Backup - Knowledge

163:, which is a system of backing up data to computer media that limits the number of backups of different dates retained separately, by appropriate re-use of the data storage media by overwriting of backups no longer needed. The scheme determines how and when each piece of removable storage is used for a backup operation and how long it is retained once it has backup data stored on it. The 3-2-1 rule can aid in the backup process. It states that there should be at least 3 copies of the data, stored on 2 different types of storage media, and one copy should be kept offsite, in a remote location (this can include 338: 1566:... copies data from a source to a target. True CDP does this every time a change is made, while so-called near-CDP does this at pre-set time intervals. Near-CDP is effectively the same as snapshotting....True CDP systems record every write and copy them to the target where all changes are stored in a log. By contrast, near-CDP/snapshot systems copy files in a straightforward manner but require applications to be quiesced and made ready for backup, either via the application's backup mode or using, for example, Microsoft's Volume Shadow Copy Services (VSS). 464: 3138: 1018:(RPO): The point in time that the restarted infrastructure will reflect, expressed as "the maximum targeted period in which data (transactions) might be lost from an IT service due to a major incident". Essentially, this is the roll-back that will be experienced as a result of the recovery. The most desirable RPO would be the point just prior to the data loss event. Making a more recent recovery point achievable requires increasing the frequency of 776:. Because the disk is read sequentially and with large buffers, this type of backup can be faster than reading every file normally, especially when the filesystem contains many small files, is highly fragmented, or is nearly full. But because this method also reads the free disk blocks that contain no useful data, this method can also be slower than conventional reading, especially when the filesystem is nearly empty. Some filesystems, such as 1311:(Version 2.0 ed.). Ithaca, NY: TidBITS Electronic Publishing. pp. 18–20 ("The Archive", meaning information repository, including versioning), 24 (client-server), 82–83 (archive file), 112–114 (Off-site storage backup rotation scheme), 126–141 (old Retrospect terminology and GUI—still used in Windows variant), 165 (client-server), 128 (subvolume—later renamed Favorite Folder in Macintosh variant). 3152: 942:. It can occur on a server before any data moves to backup media, sometimes referred to as source/client side deduplication. This approach also reduces bandwidth required to send backup data to its target media. The process can also occur at the target storage device, sometimes referred to as inline or back-end deduplication. 1534:

cost. For example, snapshots can provide a reasonable near-CDP-level of protection for file shares, letting users directly access data on the file share at regular intervals--say, every half-hour or 15 minutes. That's certainly a higher level of protection than tape-based or disk-based nightly backups and may be all you need.

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or disaster recovery center is used to store data that can enable computer systems and networks to be restored and properly configured in the event of a disaster. Some organisations have their own data recovery centres, while others contract this out to a third-party. Due to high costs, backing up is

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A true CDP approach should capture all data writes, thus continuously backing up data and eliminating backup windows.... CDP is the gold standard—the most comprehensive and advanced data protection. But "near CDP" technologies can deliver enough protection for many companies with less complexity and

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vault to protect against a disaster or other site-specific problem. The vault can be as simple as a system administrator's home office or as sophisticated as a disaster-hardened, temperature-controlled, high-security bunker with facilities for backup media storage. A data replica can be off-site but

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saves only the data that has changed since the last full backup. This means a maximum of two backups from the repository are used to restore the data. However, as time from the last full backup (and thus the accumulated changes in data) increases, so does the time to perform the differential backup.

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The process of rearranging the sets of backups in an archive file is known as refactoring. For example, if a backup system uses a single tape each day to store the incremental backups for all the protected computers, restoring one of the computers could require many tapes. Refactoring could be used

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Versioning of files: Most backup applications, other than those that do only full only/System imaging, also back up files that have been modified since the last backup. "That way, you can retrieve many different versions of a given file, and if you delete it on your hard disk, you can still find it

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Partial file copying: A backup may include only the blocks or bytes within a file that have changed in a given period of time. This can substantially reduce needed storage space, but requires higher sophistication to reconstruct files in a restore situation. Some implementations require integration

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The CloudEndure Agent performs an initial block-level read of the content of any volume attached to the server and replicates it to the Replication Server. The Agent then acts as an OS-level read filter to capture writes and synchronizes any block level modifications to the CloudEndure Replication

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A differential backup copies files that have been created or changed since the last full backup, regardless of whether any other differential backups have been made since, whereas an incremental backup copies files that have been created or changed since the most recent backup of any type (full or

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backup method stores a recent archive file "mirror" of the source data and a series of differences between the "mirror" in its current state and its previous states. A reverse incremental backup method starts with a non-image full backup. After the full backup is performed, the system periodically

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stores data changed since a reference point in time. Duplicate copies of unchanged data are not copied. Typically a full backup of all files is made once or at infrequent intervals, serving as the reference point for an incremental repository. Subsequently, a number of incremental backups are made

