308:
some who have disparities in the areas of the brain that allow for this to happen from different types of brain damage. There can also be a misunderstanding here in the differences between transient memories such as the visual sensory memory. A transient memory is merely a fleeting type of sensory memory; therefore, as the visual sensory memory is a type of sensory memory, there is a store for the information, but the store lasts for only a second or so. A common effect of the visual sensory memory is that individuals may remember seeing things that weren't really there or not remembering particular things that were in their line of sight. The memory is only momentary, and if it isn't attended to within a matter of seconds, it is gone.
203:
283:
1987 to discover that this suffix effect has a larger impact on lists learned auditorally as opposed to visually. The culmination of all of these findings results in strong support of the theory that there is a short-term store that phonologically stores recently learned items. In addition, Bloom and
Watkins found that the suffix effect is greatly diminished when the suffix is not interpreted as linguistic sound, which agrees with the phonological short term store theory as it would be largely unaffected by non-linguistic distractors.
164:
89:
102:
312:"where" they are in comparative representation to other objects. The object memory of the visuo-spatial sketchpad is essential in learning and remembering "what" an object is. The differences between these two differing visual abilities is due in large part because of different pathways of each of the abilities in the brain. The visual pathway in the brain that detects spatial representation of a person to and within their environment is the
199:
control process. The phonological store acts as an "inner ear", remembering speech sounds in their temporal order, whilst the articulatory process acts as an "inner voice" and repeats the series of words (or other speech elements) on a loop to prevent them from decaying. The phonological loop may play a key role in the acquisition of vocabulary, particularly in the early childhood years. It may also be vital for learning a second language.
383:
intense tasks seem to activate in the occipital lobe, whereas more complex tasks appear in the parietal lobe. The central executive is still a mystery, although it would seem to be more or less located in the frontal lobes of the brain. The episodic buffer seems to be in both hemispheres (bilateral) with activations in both the frontal and temporal lobes, and even the left portion of the hippocampus. In terms of genetics, the gene
2933:
370:, who presumably have no ability to encode new information in long-term memory, nevertheless have good short-term recall of stories, recalling much more information than could be held in the phonological loop. "The episodic buffer appears...capable of storing bound features and making them available to conscious awareness but not itself responsible for the process of binding".
78:. Performance of two simultaneous tasks requiring the use of two separate perceptual domains (i.e. a visual and a verbal task) is nearly as efficient as performance of the tasks individually. In contrast, when a person tries to carry out two tasks simultaneously that use the same perceptual domain, performance is less efficient than when performing the tasks individually.
2921:
304:
matter of seconds. The digit-span test is a perfect example of a measurement for classically defined short-term memory. Essentially, if one is not able to encode the 7 plus or minus two items within a few minutes by finding an existing association for the information to be transferred into long-term memory, then the information is lost and never encoded.
320:. Each of these two streams runs independent of one another so that the visual system may process one without the other (like in brain damage for instance) or both simultaneously. The two streams do not depend on one another, so if one is functioning manipulatively, the other can still send its information through.
362:
The episodic buffer "acts as a buffer store, not only between the components of
Working Memory, but also linking Working Memory to perception and Long-Term Memory". Baddeley assumes that "retrieval from the buffer occurred through conscious awareness". It allows individuals to use integrated units of
298:
has yet another aspect to which memory can be stored short term. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is the store that holds visual information for manipulation. The visuo-spatial sketchpad is thought to be its own storage of working memory in that it does not interfere with the short term processes of the
277:
is seen during forward serial recall when people are presented a list auditorally as opposed to visually. (A smaller effect is seen in backwards serial recall.) In his study, auditory presentation led to greater recall of the most recently studied items. Catherine Penney expanded on this discovery to
114:
The central executive is a flexible system responsible for the control and regulation of cognitive processes. It directs focus and targets information, making working memory and long-term memory work together. It can be thought of as a supervisory system that controls cognitive processes, making sure
395:
The strength of
Baddeley's model is its ability to integrate a large number of findings from work on short-term and working memory. Additionally, the mechanisms of the slave systems, especially the phonological loop, has inspired a wealth of research in experimental psychology, neuropsychology, and
307:
However, visuo-spatial short-term memory can retain visual and/or spatial information over brief periods of time. When this memory is in use, individuals are able to momentarily create and revisit a mental image that can be manipulated in complex or difficult tasks of spatial orientation. There are
303:
as a working memory to explain this phenomenon. In the original theory of short-term memory, it is understood that a person only has one store of immediate information processing which could only hold a total of 7 items plus or minus two items to be stored in a very short period of time, sometimes a
282:
can also be found in the case of free recall tasks. In 1965, Dallett had discovered that this observed modality effect is greatly reduced by the addition of a "suffix" item to the presented list; this suffix is a distractor item that is not to be recalled. Robert Greene utilized this observation in
