68:
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will usually prompt a repeat set of blood cultures to be drawn to confirm whether a contaminant or a real bacteremia is present. The patient's skin is typically cleaned with an alcohol-based product prior to drawing blood to prevent contamination. Blood cultures may be repeated at intervals to determine if persistent—rather than transient—bacteremia is present.
1008:
important considerations include the patient's history of antibiotic use, the severity of the presenting symptoms, and any allergies to antibiotics. Empiric antibiotics should be narrowed, preferably to a single antibiotic, once the blood culture returns with a particular bacteria that has been isolated.
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Bacteremia may also be defined by the timing of bacteria presence in the bloodstream: transient, intermittent, or persistent. In transient bacteremia, bacteria are present in the bloodstream for minutes to a few hours before being cleared from the body, and the result is typically harmless in healthy
268:
bacteria in the blood. Asymptomatic bacteremia can occur in normal daily activities such as conducting oral hygiene and after minor medical procedures. In a healthy person, these clinically benign infections are transient and cause no further sequelae. However, when immune response mechanisms fail or
1007:
coverage. Any patient presenting with signs or symptoms of bacteremia or a positive blood culture should be started on intravenous antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic is determined by the most likely source of infection and by the characteristic organisms that typically cause that infection. Other
544:
Bacteria can enter the bloodstream in a number of different ways. However, for each major classification of bacteria (gram negative, gram positive, or anaerobic) there are characteristic sources or routes of entry into the bloodstream that lead to bacteremia. Causes of bacteremia can additionally be
851:
Two blood cultures drawn from separate sites of the body are often sufficient to diagnose bacteremia. Two out of two cultures growing the same type of bacteria usually represents a real bacteremia, particularly if the organism that grows is not a common contaminant. One out of two positive cultures
2022:
Luzzaro, F.; Viganò, E. F.; Fossati, D.; Grossi, A.; Sala, A.; Sturla, C.; Saudelli, M.; Toniolo, A.; AMCLI Lombardia
Hospital Infectious Study Group (2002-12-01). "Prevalence and drug susceptibility of pathogens causing bloodstream infections in northern Italy: a two-year study in 16 hospitals".
816:
Any bacteria that incidentally find their way to the culture medium will also multiply. For example, if the skin is not adequately cleaned before needle puncture, contamination of the blood sample with normal bacteria that live on the surface of the skin can occur. For this reason, blood cultures
1040:
The treatment of gram negative bacteremia is also highly dependent on the causative organism. Empiric antibiotic therapy should be guided by the most likely source of infection and the patient's past exposure to healthcare facilities. In particular, a recent history of exposure to a healthcare
1075:
For healthcare-associated bacteremia due to intravenous catheters, the IDSA has published guidelines for catheter removal. Short term catheters (in place <14 days) should be removed if bacteremia is caused by any gram negative bacteria, staph aureus, enterococci or mycobacteria. Long term
573:
is the most common cause of healthcare-associated bacteremia in North and South
America and is also an important cause of community-acquired bacteremia. Skin ulceration or wounds, respiratory tract infections, and IV drug use are the most important causes of community-acquired staph aureus
1406:
Yang, Lu; Tang, Zhuang; Gao, Liang; Li, Tao; Chen, Yongji; Liu, Liangren; Han, Ping; Li, Xiang; Dong, Qiang (2016-08-01). "The augmented prophylactic antibiotic could be more efficacious in patients undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
937:, followed by clearing of that bacteria from the bloodstream. This cycle will often repeat until the existing infection is successfully treated. Persistent bacteremia is characterized by the continuous presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. It is usually the result of an
560:
are an increasingly important cause of bacteremia. Staphylococcus, streptococcus, and enterococcus species are the most important and most common species of gram-positive bacteria that can enter the bloodstream. These bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the
1031:
The antibiotic treatment of choice for streptococcal and enteroccal infections differs by species. However, it is important to look at the antibiotic resistance pattern for each species from the blood culture to better treat infections caused by resistant organisms.
697:. Catheters in the veins, arteries, or urinary tract can all create a way for gram negative bacteria to enter the bloodstream. Surgical procedures of the genitourinary tract, intestinal tract, or hepatobiliary tract can also lead to gram negative bacteremia.