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or damaged spindle motors since they do not have any moving parts, unlike hard drives). An offsite copy protects against fire, theft of physical media (such as tapes or discs) and natural disasters like floods and earthquakes. Physically protected hard drives are an alternative to an offsite copy,

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Zerto doesn't use snapshot technology like Veeam. Instead, Zerto deploys small virtual machines on its physical hosts. These Zerto VMs capture the data as it is written to the host and then send a copy of that data to the replication site.....However, Veeam has the advantage of being able to more

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Interrelated database files backup: Some interrelated database file systems offer a means to generate a "hot backup" of the database while it is online and usable. This may include a snapshot of the data files plus a snapshotted log of changes made while the backup is running. Upon a restore, the

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is typically less accessible and less expensive than online storage, but still useful for backup data storage. A mechanical device is usually used to move media units from storage into a drive where the data can be read or written. Generally it has safety properties similar to on-line storage. An

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requires some direct action to provide access to the storage media: for example, inserting a tape into a tape drive or plugging in a cable. Because the data is not accessible via any computer except during limited periods in which they are written or read back, they are largely immune to on-line

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technology (sometimes termed a "shock sensor"), and by 2010 the industry average in drop tests for drives with that technology showed drives remaining intact and working after a 36-inch non-operating drop onto industrial carpeting. Some manufacturers also offer 'ruggedized' portable hard drives,

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Various methods can be used to manage backup media, striking a balance between accessibility, security and cost. These media management methods are not mutually exclusive and are frequently combined to meet the user's needs. Using on-line disks for staging data before it is sent to a near-line

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devices are relatively expensive for their low capacity, but convenient for backing up relatively low data volumes. A solid-state drive does not contain any movable parts, making it less susceptible to physical damage, and can have huge throughput of around 500 Mbit/s up to 6 Gbit/s.

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Software may create copies of individual files such as written documents, multimedia projects, or user preferences, to prevent failed write events caused by power outages, operating system crashes, or exhausted disk space, from causing data loss. A common implementation is an appended

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A backup strategy requires an information repository, "a secondary storage space for data" that aggregates backups of data "sources". The repository could be as simple as a list of all backup media (DVDs, etc.) and the dates produced, or could include a computerized index, catalog, or

1031:: In addition to preserving access to data for its owners, data must be restricted from unauthorized access. Backups must be performed in a manner that does not compromise the original owner's undertaking. This can be achieved with data encryption and proper media handling policies. 838:

Open file backup: Many backup software applications undertake to back up open files in an internally consistent state. Some applications simply check whether open files are in use and try again later. Other applications exclude open files that are updated very frequently. Some

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to a second set of storage media. This can be done to rearrange the archive files to optimize restore speed, or to have a second copy at a different location or on a different storage medium—as in the disk-to-disk-to-tape capability of Enterprise client-server backup.

198:, this method is frequently used by computer technicians to record known good configurations. However, imaging is generally more useful as a way of deploying a standard configuration to many systems rather than as a tool for making ongoing backups of diverse systems. 1054:: Enterprise client-server backup applications need a user interface that allows administrators to monitor the backup process, and proves compliance to regulatory bodies outside the organization; for example, an insurance company in the USA might be required under 1006:. It can be useful if there is a problem matching the speed of the final destination device with the source device, as is frequently faced in network-based backup systems. It can also serve as a centralized location for applying other data manipulation techniques. 185:

An unstructured repository may simply be a stack of tapes, DVD-Rs or external HDDs with minimal information about what was backed up and when. This method is the easiest to implement, but unlikely to achieve a high level of recoverability as it lacks automation.

735:. Deciding what to back up at any given time involves tradeoffs. By backing up too much redundant data, the information repository will fill up too quickly. Backing up an insufficient amount of data can eventually lead to the loss of critical information. 916:

Out-of-date data can be automatically deleted, but for personal backup applications—as opposed to enterprise client-server backup applications where automated data "grooming" can be customized—the deletion can at most be globally delayed or be disabled.

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or cloud backups involve service providers storing data offsite. This has been used to protect against events such as fires, floods, or earthquakes which could destroy locally stored backups. Cloud-based backup (through services like or similar to

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period: Regulations and policy can lead to situations where backups are expected to be retained for a particular period, but not any further. Retaining backups after this period can lead to unwanted liability and sub-optimal use of storage

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the data on these media can mitigate this problem, however encryption is a CPU intensive process that can slow down backup speeds, and the security of the encrypted backups is only as effective as the security of the key management policy.

