42:
240:
160:
663:
If there is no movement, then this is considered a neutral response and has no clinical significance." "Sometimes there is no response to stimulation. This is called a neutral response. This response does not rule out
295:
will usually show an extensor response. In one study of 256 healthy infants, the response to testing was extensor in 73.8%, flexor in 8.9%, and equivocal in 17.3% This extensor response occurs because the
621:
46:
The reflex occurs upon stroking of the sole of the foot with a blunt object such as a pen. If the reflex occurs in adults as illustrated at bottom it may be due to nerve damage or disease.
87:
elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument. The reflex can take one of two forms. In healthy adults, the plantar reflex causes a downward response of the
316:. The extensor response usually disappears – giving way to the flexor response – by 12 months of age. Its persistence beyond age 2–3 indicates a problem in the brain or spinal cord.
360:. Loss of normal adult descending pyramidal control of the reflex arc to suppress extensor withdrawal results in the upgoing toes in the plantar reflex known as Babinski's sign.
255:. Occasionally, a pathological plantar reflex is the first and only indication of a serious disease process and a clearly abnormal plantar reflex often prompts detailed
1361:
175:
is rubbed with a blunt instrument or device, so as not to cause pain, discomfort, or injury to the skin; the instrument is run from the heel along a curve to the
348:
Efferent: Motor response back through the L5,S1 roots to the sciatic nerve to its bifurcation. Toe flexors are innervated by the tibial nerve. Toe extensors (
168:
143:
858:
Harrop JS, Hanna A, Silva MT, Sharan A (2007). "Neurological manifestations of cervical spondylosis: an overview of signs, symptoms, and pathophysiology".
902:
403:
The plantar reflex can be elicited in a number of ways, which were described in the late 19th and early 20th century. These have their own eponyms.
395:
that is normally fully inhibited by upper motor neurons. The pathway producing the plantar response is more complicated, and is not monosynaptic.
1354:
57:
205:
Indifferent: there is no response. This is called the neutral response, and has no clinical significance, as it does not rule out pathology.
1347:
187:
taper at the end of the handle to a point which was used for testing the plantar response in the past; due to the tightening of
137:
While first described in the medical literature by
Babinski in 1896, the reflex has been identified in art at least as early as
978:
945:
687:
626:
823:
Futagi, Y; Suzuki, Y (August 2010). "Neural mechanism and clinical significance of the plantar grasp reflex in infants".
231:
Babinski response may be elicited. The
Babinski response is also normal while asleep and after a long period of walking.
342:
932:
Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Schlossberg, J. Willis Hurst; illustrations by Leon; Boyter, Charles H. (1990).
515:
392:
1012:
353:
931:
421:
349:
1627:
1176:
1475:
1328:
17:
968:
587:
Massey, E. W.; Sanders, L. (1 January 1989). "Babinski's Sign in
Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque Art".
264:
191:
regulation this is no longer recommended. Either a single use device or the thumb nail should be used.
1489:
1390:
1268:
1223:
248:
1339:
1463:
1385:
511:
1637:
1321:
1061:
528:
496:
199:
99:
1593:
1400:
1096:
1037:
437:
216:
505:
387:
dysfunction. Mechanistically, they differ significantly; the finger flexor reflex is a simple
278:
The phrase "negative
Babinski sign" is sometimes used for the normal flexor plantar response.
1457:
746:
677:
487:
575:
1560:
1306:
1065:
1042:
1005:
537:– exaggerated flexion of the toes induced by rapid percussion on the tips of the toes
376:
370:
219:, but it is a normal reflex in infants (see below). It is also known as the Babinski Sign.
8:
1539:
1513:
1470:
1301:
1243:
1151:
1057:
600:
534:
477:
468:
357:
330:
297:
272:
260:
252:
836:
1632:
1544:
1370:
1258:
1253:
1202:
1146:
1133:
883:
871:
728:
492:
384:
287:
127:
1698:
1587:
1430:
1425:
1316:
1218:
1116:
1070:
974:
941:
914:
875:
840:
805:
720:
716:
683:
648:
604:
431:
417:
188:
52:
887:
732:
1653:
1622:
1420:
1415:
1311:
1286:
1197:
1181:
867:
832:
797:
712:
596:
452:
411:
767:
215:, and the other toes fan out. If elicited in an adult, it indicates damage to the
70:
1604:
1599:
1534:
1291:
1228:
1166:
1111:
1047:
998:
481:
442:
427:
313:
268:
111:
801:
1374:
1233:
1171:
1161:
1101:
1080:
1052:
1029:
640:
560:
462:
407:
228:
27:
Reflex elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument
788:
Neelon, Francis A; Harvey, Elisabeth (January 21, 1999). "The
Babinski Sign".