239:
With visually presented items, adults usually name and sub-vocally rehearse them, so the information is transferred from a visual to an auditory encoding. Articulatory suppression prevents this transfer, and in that case the above-mentioned effect of phonological similarity is erased for visually
154:
Recent research on executive functions suggests that the 'central' executive is not as central as conceived in the
Baddeley & Hitch model. Rather, there seem to be separate executive functions that can vary largely independently between individuals and can be selectively impaired or spared by
382:
There is much evidence for a brief memory buffer, as distinct from the long term store. The phonological loop seems to be connected to activation in the left hemisphere, more specifically the temporal lobe. The visuo-spatial sketchpad activates different areas depending on task difficulty; less
311:
There are two different pathways in the brain that control different functions of what is known inclusively as the visuo-spatial sketchpad. The sketchpad consists of the spatial short-term memory and the object memory. The spatial short-term memory is how one is able to learn and thus remember
373:
It is assumed that "conscious access to the phonological loop or sketchpad may operate via the buffer". This is based on the assumption that both the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop act as minor buffers, combining information within their sensory area. The episodic buffer may also
198:
Any auditory verbal information is assumed to enter automatically into the phonological store. Visually presented language can be transformed into phonological code by silent articulation and thereby be encoded into the phonological store. This transformation is facilitated by the articulatory
150:
dementia are impaired when performing multiple tasks simultaneously, even when the difficulty of the individual tasks is adapted to their abilities. Two tasks include a memory tasks and a tracking task. Individual actions are completed well, but as the
Alzheimer's becomes more prominent in a
358:
In 2000 Baddeley added a fourth component to the model, the episodic buffer. This component is a limited capacity passive system, dedicated to linking information across domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, and verbal information with time sequencing (or episodic chronological
299:
phonological loop. In research, it has been found that the visuo-spatial sketchpad can work simultaneously with the phonological loop to process both auditory and visual stimuli without either of the processes affecting the efficacy of the other. Baddeley re-defined the theory of
49:(1968). This model is later expanded upon by Baddeley and other co-workers to add a fourth component, and has become the dominant view in the field of working memory. However, alternative models are developing, providing a different perspective on the working memory system.
753:
Miyake, A.; Friedman, N. P.; Emerson, M. J.; Witzki, A. H.; Howerter, A.; Wager, T. D. (2000). "The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis".
399:
However, criticisms have been raised, for instance of the phonological-loop component, because some details of the findings are not easily explained by the original
Baddeley and Hitch model, including the controversy regarding
85:. It is considered a limited-capacity system that provides temporary storage of information by conjoining information from the subsidiary systems, and long-term memory, into a single episodic representation.
349:
Results from brain-imaging show that working memory tasks with visual objects activate mostly areas in the left hemisphere, whereas tasks with spatial information activate more areas in the right hemisphere.
233:
Memory for verbal material is impaired when people are asked to say something irrelevant aloud. This is assumed to block the articulatory rehearsal process, leading memory traces in the phonological loop to
1610:
Rudner, Mary; Fransson, Peter; Ingvar, Martin; Nyberg, Lars; Rönnberg, Jerker (2007-01-01). "Neural representation of binding lexical signs and words in the episodic buffer of working memory".
562:
Wongupparaj, P.; Kumari, V. & Morris, R.G. (2015). "The relation between a multicomponent working memory and intelligence: The roles of central executive and short-term storage functions".
71:. The phonological loop stores verbal content, whereas the visuo-spatial sketchpad caters to visuo-spatial data. Both the slave systems only function as short-term storage centers.
151:
patient, performing two or more actions becomes more and more difficult. This research has shown the deteriorating of the central executive in individuals with
Alzheimer's.
335:
The inner scribe, which deals with spatial and movement information. It also rehearses information in the visual cache and transfers information to the central executive.
363:
information they already have to imagine new concepts. Since this is likely "an attention-demanding process...the buffer would depend heavily on the
Central Executive".
224:
similarity (similarity of meaning) has comparatively little effect, supporting the assumption that verbal information is coded largely phonologically in working memory.
273:
An accumulation of literature across decades has lent strong support to the theory of phonological STS. In a 1971 study, Stephen
Madigan demonstrated that a larger
407:
The episodic buffer is seen as a helpful addition to the model of working memory, but it has not been investigated extensively and its functions remain unclear.
1265:
Denis, Michel; Logie, Robert; Cornoldo, Cesare (2012). "The processing of visuo-spatial information: Neuropsychological and neuroimaging investigations".
359:
ordering), such as the memory of a story or a movie scene. The episodic buffer is also assumed to have links to long-term memory and semantic meaning.
74:
Baddeley and Hitch's argument for the distinction of two domain-specific slave systems in the older model was derived from experimental findings with
143:
The central executive has two main systems: the visuo-spatial sketchpad, for visual information, and the phonological loop, for verbal information.
2521:
264:, whose speech problems are secondary, show a normal capacity for rehearsal. This suggests that it is the subvocal rehearsing that is crucial.