884:
in the bloodstream that are alive and capable of reproducing. It is a type of bloodstream infection. Bacteremia is defined as either a primary or secondary process. In primary bacteremia, bacteria have been directly introduced into the bloodstream.
603:
species are normal bacterial flora of the mouth. Viridans strep can cause temporary bacteremia after eating, toothbrushing, or flossing. More severe bacteremia can occur following dental procedures or in patients receiving chemotherapy. Finally,
2074:
Deen, Jacqueline; von
Seidlein, Lorenz; Andersen, Finn; Elle, Nelson; White, Nicholas J.; Lubell, Yoel (2012-06-01). "Community-acquired bacterial bloodstream infections in developing countries in south and southeast Asia: a systematic review".
664:
is the most common cause of community-acquired bacteremia accounting for approximately 75% of cases. E.coli bacteremia is usually the result of a urinary tract infection. Other organisms that can cause community-acquired bacteremia include
2229:
Graff, Larissa R.; Franklin, Kristal K.; Witt, Lana; Cohen, Neal; Jacobs, Richard A.; Tompkins, Lucy; Guglielmo, B. Joseph (2002-02-15). "Antimicrobial therapy of gram-negative bacteremia at two university-affiliated medical centers".
1664:
Biedenbach, Douglas J.; Moet, Gary J.; Jones, Ronald N. (2004-09-01). "Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance pattern comparisons among bloodstream infection isolates from the SENTRY Antimicrobial
Surveillance Program (1997-2002)".
641:
species are responsible for approximately 24% of all cases of healthcare-associated bacteremia and 45% of all cases of community-acquired bacteremia. In general, gram negative bacteria enter the bloodstream from infections in the
689:
infection, despite mainly only resulting in gastroenteritis in the developed world, is a common cause of bacteremia in Africa. It principally affects children who lack antibodies to
Salmonella and HIV+ patients of all ages.
769:
Bacteremia can travel through the blood stream to distant sites in the body and cause infection (hematogenous spread). Hematogenous spread of bacteria is part of the pathophysiology of certain infections of the heart
3031:
3016:
3000:
1349:
Singer, Mervyn; Deutschman, Clifford S.; Seymour, Christopher Warren; Shankar-Hari, Manu; Annane, Djillali; Bauer, Michael; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Bernard, Gordon R.; Chiche, Jean-Daniel (2016-02-23).
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people. This can occur after manipulation of parts of the body normally colonized by bacteria, such as the mucosal surfaces of the mouth during tooth brushing, flossing, or dental procedures, or
1024:
bacteremia with a 14-day course of intravenous vancomycin. Uncomplicated bacteremia is defined as having positive blood cultures for MRSA, but having no evidence of endocarditis, no implanted
793:
are especially vulnerable to infection from bacteremia. Prior to widespread use of vaccines, occult bacteremia was an important consideration in febrile children that appeared otherwise well.
2749:
Forner, Lone; Larsen, Tove; Kilian, Mogens; Holmstrup, Palle (2006-06-01). "Incidence of bacteremia after chewing, tooth brushing and scaling in individuals with periodontal inflammation".
2793:
2924:
Mermel, Leonard A.; Allon, Michael; Bouza, Emilio; Craven, Donald E.; Flynn, Patricia; O'Grady, Naomi P.; Raad, Issam I.; Rijnders, Bart J. A.; Sherertz, Robert J. (2009-07-01).
2842:
Liu, Catherine; Bayer, Arnold; Cosgrove, Sara E.; Daum, Robert S.; Fridkin, Scott K.; Gorwitz, Rachel J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Karchmer, Adolf W.; Levine, Donald P. (2011-02-01).
893:
contaminated with bacteria may also lead to primary bacteremia. Secondary bacteremia occurs when bacteria have entered the body at another site, such as the cuts in the skin, or
1076:
catheters (>14 days) should be removed if the patient is developing signs or symptoms of sepsis or endocarditis, or if blood cultures remain positive for more than 72 hours.
855:
Prior to drawing blood cultures, a thorough patient history should be taken with particular regard to presence of both fevers and chills, other focal signs of infection such as
173:. Bacteria can also spread via the blood to other parts of the body (which is called hematogenous spread), causing infections away from the original site of infection, such as
2844:"Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children"
3447:
618:
are an important cause of healthcare-associated bacteremia. These bacteria commonly live in the gastrointestinal tract and female genital tract. Intravenous catheters,
549:(acquired during the process of receiving care in a healthcare facility) or community-acquired (acquired outside of a health facility, often prior to hospitalization).
