823:the original
5818:
5812:
5808:
5764:
5735:. Retrieved
5724:
5712:. Retrieved
5701:
5681:
5627:(2): 81–95.
5624:
5620:
5602:
5598:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5533:. Retrieved
5522:
5512:
5510:
5495:
5488:
5476:. Retrieved
5472:the original
5441:
5437:
5427:
5417:
5410:
5400:
5393:
5373:
5366:
5346:
5326:November 16,
5324:. Retrieved
5317:the original
5308:
5302:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5267:. Retrieved
5256:
5246:November 29,
5244:. Retrieved
5237:the original
5232:
5228:
5215:
5203:. Retrieved
5199:
5189:
5170:
5164:
5155:
5151:
5121:(1): 34–63.
5118:
5114:
5108:
5088:
5066:. Retrieved
5059:the original
5050:
5044:
5035:
5031:
4991:. Retrieved
4987:the original
4955:. Retrieved
4951:the original
4946:
4936:
4920:(9): 74–81.
4917:
4913:
4903:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4863:
4841:. Retrieved
4830:
4820:
4813:
4801:. Retrieved
4773:. Retrieved
4769:the original
4758:
4746:. Retrieved
4731:
4708:
4695:
4688:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4657:
4650:
4642:
4628:
4622:
4613:
4607:
4598:
4594:
4557:. Retrieved
4553:
4514:
4504:
4492:. Retrieved
4488:
4454:
4450:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4384:
4377:Austronesian
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4278:dalongdongan
4277:
4273:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4222:mangkukusino
4221:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4164:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3950:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3886:
3872:
3865:
3860:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3772:Bicol Region
3767:
3763:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3739:
3630:
3628:
3625:20th century
3594:
3586:
3584:
3571:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3520:Zamboanguita
3513:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3476:
3452:
3450:
3436:
3413:
3408:(literally "
3405:
3401:
3399:
3390:19th century
3378:in northern
3365:
3362:18th century
3354:
3350:
3336:
3327:
3314:
3307:conquistador
3305:
3301:
3295:
3285:
3267:
3265:
3262:17th century
3253:
3248:
3242:
3228:
3213:
3207:
3202:
3193:
3187:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3048:
3038:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2908:
2896:
2890:
2877:
2870:
2857:
2856:
2830:
2819:
2816:
2801:
2779:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2736:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2704:dalongdongan
2703:
2699:
2697:
2690:
2674:incantations
2671:
2661:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:compass rose
2624:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2507:
2503:adding to it
2498:
2475:
2471:
2468:batak dungan
2467:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2352:soul dualism
2348:Austronesian
2345:
2341:
2338:Soul dualism
2322:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2272:
2265:
2258:spirit world
2251:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:("friend"),
2012:
2005:spirit world
2002:
1996:
1992:
1974:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1942:
1925:
1923:
1919:Isneg people
1914:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1859:
1828:
1826:
1640:tao d'mangaw
1487:
1478:
1474:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1189:mangindaloan
1026:(apprentice)
860:
856:
847:
844:Balanguingui
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
769:
760:
755:
748:Robert Blust
739:
735:
728:
722:
718:Islamization
694:
682:
603:Old Javanese
550:
523:transvestite
518:
507:
503:
496:Austronesian
493:
481:
436:
429:spirit world
422:
416:
382:pre-colonial
365:
360:
359:
351:
347:
346:
327:
321:
318:Itneg people
172:Tigmamanukan
29:
7911:Luna Blanca
7729:Manananggal
7704:Hantu Demon
7565:Mount Pulag
7555:Mount Mayon
7404:Dios Buhawi
7358:Irong-Irong
6915:. MindaNews
6900:(1): 42–77.
6302:October 18,
5621:Asian Music
5444:: 271–283.
5296:(1): 35–43.
5205:December 4,
4705:10125/62485
4415:saludadores
4411:mediquillos
4242:mangkukulam
4218:mangkukusim
4214:Kapampangan
4194:managinulod
4113:(Ilonggo);
4085:(Kalinga);
3980:(Visayan);
3850:. See also
3551:movements.
3528:Dios Buhawi
3493:great flood
3489:Jaro, Leyte
3485:Virgin Mary
3404:"shamans".
3244:reducciónes
3087:Holy Spirit
3067:espiritista
2976:patriarchal
2951:white magic
2939:syncretized
2862:noble class
2841:mambabarang
2837:mangkukulam
2808:black magic
2792:Black magic
2786:buntot pagi
2531:) known as
2364:astral soul
2059:reciprocity
1805:(diviner),
1599:mangungubat
1567:(diviner),
1564:pangatahoan
1552:manggagamot
1465:magbulungay
1452:(diviner),
1236:pendarpa'an
1225:Maguindanao
1160:Kapampangan
1120:(midwife),
1062:(herbalist)
681:). However
529:". Various
468:Terminology
94:Mangkukulam
89:Manananggal
84:Mambabarang
8027:Categories
7835:Juan Tamad
7679:Dalaketnon
7669:Bungisngis
7363:Juan Tamad
7266:Mangindusa
6168:(2): 1–15.
