2050:
38:
1213:
848:
1611:
2304:
710:
436:
2582:
622:
1733:
1633:
55:
365:
of China, during the early 20th century, they were linked circumstantially to
Tokharistan, and Bactrian was sometimes referred to as "Eteo-Tocharian" (i.e. "true" or "original" Tocharian). By the 1970s, however, it became clear that there was little evidence for such a connection. For instance, the
1250:*b, *d, *g have generally become spirants, as in most other Eastern Iranian languages. A distinctive feature of Bactrian, shared within the Iranian languages with Munji, Yidgha and Pashto, is the development of Proto-Iranian *d > *ð further to
2424:"Review of Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan. III: Plates. Studies in the Khalili Collection, Vol. 3. CIIr. Pt. 2, Inscriptions of the Seleucid and Parthian Periods and of Eastern Iran and Central Asia. Vol. 4, Bactrian"
414:
which are part of the same branch of the Pamir languages. Its genealogical position is unclear. According to another source, the present-day speakers of Munji, the modern
Eastern Iranian language of the Munjan Valley in the
2190:
Bactrian thus "occupies an intermediary position between Pashto and Yidgha-Munji on the one hand, Sogdian, Choresmian, and
Parthian on the other: it is thus in its natural and rightful place in Bactria".
547:) discarded Greek ("Ionian") as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"). The Greek language accordingly vanished from official use and only Bactrian was later attested. The
2049:
609:, after which official use of Bactrian ceased. Although Bactrian briefly survived in other usage, that also eventually ceased, and the latest known examples of the Bactrian script, found in the
1655:
might represent short in addition to , and if any contrast existed. Short may have occurred at least as a reflex of *a followed by a lost *u in the next syllable, e.g. *madu >
1243:
A major difficulty in determining
Bactrian phonology is that affricates and voiced stops were not consistently distinguished from the corresponding fricatives in the Greek script.
1318:
appears to stand for both the stop and the fricative , but it is unclear if a contrast existed, and which instances are which. Evidence from the
Manichaean script suggests that
511:, or Sacaraucae of Greek sources) invaded the territory around 140 BC, and at some time after 124 BC, Bactria was overrun by a confederation of tribes belonging to the
643:
Among Indo-Iranian languages, the use of the Greek script is unique to
Bactrian. Although ambiguities remain, some of the disadvantages were overcome by using
471:
of the Kushan Empire and the region of
Bactria, replacing the Greek language. Bactrian was used by successive rulers in Bactria, until the arrival of the
3387:
3131:
1414:
continues, in addition to Proto-Iranian *š, also Proto-Iranian *s in the clusters *sr, *str, *rst. In several cases, however, Proto-Iranian *š becomes
875:
The phonology of
Bactrian is not known with certainty, owing to the limitations of the native scripts, and also its status as an extinct language.
2597:
3392:
2093:
2760:
551:, however, remained and was used to write Bactrian. The territorial expansion of the Kushans helped propagate Bactrian in other parts of
2602:
1640:
The Greek script does not consistently represent vowel length. Fewer vowel contrasts yet are found in the
Manichaean script, but short
835:
Over 150 legal documents, accounts, letters and
Buddhist texts have surfaced since the 1990s, the largest collection of which is the
2714:
2218:
Waghmar, Burzine K. (2001) 'Bactrian History and Language: An Overview.' Journal of the K. R. Cama Oriental Institute, 64. pp. 45.
3407:
836:
701:
sequences did not occur in Bactrian. They were, however, probably used to represent numbers (just as other Greek letters were).
1346:
may continue both Proto-Iranian *c > *s and *č, and the Manichaean script confirms that it represents two phonemes, likely
2472:
1697:
is normally written, but this was probably silent, and it is appended even after retained word-final vowels: e.g. *aštā >
2275:
340:
common amongst Indo-Iranian peoples). It has also been known by names such as Greco-Bactrian or Kushan or Kushano-Bactrian.
2239:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A, Part 250
2227:
Harry Falk (2001), "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Silk Road Art and Archaeology 7: 121–36.p. 133.