813:
that promotes bacterial growth. If bacteria are present in the bloodstream at the time the sample is obtained, the bacteria will multiply and can thereby be detected.
2926:"Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America"
1621:
Cervera, Carlos; Almela, Manel; MartĂnez-MartĂnez, JosĂ© A.; Moreno, AsunciĂłn; MirĂł, JosĂ© M. (2009-01-01). "Risk factors and management of Gram-positive bacteraemia".
925:. Intermittent bacteremia is characterized by periodic seeding of the same bacteria into the bloodstream by an existing infection elsewhere in the body, such as an
574:
bacteremia. In healthcare settings, intravenous catheters, urinary tract catheters, and surgical procedures are the most common causes of staph aureus bacteremia.
2431:
Coburn, Bryan; Morris, Andrew M.; Tomlinson, George; Detsky, Allan S. (2012-08-01). "Does This Adult
Patient With Suspected Bacteremia Require Blood Cultures?".
1256:"Five years of nosocomial Gram-negative bacteremia in a general intensive care unit: epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and outcomes"
3092:
1602:
416:
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become overwhelmed, bacteremia becomes a bloodstream infection that can evolve into many clinical spectrums and is differentiated as septicemia.
1021:
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almost never represent a contamination of the sample. On the other hand, contamination may be more highly suspected if organisms like
3126:
742:
61:
1017:
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There are several risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing bacteremia from any type of bacteria. These include:
2905:
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2006:
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1822:
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1545:
2308:
Agarwal, Anil; Aggarwal, Aditya N. (2016-08-01). "Bone and Joint
Infections in Children: Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis".
3085:
654:. Gram-negative bacteremia occurs more frequently in elderly populations (65 years or older) and is associated with higher
403:
species; candidemia is also among the most common bloodstream infections of any kind. Infections by other fungi, including
222:
817:
must be drawn with great attention to sterile process. The presence of certain bacteria in the blood culture, such as
626:
species can cause bacteremia in patients who have had long hospital stays or frequent antibiotic use in the past (see
693:
Among healthcare-associated cases of bacteremia, gram negative organisms are an important cause of bacteremia in the
623:
1172:
546:
3078:
3278:
2602:"The Clinical Importance of Microbiological Findings in the Diagnosis and Management of Bloodstream Infections"
856:
502:. They are usually contracted by either an insect vector or by contact with an infected substance or surface.
1090:
2273:
Brigden, M. L. (2001-02-01). "Detection, education and management of the asplenic or hyposplenic patient".
1561:
3442:
3341:
3256:
1888:
Gaynes, Robert; Edwards, Jonathan R.; National
Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (2005-09-15).
1028:, negative blood cultures after 2–4 days of treatment, and signs of clinical improvement after 72 hrs.
838:
325:
enter the bloodstream. The name comes from combining the word "virus" with the Greek word for "blood" (
17:
161:
Bacteremia can have several important health consequences. Immune responses to the bacteria can cause
3230:
2359:
Guay, David R. (2012-02-01). "Antimicrobial prophylaxis in noncardiac prosthetic device recipients".
1937:
Diekema, D. J.; Beekmann, S. E.; Chapin, K. C.; Morel, K. A.; Munson, E.; Doern, G. V. (2003-08-01).
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and surgical wounds are all risk factors for developing bacteremia from enterococcal species.
3208:
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89:
909:, or genitals. Bacteria that have infected the body at these sites may then spread into the
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8:
3328:
3188:
3160:
3131:
3113:
3035:
2738:– via accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1130&Sectionid=79736907.
2713:– via accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1020&Sectionid=56968846.
2689:– via accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1551&Sectionid=94106209.
1004:
844:
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2703:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2014. pp. Infectious Diseases: Syndromes and Etiologies.
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Perez-Chaparro, P. J.; Meuric, V.; De Mello, G.; Bonnaure-Mallet, M. (2011-11-01). "".
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2653:"IDP200 Pathophysiology of Infectious Diseases, Fall 2004/2005 - Tufts OpenCourseWare"
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1971:
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1351:"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)"
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961:. Left untreated, conditions causing persistent bacteremia can be potentially fatal.
