460:. Several bacterial effectors affect NF-kB signaling. For instance, the EPEC/EHEC effectors NleE, NleB, NleC, NleH, and Tir are immunosuppressing effectors that target proteins in the NF-kB signaling pathway. NleC has been shown to cleave the NF-kB p65 subunit (RelA), blocking the production of IL-8 following infection. NleH1, but not NleH2, blocks translocation of NF-kB into the nucleus. The Tir effector protein inhibits cytokine production. Similarly, YopE, YopP, and YopJ (in
43:(T6SS). Some bacteria inject only a few effectors into their host’s cells while others may inject dozens or even hundreds. Effector proteins may have many different activities, but usually help the pathogen to invade host tissue, suppress its immune system, or otherwise help the pathogen to survive. Effector proteins are usually critical for
88:
Many pathogenic bacteria are known to have secreted effectors but for most species the exact number is unknown. Once a pathogen genome has been sequenced, effectors can be predicted based on protein sequence similarity, but such predictions are not always precise. More importantly, it is difficult to
414:
is usually a mechanism of defense to infection, given that apoptotic cells eventually attract immune cells to remove them and the pathogen. Many pathogenic bacteria have developed mechanisms to prevent apoptosis, not the least to maintain their host environment. For instance, the EPEC/EHEC effectors
1654:
Blasche, Sonja; Mörtl, Mario; Steuber, Holger; Siszler, Gabriella; Nisa, Shahista; Schwarz, Frank; Lavrik, Inna; Gronewold, Thomas M. A.; Maskos, Klaus; Donnenberg, Michael S.; Ullmann, Dirk; Uetz, Peter; Kögl, Manfred (14 March 2013).
689:
Tobe, Toru; Beatson, Scott A.; Taniguchi, Hisaaki; Abe, Hiroyuki; Bailey, Christopher M.; Fivian, Amanda; Younis, Rasha; Matthews, Sophie; Marches, Olivier; Frankel, Gad; Hayashi, Tetsuya; Pallen, Mark J. (3 October 2006).
1369:
Raymond, Benoit; Young, Joanna C.; Pallett, Mitchell; Endres, Robert G.; Clements, Abigail; Frankel, Gad (August 2013). "Subversion of trafficking, apoptosis, and innate immunity by type III secretion system effectors".
89:
prove experimentally that a predicted effector is actually secreted into a host cell because the amount of each effector protein is tiny. For instance, Tobe et al. (2006) predicted more than 60 effectors for pathogenic
2084:
Gao, Xiaofei; Wan, Fengyi; Mateo, Kristina; Callegari, Eduardo; Wang, Dan; Deng, Wanyin; Puente, Jose; Li, Feng; Chaussee, Michael S.; Finlay, B. Brett; Lenardo, Michael J.; Hardwidge, Philip R. (24 December 2009).
2187:
Yan, Dapeng; Wang, Xingyu; Luo, Lijun; Cao, Xuetao; Ge, Baoxue (23 September 2012). "Inhibition of TLR signaling by a bacterial protein containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs".
359:-containing vacuole (SCV), which is essential for its intracellular survival. As the SCVs mature they travel to the microtubule organizing center (MTOC), a perinuclear region adjacent to the
430:
Induction of cell death. In contrast to inhibition of apoptosis, several effectors appear to induce programmed cell death. For instance, EHEC effectors EspF, EspH, and Cif induce apoptosis.
849:
Huang, Li; Boyd, Dana; Amyot, Whitney M.; Hempstead, Andrew D.; Luo, Zhao-Qing; O'Connor, Tamara J.; Chen, Cui; Machner, Matthias; Montminy, Timothy; Isberg, Ralph R. (February 2011).
436:. Human cells have receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). When bacteria bind to these receptors, they activate signaling cascades such as the
1454:
Selyunin, Andrey S.; Sutton, Sarah E.; Weigele, Bethany A.; Reddick, L. Evan; Orchard, Robert C.; Bresson, Stefan M.; Tomchick, Diana R.; Alto, Neal M. (19 December 2010).
333:
inhibits phagocytosis through the concerted actions of several effector proteins, including YopE which acts as a RhoGAP and inhibits Rac-dependent actin polymerization.