639:
2104:
426:
401:
1722:
Jones, D. M.; Macken, W. J.; Nicholls, A. P. (2004). "The phonological store of working memory: is it phonological and is it a store?".
1015:
Waters, G.F.; et al. (1992). "The role of high-level speech planning in rehearsal: Evidence from patients with apraxia of speech".
1802:
1361:
1674:"Genetic Variance in a Component of the Language Acquisition Device: ROBO1 Polymorphisms Associated with Phonological Buffer Deficits"
2385:
1567:
Baddeley, Alan D.; Allen, Richard J.; Hitch, Graham J. (2011). "Binding in visual working memory: The role of the episodic buffer".
862:
366:
The main motivation for introducing this component was the observation that some (in particular, highly intelligent) patients with
455:
81:
A fourth component of
Baddeley's model was added 25 years later to complement the central executive system. It was designated as
481:
1294:
1244:
245:
A defective phonological store explains the behavior of patients with a specific deficit in phonological short-term memory.
339:
Three main findings provide evidence for the distinction between visual and spatial parts of the visuospatial sketchpad:
2595:
46:
316:. The visual pathway that determines objects shapes, sizes, colors and other definitive characteristics is called the
1831:
Baddeley, A.D.; Wilson, B. A. (2002). "Prose recall and amnesia: implications for the structure of working memory".
1980:
2468:
343:
There is less interference between visual and spatial tasks than between two visual tasks or two spatial tasks.
250:
45:
Baddeley and Hitch proposed their three-part working memory model as an alternative to the short-term store in
274:
42:
splits primary memory into multiple components, rather than considering it to be a single, unified construct.
1918:
Baddeley, A.D.; Della Sala, S.; Robbins, T. W.; Baddeley, A. (1996). "Working memory and executive control".
1673:
1480:
Baddeley A, Wilson BA (2002). "Prose recall and amnesia: implications for the structure of working memory".
1042:
Baddeley, A.D.; Wilson, B.A. (1985). "Phonological coding and shortterm memory in patients without speech".
2516:
2417:
2304:
1197:
Lance C. Bloom; Michael J. Watkins (1999). "Two-Component Theory of the Suffix Effect: Contrary Findings".
807:
Baddeley A, Gathercole S, Papagno C (January 1998). "The phonological loop as a language learning device".
421:
1767:
1435:
912:
1069:
Stephen Madigan (1971). "Modality and Recall Order Interactions in Short-Term Memory for Serial Order".
115:
the short-term store is actively working, and intervenes when they go astray and prevents distractions.
2642:
2567:
2400:
961:
Baddeley, A.D.; Thomson, N; Buchanan, M (1975). "Word length and the structure of short-term memory".
821:
768:
2680:
2625:
2600:
2430:
2407:
2357:
2262:
328:
Logie has proposed that the visuo-spatial sketchpad can be further subdivided into two components:
228:
220:
Lists of words that sound similar are more difficult to remember than words that sound different.
179:) as a whole deals with sound or phonological information. It consists of two parts: a short-term
2367:
2133:
678:
1323:
Klauer, K. C.; Zhao, Z. (2004). "Double dissociations in visual and spatial short-term memory".
913:"Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic and formal similarity"
34:
in 1974, in an attempt to present a more accurate model of primary memory (often referred to as
2774:
2734:
2635:
2604:
2242:
2030:
816:
763:
254:
1765:
Nairne, J. S. (2002). "Remembering over the short-term: The case against the standard model".
202:
146:
Using the dual-task paradigm, Baddeley and Erses have found, for instance, that patients with
2789:
2504:
2390:
2362:
2347:
2342:
2180:
1806:
1358:
2673:
2657:
2536:
2294:
2247:
2237:
2025:
1973:
1780:
1623:
1580:
711:
610:
8:
2804:
2704:
2395:
2279:
2227:
2195:
2175:
893:
137:
75:
1449:
1430:
715:
614:
59:
which acts as a supervisory system and controls the flow of information from and to its
2901:
2886:
2724:
2669:
2662:
2630:
2531:
2526:
2478:
2456:
2425:
2252:
1899:
1856:
1747:
1704:
1635:
1592:
1505:
1402:
943:
881:
842:
789:
662:
579:
541:
459:
1886:
1869:
1844:
1493:
974:
696:
528:
511:
52:
The original model of Baddeley & Hitch was composed of three main components: the
2937:
2925:
2896:
2744:
2615:
2590:
2546:
2473:
2451:
2352:
2289:
2257:
2232:
2200:
2185:
2095:
2065:
2003:
1935:
1891:
1848:
1784:
1739:
1696:
1627:
1584:
1546:
1497:
1462:
1454:
1394:
1340:
1290:
1240:
1214:
1179:
1055:
1028:
988:
Murray, D.J. (1968). "Articulation and acoustic confusability in short term memory".