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The File System Event Store is a hidden log that OSX keeps on each HFS+ formatted disk/partition of changes made to the data on it. It doesn't list every file that's changed, but each directory (folder) that's had anything changed inside

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disasters, such as inadvertently deleting or overwriting the "good" versions of one or more files, the computer user—rather than an administrator—may initiate backups and restores (from not necessarily the most-recent backup) of files or

228:(CDP) refers to a backup that instantly saves a copy of every change made to the data. This allows restoration of data to any point in time and is the most comprehensive and advanced data protection. Near-CDP backup applications—often 907:

It is frequently useful or required to manipulate the data being backed up to optimize the backup process. These manipulations can improve backup speed, restore speed, data security, media usage and/or reduced bandwidth requirements.

780:, provide a "dump" utility that reads the disk sequentially for high performance while skipping unused sections. The corresponding restore utility can selectively restore individual files or the entire volume at the operator's choice. 847:

changes in the log files are applied to bring the copy of the database up to the point in time at which the initial backup ended. Other low-availability interactive applications can be backed up via coordinated snapshots. However,

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mechanism. Snapshotting a file while it is being changed results in a corrupted file that is unusable. This is also the case across interrelated files, as may be found in a conventional database or in applications such as

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was for a long time the most commonly used medium for bulk data storage, backup, archiving, and interchange. It was previously a less expensive option, but this is no longer the case for smaller amounts of data. Tape is a

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as "CDP"—automatically take incremental backups at a specific interval, for example every 15 minutes, one hour, or 24 hours. They can therefore only allow restores to an interval boundary. Near-CDP backup applications use

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are commonly used with personal computers and are generally cheap. The capacities and speeds of these discs have typically been lower than hard disks or tapes. Advances in optical media may shrink that gap in the future.

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When there are many more computers to be backed up than there are destination storage devices, the ability to use a single storage device with several simultaneous backups can be useful. However cramming the scheduled

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Redundancy due to backing up similarly configured workstations can be reduced, thus storing just one copy. This technique can be applied at the file or raw block level. This potentially large reduction is called

653:) is an example of an online backup. This type of storage is convenient and speedy, but is vulnerable to being deleted or overwritten, either by accident, by malevolent action, or in the wake of a data-deleting 2372:

Effective remote backup requires that production data be regularly backed up to a location far enough away from the primary location so that both locations would not be affected by the same disruptive event.

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Some optical storage systems allow for cataloged data backups without human contact with the discs, allowing for longer data integrity. A French study in 2008 indicated that the lifespan of typically-sold

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to consolidate all the backups for a single computer onto a single tape, creating a "synthetic full backup". This is especially useful for backup systems that do incrementals forever style backups.

1921:. Iomega Corp. 20 September 2010. pp. 2(What is Drop Shock Technology?, What is Drop Guard Technology? (... features special internal cushioning .... 40% above the industry average)), 3(*NOTE) 329:, and/or changes in file size. Other variations of incremental backup include multi-level incrementals and block-level incrementals that compare parts of files instead of just entire files. 2277: 217:

from a series of incrementals, thus providing the equivalent of frequently doing a full backup. When done to modify a single archive file, this speeds restores of recent versions of files.

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Regardless of the repository model that is used, the data has to be copied onto an archive file data storage medium. The medium used is also referred to as the type of backup destination.

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storage has increased over time as it has become progressively cheaper. Hard disks are usually easy to use, widely available, and can be accessed quickly. However, hard disk backups are

1800:. para. Magnetic Tapes(popular formats, storage life), para. Hard Disk Drives(active archive), para. First consider flash memory in archiving(... may not have good media archive life) 1953:. Ziff Davis. What Exactly Makes a Drive Rugged?(When a drive is encased ... you're mostly at the mercy of the drive vendor to tell you the rated maximum drop distance for the drive) 747:: Making copies of files is the simplest and most common way to perform a backup. A means to perform this basic function is included in all backup software and all operating systems. 787:

for each file that says it was recently changed. Some backup software looks at the date of the file and compares it with the last backup to determine whether the file was changed.

617:) provides a layer of data protection. However, the users must trust the provider to maintain the privacy and integrity of their data, with confidentiality enhanced by the use of 1973: 1428:. 23 March 2014. Does your company have a low tolerance to longer "data access outages" and/or would you like to minimize the time your company may be without its data?. 411:

and may be more easily damaged than tapes, especially while being transported. In the mid-2000s, several drive manufacturers began to produce portable drives employing

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in that it enables a roll-back of the log and thus a restoration of old images of data. Intent-logging allows precautions for the consistency of live data, protecting

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every change on the host system, often by saving byte or block-level differences rather than file-level differences. This backup method differs from simple

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A backup operation starts with selecting and extracting coherent units of data. Most data on modern computer systems is stored in discrete units, known as

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can be used to describe a backup of live data that looks like it ran correctly, but does not represent the state of the data at a single point in time.

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them (e.g., close all files), take a "snapshot", and then resume live operations. At this point the snapshot can be backed up through normal methods. A

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efficiently capture and store data for long-term retention needs. There is also a significant pricing difference, with Veeam being cheaper than Zerto.