321:
predominantly survives extracellularly using the translocation of effectors to inhibit cytoskeletal rearrangements and thus phagocytosis. EPEC/EHEC inhibit both
1180:"Macrophage Class A Scavenger Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis of Escherichia coli: Role of Cell Heterogeneity, Microbial Strain, and Culture Conditions In Vitro"
2327:
99:
cells. Finally, even within the same bacterial species, different strains often have different repertoires of effectors. For instance, the plant pathogen
654:
Betts, Helen J; Wolf, Katerina; Fields, Kenneth A (February 2009). "Effector protein modulation of host cells: examples in the
Chlamydia spp. arsenal".
375:
system by rapidly lysing its vacuole through the action of the T3SS effectors IpaB and C although the details of this process are poorly understood.
1763:
Bergounioux, Jean; Elisee, Ruben; Prunier, Anne-Laure; Donnadieu, Françoise; Sperandio, Brice; Sansonetti, Philippe; Arbibe, Laurence (March 2012).
478:
respectively) target the NF-kB pathway. YopE inhibits activation of NF-kB, which in part prevents the production of IL-8. YopJ family members are
57:), the loss of the T3SS is sufficient to render the bacteria completely avirulent, even when they are directly introduced into the bloodstream.
1935:
Wong, Alexander R. C.; Clements, Abigail; Raymond, Benoit; Crepin, Valerie F.; Frankel, Gad; Bagnoli, Fabio; Rappuoli, Rino (17 January 2012).
1327:"GAP activity of the Yersinia YopE cytotoxin specifically targets the Rho pathway: a mechanism for disruption of actin microfilament structure"
1129:
Kleiner, Manuel; Young, Jacque C.; Shah, Manesh; VerBerkmoes, Nathan C.; Dubilier, Nicole; Cavanaugh, Colleen; Moran, Mary Ann (18 June 2013).
898:
Zhu, Wenhan; Banga, Simran; Tan, Yunhao; Zheng, Cheng; Stephenson, Robert; Gately, Jonathan; Luo, Zhao-Qing; Kwaik, Yousef Abu (9 March 2011).
1765:"Calpain Activation by the Shigella flexneri Effector VirA Regulates Key Steps in the Formation and Life of the Bacterium's Epithelial Niche"
1405:
Blocker, Ariel; Gounon, Pierre; Larquet, Eric; Niebuhr, Kirsten; Cabiaux, VĂ©ronique; Parsot, Claude; Sansonetti, Philippe (1 November 1999).
619:
Viboud, Gloria I.; Bliska, James B. (October 2005). "OUTER PROTEINS: Role in
Modulation of Host Cell Signaling Responses and Pathogenesis".
1509:"EspG of enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli binds the Golgi matrix protein GM130 and disrupts the Golgi structure and function"
692:"An extensive repertoire of type III secretion effectors in Escherichia coli O157 and the role of lambdoid phages in their dissemination"
1325:
Von Pawel-Rammingen, Ulrich; Telepnev, Maxim V.; Schmidt, Gudula; Aktories, Klaus; Wolf-Watz, Hans; Rosqvist, Roland (18 January 2002).
419:
effectors IpgD and OspG (a homolog of NleH) block apoptosis, the former by phosphorylating and stabilizing the double minute 2 protein (
2271:
Cheong, Mi Sun; Kirik, Angela; Kim, Jung-Gun; Frame, Kenneth; Kirik, Viktor; Mudgett, Mary Beth; Dangl, Jeffery L. (20 February 2014).
1937:"The Interplay between the Escherichia coli Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Effectors and the Mammalian RhoGEF Inhibitor EspH"
1984:
Yen, Hilo; Ooka, Tadasuke; Iguchi, Atsushi; Hayashi, Tetsuya; Sugimoto, Nakaba; Tobe, Toru; Van Nhieu, Guy Tran (16 December 2010).
1229:"Translocation of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli across an in vitro M cell model is regulated by its type III secretion system"
1595:
Hemrajani, Cordula; Berger, Cedric N.; Robinson, Keith S.; Marchès, Olivier; Mousnier, Aurelie; Frankel, Gad (16 February 2010).
1847:"Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EspF is targeted to mitochondria and is required to initiate the mitochondrial death pathway"
993:
584:
Mattoo, Seema; Lee, Yvonne M; Dixon, Jack E (August 2007). "Interactions of bacterial effector proteins with host proteins".
2232:"Comparison of YopE and YopT activities in counteracting host signalling responses to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection"
2035:
Pham, Thanh H.; Gao, Xiaofei; Tsai, Karen; Olsen, Rachel; Wan, Fengyi; Hardwidge, Philip R.; McCormick, B. A. (June 2012).