935:
885:
834:
781:
735:
727:
670:
583:
533:
300:
35:
1903:
1860:
1751:
1708:
1596:
1509:
947:
846:
793:
545:
485:
2876:
2829:
2799:
2754:
2610:
2541:
2494:
2299:
2274:
2160:
2120:
2008:
1927:
1881:
1840:
1776:
1731:
1688:
1639:
1619:
1576:
1536:
1489:
1444:
1406:
1386:
1332:
1206:
1169:
1136:
1105:
1078:
1051:
1024:
997:
970:
927:
877:
826:
773:
719:
654:
618:
571:
523:
55:
2958:
2814:
2794:
2769:
2759:
2714:
2709:
2463:
2435:
2170:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2013:
1966:
1672:; Montgomery, Grant W.; Wright, Margaret J.; Martin, Nicholas G. (January 2011).
1365:
575:
279:
184:
1336:
1210:
830:
2881:
2845:
2739:
2337:
2284:
2110:
2080:
2060:
2047:
1803:"Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook :: 5th Edition: Chapter Topic"
1735:
431:
346:
Brain damage can influence one of the components without influencing the other.
317:
295:
147:
39:
1692:
931:
623:
598:
2952:
2860:
2850:
2824:
2819:
2779:
2764:
2729:
2652:
2499:
2327:
2190:
2165:
2128:
2085:
2075:
2070:
2055:
1669:
1550:
1458:
1377:
Smith EE, Jonides J (June 1997). "Working memory: a view from neuroimaging".
731:
710:(5044). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 556–559.
416:
313:
291:
163:
27:
723:
2891:
2855:
2809:
2719:
2562:
2377:
2332:
2319:
2309:
2269:
1989:
1931:
1895:
1852:
1788:
1743:
1700:
1631:
1588:
1501:
1466:
1390:
1344:
1218:
889:
785:
777:
658:
537:
215:
88:
31:
1952:
The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory
1939:
1541:
1524:
1398:
1183:
939:
838:
739:
674:
101:
2749:
2620:
2574:
1096:
Catherine Penney (1975). "Modality Effects in Short-Term Verbal Memory".
268:
2784:
2647:
2214:
1174:
1157:
1141:
1124:
666:
261:
122:
Updating and coding incoming information and replacing old information
105:
Baddeley's first model of working memory (without the episodic buffer)
2020:
1109:
1082:
1001:
561:
456:"Baddeley & Hitch (1974) - Working Memory - Psychology Unlocked"
323:
2509:
1724:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
221:
125:
Binding information from a number of sources into coherent episodes
1285:
Baddeley, Alan; Eysenck, Michael W.; Anderson, Michael C. (2009).
387:
has been associated with phonological buffer integrity or length.
2222:
1917:
1125:"Primary Memory: The effects of redundancy upon digit repetition"
367:
246:
92:
The Working Memory Model (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974, revised 2000)
1523:
Baddeley, Alan; Allen, Richard J; Hitch, Graham J (2010-10-01).
1196:
332:
The visual cache, which stores information about form and color.
1958:
482:"Working Memory - Outline and Discussion - Psychology Unlocked"
257:, caused by a deficiency of the articulatory rehearsal process.
210:
Five main findings provide evidence for the phonological loop:
23:
1235:
Gluck, Mark A.; Mercado, Eduardo; Myers, Catherine E. (2008).
1667:
384:
752:
1609:
557:
555:
253:
are unable to set up the speech motor codes necessary for
1870:"The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?"
1359:
http://www.psypress.com/ek5/resources/demo_ch06-sc-02.asp
806:
512:"The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?"
1284:
960:
552:
134:
Inhibition, suppressing dominant or automatic responses
269:
Evidence in support of a phonological short-term store
1431:"Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies"
187:
memory traces that are subject to rapid decay and an
860:
1954:(Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press.
1721:
1566:
1522:
1264:
637:
47:Atkinson and Shiffrin's 'multi-store' memory model
1234:
863:"Information, acoustic confusion and memory span"
647:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
324:Logie's elaboration of the visuospatial sketchpad
2950:
1095:
1920:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1122:
1068:
505:
503:
286:
1830:
1479:
1269:. Hove, US: Psychology Press. pp. 81–102.
1041:
963:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
131:Shifting between tasks or retrieval strategies
1974:
861:Conrad. R. & Hull, A.J. (November 1964).
422:Prefrontal cortex § Attention and memory
1376:
1267:Imagery, Language and Visuo-Spatial Thinking
1155:
920:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
596:
500:
206:Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory
2105:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
1325:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
1158:"Stimulus suffixes and visual presentation"
910:
427:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
1981:
1967:
1322:
1237:Leaning and Memory: From Brain to Behavior
1885:
1652:
1540:
1448:
1173:
1140:
820:
767:
638:Baddeley A, Della Sala S (October 1996).
622:
527:
167:Baddeley's model of the phonological loop
1946:Baddeley, A.D., & Hitch, G. (1974).
1867:
1428:
1313:, Hove, UK: Lawrence Eribaum Associates.