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1939:"Epidemiology and outcome of nosocomial and community-onset bloodstream infection"
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805:, in which a sample of blood drawn from the vein by needle puncture is allowed to
3452:
3311:
3146:
3136:
3051:
2652:
1319:
946:
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524:
158:). Transient bacteremia can result after dental procedures or brushing of teeth.
109:
2794:"Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology"
2135:
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Bacteremia is typically transient and is quickly removed from the blood by the
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968:, which is a condition where the blood stream infection is associated with an
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Based on type of causative microbe, bloodstream infections are of many types:
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2120:"Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system"
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1962:
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1568:. United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 13 November 2019
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may lead to primary bacteremia. In the hospital setting, use of blood vessel
802:
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198:
178:
97:
1197:
Fan, Shu-Ling; Miller, Nancy S.; Lee, John; Remick, Daniel G. (2016-09-01).
988:
The presence of bacteria in the blood almost always requires treatment with
782:). Hematogenous spread of bacteria is responsible for many bone infections (
3305:
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1305:
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949:. Persistent bacteremia can also occur as part of the infection process of
862:
Ultrasound of the heart is recommended in all those with bacteremia due to
771:
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613:
284:
217:
174:
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105:
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coverage or broader coverage for resistant organisms. Extended generation
30:
For the systemic immune response to bacterial infection in the blood, see
3395:
3318:
2860:
2843:
2502:
2118:
Kurtz, Jonathan R; Goggins, J. Alan; McLachlan, James B. (October 2017).
1056:
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989:
954:
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437:
411:
393:
347:
343:
280:
213:
182:
152:
945:, an infected blood clot (suppurative thrombophlebitis), or an infected
587:(GAS) typically causes bacteremia from skin and soft tissue infections.
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3101:
1025:
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317:
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155:
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are the most important causes of gram negative bacteremia in the ICU.
204:
Bacteremia frequently evokes a response from the immune system called
3105:
3020:
930:
655:
491:
136:
120:
116:
1708:
Lowy, Franklin D. (1998-08-20). "Staphylococcus aureus
Infections".
1620:
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and gain access to the bloodstream, where further spread can occur.
3400:
3390:
3121:
2941:
2618:
2601:
2544:"Clinical management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a review"
2025:
European
Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
1906:
1890:"Overview of nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative bacilli"
1889:
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1095:
1067:
are frequently used for the treatment of gram negative bacteremia.
890:
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859:, a state of immunosuppression, or any recent invasive procedures.
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720:
487:
483:
470:
445:
357:
335:
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276:
259:
144:
1461:
Scott, Michael C. (2017-02-01). "Defining and Diagnosing Sepsis".
3385:
3349:
3250:
1254:
Sligl, Wendy; Taylor, Geoffrey; Brindley, Peter G. (2006-07-01).
1203:
Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
1100:
926:
512:
508:
433:
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93:
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and hence have access to the rest of the body. It is similar to
100:) is always abnormal. A bloodstream infection is different from
3286:
3004:
997:
965:
610:
is a common cause of bacteremia in patients with colon cancer.
594:
495:
441:
371:
205:
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Bacteria can enter the bloodstream as a severe complication of
101:
31:
329:). It usually lasts for 4 to 5 days in the primary condition.
3218:
2679:. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. 2016. pp. Chapter 9.
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339:
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85:
2174:"Hospital-Acquired Infections Due to Gram-Negative Bacteria"
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1936:
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Bacteremia, in the strictest sense, refers to presence of
1744:
2542:
Holland, TL; Arnold, C; Fowler VG, Jr (1 October 2014).
1301:
1299:
486:. These organisms are now classified in the supergroups
425:, are also called fungemia. It is most commonly seen in
2898:
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th Edition
2816:
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th Edition
1840:
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th Edition
1815:
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th Edition
1790:
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th Edition
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response from the body, often causing abnormalities in
482:
caused by organisms formerly classified in the kingdom
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2923:
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setting may necessitate the need for antibiotics with
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central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
216:. Severe immune responses to bacteremia may result in
2809:
2807:
2167:
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2117:
1308:
Revue de Stomatologie et de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale
1296:
1199:"Diagnosing sepsis - The role of laboratory medicine"
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Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood
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976:, heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and
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1122:"Bloodstream Infections: The peak of the iceberg"
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2172:Peleg, Anton Y.; Hooper, David C. (2010-05-13).
