1645:
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1584:'s numerous victories against the Arabs and internal Arab struggles helped clear a path towards the Caucasus. Constantinople's official policy was that no Christian ruler is equal to or independent of the Byzantine emperor, and even if it was at time masked with diplomatic compromises, the empire's ultimate goal was the complete annexation of the Armenian realms. By the middle of the 10th century, the Byzantine Empire lay along the full length of the western border of Armenia. Taron was the first Armenian region annexed by the Byzantine Empire. In a certain sense, the Byzantines considered the Bagratuni princes of Taron as their vassals, for they had consistently accepted titles, such as that of
1441:
2016:
9th century both commercially and culturally, earning renown for its "40 gates and 1,001 churches." The churches of this period expanded on 7th century designs; they were often steeper in elevation, introduced donor portraits in the round and incorporated ideas from
Byzantine and Islamic architecture. Armenian churches were invariably built out of stone and had vaulted ceilings which supported a spherical dome. Many churches and other forms of architecture suffered vandalism or outright destruction following the Seljuk invasions of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
58:
1321:
which stopped short of capturing Dvin due to the onset of winter. Nevertheless, the force had returned Ashot to a powerful position in
Armenia and managed to inflict heavy casualties against the Arabs. This still left Ashot, the anti-king, in control in Dvin and civil war raged on from 918 to 920, when the pretender finally conceded defeat. Numerous other rebellions in Armenia also took place but Ashot was able to defeat each one of them. In 919, Yusuf had instigated a failed rebellion against the Caliph and was replaced by a far more well-disposed ostikan,
40:
1560:
997:
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1108:
improved. The members of the
Bagratuni family were soon viewed as leaders of the Armenians in the region. Following the end of the third rebellion, which the Bagratunis had wisely chosen not to participate in, and the dispersal of several of the princely houses, the family was left without any formidable rivals. Nevertheless, any immediate opportunities to take full control of the region were complicated by Arab immigration to Armenia and the caliph's appointment of
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485:
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nephew Smbat, and Grigor II of
Western Syunik were all poisoned. Yusuf's army ravaged the rest of Armenia as it advanced towards Blue Fortress, where Smbat had taken refuge, and besieged it for some time. Smbat finally decided to surrender himself to Yusuf in 914 in hopes of ending the Arab onslaught; Yusuf, however, showed no compassion towards his prisoner as he tortured the Armenian king to death and put his headless body on display on a cross in Dvin.
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1432:
1464:
1215:, reacting to the demands of Armenian princes and religious leaders and, more importantly, the security risks in allowing Armenia to fall under the Byzantine orbit, sent a crown to Ashot, recognizing him as king. This act was not lost on Basil who, according to Armenian historians Vardan Arewelts‘i (d. 1271) and Kirakos Gandzakets‘i (c. 1200–1271), similarly sent a crown to Ashot. Ashot relocated his throne to the fortress-city of
1544:, the progenitor of the Kyurikid line, in 966, who would later assume the title of king. The proliferation of so many kingdoms worked to the benefit of Armenia so long as the king in Ani remained strong and maintained his hegemony over other kings. Otherwise, the kings, as well their respective bishops who would claim the position of catholicos and formulate their own doctrines, would begin to test the limits of their autonomy.
1814:. Many of them did not own land, and lived as tenants and worked as hired hands or even slaves on the lands owned by wealthy feudal magnates. Peasants were forced to pay heavy taxes to the government and the Armenian Apostolic Church in addition to their feudal lords. Most peasants remained poor and the massive tax burden they shouldered sometimes culminated in peasant uprisings which the state was forced to put down.
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1194:, who took a measured approach to gradually retake territories formerly held by the Arabs. He assumed the title prince of princes in 862 and appointed his brother Abas sparapet, as they began to push the Arabs out from their base in Tayk. His initial efforts to expel the ostikan of Arminiya failed, although this did not dissuade him in taking advantage of the Byzantine-Arab rivalry.
1078:, a second rebellion was conceived, although it too was met with failure, partly because of the tense relationship between the Bagratuni and Mamikonian families. The rebellion's failure also resulted in the near disintegration of the Mamikonian house which lost most of the land it controlled (members of the Artsruni house were able to escape and settle in
1391:
Conflict between the Arabs were minimal too, with the exception of a military defeat Abas suffered near the city of
Vagharshapat. He was far less conciliatory towards the Byzantines, who had repeatedly demonstrated their unreliability as allies by attacking and annexing Armenian territories. Romanus of Byzantium was also more focused on fighting the Arab
1490:. In attendance were several contingents of the Armenian military, 40 bishops, the king of Caucasian Albania, as well as Catholicos Anania Mokatsi who crowned the king with the title of shahanshah. In that same year, Ashot had also relocated the capital from Kars to Ani. The Bagratuni kings had never chosen a city to settle in, alternating from
1339:
his fury against
Armenia and especially Gagik I. He began demanding tribute from the Armenian rulers but faced considerable resistance by Ashot II. Time and again, Ashot was able to defeat and rout the Arab armies sent against him for several years. Finally, in 929, Yusuf died and an immense power struggle ensued between rival
1988:, who wrote and documented the relations between Armenia and other countries and described many events that took place from the seventh to eleventh centuries. Thanks to the patronage of the kings and nobles, monasteries became centers for the study and writing of literature throughout the kingdom. The monasteries of
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experienced a revival. An anti-feudal and heretical
Christian sect that had been crushed by the Arabs with the Armenian Church's support in the 9th century, the Tondrakian movement attracted many followers during this period. Ashot III had realized the danger the Tondrakians posed against the kingdom
1498:
to Kars; Kars never did reach a status where it could become a capital and Dvin was disregarded altogether, given its proximity to the hostile emirates. Ani's natural defenses were well suited Ashot's desire to secure an area which could withstand siege and fell on a trade route that passed from Dvin
2015:
Armenian architecture during the
Bagratuni era was especially prominent and "most of the surviving churches in present-day Armenia are from this period." The city of Ani, situated on the important trade intersection between the Byzantines, Arabs, and merchants of other countries, grew throughout the
1879:
Dabil is an important city, in it are an inaccessible citadel and great riches. Its name is ancient, its cloth is famous, its river is abundant, it is surrounded by gardens. The city has suburbs, its fortress is reliable, its squares are cross-shaped, its fields are wonderful. The main mosque is on
1728:
The king of
Bagratuni Armenia held unlimited powers and was the ultimate authority when it came to resolving questions on foreign and domestic affairs. The princes and nakharars were directly subordinate to the king and received and kept their lands only through his permission. Should certain nobles
1222:
Thus, Ashot restored the
Armenian monarchy and became Armenia's first king since 428. He secured the favor of both the Byzantines and Arabs but ultimately showed loyalty to Basil and chose to conclude an alliance with the Byzantines in 885. Ashot was not the sole Armenian prince of the region (other
1616:
to which he moved in 1021 together with his family and 14,000 retainers. Basil II had meanwhile already sent an army from the Balkans to Vaspurakan (which they also called Vasprakania, Asprakania, or Media) even before Senekerim-Hovhannes' offer and reduced it to another Byzantine theme with Van as
1539:
A new phenomenon that began under Ashot III's reign, and continued under his successors, was the establishment of sub-kingdoms throughout Bagratuni Armenia. Ashot III had sent his brother Mushegh I to rule in Kars (Vanand) and had allowed him to use the title of king. The administrative district of
1338:
to disrupt Ashot's position as king and to support the rebels fighting him. In 928, Kourkouas reached Dvin in an unsuccessful attempt to capture a city that was defended by both the Arabs and Ashot. In 923, the Caliph, facing troubles at home, released Yusuf, who traveled back to Armenia to unleash
1165:
The brothers, however, were unable to resolve their differences with one another nor able to form a unified front against the Muslims. A new Armenian rebellion against Arab rule broke out in 850 led by Bagrat and Ashot Artsruni of Vaspurakan but like previous rebellions, it failed: an Arab army led
1679:
to Byzantium in order to negotiate a partial respite by leaving his kingdom to the empire after his death. Immediate results of this action were unknown, but after the death of the two brothers in 1040–41, the new Byzantine emperor and successor to Basil II claimed the kingdom of Bagratid Armenia.