538:), allowing it to be removed and accessed through a different drive. However, recordable media may degrade earlier under long-term exposure to light. 1061: 1654:

The splitter splits out the Write IOs to the VMDK/RDM of a VM and sends a copy to the production VMDK and also to the RecoverPoint for VMs cluster.

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Not all information stored on the computer is stored in files. Accurately recovering a complete system from scratch requires keeping track of this

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the size of the source data to be stored so that it uses less storage space. Compression is frequently a built-in feature of tape drive hardware.

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but they have limitations like only being able to resist fire for a limited period of time, so an offsite copy still remains as the ideal choice.

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layout: The layout of the original disk, as well as partition tables and filesystem settings, is needed to properly recreate the original system.

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CDP, which must be run in conjunction with a virtual machine or equivalent and is therefore generally used in enterprise client-server backups.

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was 2–10 years, but one manufacturer later estimated the longevity of its CD-Rs with a gold-sputtered layer to be as high as 100 years. Sony's

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synchronizes the full backup with the live copy, while storing the data necessary to reconstruct older versions. This can either be done using

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Ensuring the complete destruction of the primary site will not result in the loss of the recovery site by locating them physically far away.

874:: The boot sector can sometimes be recreated more easily than saving it. It usually isn't a normal file and the system won't boot without it. 768:

Filesystem dump: A copy of the whole filesystem in block-level can be made. This is also known as a "raw partition backup" and is related to

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Deleted files: To prevent the unintentional restoration of files that have been intentionally deleted, a record of the deletion must be kept.

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Many tape formats have been proprietary or specific to certain markets like mainframes or a particular brand of personal computer. By 2014

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backup storage is typically the most accessible type of data storage, and can begin a restore in milliseconds. An internal hard disk or a

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after successive time periods. Restores begin with the last full backup and then apply the incrementals. Some backup systems can create a

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Information Storage and Management: Storing, Managing, and Protecting Digital Information in Classic, Virtualized, and Cloud Environments

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In contrast to everyday use of the term "archive", the data stored in an "archive file" is not necessarily old or of historical interest.

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or otherwise, support data deduplication, which can reduce the amount of disk storage capacity consumed by daily and weekly backup data.

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a range of higher drop specifications. Over a period of years the stability of hard disk backups is shorter than that of tape backups.

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Restoring an entire system requires starting from the most recent full backup and then applying just the last differential backup.

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that validate the reliability of the data being backed up. There are limitations and human factors involved in any backup scheme.

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A repository using this backup method contains complete source data copies taken at one or more specific points in time. Copying

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medium, so the rate of continuously writing or reading data can be very fast. While tape media itself has a low cost per space,

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Available SSDs have become more capacious and cheaper. Flash memory backups are stable for fewer years than hard disk backups.

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validation: Applications that back up to tape archive files need this option to verify that the data was accurately copied.

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Files that are actively being updated present a challenge to back up. One way to back up live data is to temporarily

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High-capacity removable storage media such as backup tapes present a data security risk if they are lost or stolen.

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type, which makes them useful for archival purposes since the data cannot be changed. Moreover, optical discs are

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Recovery time objective (RTO): The amount of time elapsed between disaster and restoration of business functions.

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In the sense of an approach to data management, an information repository is a secondary storage space for data.

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S. Wan; Q. Cao; C. Xie (2014). "Optical storage: An emerging option in long-term digital preservation".

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System metadata: Different operating systems have different ways of storing configuration information.

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rarely considered the preferred method of moving data to a DR site. A more typical way would be remote

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System description: System specifications are needed to procure an exact replacement after a disaster.

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that presents a copy of the filesystem as if it were frozen at a specific point in time, often by a

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incremental). Changes in files may be detected through a more recent date/time of last modification

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disk before being copied to tape. This process is sometimes referred to as D2D2T, an acronym for

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backup failure modes. Access time varies depending on whether the media are on-site or off-site.

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This article is about duplicate data in computer systems for data recovery. For other uses, see

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Data is selected, extracted, and manipulated for storage. The process can include methods for

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a hard drive ... an established company ... declared bankruptcy ... where many ... had ...

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Optical discs are not vulnerable to water, making them likely to survive a flood disaster.

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had become the primary tape technology. The other remaining viable "super" format is the

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Near-CDP is more practicable for ordinary personal backup applications, as opposed to

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model may be used to provide structure to this storage. There are different types of

82: 2142: 772:. The process usually involves unmounting the filesystem and running a program like 100:

A backup system contains at least one copy of all data considered worth saving. The

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interactive applications can be only be backed up via Continuous Data Protection.

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of system information that is more difficult to restore than a typical file.

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used for copying backups of data that is already in secondary storage onto

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Backup options for data files that cannot be or are not quiesced include:

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Implementing Backup and Recovery: The Readiness Guide for the Enterprise

2706:. Haystack Software. Stefan Reitshamer is the principal developer of Arq 1058:

to demonstrate that its client data meet records retention requirements.