1173:"Blood Cultures for the Detection of Bacteremia"
51:Blood infection, toxemia, bacteremia, septicemia
3142:Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test
2900:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. Chapter 186.
2818:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. Chapter 170.
2728:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. Chapter 201.
2726:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e
2487:"Updated Review of Blood Culture Contamination"
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2478:
2476:
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2001:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. Chapter 125.
1842:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. Chapter 174.
1817:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. Chapter 110.
1792:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. Chapter 201.
1512:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2723:
1999:Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology 7th Edition
1867:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. Chapter 87.
1787:
1774:
1760:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. Chapter 33.
1667:Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease
1609:
1003:The treatment of bacteremia should begin with
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2485:Hall, Keri K.; Lyman, Jason A. (2016-12-16).
1992:
1990:
1623:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
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127:), during surgery (especially when involving
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1758:Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2017
1601:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1260:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
96:in the blood (most commonly accomplished by
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1463:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
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415:(as in aspergillemia, also called invasive
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1987:
1540:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 881.
1504:Smith, David A.; Nehring, Sara M. (2023),
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444:patients, or in patients with intravenous
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3127:Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test
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1022:methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA)
1020:(IDSA) recommends treating uncomplicated
801:Bacteremia is most commonly diagnosed by
789:Prosthetic cardiac implants (for example
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964:Bacteremia is clinically distinct from
593:is an important cause of bacteremia in
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1587:Wiley, Sandman, Wood, K, J, D (2020).
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382:. The most common type, also known as
189:can be given in high risk situations.
27:Bacterial or fungal infection of blood
3074:
2895:
1837:
1812:
1460:
1170:
1018:Infectious Disease Society of America
597:, often immediately following birth.
208:, which consists of symptoms such as
192:
2642:
2358:
1996:
1707:
1409:International Urology and Nephrology
2178:The New England Journal of Medicine
581:species that can cause bacteremia.
467:(blood-borne protozoal infections)
223:multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
181:. Treatment for bacteremia is with
112:of the host organism to pathogens.
104:, which is characterized by severe
24:
2751:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
1679:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.05.003
1171:Doern, Gary (September 13, 2016).
778:), and tuberculosis of the spine (
577:There are many different types of
25:
3464:
2978:
992:. This is because there are high
658:and mortality in this population.
3066:Bacteremia at Medscape eMedicine
2792:Kaplan, MD, Lewis (2016-08-16).
2763:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.00924.x
2701:Sherris Medical Microbiology, 6e
2232:The American Journal of Medicine
1943:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
774:), structures around the brain (
2785:
2742:
2717:
2693:
2669:
2535:
2403:
2352:
2301:
2266:
2222:
2111:
2077:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
2067:
2015:
1955:10.1128/JCM.41.8.3655-3660.2003
1930:
1881:
1856:
1831:
1806:
1710:New England Journal of Medicine
1701:
1657:
1554:
226:, which are potentially fatal.
3279:Orthopoxvirus inclusion bodies
2724:Cohen-Poradosu, Ronit (2015).
2600:Seifert, Harald (2009-05-15).
1788:Cohen-Poradosu, Ronit (2015).
1536:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
1497:
1399:
1342:
1247:
1190:
1164:
1071:Catheter-associated infections
919:instrumentation of the bladder
880:Bacteremia is the presence of
240:Type of blood-borne infection
13:
1:
2491:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2244:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)01092-0
2089:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70028-2
1865:Harrison's Manual of Medicine
1635:10.1016/S0924-8579(09)70562-X
1139:10.1080/21505594.2016.1152440
1106:
1091:Dental antibiotic prophylaxis
901:tract), mouth or intestines (
875:
650:, gastrointestinal tract, or
307:is a medical condition where
2930:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2848:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2606:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2310:Indian Journal of Pediatrics
1894:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1538:Sherris Medical Microbiology
1320:10.1016/j.stomax.2011.08.012
1000:if antibiotics are delayed.
983:
796:
764:
7:
2612:(Supplement 4): S238–S245.
2136:10.1016/j.imlet.2017.07.006
1722:10.1056/NEJM199808203390806
1120:Viscoli, C (2 April 2016).
1079:
848:grow in the blood culture.