694:
509:
390:
201:
162:
100:
87:
377:
2951:
1781:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135131
1764:
1668:Bates, Timothy C.; Luciano, Michelle;
1624:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.017
1581:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.042
1014:
987:
640:"Working memory and executive control"
237:Transfer of information between codes:
1962:
1562:
1560:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1230:
1228:
195:) that can revive the memory traces.
158:
109:
1912:Working memory, thought and action.
1525:"Investigating the episodic buffer"
1450:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422
13:
1557:
1413:
1289:. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
1273:
1253:
1239:. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
1225:
1199:Journal of Experimental Psychology
1071:Journal of Experimental Psychology
990:Journal of Experimental Psychology
882:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00928.x
510:Baddeley, Alan (1 November 2000).
353:
20:Baddeley's model of working memory
14:
2970:
2386:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
458:. 10 January 2017. Archived from
260:On the other hand, patients with
128:Coordination of the slave systems
2931:
2919:
1988:
1914:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
484:. 7 January 2017. Archived from
189:articulatory rehearsal component
118:It has the following functions:
1823:
1795:
1758:
1715:
1661:
1646:
1603:
1516:
1473:
1370:
1351:
1316:
1303:
1190:
1149:
1116:
1089:
1062:
1035:
1008:
981:
954:
853:
374:interact with smell and taste.
2596:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
2469:Memory and social interactions
1657:. WADSWORTH. pp. 205–206.
1044:Journal of Memory and Language
1017:Journal of Memory and Language
800:
746:
688:
631:
590:
474:
448:
251:developmental verbal dyspraxia
1:
1887:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
1845:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00146-4
1653:Sternberg, Robert J. (2007).
1494:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00146-4
1429:Baddeley, Alan (2011-11-30).
975:10.1016/S0022-5371(75)80045-4
911:Baddeley AD (November 1966).
870:British Journal of Psychology
529:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
437:
96:
2305:Retrieval-induced forgetting
1874:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1311:Visuo-spatial working memory
1056:10.1016/0749-596X(85)90041-5
1029:10.1016/0749-596X(92)90005-I
576:10.1016/j.intell.2015.10.007
516:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
287:Visuo-spatial working memory
243:Neuropsychological evidence:
7:
1768:Annual Review of Psychology
1436:Annual Review of Psychology
1337:10.1037/0096-3445.133.3.355
1211:10.1037/0278-7393.25.6.1452
831:10.1037/0033-295X.105.1.158
410:
10:
2975:
2643:Levels of Processing model
2568:World Memory Championships
2401:Lost in the mall technique
2248:dissociative (psychogenic)
1736:10.1037/0278-7393.30.3.656
695:Baddeley, A (1992-01-31).
2914:
2869:
2838:
2697:
2690:
2583:
2555:
2487:
2444:
2416:
2376:
2318:
2213:
2119:
2094:
2046:
2039:
1996:
1693:10.1007/s10519-010-9402-9
932:10.1080/14640746608400055
624:10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.014
2681:The Seven Sins of Memory
2626:Intermediate-term memory
2431:Indirect tests of memory
2408:Recovered-memory therapy
2358:Misattribution of memory
1123:Kent M. Dallett (1965).
442:
396:cognitive neuroscience.
229:articulatory suppression
2368:Source-monitoring error
1910:Baddeley, A.D. (2007).
1868:Baddeley, A.D. (2000).
724:10.1126/science.1736359
69:visuo-spatial sketchpad
2775:George Armitage Miller
2735:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1932:10.1098/rstb.1996.0123
1391:10.1006/cogp.1997.0658
1098:Psychological Bulletin
778:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
659:10.1098/rstb.1996.0123
207:
191:(sometimes called the
168:
106:
93:
2938:Philosophy portal
2926:Psychology portal
2790:Henry L. Roediger III
2391:False memory syndrome
2363:Misinformation effect
2343:Imagination inflation
1950:In G.H. Bower (Ed.),
1542:10.5334/pb-50-3-4-223
1156:Robert Green (1987).
597:Baddeley, A. (2010).
391:Validity of the model
205:
166:
104:
91:
16:Model of human memory
2295:Motivated forgetting
1655:Cognitive Psychology
1529:Psychologica Belgica
1309:Logie, R.H. (1995).
1162:Memory and Cognition
996:(4, Pt.1): 679–684.
756:Cognitive Psychology
378:Biology/neuroscience
22:is a model of human
2805:Arthur P. Shimamura
2705:Richard C. Atkinson
2522:Effects of exercise
2396:Memory implantation
2280:Interference theory
2196:Selective retention
2176:Meaningful learning
1926:(1346): 1397–1404.
1129:Psychonomic Science
716:1992Sci...255..556B
615:2010CBio...20.R136B
138:Selective attention
76:dual-task paradigms
2902:Andriy Slyusarchuk
2725:Hermann Ebbinghaus
2631:Involuntary memory
2532:Memory improvement
2517:Effects of alcohol
2479:Transactive memory
2457:Politics of memory
2426:Exceptional memory
1364:2007-09-28 at the
1175:10.3758/bf03198383
1142:10.3758/bf03343114
653:(1346): 1397–403.