443:
is an inscription written on a rock in the Bactrian language and the Greek script, which was found in 1993 at the site of
251:
2612:
3412:
3382:
1300:
for original voiceless *p, *t can be found, which probably represent , . The former is attested only in a single word,
605:
vocabulary is also attested. The Hephthalites ruled these regions until the 7th century, when they were overrun by the
3397:
2633:
2287:
1360:
may continue similarly on one hand Proto-Iranian *dz > *z, and on the other *ǰ and *č, and it represents at least
42:
The Bactrian alphabet (block and cursive letters, here in black). The Bactrian script was directly adapted from the
3402:
2401:
2753:
241:
1388:'thus, also', which may be a loanword from another Iranian language. In most positions Proto-Iranian *θ becomes
1254:, which may have been areal in nature. Original *d remains only in a few consonant clusters, e.g. *bandaka >
855:
inscription (SK4) is the first known substantial document written in Bactrian, an Iranian language. It uses the
319:
represented "Old Bactrian", but this notion had "rightly fallen into discredit by the end of the 19th century".
2355:
2251:
2059:
2793:
2134:
1648:
are distinguished in it, suggesting that Bactrian generally retains the Proto-Iranian vowel length contrast.
2111:
215:
2798:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1702:
1668:
1664:
1645:
1641:
1598:
1586:
1581:
1569:
1564:
1526:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1491:
1484:
1415:
1401:
1389:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1347:
1331:
1323:
1305:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1251:
1196:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1146:
1141:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1039:
1017:
994:
987:
981:
965:
958:
953:
670:
654:
636:
3377:
2746:
1693:
Original word-final vowels and word-initial vowels in open syllables were generally lost. A word-final
3208:
3033:
2808:
2715:"New Findings in Ancient Afghanistan: the Bactrian documents discovered from the Northern Hindu-Kush"
597:. The Hephthalite period is marked by linguistic diversity; in addition to Bactrian, Middle Persian,
383:
1671:
are well established as reflexes of Proto-Iranian diphthongs and certain vowel-semivowel sequences:
1289:
Proto-Iranian *p, *t, *č, *k have become voiced between vowels, and after a nasal consonant or *r.
416:
288:
737:
The Bactrian language is known from inscriptions, coins, seals, manuscripts, and other documents.
521:. In the 1st century AD, the Kushana, one of the Yuezhi tribes, founded the ruling dynasty of the
3273:
2788:
109:
1212:
516:
37:
2783:
2397:
912:
500:
114:
2462:
2345:
2237:
589:
From the mid-4th century, Bactria and northwestern India gradually fell under the control the
3354:
1161:
741:
1368:. This distinction is again confirmed by the Manichaean script. Also a third counterpart of
3191:
3126:
2913:
598:
444:
391:
2692:
2662:
2159:
847:
8:
3347:
2877:
2830:
1610:
1054:
1005:
821:
740:
Sites at which Bactrian language inscriptions have been found are (in north–south order)
533:
484:
440:
420:
358:
158:
3262:
3239:
3229:
2964:
2850:
2718:
2666:
2443:
902:
304:
179:
2204:
Novák, Ľubomir (2014). "Question of (re)classification of Eastern Iranian languages".
574:. The eastern extent of the Kushan Empire in Northwestern India, was conquered by the
231:
3254:
3234:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3048:
3017:
2975:
2855:
2825:
2769:
2732:
2670:
2629:
2468:
2435:
2351:
2283:
2247:
2121:
1717:
1687:
922:
907:
813:
606:
472:
395:
119:
370:" languages within the Indo-European family, whereas Bactrian was an Iranian, thus "
247:
3283:
3268:
3244:
3179:
3174:
3114:
3109:
3094:
3088:
3072:
3066:
3053:
3011:
2919:
2860:
2845:
2658:
2648:
2564:
2331:
1189:
897:
892:
387:
316:
2370:
3224:
3196:
3186:
3139:
3082:
3077:
3058:
2939:
2934:
2882:
2817:
2317:
1217:
1136:
917:
567:
411:
403:
402:), as well as sharing affinity with the modern Eastern Iranian languages such as
399:
124:
101:
839:. These have greatly increased the detail in which Bactrian is currently known.