10:
3469:
1273:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.07.003
857:in the skin or soft tissue
839:Staphylococcus epidermidis
454:, aspergillemia (invasive
29:
3409:
3371:
3327:
3231:Heterophile antibody test
3199:
3112:
2986:
2677:Medical Microbiology, 27e
2322:10.1007/s12098-015-1806-3
2275:American Family Physician
2037:10.1007/s10096-002-0837-7
1475:10.1016/j.emc.2016.08.002
1421:10.1007/s11255-016-1299-7
1215:10.1016/j.cca.2016.07.002
539:
55:
47:
42:
1756:Schwartz, Brian (2016).
1591:. McGraw-Hill Education.
1061:beta lactamase inhibitor
1036:Gram negative bacteremia
1012:Gram positive bacteremia
827:Streptococcus pneumoniae
791:artificial heart valves)
634:Gram negative bacteremia
620:urinary tract infections
553:Gram positive bacteremia
229:
1863:Kasper, Dennis (2015).
1589:Prescott's Microbiology
1065:piperacillin-tazobactam
907:bladder (urinary tract)
870:infectious endocarditis
712:Bacteremia risk factors
639:Gram negative bacterial
275:Meningitis, pneumonia,
3373:Bloodstream infections
3342:Sabin–Feldman dye test
3257:Warthin–Finkeldey cell
2896:Russo, Thomas (2016).
2814:Hooper, David (2016).
2560:10.1001/jama.2014.9743
2445:10.1001/jama.2012.8262
2373:10.3810/hp.2012.02.947
1813:Mayer, Robert (2015).
1367:10.1001/jama.2016.0287
1086:Antibiotic prophylaxis
1044:pseudomonas aeruginosa
978:white blood cell count
668:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
624:Resistant enterococcal
563:gastrointestinal tract
558:Gram positive bacteria
498:(SAR supergroup), and
187:antibiotic prophylaxis
185:, and prevention with
133:gastrointestinal tract
78:Bloodstream infections
43:Bloodstream infections
2190:10.1056/NEJMra0904124
1838:Arias, Cesar (2015).
865:Staphylococcus aureus
674:Klebsiella pneumoniae
600:Viridans streptococci
590:Group B streptococcus
584:Group A streptococcus
570:Staphylococcus aureus
547:healthcare-associated
90:blood-borne pathogens
3356:Diagnosis of malaria
2503:10.1128/CMR.00062-05
1997:High, Kevin (2017).
1566:Invasive Candidiasis
1063:antibiotics such as
996:from progression to
959:bacterial meningitis
939:infected heart valve
895:the mucous membranes
821:taphylococcus aureus
743:Stem cell transplant
652:hepatobiliary system
476:Protozoan infections
321:, a condition where
84:) are infections of
3329:Protozoan infection
3189:Anti-streptolysin O
3132:rapid plasma reagin
3114:Bacterial infection
2281:(3): 499–506, 508.
1629:(Suppl 4): S26–30.
845:Cutibacterium acnes
648:genitourinary tract
607:Streptococcus bovis
370:is the presence of
92:. The detection of
62:Infectious diseases
3443:Bacterial diseases
3417:C-reactive protein
3226:Epstein–Barr virus
3214:Branched DNA assay
3106:infectious disease
2861:10.1093/cid/ciq146
2124:Immunology Letters
1005:empiric antibiotic
947:blood vessel graft
887:Injection drug use
480:parasitic diseases
243:Causative microbe
193:Signs and symptoms
169:, which have high
151:(including during
3430:
3429:
3175:HelicoCARE direct
3061:
3060:
2907:978-0-07-180215-4
2825:978-0-07-180215-4
2735:978-0-07-180215-4
2710:9780-0-7-181821-6
2686:9780-0-71-82498-9
2361:Hospital Practice
2184:(19): 1804–1813.
2008:978-0-07-183345-5
1874:978-0-07-182852-9
1849:978-0-07-180215-4
1824:978-0-07-180215-4
1799:978-0-07-180215-4
1767:978-1-25-958511-1
1547:978-0-8385-8529-0
726:Diabetes Mellitus
680:Proteus mirabilis
644:respiratory tract
628:antibiotic misuse
537:
536:
431:immunocompromised
75:
74:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3460:
3361:SchĂĽffner's dots
3274:B type inclusion
3264:Inclusion bodies
3243:NS1 antigen test
3095:
3088:
3081:
3072:
3071:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2893:
2882:
2881:
2863:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2621:
2597:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2482:
2465:
2464:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2415:www.uptodate.com
2407:
2401:
2400:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2169:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1949:(8): 3655–3660.