142:
2037:"Functional Differences and Interactions between the Escherichia coli Type III Secretion System Effectors NleH1 and NleH2"
251:
Given the diversity of effectors, they affect a wide variety of intracellular processes. The T3SS effectors of pathogenic
2138:"The Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Tir Effector Inhibits NF-κB Activity by Targeting TNFα Receptor-Associated Factors"
289:
are immune cells that can recognize and "eat" bacteria. Phagocytes recognize bacteria directly or indirectly through
62:
2640:"BEAN 2.0: an integrated web resource for the identification and functional analysis of type III secreted effectors"
1597:"NleH effectors interact with Bax inhibitor-1 to block apoptosis during enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection"
957:
Engel, Joanne; Balachandran, Priya (February 2009). "Role of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III effectors in disease".
351:, enter the cell and survive intracellularly by manipulating the endocytic pathway. Once internalized by host cells
2434:"A hydrophobic anchor mechanism defines a deacetylase family that suppresses host response against YopJ effectors"
515:
BEAN 2.0: an integrated web resource for the identification and functional analysis of type III secreted effectors
900:"Comprehensive Identification of Protein Substrates of the Dot/Icm Type IV Transporter of Legionella pneumophila"
490:
or inhibition of ATP binding. In plants, this kind of protein acetylation can be removed through activity of the
2374:
1553:"Structurally Distinct Bacterial TBC-like GAPs Link Arf GTPase to Rab1 Inactivation to Counteract Host Defenses"
2273:"AvrBsT Acetylates Arabidopsis ACIP1, a Protein that Associates with Microtubules and Is Required for Immunity"
1886:
Samba-Louaka, Ascel; Nougayrède, Jean-Philippe; Watrin, Claude; Oswald, Eric; Taieb, Frédéric (December 2009).
503:
EffectiveDB – A database of predicted bacterial effectors. Includes an interactive server to predict effectors.
427:
inhibits apoptosis and activates pro-survival signals, dependent on the effectors AvrA and SopB, respectively.
1806:"The Salmonella Effector Protein SopB Protects Epithelial Cells from Apoptosis by Sustained Activation of Akt"
36:
2491:"Structural and chemical biology of deacetylases for carbohydrates, proteins, small molecules and histones"
2391:
Trosky, Jennifer E.; Li, Yan; Mukherjee, Sohini; Keitany, Gladys; Ball, Haydn; Orth, Kim (1 October 2007).
70:
2695:
474:
161:
1178:
Kaufmann, S. H. E.; Peiser, Leanne; Gough, Peter J.; Kodama, Tatsuhiko; Gordon, Siamon (1 April 2000).
994:"TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM EFFECTOR PROTEINS: Double Agents in Bacterial Disease and Plant Defense"
800:"Genome-Scale Identification of Legionella pneumophila Effectors Using a Machine Learning Approach"
138:
40:
2322:
Mukherjee, Sohini; Keitany, Gladys; Li, Yan; Wang, Yong; Ball, Haydn L.; Goldsmith, Elizabeth J.;
1888:"The Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Effector Cif Induces Delayed Apoptosis in Epithelial Cells"
367:
induced filaments (Sifs) dependent on the T3SS effectors SseF and SseG. By contrast, internalized
1407:"The Tripartite Type III Secreton of Shigella flexneri Inserts Ipab and Ipac into Host Membranes"
798:
Burstein, David; Zusman, Tal; Degtyar, Elena; Viner, Ram; Segal, Gil; Pupko, Tal (10 July 2009).
487:
462:
105:
has 14 effectors in one strain, but more than 150 have been found in multiple different strains.
77:
32:
2136:
Ruchaud-Sparagano, Marie-Hélène; Mühlen, Sabrina; Dean, Paul; Kenny, Brendan (1 December 2011).
189:
175:
1033:"Imaging type-III secretion reveals dynamics and spatial segregation of Salmonella effectors"
2445:
2342:
1668:
1608:
1009:
911:
703:
632:
203:
101:
76:, in order to modify their environment or attack/invade target cells, for example, at the
8:
1986:"NleC, a Type III Secretion Protease, Compromises NF-ÎşB Activation by Targeting p65/RelA"
317:
escape phagocytic killing through manipulation of endolysosomal trafficking (see there).