3343:
3301:
3288:
2991:
2980:
2929:
2872:
2866:
2840:
2835:
2560:
2303:
1737:
1721:
1708:
The Proto-Iranian syllabic rhotic *r̥ is lost in Bactrian, and is reflected as
943:
579:
571:
529:
488:
427:, display the closest possible linguistic affinity with the Bactrian language.
407:
147:
804:. Of eight known manuscript fragments in Greco-Bactrian script, one is from
3371:
3249:
3203:
3119:
3002:
2985:
2593:
2588:
2439:
1741:
1716:
elsewhere; this agrees with the development in the western Iranian languages
1467:
1247:
935:
860:
583:
522:
468:
456:
300:
208:
175:
2680:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2624:
Gershevitch, Ilya (1983). "Bactrian Literature". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
1236:
868:
856:
797:
709:
685:
659:
631:
626:
610:
575:
552:
548:
512:
323:
292:
154:
84:
48:
43:
2653:
199:
3294:
2717:. . Tokyo: Department of Linguistics, University of Tokyo. Archived from
2055:
1615:
1559:
1547:
1479:
1462:
852:
808:
and seven from Toyoq, where they were discovered by the second and third
785:
769:
726:
675:
594:
590:
563:
556:
536:(discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king
532:
for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian
492:
452:
448:
424:
362:
353:
2704:
Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1989b). "Bactrian". In Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.).
2447:
2957:
2423:
1593:
1552:
1521:
1472:
829:
745:
2699:. Vol. 3. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 344–349.
586:, some coinage of this period is still in the Aryo (Bactrian) script.
435:
322:
Bactrian, which was written predominantly in an alphabet based on the
3146:
2116:
2072:
1576:
1498:
789:
753:
504:
224:
192:
2738:
463:, and gives remarkable clues on the genealogy of the Kushan dynasty.
3099:
2307:
1619:
864:
825:
817:
801:
730:
537:
496:
460:
299:(present-day Afghanistan) and used as the official language of the
285:
259:
2587:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3324:
2944:
2899:
1221:
793:
773:
765:
337:
296:
255:
74:
1732:
1308:
in native vocabulary. According to Gholami, instances of single
3104:
2951:
2924:
2327:
2243:
1632:
1627:
809:
805:
781:
761:
749:
367:
621:
386:
and shares features with the extinct Middle Iranian languages
2402:"New Documents in Ancient Bactrian Reveal Afghanistan's Past"
777:
757:
602:
371:
2628:. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 1250–1258.
54:
3278:
645:
508:
333:
1418:
or is lost; the distribution is unclear. E.g. *snušā >
258:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2505:
2481:
2411:(27). International Institute for Asian Studies: 12–13.
1372:
is found in Manichaean Bactrian, possibly representing
562:
In the 3rd century, the Kushan territories west of the
2613:"The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas"
2311:
1304:'water'. Manichaean Bactrian appears to only have had
1224:
714:
279:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2493:
2464:
Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes
2375:
2678:Henning, W. B. (1960). "The Bactrian Inscription".
1400:'son'. The cluster *θw, however, appears to become
635:(here in majuscule and minuscule) to represent the
2467:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 141, note 2.
613:in Pakistan, date to the end of the 9th century.
3369:
1663:'sheep'. Short is also rare. By contrast, long
46:(here in grey), with the addition of the letter
16:Extinct Eastern Iranian language of Central Asia
725:) in cursive Bactrian script, on a coin of the
2703:
2690:
2321:
2280:Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world
1230:
720:
664:
327:
27:
2754:
2712:
2396:
1334:. According to Greek orthographic practices,
625:Bactrian was predominantly written using the
455:. The inscription relates to the rule of the
2606:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2347:Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation
693:) were not used for writing Bactrian as the
2623:
2176:
343:Under Kushan rule, Bactria became known as
3388:Languages attested from the 3rd century BC
2761:
2747:
2278:. In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).