1934:
1928:
1927:
1909:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1415:(8): 1197–1207.
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1117:
974:body temperature
911:lymphatic system
903:gastrointestinal
833:Escherichia coli
738:organ transplant
427:immunosuppressed
237:
236:
129:mucous membranes
110:immune responses
71:
70:
40:
39:
21:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3405:
3367:
3323:
3312:Councilman body
3201:Viral infection
3195:
3161:Weil–Felix test
3147:Abelin reaction
3137:Wassermann test
3108:
3099:
3062:
3057:
3056:
2995:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2894:
2885:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2812:
2805:
2790:
2786:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2598:
2585:
2554:(13): 1330–41.
2540:
2536:
2483:
2468:
2429:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2357:
2353:
2306:
2302:
2271:
2267:
2227:
2223:
2170:
2161:
2116:
2112:
2072:
2068:
2031:(12): 849–855.
2020:
2016:
2009:
1995:
1988:
1935:
1931:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1786:
1775:
1768:
1754:
1745:
1706:
1702:
1662:
1658:
1619:
1610:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1502:
1498:
1459:
1452:
1404:
1400:
1347:
1343:
1304:
1297:
1252:
1248:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1165:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1082:
1073:
1038:
1014:
994:mortality rates
986:
878:
799:
767:
749:glucocorticoids
747:Treatment with
714:
636:
555:
542:
533:
525:trypanosomiasis
466:
397:, is caused by
352:
289:
232:
195:
171:mortality rates
65:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3028:
3013:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:Classification
2980:
2979:External links
2977:
2974:
2973:
2942:10.1086/599376
2913:
2906:
2883:
2831:
2824:
2803:
2784:
2757:(6): 401–407.
2741:
2734:
2716:
2709:
2692:
2685:
2668:
2641:
2619:10.1086/598188
2583:
2534:
2497:(4): 788–802.
2466:
2420:
2402:
2351:
2316:(8): 817–824.
2300:
2265:
2238:(3): 204–211.
2221:
2159:
2110:
2083:(6): 480–487.
2066:
2014:
2007:
1986:
1929:
1907:10.1086/432803
1900:(6): 848–854.
1880:
1873:
1855:
1848:
1830:
1823:
1805:
1798:
1773:
1766:
1743:
1716:(8): 520–532.
1700:
1656:
1608:
1579:
1553:
1546:
1528:
1496:
1450:
1398:
1361:(8): 801–810.
1341:
1314:(5): 300–303.
1295:
1266:(4): 320–325.
1246:
1189:
1163:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1049:cephalosporins
1037:
1034:
1013:
1010:
985:
982:
935:bone infection
897:of the lungs (
877:
874:
798:
795:
780:Pott's disease
766:
763:
762:
761:
756:
751:
745:
740:
734:
728:
723:
713:
710:
635:
632:
554:
551:
541:
538:
535:
534:
532:
531:
505:
503:
500:Archaeplastida
473:
468:
460:
459:
449:
417:aspergillosiis
365:
360:
354:
353:
351:
350:
332:
330:
302:
297:
291:
290:
288:
287:
272:
270:
262:
257:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
231:
228:
212:, chills, and
194:
191:
141:foreign bodies
98:blood cultures
73:
72:
59:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3465:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3423:
3422:Procalcitonin
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Blood culture
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:toxoplasmosis
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:Cowdry bodies
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Downie bodies
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:Streptococcus
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2854:(3): e18–55.
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2658:
2657:ocw.tufts.edu
2654:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:(5): 502–11.
2438:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1660:
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794:
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754:Liver failure
752:
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724:
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579:streptococcal
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530:
529:leishmaniasis
526:
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406:Saccharomyces
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143:entering the
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3293:Negri bodies
3285:
3249:
3238:Dengue fever
3181:
3169:Helicobacter
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2660:. Retrieved
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1670:
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1570:. Retrieved
1565:
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1556:
1537:
1531:
1521:, retrieved
1509:
1506:"Bacteremia"
1499:
1466:
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1180:. Retrieved
1177:uptodate.com
1176:
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1030:
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1002:
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868:to rule out
863:
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837:
831:
825:
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815:
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772:endocarditis
768:
732:hemodialysis
715:
704:Enterobacter
703:
698:
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660:
637:
614:
612:
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583:
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543:
475:
436:with severe
422:Cryptococcus
420:
410:
404:
398:
391:
387:
383:
367:
326:
316:
304:
285:endocarditis
246:Description
233:
221:
218:septic shock
203:
196:
175:endocarditis
167:septic shock
160:
131:such as the
114:
106:inflammatory
81:
77:
76:
3396:Parasitemia
3319:Tzanck test
3209:HIV testing
3102:Blood tests
2936:(1): 1–45.