555:
531:– flexion of the 2nd to 5th toes on percussion of the dorsum of the foot
1692:
1669:
1435:
1238:
1141:
1091:
933:
338:
184:
703:
Gupta, A; Gupta, Piyush (July 2003). "Neonatal plantar response revisited".
918:
879:
844:
724:
652:
334:
212:
148:
938:
Clinical methods : the history, physical, and laboratory examinations
809:
608:
1440:
1156:
326:
305:
301:
172:
123:
119:
64:
436:
Doug's sign – electrically stimulating peripheral nerves during a
41:
1248:
458:
388:
380:
180:
138:
1369:
500:
256:
1296:
239:
227:
responsible for the sign expands, so does the area from which the
446:
115:
92:
1498:
1021:
639:
Acharya, Aninda B.; Jamil, Radia T.; Dewey, Jeffrey J. (2023),
309:
292:
224:
209:
159:
131:
88:
84:
472:
522:
508:– patient attempts to flex the knee against resistance
990:
576:
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6459605g/f225.image
176:
900:
857:
383:
equivalent of the
Babinski sign because both indicate
198:
Flexor: the toes curve down and inwards, and the foot
471:– applying pressure to the medial side of the
364:
312:at this age, so the reflex is not inhibited by the
970:SemiologĂa y Fundamentos de la NeurologĂa ClĂnica
638:
114:. The presence of the Babinski sign can identify
1690:
901:Kumar, SP; Ramasubramanian, D (December 2000).
647:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
420:– scratching along the inner side of the
202:; this is the response seen in healthy adults.
35:Babinski response/Babinski sign (pathological)
1355:
1006:
586:
894:
822:
787:
966:
1362:
1348:
1013:
999:
973:(First ed.). AMOLCA. pp. 66–67.
702:
398:
669:
523:Abnormal reflexes seen as flexion of toes
962:
960:
952:Table 73.1 Variants of the Babinski Sign
572:Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie
238:
158:
705:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
14:
1691:
940:(3rd ed.). Boston: Butterworths.
675:
1343:
994:
957:
341:to roots of L5,S1 and synapse in the
163:Pathological Babinski's sign in adult
601:10.1001/archneur.1989.00520370087025
243:Babinski's sign in a healthy newborn
194:There are three responses possible:
1408:
837:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.04.002
24:
903:"The Babinski sign--a reappraisal"
872:10.1227/01.NEU.0000215380.71097.EC
679:A Dictionary of Neurological Signs
449:and suddenly releasing the 4th toe
410:– multiple pinpricks on the
25:
1710:
455:– squeezing the calf muscle
365:Relationship to Hoffmann's reflex
234:
717:10.1046/j.1440-1754.2003.00172.x
486:Silva sign – pinching the
126:in adults, and also exists as a
102:) of the hallux is known as the
40:
936:. In Walker, H. Kenneth (ed.).
934:"Chapter 73 The Plantar Reflex"
925:
851:
816:
781:
768:"Medline plus: Babinski reflex"
247:The Babinski sign can indicate
760:
739:
696:
632:
615:
580:
565:
548:
379:is sometimes described as the
144:Virgin and Child with an Angel
110:, named after the neurologist
13:
1:
1329:Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
541:
345:to elicit the motor response.
281:
1020:
967:Silva Rosas, Carlos (2013).
627:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
514:– percussion over the
7:
802:10.1056/NEJM199901213400305
499:and suddenly releasing the
319:
251:constituting damage to the
10:
1715:
1476:Charcot's neurologic triad
682:. Springer. pp. 50–.
393:flexor digitorum profundus
389:monosynaptic spinal reflex
368:
354:extensor digitorum longus)
285:
259:investigations, including
154:
1662:
1646:
1615:
1580:
1573:
1553:
1522:
1506:
1497:
1490:Peripheral nervous system
1488:
1449:
1399:
1391:Cranial nerve examination
1381:
1279:
1211:
1190:
1132:
1079:
1028:
574:, Vol. 48, 1896, p. 207,
516:metatarsophalangeal joint
461:– forceful passive
267:of the spine, as well as
249:upper motor neuron lesion
63:
51:
39:
32:
1386:Neurological examination
422:extensor hallucis longus
350:extensor hallucis longus
1322:Crossed extensor reflex
1071:Pharyngeal (gag) reflex
1062:Vestibulo-ocular reflex
529:Bekhterev-Mendel reflex
399:Babinski-like responses
1594:carpal tunnel syndrome
1401:Central nervous system
1097:Brachioradialis reflex
1038:Pupillary light reflex
676:Larner, A. J. (2006).