1622:. Bactrian script legend: χιγγιλο αλχοννο
1270:appear in earlier Bactrian, but revert to
359:previously unknown Indo-European languages
36:
2652:
2157:
1312:may indicate a fricative pronunciation, .
570:, and Bactrian began to be influenced by
528:The Kushan Empire initially retained the
478:
2708:. Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 230–235.
2592:
2460:
2381:
1731:
1609:
1597:
1525:
1384:is unclear; it only appears in the word
1211:
846:
708:
620:
434:
2677:
2647:(PhD thesis). University of Göttingen.
2642:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2421:
2343:
2296:
2273:
2199:
2197:
2105:
837:Khalili Collection of Aramaic Documents
491:was the administrative language of his
252:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3370:
2559:This coin is in the collection of the
2392:
2390:
2132:
2091:
1286:(7th to 8th century) 'lie, falsehood'.
2768:
2742:
2645:Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar
2337:
2203:
888:
483:Following the conquest of Bactria by
3393:Languages extinct in the 9th century
2428:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
2194:
859:. It was written at the time of the
2387:
2133:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
487:in 323 BC, for about two centuries
287:, meaning "Iranian") is an extinct
13:
3353:Languages between parentheses are
2619:. Vol. VII. pp. 121–136.
2135:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1686:) is inserted before word-initial
366:Tarim "Tocharian" languages were "
14:
3424:
2726:
2691:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1989a).
2282:. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 115.
1396:), or is lost, e.g. *puθra- >
616:
377:
3327:(unknown further classification)
2713:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1997).
2610:
2580:
2302:
2048:
1631:
629:with the addition of the letter
357:. When texts in two extinct and
53:
2706:Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum
2553:
2454:
2415:
2364:
2322:
2267:
2230:
1712:adjacent to labial consonants,
1231:
820:text. One other manuscript, in
721:
665:
328:
28:
3408:Linguistic history of Pakistan
3357:of the language on their left.
2663:11858/00-1735-0000-000D-EF94-2
2221:
2212:
2182:
2170:
2151:
2126:
2085:
2060:National Museum of Afghanistan
1727:
1682:An epenthetic vowel (written
1422:'daughter-in-law', *aštā >
1:
2617:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
2573:
878:
541:
2312:
1292:Inside a word, the digraphs
1225:
842:
715:
280:
7:
2563:. For equivalent coin, see
2066:
2041:
1701:'eight', likely pronounced
406:subgroup of languages like
10:
3429:
2643:Gholami, Saloumeh (2010).
2422:Gholami, Saloumeh (2013).
1282:(4th to 5th century) >
1216:The Hephthalites used the
704:
430:
382:Bactrian is a part of the
272:
3413:Eastern Iranian languages
3383:Extinct languages of Asia
3334:
3317:
3217:
3041:
3032:
2891:
2816:
2807:
2776:
2626:Cambridge History of Iran
2461:Nakamura, Hajime (1987).
2058:inscription in Bactrian,
1541:
1538:
1456:
1453:
1437:
1278:later, e.g. *drauga >
1262:'daughter'. The clusters
1188:
1160:
1135:
1053:
1004:
942:
921:
916:
906:
896:
891:
495:successors, that is, the
384:Eastern Iranian languages
315:It was long thought that
238:
222:
206:
190:
185:
171:Official language in
169:
164:
144:
98:
90:
80:
70:
63:
35:
26:
21:
3398:Languages of Afghanistan
2344:Alemany, Agustí (2000).
2242:(illustrated ed.).
2078:
1740:(narrow columns) in the
1426:'eight', *xšāθriya >
816:. One of these may be a
417:Kuran wa Munjan district
326:, was known natively as
289:Eastern Iranian language
3403:Languages of Tajikistan
2603:Encyclopædia Britannica
2398:Sims-Williams, Nicholas
2274:Skjærvø, P. O. (2009).
2188:Henning (1960), p. 47.