208:
181:phonological store
169:
107:
94:
2946:
2945:
2910:
2909:
2897:Cosmos Rossellius
2745:Marcia K. Johnson
2616:Exosomatic memory
2601:Context-dependent
2591:Absent-mindedness
2474:Memory conformity
2452:Collective memory
2353:Memory conformity
2290:Memory inhibition
2209:
2208:
2201:Tip of the tongue
1839:(10): 1737–1743.
1670:Medland, Sarah E.
1618:(10): 2258–2276.
1296:978-1-84872-000-8
1246:978-0-7167-8654-2
488:on 15 August 2019
462:on 6 January 2020
301:short-term memory
193:articulatory loop
177:articulatory loop
173:phonological loop
159:Phonological loop
110:Central executive
65:phonological loop
36:short-term memory
2966:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2877:Jonathan Hancock
2830:Robert Stickgold
2800:Richard Shiffrin
2755:Elizabeth Loftus
2695:
2694:
2611:Childhood memory
2418:Research methods
2300:Repressed memory
2275:Forgetting curve
2263:transient global
2134:Autobiographical
2044:
2043:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1943:
1907:
1889:
1864:
1833:Neuropsychologia
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1805:. Archived from
1799:
1793:
1792:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1678:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1612:Neuropsychologia
1607:
1601:
1600:
1575:(6): 1393–1400.
1569:Neuropsychologia
1564:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1482:Neuropsychologia
1477:
1471:
1470:
1452:
1426:
1411:
1410:
1374:
1368:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1282:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1205:(6): 1452–1474.
1194:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1110:10.1037/h0076166
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:10.1037/h0030549
1066:
1060:
1059:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:10.1037/h0026641
985:
979:
978:
958:
952:
951:
917:
907:
905:
904:
898:
892:. Archived from
867:
857:
851:
850:
824:
804:
798:
797:
771:
750:
744:
743:
701:
697:"Working memory"
692:
686:
685:
683:
677:. Archived from
644:
635:
629:
628:
626:
609:(4): R136–R140.
599:"Working memory"
594:
588:
587:
559:
550:
549:
531:
507:
498:
497:
495:
493:
478:
472:
471:
469:
467:
452:
280:modality effects
240:presented items.
2974:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2906:
2887:Dominic O'Brien
2865:
2834:
2815:Susumu Tonegawa
2795:Daniel Schacter
2770:Eleanor Maguire
2760:Geoffrey Loftus
2715:Stephen J. Ceci
2710:Robert A. Bjork
2686:
2605:state-dependent
2579:
2551:
2483:
2464:Cultural memory
2440:
2436:Memory disorder
2412:
2372:
2314:
2205:
2115:
2090:
2035:
1992:
1987:
1957:
1948:Working memory.
1880:(11): 417–423.
1826:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1763:
1759:
1720:
1716:
1676:
1666:
1662:
1651:
1647:
1608:
1604:
1565:
1558:
1521:
1517:
1488:(10): 1737–43.
1478:
1474:
1427:
1414:
1375:
1371:
1366:Wayback Machine
1356:
1352:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1283:
1274:
1263:
1254:
1247:
1233:
1226:
1195:
1191:
1154:
1150:
1121:
1117:
1094:
1090:
1067:
1063:
1040:
1036:
1013:
1009:
986:
982:
959:
955:
915:
908:
902:
900:
896:
865:
858:
854:
822:10.1.1.464.9511
805:
801:
769:10.1.1.485.1953
751:
747:
699:
693:
689:
681:
642:
636:
632:
603:Current Biology
595:
591:
560:
553:
522:(11): 417–423.
508:
501:
491:
489:
480:
479:
475:
465:
463:
454:
453:
449:
445:
440:
413:
393:
380:
356:
354:Episodic buffer
326:
289:
271:
244:
238:
232:
219:
161:
112:
99:
83:episodic buffer
17:
12:
11:
5:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Paul R. McHugh
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Ivan Izquierdo
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Hindsight bias
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Memory erasure
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:post-traumatic
2240:
2235:
2230:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:Personal-event
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2111:Working memory
2108:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2081:Motor learning
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1997:Basic concepts
1994:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1915:
1908:
1865:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1794:
1757:
1730:(3): 656–674.
1714:
1660:
1645:
1602:
1556:
1515:
1472:
1412:
1369:
1357:mentioned in:
1350:
1331:(3): 355–381.
1315:
1302:
1295:
1272:
1252:
1245:
1224:
1189:
1168:(6): 497–503.
1148:
1135:(6): 237–238.
1115:
1088:
1077:(2): 294–296.
1061:
1050:(4): 490–502.
1034:
1007:
980:
969:(6): 575–589.
953:
852:
799:
745:
687:
684:on 2011-07-20.