294:
217:
24:
2449:
2346:
1672:
1612:
915:
707:
535:"Vibrio cholerae type 6 secretion system effector trafficking in target bacterial cells"
2666:
2639:
2615:
2588:
2564:
2539:
2515:
2490:
2466:
2433:
2366:
2299:
2272:
2212:
2164:
2137:
2113:
2086:
2061:
2036:
2012:
1985:
1961:
1936:
1912:
1887:
1740:
1715:
1691:
1656:
1631:
1596:
1551:
Dong, Na; Zhu, Yongqun; Lu, Qiuhe; Hu, Liyan; Zheng, Yuqing; Shao, Feng (August 2012).
1504:
1480:
1455:
1431:
1406:
1258:
1155:
1130:
1106:
1081:
1057:
1032:
934:
899:
875:
850:
826:
799:
775:
750:
726:
691:
561:
534:
1456:"The assembly of a GTPase–kinase signalling complex by a bacterial catalytic scaffold"
2671:
2620:
2569:
2520:
2471:
2414:
2358:
2328:"Yersinia YopJ Acetylates and Inhibits Kinase Activation by Blocking Phosphorylation"
2304:
2253:
2248:
2231:
2204:
2169:
2118:
2066:
2017:
1966:
1917:
1868:
1863:
1846:
1827:
1786:
1745:
1696:
1636:
1574:
1530:
1525:
1508:
1485:
1436:
1387:
1348:
1343:
1326:
1307:
1302:
1277:
1250:
1245:
1228:
1209:
1204:
1179:
1160:
1131:"Metaproteomics Reveals Abundant Transposase Expression in Mutualistic Endosymbionts"
1111:
1062:
1013:
974:
939:
880:
866:
851:"The E Block motif is associated with Legionella pneumophila translocated substrates"
831:
780:
731:
671:
636:
601:
566:
479:
382:
123:
73:
2370:
1262:
1195:
2661:
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2610:
2600:
2559:
2551:
2510:
2502:
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2404:
2350:
2294:
2284:
2243:
2216:
2196:
2159:
2149:
2108:
2098:
2056:
2048:
2007:
1997:
1956:
1948:
1907:
1899:
1858:
1817:
1776:
1735:
1727:
1686:
1676:
1626:
1616:
1564:
1520:
1475:
1467:
1426:
1418:
1379:
1338:
1297:
1289:
1276:
Goosney, Danika L.; Celli, Jean; Kenny, Brendan; Finlay, B. Brett (February 1999).
1240:
1199:
1191:
1150:
1142:
1101:
1093:
1052:
1044:
1005:
966:
929:
919:
870:
862:
821:
811:
770:
762:
721:
711:
663:
628:
593:
556:
546:
441:
156:
48:
1293:
751:"The effector repertoire of enteropathogenic E. coli: ganging up on the host cell"
2289:
2154:
2103:
2002:
1681:
924:
816:
468:
394:
360:
276:
91:
53:
1716:"Shigella flexneri Inhibits Staurosporine-Induced Apoptosis in Epithelial Cells"
2457:
1781:
1764:
1601:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1569:
1552:
696:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
539:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
326:
260:
28:
2656:
2506:
1804:
Knodler, Leigh A; Finlay, B Brett; Steele-Mortimer, Olivia (10 January 2005).
1383:
1097:
970:
766:
667:
597:
2689:
2393:"VopA Inhibits ATP Binding by Acetylating the Catalytic Loop of MAPK Kinases"
386:
58:
2605:
2354:
2087:"Bacterial Effector Binding to Ribosomal Protein S3 Subverts NF-ÎşB Function"
1621:
716:
551:
2675:
2624:
2573:
2524:
2475:
2418:
2409:
2392:
2362:
2308:
2257:
2208:
2173:
2122:
2070:
2021:
1970:
1921:
1872:
1831:
1822:
1805:
1790:
1749:
1700:
1640:
1578:
1534:
1489:
1440:
1391:
1352:
1254:
1213:
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1115:
1066:
1017:
978:
943:
884:
835:
784:
735:
675:
640:
605:
570:
533:
Ho, Brian T.; Fu, Yang; Dong, Tao G.; Mekalanos, John J. (29 August 2017).
506:
Bacterial
Effector Proteins and their domains/motifs (from Paul Dean's lab)
483:
457:
449:
322:
297:(C3bi) which coat the bacteria and are recognized by the FcÎł receptors and
268:
2555:
1952:
1422:
1324:
1311:
1146:
404:
bound form, and reducing ER–Golgi transport (of IL-8 and other proteins).