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As Yusuf began a new campaign against Smbat in conjunction with Gagik in 909, neither the Byzantines nor the Caliph sent aid to Smbat; several Armenian princes also chose to withhold their support. Those who did ally with Smbat were dealt brutally by Yusuf's powerful army: Smbat's son Mushegh, his
1267:
Smbat's successes quickly came to a halt when Afshin decided that he could not countenance a powerful Armenia so close to his domains. He retook Dvin and managed to take Smbat's wife as a hostage until she was released in exchange for Smbat's son Mushegh, and his nephew, also named Smbat. The wars
1272:
became ostikan of Arminiya. While Yusuf's reign was not immediately hostile, Smbat committed a series of blunders which led to several of his allies to turn their backs on him: having sought to placate his eastern ally, Smbat of Syunik, by ceding to him Nakhichevan city, Smbat inadvertently drove
1259:
Smbat I was crowned king in 892, following a brief attempt by his uncle Abas to disrupt his succession to the throne. Smbat continued his father's policy of maintaining cordial relations with Byzantium but he remained mindful of the Arabs' fears of the Armeno-Byzantine alliance. Speaking with the
2297:
the restoration's aggressive layering of new stone altered the configuration of the beloved logo of the city, the lion relief. The restoration removed the cross, which was formed by colored diamond-shaped stones, surmounting the animal figure. For many observers, this desacralization constituted
2077:
suggested that the big cat represents secular power and the cross symbolizes religious authority, both based in Ani during the 11th century. This photograph is from the early 1900s, before the sculpture was significantly altered during a Turkish restoration in the late 1990s, when the cross was
2011:
illustrations were also revived during this era. The relative period of peace between Byzantium and Armenia during the second half of the 10th century led to a great deal of interaction between Armenian artists and their Greek counterparts. Armenian manuscript authors tended either to stress the
1320:
Meanwhile, Yusuf's efforts to crush Gagik had failed miserably; instead, Yusuf turned his attention to Ashot and attempted to weaken his position by crowning Ashot's cousin, Ashot Shapuhyan, king of Armenia. Ashot Shapuhyan's and Yusuf's armies, though, were unable to stop the Byzantine advance,
1305:
to form a new alliance with Armenia. The Catholicos responded amicably and in 914, Ashot accepted an invitation by Zoe to visit Constantinople. There, Ashot was well received, and a Byzantine force was created to assist Armenia in defeating the Arabs. The force, accompanying Ashot and led by the
1503:
mansions and palaces. The construction was also complemented by the King Ashot's own philanthropy, including the building of the famed "Ashotashen" walls that were erected around Ani, monasteries, hospitals, schools, and almshouses (his wife Khosrovanuysh also founded the monastery complexes at
1107:
The Bagratuni family had done its best to improve its relations with the Abbasid caliphs ever since they took power in 750. The Abbasids always treated the family's overtures with suspicion but by the early 770s, the Bagratunis had won them over and the relationship between the two drastically
1502:
Owing to this trade route, the city quickly began to grow and became Bagratuni Armenia's chief political, cultural and economic center. Shops, markets, workshops, inns were established by the city's merchants and populace while the nakharar elite went on to sponsor the building of magnificent
1390:
and Abas achieved numerous successes on both the foreign and domestic fronts. In the same year that he became king, Abas traveled to Dvin, where he was able to convince the Arab governor there to release several Armenian hostages and turn over control of the pontifical palace back to Armenia.
1285:
Yusuf's invasion of Armenia had left the kingdom in ruins and this fact resonated among the Armenian princes who were left aghast in witnessing the Arab ostikan's brutality. Gagik I was especially shaken and he soon disavowed his loyalty to Yusuf and began to campaign against him. With Yusuf
1264:(Afshin), Smbat convinced him that the alliance would not only be for the dual benefit of Byzantium and Armenia but would also work to the economic favor of the Arabs. Smbat also achieved a major victory when on April 21, 892, he recaptured the historic city of Dvin from the Arabs.
1925:
During the Bagratuni period, the great majority of the population of Armenia remained Armenian. 10th-century Arab sources attest that the cities of the Araxes valley remained predominantly Armenian and Christian despite Arab Muslim rule. In fact, the 10th-century Arab geographer
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and this was of his reasons why he directly subjected the Church to him, gave it lands, and sponsored the construction of new monasteries and churches. The message of the Tondrakians, however, continued to spread and successive Armenian kings would work to suppress its expansion.
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1020:, signed a peace treaty with the Caliphate, although the continuing war with the Arabs and Byzantines soon led to further destruction throughout Armenia. In 661, Armenian leaders agreed to submit to Muslim rule while the latter recognized Grigor Mamikonian from the powerful
1817:
The Bagratuni kingdom did not mint any of its own coins, and used the currency found in Byzantium and the Arab Caliphate. The expanded trade between Byzantium and the Caliphate established several trades routes which ran across Armenia. The most important route began from
1273:
Gagik Artsruni of Vaspurakan into Yusuf's arms since the city was a part of Gagik's domains. Yusuf took advantage of this feud by awarding Gagik a crown in 908, thus making him King Gagik I of Vaspurakan and creating an Armenian state opposed to the one led by Smbat.