1430:'ruler', *pašman- >
1258:'servant', *dugdā >
884:Consonants of Bactrian
501:Greco-Bactrian kingdoms
361:were discovered in the
310:
291:formerly spoken in the
2350:. BRILL. p. 346.
1749:Letter correspondence
1745:
1744:script (wide columns).
1675:< *ai, *aya, *iya;
1637:
1404:, e.g. *wikāθwan >
1330:from *g may have been
1322:from *k may have been
1240:
872:
734:
640:
479:Historical development
464:
240:This article contains
2654:10.53846/goediss-1495
2246:. 1994. p. 433.
2206:Linguistica Brunensia
2164:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1735:
1613:
1215:
850:
712:
624:
438:
3348:historical languages
2697:Encyclopedia Iranica
2330:symbol on his coins
467:Bactrian became the
2693:"Bactrian Language"
2160:"Bactrian Language"
1750:
1659:'wine', *pasu >
1651:It is not clear if
1446:
1220:(top). Here, their
885:
770:Ratabak/Surkh Kotal
657:and by introducing
534:Rabatak inscription
485:Alexander the Great
441:Rabatak inscription
421:Badakhshan province
2158:Sims-Williams, N.
1748:
1746:
1736:Variations of the
1688:consonant clusters
1638:
1624:"Khiggilo Alchono"
1444:Vowels of Bactrian
1442:
1241:
883:
873:
867:, 2nd century CE.
812:expeditions under
735:
641:
465:
180:Hephthalite Empire
3378:Bactrian language
3365:
3364:
3313:
3312:
3028:
3027:
2770:Iranian languages
2735:at britannica.com
2733:Bactrian language
2514:, pp. 11–12.
2490:, pp. 18–19.
2474:978-81-208-0272-8
2139:iranicaonline.org
2122:the Linguist List
2101:. p. Fig.93.
2039:
2038:
1614:Silver drachm of
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1532:
1531:
1210:
1209:
1102:
1061:
1034:
1012:
978:
950:
938:
931:
822:Manichaean script
814:Albert von Le Coq
780:, Dasht-e Navur,
733:, 5th century AD.
607:Umayyad Caliphate
473:Umayyad Caliphate
278:
266:
265:
248:rendering support
244:phonetic symbols.
159:Manichaean script
3420:
3209:Zoroastrian Dari
3039:
3038:
2814:
2813:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2722:
2709:
2700:
2687:
2674:
2656:
2639:
2620:
2607:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2567:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2341:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2177:Gershevitch 1983
2174:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2130:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2089:
2052:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1751:
1747:
1704:
1679:< *au, *awa.
1670:
1666:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1600:
1588:
1583:
1571:
1566:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1493:
1486:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1417:
1403:
1391:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1349:
1333:
1325:
1307:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1253:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1198:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1148:
1143:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1041:
1032:
1019:
1010:
996:
989:
983:
976:
967:
960:
955:
948:
934:
929:
886:
882:
724:
723:
718:
692:
682:
672:
668:
667:
656:
652:
638:
546:
543:
331:
330:
283:
277:romanized:
276:
274:
234:
218:
202:
195:
150:
104:
94:300 BC – 1000 AD
57:
40:
31:
30:
19:
18:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3330:
3309:
3213:
3024:
2887:
2803:
2772:
2767:
2729:
2636:
2596:, ed. (1911). "
2581:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2459:
2455:
2420:
2416:
2409:IIAS Newsletter
2404:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2342:
2338:
2318:Bactrian script
2310:with the word "
2301:
2297:
2290:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2131:
2127:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2092:Davary (1982).
2090:
2086:
2081:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2044:
1730:
1440:
1218:Bactrian script
911:
901:
881:
845:
824:, was found at
707:
690:
680:
669:) to represent
650:
619:
544:
481:
433:
380:
351:, and later as
313:
246:Without proper
230:
214:
211:
198:
191:
178:
172:
165:Official status
157:
151:
146:
140:
125:Eastern Iranian
105:
102:Language family
100:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3426:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:Middle Persian
3298:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3175:Semnani proper
3172:
3167:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2983:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2794:Middle Iranian
2791:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2727:External links
2725:
2724:
2723:
2721:on 2007-06-10.