2587:
Wang, Yejun; Huang, He; Sun, Ming’an; Zhang, Qing; Guo, Dianjing (2012).
2052:
1903:
1731:
453:
390:
264:
1471:
1227:
Martinez-Argudo, Isabel; Sands, Caroline; Jepson, Mark A. (June 2007).
1048:
341:
290:
286:
2589:"T3DB: an integrated database for bacterial type III secretion system"
400:-activating protein (Rab-GAP), trapping Rab-GTPases in their inactive
2230:
Viboud, Gloria I.; Mejia, Edison; Bliska, James B. (September 2006).
445:
411:
272:
66:
44:
2432:
Bürger, Marco; Willige, Björn C.; Chory, Joanne (19 December 2017).
2200:
2323:
1845:
Nougayrede, Jean-Philippe; Donnenberg, Michael S. (November 2004).
372:
347:
298:
231:
1885:
1762:
263:
dynamics to facilitate their own attachment or invasion, subvert
20:
2135:
385:. For instance, their effector EspG can reduce the secretion of
2540:"Effective—a database of predicted secreted bacterial proteins"
491:
397:
96:
1594:
509:
T3DB – A database of Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) proteins
437:
423:) which in turn leads to a block of NF-kB-induced apoptosis.
95:
but could only show for 39 that they are secreted into human
1803:
1453:
1031:
Van
Engelenburg, Schuyler B; Palmer, Amy E (14 March 2010).
2638:
Dong, Xiaobao; Lu, Xiaotian; Zhang, Ziding (27 June 2015).
1502:
1404:
1128:
420:
1657:"The E. coli Effector Protein NleF Is a Caspase Inhibitor"
1653:
1226:
797:
355:
subverts the endolysosome trafficking pathway to create a
2538:
Jehl, Marc-André; Arnold, Roland; Rattei, Thomas (2011).
1934:
1368:
1278:"Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Inhibits Phagocytosis"
1177:
482:
that modify lysine, serine or threonine residues with an
401:
2390:
1503:
Clements, Abigail; Smollett, Katherine; Lee, Sau Fung;
1275:
848:
688:
2321:
1714:
Clark, Christina S.; Maurelli, Anthony T. (May 2007).
1080:
Matsumoto, Hiroyuki; Young, Glenn M (February 2009).
1030:
309:(complement receptor 3). For instance, intracellular
2083:
1983:
1844:
2270:
2431:
992:Alfano, James R.; Collmer, Alan (September 2004).
2586:
2229:
956:
532:
497:
2687:
2537:
2489:BĂĽrger, Marco; Chory, Joanne (5 December 2018).
2034:
897:
456:which regulate immune response to infection and
381:. Some pathogens, such as EPEC/EHEC disrupt the
1507:; Lowe, Martin; Frankel, Gad (September 2011).
1364:
1362:
653:
415:NleH and NleF block apoptosis. Similarly, the
1079:
583:
486:, leading to protein aggregation, blockage of
2186:
1713:
991:
1590:
1588:
1496:
1359:
749:Dean, Paul; Kenny, Brendan (February 2009).
618:
2637:
2488:
1756:
1550:
1024:
389:(IL-8), and thus affect the immune system (
1838:
47:. For instance, in the causative agent of
2665:
2655:
2614:
2604:
2563:
2531:
2514:
2465:
2408:
2298:
2288:
2247:
2163:
2153:
2112:
2102:
2060:
2011:
2001:
1960:
1911:
1862:
1821:
1780:
1739:
1707:
1690:
1680:
1630:
1620:
1585:
1568:
1524:
1479:
1430:
1342:
1301:
1244:
1203:
1154:
1105:
1073:
1056:
933:
923:
874:
825:
815:
774:
748:
725:
715:
560:
550:
1928:
1447:
1220:
2223:
2180:
2129:
2077:
1797:
1647:
1546:
1544:
1398:
1269:
1122:
791:
2688:
1171:
1010:10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040103.110731
985:
633:10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121320
612:
246:
61:microbes are also suspected to deploy
1879:
1318:
950:
577:
65:to translocate effector proteins and
2580:
2028:
1977:
1541:
1082:"Translocated effectors of Yersinia"
842:
647:
742:
682:
448:, immunomodulating agents, such as
329:and internalization by phagocytes.