480:– squeezing the
438:nerve conduction study
356:are innervated by the
298:corticospinal pathways
244:
217:central nervous system
164:
1458:Intracranial pressure
1269:Churchill–Cope reflex
1224:Bezold–Jarisch reflex
866:(1 Supp1 1): S14–20.
589:Archives of Neurology
488:rectus femoris muscle
430:– stroking the
242:
162:
147:, painted in the mid-
1638:Trendelenburg's sign
1191:Superficial reflexes
1066:Oculocephalic reflex
1043:Accommodation reflex
98:An upward response (
1514:Jendrassik maneuver
1302:Golgi tendon reflex
1244:Oculocardiac reflex
1058:Caloric reflex test
825:Pediatric Neurology
747:"Neonatal reflexes"
512:Throckmorton reflex
495:– vigorously
358:deep peroneal nerve
333:and travels up the
329:detected in the S1
273:cerebrospinal fluid
253:corticospinal tract
1633:Straight leg raise
1371:Signs and symptoms
1259:Reflex tachycardia
1254:Reflex bradycardia
1203:Cremasteric reflex
1134:Primitive reflexes
385:upper motor neuron
300:that run from the
288:Primitive reflexes
245:
165:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1569:
1568:
1561:Hoffmann's reflex
1484:
1483:
1337:
1336:
1317:Withdrawal reflex
1219:Bainbridge reflex
1117:Ankle jerk reflex
980:978-958-8760-73-5
947:978-0-409-90077-4
689:978-0-387-26214-7
641:"Babinski Reflex"
432:lateral malleolus
377:Hoffmann's reflex
371:Hoffmann's reflex
271:for the study of
189:infection control
104:Babinski response
77:
76:
16:(Redirected from
1706:
1578:
1577:
1540:Oppenheim's sign
1504:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1471:Lhermitte's sign
1406:
1405:
1373:relating to the
1364:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1312:Startle response
1287:List of reflexes
1198:Abdominal reflex
1081:Stretch reflexes
1015:
1008:
1001:
992:
991:
985:
984:
964:
955:
954:
929:
923:
922:
898:
892:
891:
855:
849:
848:
820:
814:
813:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
743:
737:
736:
700:
694:
693:
673:
667:
666:
660:
659:
636:
630:
622:"plantar reflex"
619:
613:
612:
584:
578:
569:
563:
552:
263:of the brain or
173:sole of the foot
128:primitive reflex
73:
44:
30:
29:
21:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1674:
1658:
1642:
1611:
1605:Phalen maneuver
1565:
1549:
1545:Westphal's sign
1535:Chaddock reflex
1518:
1480:
1464:Cushing's triad
1445:
1395:
1377:
1368:
1338:
1333:
1292:Acoustic reflex
1275:
1229:Coronary reflex
1207:
1186:
1128:
1112:Patellar reflex
1075:
1048:Jaw jerk reflex
1024:
1019:
989:
988:
981:
965:
958:
948:
930:
926:
907:Neurology India
899:
895:
856:
852:
821:
817:
786:
782:
772:
770:
766:
765:
761:
751:
749:
745:
744:
740:
701:
697:
690:
674:
670:
657:
655:
637:
633:
620:
616:
585:
581:
570:
566:
553:
549:
544:
525:
482:Achilles tendon
463:plantar flexion
401:
373:
367:
322:
314:cerebral cortex
290:
284:
269:lumbar puncture
237:
157:
112:Joseph Babinski
69:
47:
34:
33:Plantar reflex
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1590:
1588:Froment's sign
1584:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:Plantar reflex
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1431:Myerson's sign
1428:
1426:Macewen's sign
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:nervous system
1367:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1234:Cushing reflex
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1212:Cardiovascular
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1122:Plantar reflex
1119:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:Triceps reflex
1099:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1055:
1053:Corneal reflex
1050:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
987:
986:
979:
956:
946:
924:
893:
850:
815:
780:
759:
738:
711:(5): 349–351.
695:
688:
668:
631:
614:
579:
564:
546:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:Rossolimo sign
532:
524:
521:
520:
519:
518:of the big toe
509:
506:StrĂĽmpell sign
503:
490:
484:
478:Schaeffer sign
475:
469:Oppenheim sign
466:
456:
450:
440:
434:
425:
415:
400:
397:
391:involving the
369:Main article:
366:
363:
362:
361:
346:
321:
318:
308:are not fully
286:Main article:
283:
280:
236:
235:Interpretation
233:
221:
220:
208:Extensor: the
206:
203:
185:reflex hammers
156:
153:
81:plantar reflex
75:
74:
67:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1711:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1671:
1670:Pain stimulus
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1654:Beevor's sign
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Hoover's sign
1626:
1624:
1623:Gowers's sign
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:Kernig's sign
1419:
1417:
1416:Battle's sign
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:Diving reflex
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Biceps reflex
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1030:Cranial nerve
1027:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
993:
982:
976:
972:
971:
963:
961:
953:
949:
943:
939:
935:
928:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
769:
763:
748:
742:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
699:
691:
685:
681:
680:
672:
665:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
629:
628:
623:
618:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
583:
577:
573:
568:
562:
561:Who Named It?