1572:24 December
1209:: 203–210.
1182:December 1,
1057:beta lactam
1053:ceftriaxone
990:antibiotics
955:brucellosis
899:respiratory
699:Pseudomonas
615:Enterococci
464:Protozoemia
438:neutropenia
412:Aspergillus
394:candidiasis
348:hepatitis C
344:hepatitis B
313:bloodstream
281:brucellosis
255:Bacteremias
214:hypotension
183:antibiotics
153:intravenous
48:Other names
3437:Categories
3155:Rickettsia
2662:2016-12-07
2411:"UpToDate"
1523:2023-12-15
1510:StatPearls
1469:(1): 1–9.
1107:References
1026:prostheses
876:Definition
776:meningitis
686:Salmonella
521:babesiosis
452:Candidemia
388:candedemia
384:candidemia
318:bacteremia
311:enter the
156:drug abuse
139:and other
125:meningitis
117:infections
88:caused by
18:Bacteremia
2950:1537-6591
2870:1537-6591
2771:1600-051X
2628:1058-4838
2511:0893-8512
2453:0098-7484
2381:2154-8331
2330:0973-7693
2287:0002-838X
2252:0002-9343
2198:0028-4793
2130:: 42–50.
2097:1474-4457
2045:0934-9723
1963:0095-1137
1916:1537-6591
1730:0028-4793
1687:0732-8893
1643:1872-7913
1597:cite book
1483:1558-0539
1429:1573-2584
1375:1538-3598
1328:1776-257X
1282:1201-9712
1223:1873-3492
1126:Virulence
984:Treatment
931:pneumonia
891:catheters
797:Diagnosis
765:Mechanism
656:morbidity
492:Amoebozoa
446:catheters
392:systemic
358:Fungemias
249:Examples
137:catheters
121:pneumonia
57:Specialty
3401:Algaemia
3391:Fungemia
3122:syphilis
2968:19489710
2878:21208910
2798:Medscape
2779:16677328
2636:19374579
2578:25268440
2529:17041144
2461:22851117
2397:10854052
2389:22406882
2338:26096866
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2260:11893347
2216:20463340
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2105:22632186
2061:13043807
2053:12525919
1981:12904371
1924:16107985
1695:15380279
1651:19931813
1518:28723008
1491:27908326
1437:27160220
1393:26903338
1336:21940028
1290:16460982
1241:27387712
1158:26890622
1096:Fungemia
1080:See also
1051:such as
905:tract),
882:bacteria
807:incubate
759:Asplenia
730:Chronic
595:neonates
488:Excavata
484:Protozoa
471:Protozoa
434:patients
368:Fungemia
336:HIV-AIDS
323:bacteria
295:Viremias
277:syphilis
260:Bacteria
145:arteries
94:microbes
3410:General
3386:Viremia
3350:malaria
3251:measles
3052:D016470
2959:4039170
2569:4263314
2520:1592696
2346:1561868
2207:3107499
2145:5918639
1738:9709046
1445:6566177
1384:4968574
1232:4980259
1149:4871637
1101:Viremia
927:abscess
809:with a
706:species
513:giardia
509:Malaria
400:Candida
378:in the
309:viruses
305:Viremia
300:Viruses
3453:Sepsis
3287:rabies
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677:, and
661:E.coli
540:Causes
496:Harosa
442:cancer
419:) and
376:yeasts
266:viable
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163:sepsis
119:(like
102:sepsis
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32:sepsis
3219:mChip
3041:790.7
3021:10-CM
3012:(NOS)
3010:A49.9
2393:S2CID
2342:S2CID
2057:S2CID
1441:S2CID
933:, or
923:colon
390:, or
380:blood
372:fungi
363:Fungi
340:Ebola
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230:Types
210:fever
149:veins
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