13:
891:
14:
2707:
63:bacterial outer membrane vesicles
2249:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00729.x
1864:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00421.x
1526:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01631.x
1344:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01898.x
1246:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00891.x
867:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01531.x
209:14 (>150 in multiple strains)
2631:
2482:
2425:
2397:Journal of Biological Chemistry
2384:
2315:
2264:
1810:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1196:10.1128/iai.68.4.1953-1963.2000
1086:Current Opinion in Microbiology
998:Annual Review of Phytopathology
959:Current Opinion in Microbiology
755:Current Opinion in Microbiology
656:Current Opinion in Microbiology
31:of their host, usually using a
526:
498:Databases and online resources
444:. This leads to expression of
339:. Several bacteria, including
1:
2550:(Database issue): D591–D595.
1294:10.1128/IAI.67.2.490-495.1999
621:Annual Review of Microbiology
586:Current Opinion in Immunology
519:
253:E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella
2290:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003952
2155:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002414
2104:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000708
2003:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001231
1682:10.1371/journal.pone.0058937
925:10.1371/journal.pone.0017638
817:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000508
83:
71:membrane vesicle trafficking
7:
475:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
279:as well as host responses.
10:
2712:
2458:10.1038/s41467-017-02347-w
1782:10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.013
1570:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.050
2507:10.1038/s42003-018-0214-4
1384:10.1016/j.tim.2013.06.008
1098:10.1016/j.mib.2008.12.005
971:10.1016/j.mib.2008.12.007
767:10.1016/j.mib.2008.11.006
668:10.1016/j.mib.2008.11.009
598:10.1016/j.coi.2007.06.005
410:(programmed cell death).
41:Type VI secretion system
2657:10.1093/database/bav064
2606:10.1186/1471-2105-13-66
2355:10.1126/science.1126867
1769:Cell Host & Microbe
1622:10.1073/pnas.0911609106
1411:Journal of Cell Biology
717:10.1073/pnas.0604891103
552:10.1073/pnas.1711219114
463:Yersinia enterocolitica
393:). EspG functions as a
78:host-pathogen interface
37:type 4 secretion system
33:type 3 secretion system
2544:Nucleic Acids Research
2495:Communications Biology
2410:10.1074/jbc.M706970200
2041:Infection and Immunity
1892:Infection and Immunity
1823:10.1074/jbc.M412588200
1720:Infection and Immunity
1505:Hartland, Elizabeth L.
1372:Trends in Microbiology
1331:Molecular Microbiology
1282:Infection and Immunity
1184:Infection and Immunity
190:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
176:Legionella pneumophila
2438:Nature Communications
2236:Cellular Microbiology
1953:10.1128/mBio.00250-11
1851:Cellular Microbiology
1513:Cellular Microbiology
1423:10.1083/jcb.147.3.683
1233:Cellular Microbiology
1147:10.1128/mBio.00223-13
855:Cellular Microbiology
434:Inflammatory response
363:, where they produce
337:Endocytic trafficking
265:endocytic trafficking
2380:on 28 February 2019.
2053:10.1128/IAI.06358-11
1904:10.1128/IAI.00860-09
1732:10.1128/IAI.01866-06
512:T3SE – T3SS Database
494:deacetylase family.
204:Pseudomonas syringae
114:number of effectors
102:Pseudomonas syringae
2556:10.1093/nar/gkq1154
2450:2017NatCo...8.2201B
2403:(47): 34299–34305.
2347:2006Sci...312.1211M
2341:(5777): 1211–1214.
1673:2013PLoSO...858937B
1613:2010PNAS..107.3129H
1472:10.1038/nature09593
916:2011PLoSO...617638Z
708:2006PNAS..10314941T
702:(40): 14941–14946.
295:complement proteins
247:Mechanism of action
218:Salmonella enterica
25:pathogenic bacteria
17:Bacterial effectors
2696:Bacterial proteins
2593:BMC Bioinformatics
1049:10.1038/nmeth.1437
480:acetyltransferases
273:apoptotic pathways
235:(multiple species)
127:(multiple species)
2195:(11): 1063–1071.
2189:Nature Immunology
1898:(12): 5471–5477.
1857:(11): 1097–1111.
1816:(10): 9058–9064.
1466:(7328): 107–111.
545:(35): 9427–9432.
383:secretory pathway
379:Secretory pathway
275:, and manipulate
244:
243:
74:secretory pathway
39:(TFSS/T4SS) or a
2703:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2373:. Archived from
2332:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2292:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2242:(9): 1504–1515.