2710:
2701:
2688:
2675:
2640:
2634:
2621:
2608:
2594:Chisholm, Hugh
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2561:British Museum
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2473:
2453:
2434:(1): 136–138.
2414:
2400:(March 2002).
2386:
2374:
2363:
2356:
2336:
2295:
2288:
2266:
2252:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2193:
2181:
2179:, p. 1250
2169:
2150:
2125:
2104:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1738:Greek alphabet
1729:
1726:
1722:Middle Persian
1626:, with Alchon
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1439:
1436:
1380:The status of
1378:
1377:
1355:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1313:
1287:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
992:
990:
985:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
963:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
939:
932:
926:
925:
920:
915:
905:
895:
890:
880:
877:
844:
841:
794:Shatial Bridge
706:
703:
618:
617:Writing system
615:
580:Pahlavi script
578:. Besides the
572:Middle Persian
530:Greek language
480:
477:
432:
429:
394:(Eastern) and
379:
378:Classification
376:
312:
309:
264:
263:
250:, you may see
236:
235:
228:
220:
219:
212:
207:
204:
203:
196:
188:
187:
186:Language codes
183:
182:
173:
170:
167:
166:
162:
161:
152:
148:Writing system
145:
142:
141:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
108:
106:
99:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
71:Native to
68:
67:
65:
61:
60:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3425:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Caucasian Tat
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Proto-Iranian
2782:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2635:0-511-46773-7
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:Falk, Harry.
2609:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2589:public domain
2578:
2577:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2550:, p. 25.
2549:
2544:
2538:, p. 13.
2537:
2532:
2526:, p. 12.
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2502:, p. 10.
2501:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:Chisholm 1911
2378:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2291:
2289:9780080877754
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2097:
2096:
2095:Illustrations
2088:
2084:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1356:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1248:Proto-Iranian
1246:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
980:
975:
974:
971:
969:
964:
962:
957:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
927:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
887:
876:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
840:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
732:
728:
717:
711:
702:
700:
696:
688:
687:
678:
677:
662:
661:
648:
647:
634:
633:
628:
623:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
584:Brahmi script
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
545: 127 AD
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
523:Kushan Empire
520:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
476:
474:
470:
469:lingua franca
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
428:
426:
423:in northeast
422:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
375:
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
325:
320:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:Central Asian
290:
286:
282:
270:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
243:
237:
233:
229:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
210:
209:Linguist List
205:
201:
197:
194:
189:
184:
181:
177:
176:Kushan Empire
174:
168:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
143:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:Indo-European
107:
103:
97:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
64:Pronunciation
62:
56:
51:
50:
45:
39:
34:
25:
20:
3339:
3300:
3293:
3261:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3087:
3065:
3010:
3001:
2990:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2865:
2719:the original
2705:
2696:
2683:
2679:
2644:
2625:
2616:
2601:
2598:Tochi Valley
2555:
2548:Gholami 2010
2543:
2536:Gholami 2010
2531:
2524:Gholami 2010
2519:
2512:Gholami 2010
2507:
2500:Gholami 2010
2495:
2488:Gholami 2010
2483:
2463:
2456:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2408:
2377:
2366:
2346:
2339:
2298:
2279:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2238:
2232:
2223:
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2205:
2189:
2184:
2172:
2163:
2153:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:
2128:
2115:
2107:
2094:
2087:
1766:Greek Letter
1760:Greek Letter
1754:Greek Letter
1713:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1639:
1623:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1357:
1343:
1338:represents .
1335:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1279:
1259:
1255:
1242:
1237:Hephthalites
1162:Approximants
913:postalveolar
874:
869:Kabul Museum
857:Greek script
834:
798:Tochi Valley
784:, Jagatu in
739:
736:
698:
694:
684:
674:
658:
644:
642:
630:
627:Greek script
611:Tochi Valley
588:
576:Gupta Empire
566:fell to the
561:
553:Central Asia
549:Greek script
527:
517:
513:Great Yuezhi
507:tribes (the
482:
466:
381:
374:" language.