558:
557:
551:
547:
536:
533:
530:
527:
526:
517:
513:
510:
507:
504:
502:
498:
494:
493:Stransky sign
491:
489:
485:
483:
479:
476:
474:
470:
467:
464:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
444:
441:
439:
435:
433:
429:
428:Chaddock sign
426:
423:
419:
416:
413:
409:
406:
405:
404:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
372:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
343:anterior horn
340:
339:sciatic nerve
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
289:
279:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
241:
232:
230:
226:
218:
214:
211:
207:
204:
201:
197:
196:
195:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
161:
152:
150:
146:
145:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:Babinski sign
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
72:
68:
66:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
18:Babinski sign
1600:Tinel's sign
1592:
1529:
1456:
1265:Respiratory
1121:
969:
951:
937:
927:
913:(4): 314–8.
910:
906:
896:
863:
860:Neurosurgery
859:
853:
828:
824:
818:
793:
790:N Engl J Med
789:
783:
771:. Retrieved
762:
750:. Retrieved
741:
708:
704:
698:
678:
671:
662:
656:, retrieved
644:
634:
625:
617:
595:(1): 85–88.
592:
588:
582:
571:
567:
554:
550:
465:of the ankle
418:Cornell sign
402:
374:
335:tibial nerve
291:
277:
257:neurological
246:
222:
193:
183:pads). Many
171:side of the
166:
149:15th century
142:
136:
107:
103:
97:
80:
78:
1507:Combination
1441:Hirano body
1436:Stroop test
1307:Optokinetic
1147:Gastrocolic
831:(2): 81–6.
453:Gordon sign
414:of the foot
327:Nociception
306:spinal cord
261:CT scanning
213:dorsiflexes
120:spinal cord
65:MedlinePlus
1249:Baroreflex
1177:Tonic neck
796:(3): 196.
664:pathology.
658:2023-12-04
645:StatPearls
542:References
501:little toe
459:Moniz sign
443:Gonda sign
381:upper limb
325:Afferent:
310:myelinated
282:In infants
181:metatarsal
139:Botticelli
1182:Parachute
497:abducting
408:Bing sign
331:dermatome
304:down the
100:extension
1699:Reflexes
1693:Category
1499:Reflexes
1297:H-reflex
1167:Stepping
1022:Reflexes
919:11146592
888:22166615
880:17204875
845:20610116
733:19382928
725:12887664
653:30085551
556:synd/366
445:–
320:Pathways
229:afferent
53:ICD-9-CM
1663:General
1172:Sucking
1162:Rooting
810:9895399
609:2642699
447:flexing
337:to the
293:Infants
223:As the
200:inverts
169:lateral
155:Methods
132:infants
118:of the
116:disease
93:flexion
1142:Galant
977:
944:
917:
886:
878:
843:
808:
773:24 May
752:24 May
731:
723:
686:
651:
607:
424:tendon
412:dorsum
225:lesion
210:hallux
89:hallux
85:reflex
71:003294
1647:Torso
1574:Other
1450:Other
1280:Other
1152:Grasp
884:S2CID
729:S2CID
473:tibia
302:brain
124:brain
83:is a
58:796.1
1616:Legs
1581:Arms
1554:Arms
1523:Legs
1409:Head
1157:Moro
1108:Leg
1088:Arm
975:ISBN
942:ISBN
915:PMID
876:PMID
841:PMID
806:PMID
775:2017
754:2017
721:PMID
684:ISBN
649:PMID
605:PMID
375:The
177:toes
167:The
122:and
95:).
79:The
868:doi
833:doi
798:doi
794:340
713:doi
624:at
597:doi
559:at
265:MRI
141:'s
130:in
106:or
1695::
959:^
950:.
911:48
909:.
905:.
882:.
874:.
864:60
862:.
839:.
829:43
827:.
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719:.
709:39
707:.
661:,
643:,
603:.
593:46
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352:,
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151:.
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1064:/
1060:/
1014:e
1007:t
1000:v
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921:.
890:.
870::
847:.
835::
812:.
800::
777:.
756:.
735:.
715::
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611:.
599::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