3143:, the actual intent of the Byzantine army was to invade the Bagratuni kingdom itself; other historians have explained that the Byzantines also wanted to consolidate their hold over Taron, which had become a military theme when it was annexed in 966. See Grigoryan,
1893:("red-worm village") for the distinctive red dye that was derived from insects. Cochineal and other Armenian goods were extensively found throughout the caliphate and for their eminence were referred to by Arabs as "asfin al-Armani" ("Armenian products").
1197:
Early on, he was courted by a Byzantium desperate to secure its eastern flank so as to direct its full strength against the Arabs; although Ashot avowed his loyalty to the empire, Byzantine leaders continued their long-standing demand that the
1700:. In 1044, the Byzantines twice invaded Ani but failed to conquer it. In view of this dire situation, Catholicos Petros Getadardz, who governed Ani in the king's absence, surrendered Ani to the Byzantines in 1045. Ani was then annexed to the
1093:. The Abbasids marched into Armenia with an army of 30,000 men and decisively crushed the rebellion and its instigators at the Battle of Bagrevand on April 24, 775, leaving a void for the sole largely intact family, the Bagratunis, to fill.
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1057:
massacred almost all of the Armenian nobility. The Arabs attempted to conciliate the Armenians but the levying of higher taxes, impoverishment of the country due to a lack of regional trade, and the Umayyads' preference of the
1611:
groups. In 1016, Senekerim-Hovhannes thus offered Basil II the lands of Vaspurakan, including 72 fortresses and 3000-4000 villages, in exchange for a vast domain farther west on the Byzantine territory centered on the city of
1523:, Ashot mobilized an 80,000 man army to meet and force its withdrawal. In the following year, he concluded an alliance with Tzimiskes and sent 10,000 Armenian troops to campaign with the emperor against the Muslim emirates in
1607:, son-in-law of King Gagik I of Ani, had brushed aside his nephews to become the sole king of Vaspurakan. His rule became even more precarious in the second decade of the 11th century with the plundering raids of various
1227:, Vaspurakan, and Taron) yet he commanded the full support of the other princes who recognized his authority in his becoming of king. With his status of king, his authority also carried over to the neighboring states of
1942:
was heavily Arabized since earlier periods of Muslim dominance. On the north shore of Lake Van in the ninth and tenth centuries, there was also a considerable Muslim population that consisted of ethnic Arabs, and later
1210:
was able to sustain a temporary agreement between the two churches. In any case, religious differences mattered little to the Byzantines in consideration of the menace the Arabs continued to pose. In 884, the Caliph
2138:Քաղաքի պարսպի վրա, Ավագ դռան մոտ պահպանվել է Բագրատունյաց կամ՝ Անի քաղաքի առյուծապատկեր զինանշանը... = The lion emblem of the Bagratuni dynasty, or Ani city, has been preserved on the city wall near the main gate...
1884:
Dvin became famous throughout the Arab world for its wool and silk production and the export of pillows, rugs, curtains and covers. A village named Artashat near Dvin was so prominent a center for the production of
1774:, the official religion of the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium repeatedly demanded for communion with the Armenian Church as prerequisite for sending aid to the Bagratunis but most attempts failed to bear any fruit.
1052:
However, Umayyad rule in Armenia grew in cruelty in the early 8th century. Revolts against the Arabs spread throughout Armenia until 705, when under the pretext of meeting for negotiations, the Arab governor of
1842:
was known as the "Great Armenian Highway." Ani did not lie along any previously important trade routes, but because of its size, power, and wealth it became an important trading hub. From Ani, Armenia exported
1715:, but even he was constrained to cede his lands to the Byzantines and retreat to Anatolia, only to see Kars captured by the Turks in 1065. In Baghk and Eastern Syunik, only a few Armenian fortresses remained.
1127:
Ashot began to annex the lands that formerly belonged to the Mamikonians and actively campaigned against the emirs as a sign of his allegiance to the Caliphate, who in 804 bestowed upon him the title of
1880:
a hill and next to the mosque is the church....By the city is a citadel. The buildings of the inhabitants are made of clay or stone. The city has main gates such as Bab -Keydar, Bab-Tiflis and Bab-Ani.
2248:...Անիի նշանավոր հովազի հարթաքանդակը, որը համարվում է Բագրատունիների քաղաքանշանը = the famous relief sculpture of the leopard of Ani, which is considered the city emblem of the Bagratunis
2082:
2079:
919:
recognized Ashot as "prince of princes" in 862 and, later on, as king (in 884 or 885). The establishment of the Bagratuni kingdom later led to the founding of several other Armenian
1290:
felt it appropriate to assume his father's throne. Ashot at once began to drive the Muslims out of his domains. Support for Ashot also arrived from the west: the Byzantine empress
969:
felt forced to cede his lands and in 1022 pledged that his kingdom would pass to the Byzantines following his death. However, after Hovhannes-Smbat's death in 1041, his successor,
3234:, Proceedings of the Third International SEECHAC Colloquium, 25-27 Nov. 2013, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2017), pp. 227-54.
1386:
Abas I's reign was characterized with an unusual period of stability and prosperity that Armenia had not enjoyed for decades. His capital was based at the fortress-city of
443:
429:
415:
401:
387:
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973:, refused to hand over Ani and continued resistance until 1045, when his kingdom, plagued by internal and external threats, was finally taken by Byzantine forces.
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1556:. Ani had grown so large by the time of Smbat's accession in 977, that a second set of walls, known as the Smbatashen walls, were ordered built by the new king.
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39:
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1675:. The two brothers fought throughout their lives. In these tumultuous days, embroiled in territorial quarrels, the childless Hovhannes-Smbat sent Catholicos
1334:
Ironically, the Byzantines were distressed with Ashot's close relations with the Arabs and dispatched a new force under the Armenian Domestic of the Schools
2238:
1116:). But the number of Arabs residing in Armenia never grew in number to form a majority nor were the emirates fully subordinate to the Caliph. As historian
4531:
2271:
1617:
regional capital. With the fall of the Ardzruni kingdom, Byzantine power was firmly established on the Armenian highlands, with only the Bagratuni and
1402:
in 943: a new church had been completed in Kars under Abas' orders and prior to its consecration, Ber had appeared with an army along the river of the
1992:
and Sanahin were well-known centers for higher learning. Notable figures in Armenian literature and philosophy during this period included the mystic
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1689:
57:
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Vahram Pahlavouni and his followers, reigned only for a period of two years. Despite internal dissention led by pro-Byzantine overseer or steward
3904:
3899:
1822:, in Byzantium, and from there it connected to the cities of Ani, Kars, and Artsn. The city of Kars allowed trade to move north, to ports on the
2381:
1012:
had conquered vast swaths of territory in the Middle East and, turning north, began to periodically launch raids into Armenia territory in 640.