352:
348:
344:
342:
324:Greek script
321:
314:
268:
267:
239:
223:
155:Greek script
129:
115:Indo-Iranian
85:Central Asia
47:
44:Greek script
3295:Old Persian
3127:Mazanderani
2914:Khwarezmian
2799:New Iranian
2789:Old Iranian
2686:(1): 47–55.
2056:Surkh Kotal
1728:Orthography
1616:Alchon Huns
1408:'witness'.
853:Surkh Kotal
786:Afghanistan
727:Alchon Huns
595:Huna tribes
591:Hephthalite
564:Indus River
557:North India
493:Hellenistic
453:Afghanistan
449:Surkh Kotal
425:Afghanistan
392:Khwarezmian
363:Tarim Basin
354:Tokharistan
305:Hephthalite
271:(Bactrian:
254:instead of
3372:Categories
2958:Sarghulami
2878:Yazghulami
2831:Ishkashimi
2574:References
2357:9004114424
2326:) and the
2276:"Bactrian"
2253:9231028464
2144:2023-07-31
1055:Fricatives
1006:Affricates
936:labialized
879:Consonants
830:Mary Boyce
752:, Airtam,
746:Uzbekistan
713:The word "
599:Indo-Aryan
593:and other
503:. Eastern
295:region of
3355:varieties
3342:indicate
3263:Pahlavani
3255:Bakhtiari
3240:Kuhmareyi
3230:Bashkardi
3147:Old Azeri
2851:Sanglechi
2671:247020656
2565:CNG Coins
2440:1356-1863
2371:CNG Coins
2332:CNG Coins
2316:" in the
2117:MultiTree
2073:Kidarites
1644:and long
1392:(written
1060:Voiceless
1011:Voiceless
949:Voiceless
843:Phonology
832:in 1958.
790:Islamabad
754:Delbarjin
750:Kara-Tepe
742:Afrasiyab
568:Sasanians
307:empires.
225:Glottolog
193:ISO 639-3
3284:Hazaragi
3235:Garmsiri
3170:Sangsari
3165:Lasgerdi
3154:Parthian
3132:Tabaroid
3100:Kurmanji
3049:Ashtiani
3018:Yaghnobi
2976:Ossetian
2965:Scythian
2940:Southern
2935:Northern
2907:Bactrian
2856:Sarikoli
2826:Bartangi
2448:43307651
2308:Khingila
2259:27 March
2208:: 77–87.
2112:Bactrian
2067:See also
2042:Examples
1718:Parthian
1620:Khingila
1434:'wool'.
903:alveolar
865:Huvishka
818:Buddhist
802:Pakistan
731:Khingila
582:and the
538:Kanishka
505:Scythian
499:and the
497:Seleucid
461:Kanishka
459:emperor
396:Parthian
303:and the
269:Bactrian
260:Help:IPA
232:bact1239
130:Bactrian
22:Bactrian
3344:extinct
3340:Italics
3325:Badeshi
3269:Persian
3245:Kumzari
3187:Taleshi
3180:Sorkhei
3160:Semnani
3115:Kordali
3095:Kurdish
3089:Gorgani
3067:Daylami
3059:Makrani
3054:Balochi
3034:Western
3012:Sogdian
2971:Alanian
2945:Wanetsi
2930:Central
2920:Parachi
2900:Avestan
2861:Shughni
2846:Roshani
2809:Eastern
2777:History
2591::
2313:Alchono
1630:symbol
1468:Central
1406:οιγαλφο
1256:βανδαγο
1232:ηβοδαλο
1226:Ebodalo
1222:endonym
923:Glottal
908:Palatal
806:Lou-lan
774:Oruzgan
722:αλχοννο
716:Alchono
705:Records
518:Tokhari
447:, near
445:Rabatak
431:History
419:of the
400:Western
388:Sogdian
349:Tokhara
345:Tukhara
338:endonym
317:Avestan
297:Bactria
256:Unicode
120:Iranian
75:Bactria
3318:Others
3225:Achomi
3197:Tatoid
3140:Median
3110:Xwarin
3105:Sorani
3083:Gorani
3078:Gilaki
2992:Jassic
2952:Ormuri
2925:Pashto
2892:Others
2883:Yidgha
2669:
2632:
2585:
2471:
2446:
2438:
2354:
2328:Tamgha
2323:αλχονο
2286:
2250:
2244:UNESCO
1742:Kushan
1703:/ataː/
1628:tamgha
1618:ruler
1457:Short
1438:Vowels
1432:παμανο
1420:ασνωυο
1284:δδρωρο
1190:Rhotic
1137:Nasals
1101:Voiced
1033:Voiced
977:Voiced
898:Dental
893:Labial
863:ruler
861:Kushan
810:Turpan
788:; and
782:Ghazni
766:Baglan
762:Kunduz
729:ruler
683:) and
653:) for
639:sound.