5847:(35): 13.
4839:. PhilStar
4428:References
4419:curanderos
4407:herbolario
4326:mang-aawug
4322:mang-aawog
4314:manughiwit
4290:mamalarang
4286:mamamarang
4270:dalagangan
4254:may-galing
4250:mangagaway
4246:mancocolam
4226:Pangasinan
4190:managtanem
4105:(Ibanag);
4081:(Ivatan);
4077:(Bontoc);
4038:kiyaraluwa
3834:among the
3710:Two-spirit
3675:Hun and po
3609:under the
3595:babaylanes
3540:dalagangan
3532:babaylanes
3437:babaylanes
3422:charlatans
3177:among the
3071:spiritista
2919:holy water
2915:crucifixes
2851:See also:
2726:rainmaking
2700:dalagangan
2653:lunar year
2643:), south (
2596:mangluluop
2588:magtatawas
2568:Divination
2545:Divination
2334:Mananambal
2332:See also:
2279:genii loci
2180:Pangasinan
2057:depend on
1938:depression
1890:Initiation
1837:Masbatenyo
1833:Hiligaynon
1808:mananabang
1802:manghihila
1796:manghuhula
1787:(healer),
1781:(healer),
1778:mananambal
1649:(healer),
1646:tao mulung
1558:manghuhula
1555:(healer),
1488:banawangon
1479:tanguiling
1420:Sama-Bajau
1403:pamomolong
1355:manhuhusay
1254:pangagamot
1251:(healer),
1245:(medium),
1239:(medium),
1192:(healer),
1144:(healer),
1138:(medium),
1130:Kankana-ey
1114:(medium),
1094:mandadawak
1059:mangngagas
1056:(medium),
981:mandadawak
954:Hiligaynon
898:paradiwata
744:psychopomp
498:groups in
458:divination
427:) and the
79:Juan Tamad
7825:Hinilawod
7789:Tikbalang
7764:Sarimanok
7724:Kumakatok
7659:Berberoka
7654:Berbalang
7624:Amalanhig
7525:Mount Apo
7414:Papa Isio
7383:Sarimanok
7368:Kalantiaw
7353:Datu Daya
7230:Religions
6755:cite book
6212:153002277
5853:141119860
5710:. Rappler
5649:145375061
5269:April 10,
4330:mang-aaug
4318:mamumuyag
4230:manananem
4182:parakaraw
4140:Cambodian
4109:(Isneg);
4022:ikaruruwa
4010:Kankanaey
3879:third sex
3788:babayenon
3665:Bobohizan
3639:Pulajanes
3631:dios-dios
3621:in 1911.
3591:Papa Isio
3587:dios-dios
3582:by 1890.
3556:dios-dios
3549:dios-dios
3504:dios-dios
3500:dios-dios
3453:dios-dios
3435:with two
3433:Papa Isio
3406:Dios-dios
3402:dios-dios
3349:led by a
3147:albolaryo
3130:, modern
3111:arbularyo
3085:, or the
3062:dios-dios
3053:messianic
3041:mysticism
2988:satanists
2921:) became
2721:dios-dios
2678:talismans
2649:sidlangan
2641:katungdan
2639:), west (
2419:soul loss
2413:from the
1932:, sudden
1857:Agutaynen
1841:Inabaknon
1811:(midwife)
1742:mamumuhat
1676:babailana
1614:(diviner)
1611:pagalamat
1577:Talaandig
1573:(midwife)
1522:manganito
1516:catalonan
1498:katalonan
1460:Sarangani
1428:wali jinn
1367:manukasey
1284:binulusan
1269:(diviner)
1242:pedtompan
1171:catulunan
1165:katulunan
1141:mansib-ok
1135:manbunong
1126:(diviner)
1111:machanitu
1077:dorarakit
1041:mangoodan
1023:manalisig
970:mambunong
937:balyán-an
892:paraanito
829:(diviner)
803:Aeta/Agta
623:Mongondow
552:bobohizan
454:herbalism
437:pag-anito
368:katalonan
167:Tikbalang
147:Sarimanok
64:Berbalang
7886:Dyesebel
7840:Maragtas
7759:Sarangay
7754:Santelmo
7739:Minokawa
7699:Engkanto
7664:Biringan
7634:Anggitay
7629:Amomongo
7419:Pulajans
7338:Aliguyon
7317:Sinukuan
7312:Makiling
7292:Bakunawa
7271:Kabunian
7261:Kan-Laon
7078:July 10,
7052:(1992).
6704:42719181
6597:43498156
6457:July 15,
6434:July 14,
6408:July 14,
6368:(1930).
6331:42633258
6024:(1996).
5737:July 17,
5714:July 17,
5468:19204825
5127:41853689
4957:June 11,
4895:42719586
4748:July 18,
4675:maganito
4512:(1992).
4494:July 12,
4392:and the
4347:dunganon
4310:sigbinan
4306:paktolan
4294:barangan
4282:busalian
4274:dunganon
4262:hukloban
4258:hukluban
4198:mannamay
4050:Bukidnon
4042:Tagbanwa
4030:karaduwa
4006:ab-abiik
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