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interactive applications can be backed up via natural/induced pausing.

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Backup & Recovery: Inexpensive Backup Solutions for Open Systems

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Enterprise Systems Backup and Recovery: A Corporate Insurance Policy

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Backup & Recovery: Inexpensive Backup Solutions for Open Systems

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Enterprise Systems Backup and Recovery: A Corporate Insurance Policy

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S. Nelson (2011). "Chapter 1: Introduction to Backup and Recovery".

543: 3299: 3253: 2553: 1041: 884: 861: 493: 440: 432: 388: 280: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1550:"Continuous data protection (CDP) explained: True CDP vs near-CDP" 3162: 1489:. baligu.com. File System Event Store, Hard Links. Archived from 807: 2417: 2037:. Ithaca NY: TidBITS Publishing Inc. p. 41(Deduplication). 1350:".ORG Sponsorship Proposal - Technical Plan - Physical Security" 902: 131:, including open files, as well as compression, encryption, and 57:

event. The verb form, referring to the process of doing so, is "

3151: 2749: 1812: 642: 527:; and, a fault of the drive typically just halts the spinning. 423:

External hard disks can be connected via local interfaces like

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which include a shock-absorbing case around the hard disk, and

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The Backup Book: Disaster Recovery from Desktop to Data Center

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The Backup Book: Disaster Recovery from Desktop to Data Center

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via "multiplexed backup" is only used for tape destinations.

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Securing SQL Server: Protecting Your Database from Attackers

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R. Micheloni; P. Olivo (2017). "Solid-State Drives (SSDs)".

1787: 1785: 1783: 1384: 793:: A versioning filesystem tracks all changes to a file. The 2572: 2249: 2088: 2024: 1875: 1187:—term removing backup data "pruning" instead of "grooming". 699: 424: 2665: 2292: 1539: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1261: 673:

with restore times ranging from seconds to a few minutes.

2700:"Troubleshooting backing up open/locked files on Windows" 2638: 1780: 1659: 1629: 1602: 1571: 1517:"Why Continuous Data Protection's Getting More Practical" 1444: 777: 428: 342: 3095:. Veritas.com. 15 October 2015. Write checksums to media 2383: 1586:. Baligu.com (as mirrored after James Pond died in 2013) 1213:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1719: 1689: 1474: 1290: 481: 1422:"Five key questions to ask about your backup solution" 2958: 2956: 2954: 719:, which keeps the DR data as up to date as possible. 49:

taken and stored elsewhere so that it may be used to

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Identification of changes: Some filesystems have an

3016: 2990: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2809:Tridgell, Andrew; Mackerras, Paul; Davison, Wayne. 2411: 2377: 722: 502:

measuring the rate of correctable minor data errors

480:uses lasers to store and retrieve data. Recordable 2951: 2881:. The New York Times. Next, there’s file retention 2718: 2514: 2258:. approximately minute 30 of the TV news broadcast 2120: 1906: 1904: 1846: 1270:"Chapter 1: What's a Disaster Without a Recovery?" 1147:Disaster recovery and business continuity auditing 1022:between the source data and the backup repository. 3042: 2582:Cougias, D.J.; Heiberger, E.L.; Koop, K. (2003). 2418:Gnanasundaram, S.; Shrivastava, A., eds. (2012). 1972:Justin Krajeski; Kimber Streams (20 March 2017). 1854:"Ramp Load/Unload Technology in Hard Disk Drives" 1728:"Disk to Disk Backup versus Tape – War or Truce?" 1458:. Independent Media. 13 June 2005. Archived from 1268:Cougias, D.J.; Heiberger, E.L.; Koop, K. (2003). 1201: 237:and are typically based on periodic "snapshots", 3574: 2893: 2604: 2348: 553:can in 2016 reach a read rate of 250 MB/s. 345:disc in plastic cover, a USB flash drive and an 159:The backup data needs to be stored, requiring a 2472: 2454:"What to backup – a critical look at your data" 2233:"5. Conditions That Affect CDs and DVDs • CLIR" 1901: 1730:. Engenio. Peaceful coexistence. Archived from 1638:"EMC RecoverPoint for Virtual Machine Overview" 492:Potential future data losses caused by gradual 2848:"12. Should I delete old backups? If so, How?" 2250:Gérard Poirier; Foued Berahou (3 March 2008). 2243: 1514: 1366: 797:versioning filesystem for Linux is an example. 372:are typically dozens of times as expensive as 26:"Restore" redirects here. For other uses, see 3178: 2962: 2939:Backups tapes a backdoor for identity thieves 2512: 2506: 2478: 2156:Q. Zhang; Z. Xia; Y.-B. Cheng; M. Gu (2018). 903:Manipulation of data and dataset optimization 391:(also referred to as the TS11xx series). The 304:—as Apple Time Machine does, or using binary 3051: 2839: 2644: 2584:"Chapter 11: Open file backup for databases" 2445: 2114: 1938: 1936: 1791: 1608: 2610: 2387:Software Deployment, Updating, and Patching 1883:"Toshiba Portable Hard Drive (Canvio® 3.0)" 1703:. 2019. What does the CloudEndure Agent do? 688: 439:, or via longer-distance technologies like 189: 61:", whereas the noun and adjective form is " 3185: 3171: 2784:"Preparation of Bootable Media and Images" 2775: 2697: 1942: 1227: 911: 241:copies of the data frozen at a particular 77:, or to recover data from an earlier time. 2969:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 219–220. 2904: 2781: 2733:. University of Wisconsin. Archived from 2546: 2485:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 111–114. 2189: 1933: 1369:"A Beginner's Guide to Backing Up Photos" 1233: 268:"be quiesced and made ready for backup." 2948:(28 April 2004). Retrieved 10 March 2007 2727:"Oracle Tips Session #3: Oracle Backups" 2212: 2096:"Veritas NetBackup™ Deduplication Guide" 600: 462: 336: 3060:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 17–30. 2998:"Recovery Point Objective (Definition)" 2872: 2673:"Open File Backup Software for Windows" 2590:. Network Frontiers. pp. 356–360. 2030: 2006:"Best Long-Term Data Archive Solutions" 1725: 1390: 523:, magnetism, imminent water ingress or 3575: 3024:"Recovery Time Objective (Definition)" 2875:"The Best Online Cloud Backup Service" 1945:"The Best Rugged Hard Drives and SSDs" 1825: 1360: 451:. Some disk-based backup systems, via 290: 3166: 1521:Disaster recovery/business continuity 814:is an instantaneous function of some 2845: 2724: 2558:NILFS Continuous Snapshotting System 2424:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 255. 2284:. Delkin Devices Inc. Archived from 2215:"Full Control » Linux Magazine" 1826:Jacobi, John L. (29 February 2016). 1577: 1480: 1393:"What Is an Information Repository?" 1276:. Network Frontiers. pp. 1–14. 1093:Comparison of online backup services 556: 2451: 2384:Stackpole, B.; Hanrion, P. (2007). 2300:"Optical Disc Archive Generation 2" 2034:Take Control of Backing Up Your Mac 1759:"Digital Data Storage Outlook 2017" 1062:User-initiated backups and restores 925:Various schemes can be employed to 13: 3192: 2698:Reitshamer, Stefan (5 July 2017). 2256:Institut national de l'audiovisuel 1726:Gardner, Steve (9 December 2004). 1635: 1580:"How Time Machine Works its Magic" 1483:"How Time Machine Works its Magic" 1367:Terry Sullivan (11 January 2018). 998:Sometimes backups are copied to a 458: 409:close-tolerance mechanical devices 14: 3619: 3130: 2854:. baligu.com. Green box, Gray box 2614:Mission-critical Network Planning 2076:from the original on 4 March 2016 1432:from the original on 4 March 2016 1215:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2018 1179:Some backup applications—notably 731:. These files are organized into 175: 135:. Additional techniques apply to 81:Backups provide a simple form of 3150: 3136: 2521:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 2102:. Veritas Technologies LLC. 2016 1912:"Iomega Drop Guard ™ Technology" 1305:Take Control of Mac OS X Backups 932: 723:Selection and extraction of data 698:also on-line (e.g., an off-site 355: 332: 3107: 2932: 2821: 2802: 2725:Boss, Nina (10 December 1997). 2679:. Novosoft LLC. 8 November 2018 2460:. Irontree Internet Services CC 2390:. CRC Press. pp. 164–165. 2321: 2270: 2225: 2206: 2149: 2058: 1887:Toshiba Data Dynamics Singapore 1714:Server, ensuring near-zero RPO. 1615:. CRC Press. pp. 285–287. 1584:Apple OSX and Time Machine Tips 1487:Apple OSX and Time Machine Tips 1173: 971: 693:Backup media may be sent to an 311: 180: 137:enterprise client-server backup 16:Stored data in computer systems 3351:Hidden file / Hidden directory 2911:. Syngress. pp. 306–308. 2873:Kissell, Joe (12 March 2019). 