4044:
3232:
Interactions in the Himalayas and Central Asia: Processes of Transfer, Translation, and Transformation in Art, Archaeology, Religion and Polity
1871:. Armenian-populated Dvin remained an important city on par with Ani, as evidenced in a vivid description by the Arab historian and geographer
1692:, the Armenian king was able to repel a Turkmen attack. However, possibly with the persuasion of Sargis, he accepted the invitation of emperor
1414:
took place, wherein Ber was finally captured by Abas' men. Abas took the king to his new church and told him that he would never see it again,
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380:
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and Bagrat were not able to withstand the pressure from the empire, which annexed their principality outright and converted it to a theme.
847:
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have disobeyed the king's orders, he would have the right to confiscate their lands and distribute them to other nobles. The concept of
2318:
1733:, however, did not exist and insubordination by the nakharar elite could only be matched by the steadfastness of the king himself.
2344:
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1981:. These restrictions disappeared when the Bagratuni kingdom was established, ushering in a new golden age of Armenian culture.
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emir in 953; he had laid siege to it for quite some time but was forced to lift it after finding the city too well defended.
908:
noble families, Ashot succeeded in asserting himself as the leading figure of a movement to dislodge the Arabs from Armenia.
3067:
902:—too preoccupied to concentrate their forces on subjugating the region, and with the dissipation of several of the Armenian
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3204:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century
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The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I, The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century
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observes, "this fragmentation of Arab authority provided the opportunity for the resurgence of Bagratuni leadership under
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In the mid-10th century, a new internal challenge to the authority of the Armenian Church and the kingdom arose when the
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A third and final rebellion, stemming from similar grievances as the second, was launched in 774 under the leadership of
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2008:
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History of Armenia, by Father Michael Chamich: From B. C. 2247 to the year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian era
1938:. Regardless, there was a notable Muslim presence in certain regions of Armenia. For instance, the southern region of
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natural look of the human body in illustrations or to forgo it and instead concentrate on the aspect of decoration.
1418:
him and sending him back to Abkhazia. Abas died in 953, leaving his kingdom to his two sons, Ashot III and Mushegh.
2298:
intentional removal of a cross, understood as a campaign to erase signs of Christian Armenian presence in Anatolia.
840:
1580:
The Byzantines had slowly been creeping eastward towards Armenia in the final decade of the 10th century. Emperor
1511:
in 976). Ashot's sponsorship of the construction of all these edifices earned him the nickname of "the Merciful" (
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cross above it. Modern scholars believe that it is the symbol of Ani in particular and the Bagratids in general.
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who kept a territory that should have included Dvin, but which he could not occupy because of its capture by the
1552:
This prosperous age which Armenia lived through continued unabated under the reign of Ashot's son and successor,
1235:
and several of the Arab emirates. Ashot's reign was brief and upon his death in 890, he was succeeded by his son
794:
734:
724:
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1588:, and stipends from Constantinople. With the death of Ashot Bagratuni of Taron in 967 (not to be confused with
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The first half of the 11th century saw the decline and eventual collapse of the kingdom. The Byzantine emperor
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1515:) Ashot was also largely successful in foreign affairs. When a Byzantine army led by the Byzantine emperor
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entered Taron in 973, purportedly to avenge the death of his Domestic killed at the hands of the Arabs in
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1867:. Its primary trading partners were the Byzantine Empire, the Arabs but also traded with Kievan Rus and
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during the 7th century led to the rise of another regional power, the Muslim Arabs. The Arabs under the
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Garsoïan, Nina (2004). "The Byzantine Annexation of the Armenian Kingdoms in the Eleventh Century". In
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to Constantinople, where he was obliged to cede his domain to the empire in exchange for a domain in
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rite. Abas refused to make any concessions and ambushed Ber's forces in a dawn assault. Several more
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784:
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1206:. A synod of Armenian church leaders was convoked and a letter laden with equivocal wording sent to
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The Arab raids and invasion of Armenia as well as the devastation wrought upon the land during the
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A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus
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Between Islam and Byzantium: Aght'amar and the Visual Construction of Medieval Armenian Rulership
3066:[The Flourishing of the Bagratuni Kingdom]. In Arakelyan, Babken N.; et al. (eds.).
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After the death of King Gagik I (in 1017 or 1020), the kingdom was split between his two sons,
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1325:. Subuk recognized Ashot as the legitimate ruler of Armenia and awarded him with the title of
1074:) made this difficult to accomplish. Taking advantage of the overthrow of the Umayyads by the
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1806:) formed the lowest class in the economic stratum and largely busied themselves with raising
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The Bagratuni kingdom was based on essentially two economies: one which was centered around
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4317:
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4194:
4179:
3985:
3884:
3540:
3140:
2768:
2267:"Preserving the Medieval City of Ani: Cultural Heritage between Contest and Reconciliation"
2234:
1454:
1310:
944:
214:
2994:. Vol. 2. Translated by Avdall, Johannes. Calcutta: Bishop's College Press. pp.
2323:
Das Symbol der Stadt Ani, der mittelalterlichen armenischen Hauptstadt. – (Ref-Nr. img001)
2266:
1294:
had watched the Arab invasion of Armenia unfold with consternation and so she ordered the
8:
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1603:
kingdom of Vaspurakan was later annexed as well. In 1003, the last ruler of the kingdom
1174:
captured Bagrat, Smbat, and other Armenian princes and brutally put down the rebellion.
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4380:
4282:
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Another foreign threat that Abas steadfastly confronted was an invasion by king Ber of
1191:
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991:
936:
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684:
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1000:
Emirate of Armenia under Arab rule, prior to the establishment of the Bagratid dynasty
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147:
113:
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became the kingdom's capital and grew into a thriving economic and cultural center.
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2674:
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1997:
1993:
1901:
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1629:
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1291:
1132:. Upon his death in 826, Ashot bequeathed his land to two of his sons: the eldest,
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899:
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3436:
2880:
2772:
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2150:
2070:
1701:
1657:
1395:, leaving Abas virtually free to conduct his policies without foreign hindrance.