2227:
2221:
2220:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2148:(12): e1002414.
2133:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2106:
2097:(12): e1000708.
2081:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2047:(6): 2133–2140.
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1996:(12): e1001231.
1981:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1726:(5): 2531–2539.
1711:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1684:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1607:(7): 3129–3134.
1592:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1563:(5): 1029–1041.
1548:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1519:(9): 1429–1439.
1500:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1248:
1239:(6): 1538–1546.
1224:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1190:(4): 1953–1963.
1175:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1141:(3): e00223-13.
1126:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1028:
1022:
1021:
989:
983:
982:
954:
948:
947:
937:
927:
895:
889:
888:
878:
846:
840:
839:
829:
819:
795:
789:
788:
778:
746:
740:
739:
729:
719:
686:
680:
679:
651:
645:
644:
616:
610:
609:
581:
575:
574:
564:
554:
530:
391:immunomodulation
108:
107:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2636:
2632:
2585:
2581:
2536:
2532:
2487:
2483:
2430:
2426:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2330:
2326:(26 May 2006).
2320:
2316:
2283:(2): e1003952.
2269:
2265:
2228:
2224:
2201:10.1038/ni.2417
2185:
2181:
2134:
2130:
2082:
2078:
2033:
2029:
1982:
1978:
1933:
1929:
1884:
1880:
1843:
1839:
1802:
1798:
1761:
1757:
1712:
1708:
1652:
1648:
1593:
1586:
1549:
1542:
1501:
1497:
1452:
1448:
1403:
1399:
1367:
1360:
1323:
1319:
1274:
1270:
1225:
1221:
1176:
1172:
1127:
1123:
1078:
1074:
1029:
1025:
990:
986:
955:
951:
896:
892:
847:
843:
810:(7): e1000508.
796:
792:
747:
743:
687:
683:
652:
648:
617:
613:
582:
578:
531:
527:
522:
500:
488:phosphorylation
469:Yersinia pestis
308:
304:
277:innate immunity
249:
86:
54:Yersinia pestis
35:(TTSS/T3SS), a
12:
11:
5:
2709:
2699:
2698:
2682:
2681:
2630:
2579:
2530:
2481:
2424:
2383:
2314:
2277:PLOS Pathogens
2263:
2222:
2179:
2142:PLOS Pathogens
2128:
2091:PLOS Pathogens
2076:
2027:
1990:PLOS Pathogens
1976:
1927:
1878:
1837:
1796:
1775:(3): 240–252.
1755:
1706:
1646:
1584:
1540:
1495:
1446:
1417:(3): 683–693.
1397:
1378:(8): 430–441.
1358:
1337:(3): 737–748.
1317:
1288:(2): 490–495.
1268:
1219:
1170:
1121:
1072:
1043:(4): 325–330.
1037:Nature Methods
1023:
1004:(1): 385–414.
984:
949:
890:
861:(2): 227–245.
841:
804:PLOS Pathogens
790:
761:(1): 101–109.
741:
681:
646:
611:
592:(4): 392–401.
576:
524:
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
499:
496:
306:
302:
248:
245:
242:
241:
239:
236:
227:
226:
224:
221:
213:
212:
210:
207:
199:
198:
196:
193:
185:
184:
182:
181:>330 (T4SS)
179:
171:
170:
168:
165:
152:
151:
149:
146:
134:
133:
131:
128:
119:
118:
115:
112:
85:
82:
69:factors via a
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2708:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:(3): e58937.
1666:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:(1): 94–100.
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
945:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
917:
913:
910:(3): e17638.
909:
905:
901:
894:
886:
882:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
837:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
786:
782:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
737:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
580:
572:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
529:
525:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
495:
493:
492:SOBER1/TIPSY1
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:
471:
470:
465:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:MAPK pathways
439:
435:
431:
428:
426:
422:
418:
413:
409:
405:
403:
399:
396:
392:
388:
387:interleukin-8
384:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
240:
237:
234:
233:
229:
228:
225:
222:
220:
219:
215:
214:
211:
208:
206:
205:
201:
200:
197:
194:
192:
191:
187:
186:
183:
180:
178:
177:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
159:
158:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
81:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:Gram negative
56:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2375:the original
2338:
2334:
2317:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2094:
2090:
2079:
2044:
2040:
2030:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1664:
1660:
1649:
1604:
1600:
1560:
1556:
1516:
1512:
1498:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1375:
1371:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1001:
997:
987:
965:(1): 61–66.