2782:Grešovnik, Igor (April 2016). 1974:"The Best Portable Hard Drive" 1794:"Keeping Data for a Long Time" 1578:Pond, James (31 August 2013). 1481:Pond, James (31 August 2013). 1414: 1391:McMahon, Mary (1 April 2019). 1340: 984: 945: 920: 762: 705: 511:Many optical disc formats are 413:ramp loading and accelerometer 201: 104:requirements can be large. An 1: 3394:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 3141:The dictionary definition of 2763:. Arcserve. 27 September 2018 2651:. CRC Press. pp. 50–54. 2617:. Artech House. p. 244. 1792:Tom Coughlin (29 June 2014). 1515:Behzad Behtash (6 May 2010). 1194: 1084:Backup software and services 1009: 958: 624: 139:. Backup schemes may include 2123:Frontiers of Optoelectronics 1919:Hard Drive Storage Solutions 1301: 1237:Pro Data Backup and Recovery 801: 751:with the source file system. 660: 398: 7: 3528:Comparison of file managers 3327:List of filename extensions 3030:. Albion Research Ltd. 2007 3004:. Albion Research Ltd. 2007 2846:Pond, James (2 June 2012). 2811:"rsync(1) - Linux man page" 1636:Wu, Victor (4 March 2017). 1073: 1064:: To avoid or recover from 855: 849:genuinely-high-availability 676: 220: 10: 3624: 3593:Content management systems 2517:Unix Backup & Recovery 2342:10.1109/JPROC.2017.2727228 2182:10.1038/s41467-018-03589-y 1943:John Burek (15 May 2018). 993: 568:assemblies to store data. 473:Optical media preservation 470: 395:was discontinued in 2016. 226:Continuous Data Protection 146: 65:". Backups can be used to 25: 18: 3535:File system fragmentation 3495: 3452: 3419: 3359: 3292: 3200: 3123:. Retrieved 10 March 2007 2135:10.1007/s12200-014-0442-2 1240:. Apress. pp. 1–16. 1052:Backup process monitoring 825:Microsoft Exchange Server 637: 3339:Extended file attributes 3247:Proprietary file formats 1399:. Conjecture Corporation 1157: 1105:Virtual backup appliance 1100:Glossary of backup terms 1016:Recovery point objective 738: 689:Off-site data protection 393:Oracle StorageTek T10000 190:Full only/System imaging 28:Restore (disambiguation) 3540:File-system permissions 2560:. NILFS Community. 2019 2452:Lee (25 January 2017). 2330:Proceedings of the IEEE 2213:Bärwaldt, Erik (2014). 1556:. TechTarget. July 2010 1088:List of backup software 912:Automated data grooming 536:flash memory controller 21:Backup (disambiguation) 2963:Preston, W.C. (2007). 2513:Preston, W.C. (1999). 2479:Preston, W.C. (2007). 2252:"Journal de 20 Heures" 950:Sometimes backups are 791:Versioning file system 606:Remote backup services 468: 453:Virtual Tape Libraries 349: 341:From left to right, a 161:backup rotation scheme 129:dealing with live data 106:information repository 35:information technology 3119:11 April 2007 at the 3052:Little, D.B. (2003). 2829:"Archive maintenance" 2645:de Guise, P. (2009). 2288:on 27 September 2013. 2162:Nature Communications 2031:Kissell, Joe (2011). 1609:de Guise, P. (2009). 634:is a common example. 601:Remote backup service 466: 340: 248:Near-CDP (except for 214:synthetic full backup 53:the original after a 3555:File synchronization 3404:Semantic file system 3227:List of file formats 3159:at Wikimedia Commons 2944:5 April 2016 at the 2611:Liotine, M. (2003). 2307:Optical Disc Archive 1452:"Incremental Backup" 1302:Joe Kissell (2007). 1142:Digital preservation 1004:Disk-to-disk-to-tape 649:(maybe connected to 551:Optical Disc Archive 264:files but requiring 110:data storage devices 69:after its loss from 3384:Directory structure 2174:2018NatCo...9.1183Z 594:Secure Digital card 347:external hard drive 318:differential backup 297:Reverse incremental 291:Reverse incremental 154:relational database 3608:Records management 3322:Filename extension 3028:ARL Risky Thinking 3002:ARL Risky Thinking 2905:D. Cherry (2015). 1979:The New York Times 1734:on 7 February 2005 1554:ComputerWeekly.com 1374:The New York Times 1328:on 1 December 2020 1132:Data proliferation 758:in your archive." 615:Microsoft OneDrive 566:integrated circuit 562:Solid-state drives 469: 350: 250:Apple Time Machine 208:incremental backup 3570: 3569: 3562:File verification 3315:Filename mangling 3242:Open file formats 3155:Media related to 3067:978-0-471-48081-5 2976:978-0-596-55504-7 2918:978-0-12-801375-5 2658:978-1-4200-7639-4 2624:978-1-58053-559-5 2532:978-1-56592-642-4 2492:978-0-596-55504-7 2431:978-1-118-23696-3 2397:978-1-4200-1329-0 2044:978-1-61542-394-1 1667:"Zerto or Veeam?" 1622:978-1-4200-7639-4 1523:. InformationWeek 1318:978-0-9759503-0-2 1247:978-1-4302-2663-5 892:Microsoft Windows 557:Solid-state drive 530:Optical media is 494:media degradation 366:sequential access 83:disaster recovery 3615: 3518:Data compression 3399:Grid file system 3377:Temporary folder 3367:Directory/folder 3187: 3180: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3154: 3140: 3124: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2960: 2949: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2902: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2790:on 25 April 2016 2786:. Archived from 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2520: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2304: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2193: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1986:on 31 March 2017 1982:. Archived from 1969: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1916: 1908: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1858: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1823: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1789: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1763: 1755: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1546: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1512: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1327: 