1340:
1031:
1005:
823:
744:
739:
689:
577:
4440:
4385:
4339:
4292:
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4116:
4039:
3872:
3862:
3710:
2885:
The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium
2284:
1970:
1693:
1608:
1344:
1335:
1219:
and it was here where his coronation ceremony was held sometime in 884 or 885.
1212:
1207:
1171:
1167:
1155:
699:
589:
898:
rule. With each of the two contemporary powers in the region—the Abbasids and
4604:
4199:
3877:
3867:
3776:
3297:
2292:
2168:
1559:
1268:
against Armenia continued even after Afshin's death in 901, when his brother
1224:
996:
911:
Ashot's prestige rose as both Byzantine and Arab leaders—eager to maintain a
604:
259:
3496:
The Armenian State in the Bagratuni and Byzantine Period, 9th-11th centuries
2502:(in Armenian). Vol. 1. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences. pp.
1527:
and Mosul. Ashot also had unsuccessfully attempted to capture Dvin from the
1415:
965:) won a string of victories and annexed parts of southwestern Armenia; King
4365:
4262:
4066:
3806:
2410:
A Concise History of the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present
1978:
1868:
1799:
1712:
1648:
Royal enthronement scene from the frontispiece of a gospel commissioned by
1624:
1407:
1403:
1121:
920:
912:
123:
883:
in the early 880s following nearly two centuries of foreign domination of
4516:
4219:
4126:
4008:
2639:
The Feudal Bagratuni Principality of Taron from the 9th to 10th Centuries
2123:
1969:
had largely stifled any expression of Armenian culture in fields such as
1791:
1778:
1746:
1479:
1182:
1017:
534:
289:
1247:
4091:
3977:
3956:
3931:
3826:
3811:
3514:
2066:
1974:
1944:
1927:
1913:
1872:
1839:
1708:
1697:
1649:
1563:
Bagratid Armenia and neighboring Armenian states of Vaspurakan, Taron,
1327:
1302:
1079:
1067:
1021:
328:
1770:, but there were elements in Armenian society who also adhered to the
1482:
as king of Armenia took place in 961, following the relocation of the
4400:
4169:
3791:
3624:
1985:
1896:
1848:
1823:
1807:
1795:
1665:
1589:
1541:
1528:
1475:
1471:
that originally had him holding a model of the Church of St. Gregory.
1352:
1314:
872:
619:
3522:
On the architecture of Ani as well as general Armenian architecture.
3227:
1463:
1431:
1363:"Yerkat", or Iron; he died in 929 and was succeeded by his brother,
1359:. Ashot's efforts to preserve and defend the kingdom earned him the
1286:
distracted by the resistance put up by his former ally, Smbat's son
4435:
4312:
4189:
3936:
3801:
3786:
3688:
3620:
3520:
VirtualANI: Dedicated to the Deserted Medieval Armenian City of Ani
1939:
1844:
1831:
1827:
1600:
1581:
1553:
1411:
1392:
1287:
1150:
1075:
1063:
1025:
955:
904:
654:
549:
367:
275:
140:
3535:
4076:
3966:
3941:
3889:
3846:
3796:
3781:
3640:
2173:Դարպասի վերևի պատին Անի քաղաքի զինանշանն է՝ հովազի բարձրաքանդակով
1989:
1856:
1819:
1811:
1568:
1508:
1504:
1375:
1360:
1236:
1113:
1071:
1045:
895:
891:
799:
539:
2337:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 3
3836:
3484:. vol. vi: part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.
2334:
2078:
destroyed and the frame was reshaped into a rectangle (seen on
1984:
The lack of a strong Arab presence saw a rise in the number of
1860:
1751:
1524:
564:
559:
544:
1355:
also turned his attention from the east to fight the Arabs in
1351:, thus reducing the Arab threat to Armenia. Byzantine emperor
62:
Bagratuni Armenia and other medieval Armenian kingdoms c. 1000
3961:
3094:
Arakelyan, "Flourishing of the Bagratuni Kingdom", pp. 52-58.
1852:
1711:, still kept his throne even after 1064 when Ani fell to the
1613:
1520:
1370:
1356:
1322:
1137:
554:
333:
3570:
3103:
2635:Տարոնի Բագրատունիների ֆեոդալական իշխանությունը IX-X դարերում
1704:
which was renamed "Iberia and Ani" or "Iberia and Armenia".
3841:
3831:
3492:Армянские государства эпохи Багратидов и Византия, IX-XI вв
2709:(2004). "The Independent Kingdoms of Medieval Armenia". In
2310:
1864:
1835:
1387:
1159:
1109:
932:
888:
514:
94:
3332:
3330:
1062:
over the Mamikonians (other notable families included the
2802:. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 460.
2371:Բագրատունյաց թագավորության սկզբնավորման թվագրության շուրջ
1487:
1186:
Rise of the Kingdom of Armenia under the Bagratid dynasty
948:
101:
46:
16:
Armenian state ruled by the Bagratuni dynasty (885–1045)
3327:
2374:[On dating the formation of Bagratid Armenia].
2155:"Անիի ճարտարապետությունը [Architecture of Ani]"
1317:, entering Taron with scant opposition from the Arabs.
3419:(ed.) New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 178.
3304:. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. p. 112.
3250:. London, Thames & Hudson. p. 204, item 55.
3121:]. Saint Petersburg: I. N. Skorokhodov. pp.
3041:. London, Thames & Hudson. p. 201, item 37.
2887:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 130.
1575:
1406:, demanding that the new church be consecrated under
2740:
2534:Արաբական ամիրայությունները Բագրատունյաց Հայաստանում
1838:; and the main route leading from the Caliphate to
1112:
to rule in newly created administrative districts (
992:
Emirate of Armenia (a.k.a. Principality of Armenia)
3409:Taylor, Alice. "Armenian Art and Architecture" in
3206:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 187–193.
2407:
2272:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
2069:depicts a lion or a leopard within a frame with a
1540:Dzoraget near Lake Sevan was given to Ashot's son
1313:, moved out the next year and marched along Upper
1547:
1374:Relief carvings of Smbat and Gurgen Bagratuni at
4602:
2335:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009).
2246:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Haypethrat. p. 43.
1280:
2116:Անին և անեցիները [Ani and Its Citizens]
1177:
3374:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", pp. 176–177.
3243:
3034:
2870:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", pp. 157–158.
2451:
1453:was built by Queen Khosrovanush, wife of king
49:and the Bagratids on the city walls (ramparts)
3993:
3556:
2717:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 146.