630:
589:
551:
499:
473:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
432:Working memory
429:
424:
419:
412:
409:
392:
389:
379:
376:
355:
352:
351:
350:
347:
344:
337:
336:
333:
325:
322:
318:ventral stream
296:working memory
288:
285:
275:recency effect
270:
267:
266:
265:
258:
249:patients with
241:
235:
227:The effect of
225:
214:The effect of
160:
157:
155:brain damage.
141:
140:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
111:
108:
98:
95:
40:Working memory
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2971:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2861:Clive Wearing
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Endel Tulving
2823:
2821:
2820:Anne Treisman
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Brenda Milner
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:James McGaugh
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Sigmund Freud
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2674:retrospective
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Muscle memory
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2500:Art of memory
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Memory biases
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Confabulation
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2320:Memory errors
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:post-hypnotic
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Rote learning
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Hyperthymesia
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Active recall
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Consolidation
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1809:on 2007-09-28
1808:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
899:on 2012-10-20
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:(4): 429–32.
875:
871:
864:
856:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
818:
815:(1): 158–73.
814:
810:
803:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
765:
762:(1): 49–100.
761:
757:
749:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
691:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
634:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
593:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
556:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
506:
504:
487:
483:
477:
461:
457:
451:
447:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
417:Echoic memory
415:
414:
408:
405:
403:
397:
388:
386:
375:
371:
369:
364:
360:
348:
345:
342:
341:
340:
334:
331:
330:
329:
321:
319:
315:
314:dorsal stream
309:
305:
302:
297:
294:'s theory of
293:
292:Alan Baddeley
284:
281:
278:observe that
276:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
242:
236:
230:
226:
223:
217:
213:
212:
211:
204:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
165:
156:
152:
149:
144:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
103:
90:
86:
84:
79:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
61:slave systems
58:
57:
50:
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:Alan Baddeley
25:
21:
2892:Ben Pridmore
2810:Larry Squire
2720:Susan Clancy
2679:
2563:Memory sport
2488:Other topics
2378:False memory
2333:Cryptomnesia
2310:Weapon focus
2270:Decay theory
2031:Neuroanatomy
1990:Human memory
1951:
1947:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1877:
1873:
1836:
1832:
1824:Bibliography
1811:. Retrieved
1807:the original
1797:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1684:
1681:Behav. Genet
1680:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1572:
1568:
1535:(3–4): 223.
1532:
1528:
1518:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1440:
1434:
1382:
1379:Cogn Psychol
1378:
1372:
1353:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1286:
1266:
1236:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1104:(1): 68–84.
1101:
1097:
1091:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1020:
1016:
1010:
993:
989:
983:
966:
962:
956:
926:(4): 362–5.
923:
919:
901:. Retrieved
894:the original
873:
869:
855:
812:
808:
802:
759:
755:
748:
707:
703:
690:
679:the original
650:
646:
633:
606:
602:
592:
567:
564:Intelligence
563:
519:
515:
490:. Retrieved
486:the original
476:
464:. Retrieved
460:the original
450:
406:
402:the 7±2 rule
398:
394:
381:
372:
365:
361:
357:
338:
327:
310:
306:
290:
272:
255:articulation
216:phonological
209:
197:
192:
188:
180:
176:
172:
170:
153:
145:
142:
117:
113:
82:
80:
73:
68:
64:
60:
53:
51:
44:
32:Graham Hitch
26:proposed by
19:
18:
2750:Eric Kandel
2698:Researchers
2670:Prospective
2621:Free recall
2575:Shas Pollak
2228:anterograde
2144:Declarative
1687:(1): 50–7.
1443:(1): 1–29.
1385:(1): 5–42.
809:Psychol Rev
570:: 166–180.
218:similarity:
148:Alzheimer's
2785:Lynn Nadel
2663:intertrial
2648:Metamemory
2636:flashbacks
2556:In society
2253:retrograde
2215:Forgetting
2186:Procedural
2096:Short-term
2066:Eyewitness
1813:2007-05-06
903:2011-02-22
492:14 January
466:11 January
438:References
262:dysarthria
97:Components
2537:Nutrition
2445:In groups
2258:selective
2233:childhood
2161:Flashbulb
2121:Long-term
2021:Attention
1775:: 53–81.
1551:2054-670X
1459:0066-4308
1023:: 54–73.