962:
958:
952:
907:
903:
893:
858:
854:
844:
807:
803:
793:
758:
754:
744:
699:
695:
684:
662:(1): 81–87.
659:
655:
649:
627:(1): 69–89.
624:
620:
614:
589:
585:
579:
542:
538:
528:
484:acetyl group
473:
467:
461:
458:inflammation
450:interleukins
433:
432:
429:
424:
416:
407:
406:
378:
377:
373:endolysosome
368:
364:
356:
352:
346:
340:
336:
335:
330:
323:transcytosis
318:
314:
310:
283:Phagocytosis
282:
281:
269:phagocytosis
256:
252:
250:
230:
216:
202:
188:
174:
155:
137:
122:
100:
90:
87:
52:
23:secreted by
16:
15:
2444:(1): 2201.
454:interferons
371:avoids the
271:, modulate
2650:: bav064.
2501:(1): 217.
520:References
425:Salmonella
365:Salmonella
357:Salmonella
353:Salmonella
342:Salmonella
311:Salmonella
293:(IgG) and
291:antibodies
287:Phagocytes
117:reference
2599:(1): 66.
2324:Orth, Kim
446:cytokines
412:Apoptosis
408:Apoptosis
259:regulate
145:(O157:H7)
124:Chlamydia
84:Diversity
67:virulence
45:virulence
27:into the
2690:Category
2676:26120140
2644:Database
2625:22545727
2574:21071416
2525:30534609
2476:29259199
2419:17881352
2371:13101320
2363:16728640
2309:24586161
2258:16922868
2209:23001144
2174:22144899
2123:20041225
2071:22451523
2022:21187904
1971:22251971
1922:19786559
1873:15469437
1832:15642738
1791:22423964
1750:17339354
1701:23516580
1661:PLOS ONE
1641:20133763
1579:22939626
1535:21740499
1490:21170023
1441:10545510
1392:23870533
1353:10844661
1263:36420610
1255:17298392
1214:10722588
1165:23781067
1116:19185531
1067:20228815
1018:15283671
979:19168385
944:21408005
904:PLOS ONE
885:20880356
836:19593377
785:19144561
736:16990433
676:19138553
641:15847602
606:17662586
571:28808000
417:Shigella
369:Shigella
348:Shigella
331:Yersinia
325:through
319:Yersinia
315:Shigella
299:integrin
267:, block
257:Yersinia
232:Yersinia
111:Species
21:proteins
2667:4483310
2616:3424820
2565:3013723
2516:6281622
2467:5736716
2446:Bibcode
2343:Bibcode
2335:Science
2300:3930583
2217:5226423
2165:3228809
2114:2791202
2062:3370600
2013:3002990
1962:3374388
1913:2786488
1741:1865761
1692:3597564
1669:Bibcode
1632:2840288
1609:Bibcode
1481:3675890
1432:2151192
1312:9916050
1156:3684830
1107:2669664
1058:2862489
935:3052360
912:Bibcode
876:3096851
827:2701608
776:2697328
727:1595455
704:Bibcode
562:5584461
327:M cells
157:E. coli
139:E. coli
92:E. coli
2674:
2664:
2623:
2613:
2572:
2562:
2523:
2513:
2474:
2464:
2417:
2369:
2361:
2307:
2297:
2256:
2215:
2207:
2172:
2162:
2121:
2111:
2069:
2059:
2020:
2010:
1969:
1959:
1920:
1910:
1871:
1830:
1789:
1748:
1738:
1699:
1689:
1639:
1629:
1577:
1533:
1488:
1478:
1460:Nature
1439:
1429:
1390:
1351:
1310:
1300:
1261:
1253:
1212:
1202:
1163:
1153:
1114:
1104:
1065:
1055:
1016:
977:
942:
932:
883:
873:
834:
824:
783:
773:
734:
724:
674:
639:
604:
569:
559:
472:, and
398:GTPase
255:, and
167:>20
97:Caco-2
49:plague
2378:(PDF)
2367:S2CID
2331:(PDF)
2213:S2CID
1947:(1).
1303:96346
1259:S2CID
1205:97372
438:NF-kB
361:Golgi
261:actin
148:40-60
29:cells
2672:PMID
2648:2015
2621:PMID
2570:PMID
2521:PMID
2472:PMID
2415:PMID
2359:PMID
2305:PMID
2254:PMID
2205:PMID
2170:PMID
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