1639:
1144:, or prince of princes, whereas his brother,
841:
2800:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
2260:
2258:
2256:
1486:from Vaspurakan to Argina, near the city of
1301:to write an official letter to the Armenian
1190:In 857, Smbat had been succeeded by his son
2984:
2488:
2402:
2233:
1830:; other routes were connected to cities in
4000:
3986:
3563:
3549:
3460:Histoire de l'Arménie: des origines à 1071
2759:
2757:
2755:
2529:
2264:
2192:
2109:
848:
834:
56:
3349:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", p. 179.
3324:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", p. 178.
3061:
2861:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", p. 157.
2797:
2763:
2737:Garsoïan, "Independent Kingdoms", p. 147.
2673:
2632:
2367:
2253:
2149:
2105:
2103:
2101:
4007:
3526:The Arts of Armenia by Dickran Kouymjian
3197:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
2879:
2705:
1912:
1895:
1802:in towns and cities. Peasants (known as
1798:and the other which was concentrated on
1750:
1643:
1623:
1558:
1462:
1449:St. Amenaprkich (Holy Savior) Church in
1369:
1246:
1181:
1096:
995:
3739:, Shanazarians and Avanians, 1603–1822)
3064:Բագրատունյաց թագավորության բարգավաճումը
2752:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
1660:who received the territory of Ani, and
1421:
1381:
1140:and inherited the prestigious title of
4603:
3296:
2538:The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia
2098:
1718:
915:near their frontiers—courted him. The
3981:
3544:
3536:Notable societies of Europe, 900 A.D.
3468:
3176:
2746:
2265:Watenpaugh, Heghnar Zeitlian (2014).
2188:
2186:
1950:
1859:, horses, cattle, salt, wine, honey,
2777:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2662:
2477:
2432:
2240:Անի քաղաքը [The City of Ani]
1930:specified that Armenian was used in
4585:
4030:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
3530:California State University, Fresno
3441:California State University, Fresno
2384:from the original on March 19, 2024
2199:Another Genocide After the Genocide
1917:An illuminated manuscript from the
1904:from an 1173 illuminated manuscript
13:
4122:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
3230:," in Eva Allinger et al, (eds.),
2183:
2061:Engraved on Ani's Principal Gate (
1576:Decline and Byzantine encroachment
1202:make religious concessions to the
483:
14:
4627:
4552:Historiography in the Middle Ages
3508:
3244:Der Nersessian, Sirarpie (1969).
3035:Der Nersessian, Sirarpie (1969).
2779:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
2414:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda. p.
2207:Research on Armenian Architecture
1628:Bagratid Armenia, annexed by the
4584:
4575:
4574:
4564:
3650:
3607:Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)
3078:Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences
2689:Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences
2643:Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences
2542:Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences
2467:Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences
1621:kingdoms remaining independent.
1439:
1430:
1043:, the province was headed by an
441:
427:
413:
399:
385:
360:
38:
4050:Christianity in the Middle Ages
4045:Decline of Hellenistic religion
3743:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
3723:Zakarid Principality of Armenia
3515:Armenian History; Tacentral.com
3422:
3403:
3390:
3377:
3352:
3343:
3318:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3237:
3220:
3163:
3150:
3129:
3097:
3088:
3055:
3028:
3015:
3002:
2978:
2965:
2952:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2842:
2829:
2816:
2791:
2731:
2699:
2649:
2626:
2613:
2600:
2587:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2523:
2510:
2396:
2377:Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri
2196:, ed. (2016). "Emblem of Ani".
1908:
1766:Most Armenians belonged to the
1534:
960:
795:Republic of Mountainous Armenia
4328:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
3589:Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
3528:. Armenian Studies Program at
3439:. Armenian Studies Program at
3412:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
3074:History of the Armenian People
3062:Arakelyan, Babken N. (1976).
2641:] (in Armenian). Yerevan:
2540:] (in Armenian). Yerevan:
2380:(in Armenian) (2–3): 114–125.
2361:
2328:
2303:
2227:
2143:
2055:
1548:Progress under Smbat and Gagik
1089:and with the support of other
1035:(prince) of Armenia. Known as
1:
4502:Disability in the Middle Ages
4175:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
4107:Rise of the Venetian Republic
3076:]. Vol. 3. Yerevan:
2459:[Bagratuni Kingdom].
2457:Բագրատունիների թագավորություն
2092:
1723:
1281:Resurgence under Ashot Yerkat
981:
869:Բագրատունիների թագավորություն
3139:, pp. 153–155. According to
3105:Stepanos Taronetsi (Asoghik)
2684:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
2499:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
2462:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
1178:Establishment of the kingdom
7:
3617:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
3443:. Accessed January 3, 2009.
3302:Armenia: A Historical Atlas
2973:Byzantine State and Society
2941:, this titled was rendered
2922:Byzantine State and Society
2317:(in German). Archived from
2311:"Ethnozid durch die Türkei"
2019:
1736:
1707:The Bagratid king of Kars,
1669:Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Fadl
1652:, ruler of Kars circa 1050.
610:Christianization of Armenia
437:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
10:
4632:
4303:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
3701:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
3482:Cambridge Medieval History
3449:
2943:Shahan Shah Hayots Metsats
2798:Treadgold, Warren (1997).
2285:10.1525/jsah.2014.73.4.528
2037:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
1954:
1889:that it received the name
1785:
1740:
1640:Internal quarrels and fall
1242:
1223:principalities existed in
1100:
985:
976:
675:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
635:Muslim conquest of Armenia
423:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
4560:
4489:
4348:
4243:
4230:Mongol invasion of Europe
4135:
4015:
3915:
3855:
3764:
3757:(1991–2023, unrecognized)
3735:(Beglarians, Israelians,
3679:Principality of Hamamshen
3659:
3648:
3579:
3480:. "Armenia and Georgia."
2633:Grigoryan, Gnel (1983).
2368:Grigoryan, M. G. (2012).
1768:Armenian Apostolic Church
1743:Armenian Apostolic Church
868:
785:First Republic of Armenia
660:Principality of Hamamshen
530:Lchashen–Metsamor culture
520:Trialeti–Vanadzor culture
339:
323:
319:
309:
299:
295:
285:
281:
269:
244:
232:
220:
208:
196:
184:
172:
160:
156:
146:
134:
119:
109:
75:
67:
55:
35:
30:
23:
3147:, pp. 153–154, note 165.
3113:
3069:Հայ ժողովրդի պատմություն
3068:
3063:
2687:. Vol. 1. Yerevan:
2678:
2634:
2533:
2493:
2465:. Vol. 2. Yerevan:
2456:
2370:
2160:Patma-Banasirakan Handes
2048:
1680:The son of Ashot, young
1619:Eastern Syunik and Baghk
988:Arab conquest of Armenia
4185:Investiture Controversy
4155:Second Bulgarian Empire
3200:Hovannisian, Richard G.