457:Kushan
412:Yidgha
368:centum
336:"; an
301:Kushan
81:Region
3289:Tajik
3218:South
3042:North
2981:Digor
2873:Wakhi
2867:Vanji
2841:Munji
2836:Khufi
2818:Pamir
2667:S2CID
2444:JSTOR
2405:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
2079:Notes
1560:Close
1548:Front
1542:Long
1480:Close
1463:Front
1398:πουρο
1280:λρωγο
1260:λογδο
1113:(?);
1072:(?);
944:Stops
930:plain
918:Velar
889:Type
778:Kabul
758:Balkh
603:Latin
489:Greek
408:Munji
404:Pamir
372:satem
329:αριαο
281:ariao
273:Αριαο
29:Αριαο
3279:Dari
3250:Luri
3204:Zaza
3192:Tati
3120:Laki
3073:Fars
3003:Saka
2986:Iron
2630:ISBN
2469:ISBN
2436:ISSN
2352:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2261:2013
2248:ISBN
1946:δ/δδ
1864:β/ββ
1769:IPA
1720:and
1699:αταο
1669:/oː/
1665:/eː/
1661:ποσο
1657:μολο
1646:/aː/
1594:Open
1553:Back
1539:Type
1522:Open
1473:Back
1454:Type
1428:χαρο
1424:αταο
1402:/lf/
1386:ιθαο
1366:/dz/
1364:and
1352:/ts/
1350:and
1326:and
1302:αββο
1276:/rd/
1272:/dr/
1268:/rl/
1266:and
1264:/lr/
1235:), "
1122:(?)
984:(?)
851:The
826:Qočo
796:and
697:and
691:Ψ, ψ
681:Ξ, ξ
666:Ϸ, ϸ
651:Ͱ, ͱ
646:heta
601:and
555:and
515:and
509:Saka
439:The
410:and
390:and
334:Arya
311:Name
3346:or
2659:hdl
2649:doi
2600:".
2120:on
2114:at
2018:d͡z
1828:t͡s
1804:α/ο
1763:IPA
1757:IPA
1642:/a/
1577:Mid
1499:Mid
1416:/h/
1390:/h/
1374:/ʒ/
1362:/z/
1348:/s/
1332:/ɣ/
1324:/ɡ/
1306:/v/
1252:/l/
1040:d͡z
1018:t͡s
900:or
828:by
800:in
744:in
719:" (
686:psi
671:/ʃ/
660:sho
655:/h/
637:/ʃ/
632:sho
451:in
347:or
242:IPA
216:xbc
200:xbc
91:Era
49:sho
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2016:,
2012:,
2000:oː
1990:,
1986:,
1966:xʷ
1962:χο
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1848:,
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1790:eː
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1294:ββ
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2014:ʒ
2010:z
2006:ζ
1996:ω
1992:w
1988:u
1984:o
1980:ο
1976:e
1972:ε
1958:n
1954:ν
1950:d
1940:x
1936:χ
1932:m
1928:μ
1924:ð
1920:δ
1914:f
1910:φ
1906:l
1902:λ
1898:ɡ
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1890:γ
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