1321:. Archived from 1310: 1299: 1288: 1287: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1205: 1188: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1152:World Backup Day 1127:Data portability 1122:Data degradation 1117:Data consistency 841:low-availability 682:Off-line storage 666:Nearline storage 578:USB flash drives 374:hard disk drives 281:".bak" extension 216: 215: 91:active directory 87:computer cluster 80: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3598:Data management 3573: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3508:File comparison 3491: 3460:File descriptor 3448: 3415: 3355: 3288: 3232:File signatures 3196: 3191: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3121:Wayback Machine 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3093:Veritas Support 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3050: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2961: 2952: 2946:Wayback Machine 2937: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2903: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2844: 2840: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2761:Arcserve Backup 2755: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2737:on 2 March 2007 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2696: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2580: 2573: 2563: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2450: 2446: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2382: 2378: 2365: 2363: 2356:"Remote Backup" 2354: 2353: 2349: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2248: 2244: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2211: 2207: 2154: 2150: 2119: 2115: 2105: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2072:. 7 July 2009. 2064: 2063: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1941: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1824: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1790: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1724: 1720: 1706: 1704: 1701:CloudEndure.com 1697:"Agent Related" 1695: 1694: 1690: 1676: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1647: 1645: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1607: 1603: 1589: 1587: 1576: 1572: 1559: 1557: 1548: 1547: 1540: 1526: 1524: 1513: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1493:on 21 June 2019 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1462:on 21 June 2016 1450: 1449: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1402: 1400: 1389: 1385: 1365: 1361: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1308: 1300: 1291: 1284: 1266: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1232: 1228: 1218: 1216: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1076: 1020:synchronization 1012: 996: 987: 974: 961: 948: 935: 923: 914: 905: 858: 804: 765: 741: 725: 708: 691: 679: 663: 640: 627: 603: 559: 478:Optical storage 475: 461: 459:Optical storage 401: 358: 335: 314: 293: 262:self-consistent 223: 213: 212: 204: 192: 183: 178: 149: 95:database server 78: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3621: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3467: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3334:File attribute 3331: 3330: 3329: 3319: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3284:Zero-byte file 3281: 3279:Temporary file 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3219: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3194:Computer files 3190: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3148: 3132: 3131:External links 3129: 3126: 3125: 3114:HIPAA Advisory 3106: 3080: 3066: 3041: 3015: 2989: 2975: 2950: 2931: 2917: 2892: 2865: 2838: 2833:Code42 Support 2820: 2801: 2774: 2748: 2717: 2690: 2664: 2657: 2637: 2623: 2603: 2596: 2571: 2545: 2531: 2505: 2491: 2471: 2444: 2430: 2410: 2396: 2376: 2347: 2336:(9): 1586–88. 2320: 2291: 2282:Delkin Devices 2269: 2242: 2224: 2219:Linux Magazine 2205: 2148: 2129:(4): 486–492. 2113: 2087: 2057: 2043: 2023: 1997: 1964: 1932: 1900: 1874: 1845: 1811: 1779: 1745: 1718: 1688: 1671:RES-Q Services 1658: 1642:Victor Virtual 1628: 1621: 1601: 1570: 1538: 1504: 1473: 1443: 1413: 1383: 1359: 1339: 1317: 1289: 1282: 1260: 1246: 1226: 1199: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1172: 1162: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1111:Related topics 1108: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1059: 1049: 1039: 1035:Data retention 1032: 1026: 1023: 1011: 1008: 995: 992: 986: 983: 973: 970: 960: 957: 947: 944: 934: 931: 922: 919: 913: 910: 904: 901: 900: 899: 888: 881: 875: 869: 857: 854: 853: 852: 844: 803: 800: 799: 798: 788: 781: 764: 761: 760: 759: 755: 752: 748: 740: 737: 724: 721: 717:disk mirroring 707: 704: 690: 687: 678: 675: 662: 659: 639: 636: 626: 623: 602: 599: 558: 555: 517:not vulnerable 460: 457: 400: 397: 378:optical drives 357: 354: 334: 331: 327:file attribute 313: 310: 292: 289: 258:disk mirroring 222: 219: 203: 200: 191: 188: 182: 179: 177: 176:Backup methods 174: 148: 145: 133:de-duplication 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3620: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3603:Data security 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3588:Computer data 3586: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3545:File transfer 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3487:Symbolic link 3485: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3310:Long filename 3308: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3295: 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