2711:Hovannisian, Richard G.
2531:Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N.
2453:Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram N.
2341:Oxford University Press
2321:on September 27, 2024.
2042:Kingdom of the Iberians
2005:illuminated manuscripts
1772:Eastern Orthodox Church
1759:, completed in 1001 by
1308:Domestic of the Schools
1204:Eastern Orthodox Church
695:Principality of Khachen
560:Urartu (Kingdom of Van)
505:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
488:Coat of Arms of Armenia
4542:Post-classical history
4298:Fall of Constantinople
4205:Capet–Plantagenet feud
4072:First Bulgarian Empire
3916:Other provinces under
3856:Other Armenian regions
3703:(Kiurikians, 979–1118)
3571:Historical states and
3462:. Paris: Payot, 1947.
2404:Bournoutian, George A.
2163:(in Armenian) (3): 8.
1922:
1905:
1882:
1763:
1653:
1636:
1572:
1472:
1378:
1331:, or "king of kings."
1262:Muhammad Ibn Abi'l-Saj
1256:
1187:
1001:
943:. During the reign of
489:
311:• Disestablished
3733:Melikdoms of Karabakh
3685:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
3145:Principality of Taron
3137:Principality of Taron
3114:Պատմութիւն տիեզերական
2947:Շահան Շահ Հայոց Մեծաց
2824:Principality of Taron
2235:Harutyunyan, Varazdat
1957:Armenian architecture
1916:
1899:
1877:
1754:
1647:
1627:
1562:
1466:
1373:
1253:kingdom of Vaspurakan
1250:
1185:
1097:Rise of the Bagratids
1004:The weakening of the
999:
875:state established by
871:) was an independent
670:Kingdom of Vaspurakan
487:
110:Common languages
4522:Medieval reenactment
4318:Renaissance Humanism
4225:Medieval Warm Period
4195:Republic of Florence
4009:European Middle Ages
3885:Armenian Mesopotamia
3745:(1921, unrecognized)
3719:(Khachen, 1000–1261)
3580:Independent Armenian
3488:Yuzbashyan, Karen. N
3469:Jones, Lynn (2007).
3428:Kouymjian, Dickran.
3417:Alexander P. Kazhdan
3141:Sempad the Constable
3109:Malkhasyants, Stepan
2986:Chamchiants, Mikayel
2675:Arakelyan, Babken N.
1891:vordan karmiri gyugh
1684:with the support of
1422:Armenia's Golden Age
1382:Stability under Abas
1039:with its capital at
800:Contemporary Armenia
45:The coat of arms of
4616:880s establishments
4235:Kingdom of Portugal
4102:Old Church Slavonic
4087:Anglo-Saxon England
3641:Republic of Armenia
3635:Republic of Armenia
2681:[Ashot I].
1967:Byzantine-Arab wars
1961:Armenian literature
1761:Trdat the Architect
1719:Culture and society
1605:Senekerim-Hovhannes
1484:Holy See of Cilicia
1270:Yusuf Ibn Abi'l-Saj
1146:Smbat the Confessor
1136:received Taron and
1134:Bagrat II Bagratuni
805:Republic of Artsakh
555:Nairi Confederation
510:Kura–Araxes culture
301:• Established
254:Hovhannes-Smbat III
71:Independent kingdom
4416:In popular culture
4381:Crusading movement
4253:Hundred Years' War
4112:Civitas Schinesghe
4097:Carolingian Empire
4082:Kingdom of Croatia
4035:Barbarian kingdoms
3919:Tigranes the Great
3717:Kingdom of Artsakh
3669:Satrapy of Armenia
3660:Minor or dependent
3573:regions of Armenia
3435:2008-12-31 at the
3023:History of Armenia
2939:Classical Armenian
2937:, pp. 136–137. In
2194:Karapetyan, Samvel
2032:Kingdom of Georgia
2027:Bagrationi dynasty
1951:Art and literature
1923:
1919:Echmiadzin Gospels
1906:
1887:Armenian cochineal
1764:
1662:Ashot IV the Brave
1654:
1637:
1573:
1473:
1379:
1257:
1188:
1142:ishkhanats ishkhan
1118:George Bournoutian
1087:Mushegh Mamikonian
1002:
705:Kingdom of Cilicia
685:Kingdom of Artsakh
665:Kingdom of Armenia
655:Emirate of Armenia
615:Kingdom of Sophene
595:Kingdom of Armenia
585:Satrapy of Armenia
490:
409:Kingdom of Artsakh
128:Armenian Apostolic
4598:
4597:
4507:Basic topics list
4308:Swiss mercenaries
4258:Wars of the Roses
4165:Kingdom of Poland
4150:Holy Roman Empire
4017:Early Middle Ages
3975:
3974:
3707:Kingdom of Syunik
3695:Kingdom of Vanand
3498:). Moscow, 1988.
3311:978-0-226-33228-4
3257:978-0-500-02066-1
3226:Finbarr, Barry, "
3119:Universal History
3048:978-0-500-02066-1
3010:Romanus Lecapenus
2960:Romanus Lecapenus
2909:Romanus Lecapenus
2894:978-0-521-35722-7
2809:978-0-8047-2630-6
2724:978-0-312-10169-5
2544:. pp. 42–43.
2490:Ghafadaryan, Karo
2425:978-1-56859-141-4
2220:978-9939-843-28-5
2133:978-9939-897-01-1
2111:Matevosyan, Karen
1947:from Azerbaijan.