817:CiteSeerX
764:CiteSeerX
732:0036-8075
584:146523621
56:executive
2953:Category
2839:Patients
2510:mnemonic
2505:chunking
2171:Implicit
2154:Semantic
2149:Episodic
2139:Explicit
2004:Encoding
1904:14333234
1896:11058819
1861:22404837
1853:11992661
1789:11752479
1752:17454765
1744:15099134
1709:13129473
1701:20949370
1632:17403529
1597:28063175
1589:21256143
1510:22404837
1502:11992661
1467:21961947
1362:Archived
1345:15355144
1219:10605831
948:32498516
890:14237884
847:15650449
794:10096387
786:10945922
546:14333234
538:11058819
411:See also
222:Semantic
185:auditory
67:and the
54:central
2658:Priming
2584:Related
2527:Emotion
2223:Amnesia
2061:Eidetic
2048:Sensory
2009:Storage
1940:8941951
1640:6090818
1407:1051679
1399:9212720
1184:3695943
940:5956080
839:9450375
740:1736359
712:Bibcode
704:Science
675:8941951
667:3069185
611:Bibcode
368:amnesia
247:Aphasic
2959:Memory
2691:People
2676:memory
2607:memory
2547:Trauma
2086:Visual
2076:Iconic
2071:Haptic
2056:Echoic
2014:Recall
1938:
1902:
1894:
1859:
1851:
1787:
1750:
1742:
1707:
1699:
1638:
1630:
1595:
1587:
1549:
1508:
1500:
1465:
1457:
1405:
1397:
1343:
1293:
1287:Memory
1243:
1217:
1182:
946:
938:
888:
845:
837:
819:
792:
784:
766:
738:
730:
673:
665:
582:
544:
536:
234:decay.
63:: the
24:memory
2870:Other
2542:Sleep
2495:Aging
2040:Types
1900:S2CID
1857:S2CID
1748:S2CID
1705:S2CID
1677:(PDF)
1636:S2CID
1593:S2CID
1506:S2CID
1403:S2CID
944:S2CID
916:(PDF)
897:(PDF)
866:(PDF)
843:S2CID
790:S2CID
700:(PDF)
682:(PDF)
663:JSTOR
643:(PDF)
580:S2CID
542:S2CID
443:Notes
385:ROBO1
183:with
2672:and
2603:and
1936:PMID
1892:PMID
1849:PMID
1785:PMID
1740:PMID
1697:PMID
1628:PMID
1585:PMID
1547:ISSN
1498:PMID
1463:PMID
1455:ISSN
1395:PMID
1341:PMID
1291:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1215:PMID
1180:PMID
936:PMID
886:PMID
835:PMID
782:PMID
736:PMID
728:ISSN
671:PMID
534:PMID
494:2017
468:2017
175:(or
171:The
30:and
1928:doi
1924:351
1882:doi
1841:doi
1777:doi
1732:doi
1689:doi
1620:doi
1577:doi
1537:doi
1490:doi
1445:doi
1387:doi
1333:doi
1329:133
1207:doi
1170:doi
1137:doi
1106:doi
1079:doi
1052:doi
1025:doi
998:doi
971:doi
928:doi
909:b)
878:doi
859:a)
827:doi
813:105
774:doi
720:doi
708:255
655:doi
651:351
619:doi
572:doi
524:doi
38:).
2955::
2856:NA
2851:KC
2846:HM
1934:.
1922:.
1898:.
1890:.
1876:.
1872:.
1855:.
1847:.
1837:40
1835:.
1783:.
1773:53
1771:.
1746:.
1738:.
1728:30
1726:.
1703:.
1695:.
1685:41
1683:.
1679:.
1634:.
1626:.
1616:45
1614:.
1591:.
1583:.
1573:49
1571:.
1559:^
1545:.
1533:50
1531:.
1527:.
1504:.
1496:.
1486:40
1484:.
1461:.
1453:.
1441:63
1439:.
1433:.
1415:^
1401:.
1393:.
1383:33
1381:.
1339:.
1327:.
1275:^
1255:^
1227:^
1213:.
1203:25
1201:.
1178:.
1166:15
1164:.
1160:.
1131:.
1127:.
1102:82
1100:.
1075:87
1073:.
1048:24
1046:.
1021:31
1019:.
994:78
992:.
967:14
965:.
942:.
934:.
924:18
922:.
918:.
884:.
874:55
872:.
868:.
841:.
833:.
825:.
811:.
788:.
780:.
772:.
760:41
758:.
734:.
726:.
718:.
706:.
702:.
669:.
661:.
649:.
645:.
617:.
607:20
605:.
601:.
578:.
568:53
566:.
554:^
540:.
532:.
518:.
514:.
502:^
404:.
2107:"
2103:"
1982:e
1975:t
1968:v
1942:.
1930::
1906:.
1884::
1878:4
1863:.
1843::
1816:.
1791:.
1779::
1754:.
1734::
1711:.
1691::
1642:.
1622::
1599:.
1579::
1553:.
1539::
1512:.
1492::
1469:.
1447::
1409:.
1389::
1347:.
1335::
1299:.
1249:.
1221:.
1209::
1186:.
1172::
1145:.
1139::
1133:3
1112:.
1108::
1085:.
1081::
1058:.
1054::
1031:.
1027::
1004:.
1000::
977:.
973::
950:.
930::
906:.
880::
849:.
829::
796:.
776::
742:.
722::
714::
657::
627:.
621::
613::
586:.
574::
548:.
526::
520:4
496:.
470:.
231::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