1467:A statue of King
1451:Sanahin Monastery
1353:Romanos Lekapenos
1299:Nicholas Mystikos
1233:Caucasian Albania
1103:Bagratuni dynasty
1010:Umayyad Caliphate
917:Abbasid Caliphate
881:Bagratuni dynasty
877:Ashot I Bagratuni
858:
857:
765:National movement
755:Armenian genocide
750:Armenian question
680:Kingdom of Syunik
625:Byzantine Armenia
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
395:Kingdom of Syunik
373:
372:
271:• 1042–1045
246:• 1020–1040
148:Bagratuni dynasty
4623:
4611:Bagratid Armenia
4588:
4587:
4578:
4577:
4568:
4527:Medieval studies
4371:Church and State
4245:Late Middle Ages
4137:High Middle Ages
4055:Christianization
4025:Migration Period
4002:
3995:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3770:of Armenia Major
3654:
3603:, 553 BC–428 AD)
3565:
3558:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3501:
3478:Toumanoff, Cyril
3474:
3465:
3444:
3430:Arts of Armenia
3426:
3420:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3363:
3358:Ter-Ghevondyan,
3356:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3298:Hewsen, Robert H
3294:
3288:
3283:Ter-Ghevondyan,
3281:
3275:
3270:Ter-Ghevondyan,
3268:
3262:
3261:
3241:
3235:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3195:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3156:Ter-Ghevondyan,
3154:
3148:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3032:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2933:Ter-Ghevondyan,
2931:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2881:Runciman, Steven
2877:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2848:Ter-Ghevondyan,
2846:
2840:
2835:Ter-Ghevondyan,
2833:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2773:Yarshater, Ehsan
2765:Toumanoff, Cyril
2761:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2671:
2660:
2655:Ter-Ghevondyan,
2653:
2647:
2646:
2630:
2624:
2619:Ter-Ghevondyan,
2617:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2567:Ter-Ghevondyan,
2565:
2559:
2554:Ter-Ghevondyan,
2552:
2546:
2545:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2486:
2475:
2474:
2449:
2430:
2429:
2413:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2262:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2204:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2151:Hasratyan, Murad
2147:
2141:
2140:
2121:
2107:
2086:
2075:Karen Matevosyan
2059:
1998:Grigor Magistros
1994:Grigor Narekatsi
1921:completed in 989
1902:Grigor Narekatsi
1757:Cathedral of Ani
1677:Petros Getadardz
1630:Byzantine Empire
1517:John I Tzimiskes
1443:
1434:
1060:Bagratuni family
1014:Theodore Rshtuni
964:
962:
870:
861:Bagratid Armenia
850:
843:
836:
718:Early modern age
630:Sasanian Armenia
477:
459:
458:
445:
444:
431:
430:
417:
416:
403:
402:
389:
388:
381:Byzantine Empire
377:
376:
364:
363:
357:
356:
341:
340:
265:
264:
256:
234:• 989–1020
105:
98:
91:
84:
60:
42:
25:Bagratid Armenia
21:
20:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4556:
4537:Neo-medievalism
4485:
4421:Itinerant court
4344:
4239:
4160:Georgian Empire
4145:Norman Conquest
4131:
4077:Frankish Empire
4011:
4006:
3976:
3971:
3917:
3911:
3851:
3769:
3760:
3737:Hasan-Jalalians
3662:Armenian states
3661:
3655:
3646:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3463:
3452:
3447:
3437:Wayback Machine
3427:
3423:
3408:
3404:
3398:Concise History
3395:
3391:
3385:Concise History
3382:
3378:
3373:
3366:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3295:
3291:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3242:
3238:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3196:
3177:
3171:Concise History
3168:
3164:
3155:
3151:
3134:
3130:
3115:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3007:
3003:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2953:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2830:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2762:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2704:
2700:
2680:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2650:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2608:Concise History
2605:
2601:
2595:Concise History
2592:
2588:
2582:Concise History
2579:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2535:
2528:
2524:
2518:Concise History
2515:
2511:
2496:[Ani].
2495:
2487:
2478:
2458:
2450:
2433:
2426:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2333:
2329:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2263:
2254:
2243:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2202:
2191:
2184:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2119:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2022:
1963:
1955:Main articles:
1953:
1911:
1863:, leather, and
1788:
1749:
1741:Main articles:
1739:
1726:
1721:
1702:theme of Iberia
1658:Hovhannes-Smbat
1642:
1578:
1550:
1537:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1384:
1283:
1255:, formed in 908
1245:
1200:Armenian Church
1180:
1105:
1099:
1049:, or governor.
1016:, the Armenian
1006:Sasanian Empire
994:
986:Main articles:
984:
979:
967:Hovhannes-Smbat
963: 976–1025
959:
885:Greater Armenia
854:
810:
809:
790:Armenian S.S.R.
780:
770:
769:
760:Western Armenia
745:Armenian Oblast
740:Russian Armenia
735:Ottoman Armenia
725:Iranian Armenia
720:
710:
709:
690:Zakarid Armenia
650:
640:
639:
600:Armenian Empire
580:
570:
569:
500:
475:
468:
442:
428:
414:
400:
386:
361:
331:
312:
302:
272:
262:
258:
257:
252:
249:
247:
235:
223:
222:• 977–989
211:
210:• 953–977
199:
198:• 928–953
187:
186:• 914–928
175:
174:• 890–914
163:
162:• 885–890
100:
99:
93:
92:
86:
85:
79:
63:
51:
50:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4629:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4572:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:Misconceptions
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4340:Little Ice Age
4337:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4293:Western Schism
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4040:Late antiquity
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3863:Lesser Armenia
3859:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3749:Soviet Armenia
3746:
3740:
3730:
3720:
3714:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3682:
3676:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3643:(1991–present)
3638:
3632:
3614:
3604:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3523:
3517:
3510:
3509:External links
3507:
3503:
3502:
3485:
3475:
3466:
3456:Grousset, René
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3421:
3402:
3389:
3376:
3364:
3362:, pp. 239-240.
3351:
3342:
3326:
3317:
3310:
3289:
3276:
3274:, pp. 234-236.
3263:
3256:
3236:
3219:
3212:
3175:
3162:
3160:, pp. 168–171.
3149:
3128:
3096:
3087:
3054:
3047:
3027:
3014:
3012:, pp. 156–157.
3001:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2926:
2913:
2900:
2893:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2841:
2828:
2826:, pp. 116–117.
2815:
2808:
2790:
2751:
2739:
2730:
2723:
2707:Garsoïan, Nina
2698:
2661:
2648:
2625:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2573:
2560:
2547:
2522:
2509:
2476:
2431:
2424:
2395:
2360:
2353:
2327:
2315:aga-online.org
2302:
2252:
2226:
2219:
2182:
2142:
2132:
2126:. p. 10.
2096:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2018:
1971:historiography
1952:
1949:
1910:
1907:
1900:A portrait of
1787:
1784:
1738:
1735:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1694:Constantine IX
1690:Sargis Haykazn
1641:
1638:
1577:
1574:
1549:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1499:to Trebizond.
1448:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1383:
1380:
1336:John Kourkouas
1282:
1279:
1244:
1241:
1208:Constantinople
1179:
1176:
1172:Bugha al-Kabir
1101:Main article:
1098:
1095:
983:
980:
978:
975:
923:and kingdoms:
921:principalities
856:
855:
853:
852:
845:
838:
830:
827:
826:
812:
811:
808:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
781:
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
730:Five Melikdoms
727:
721:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
702:
700:Mongol Armenia
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
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646:
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641:
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527:
522:
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515:Legend of Hayk
512:
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300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
286:Historical era
283:
282:
279:
278:
273:
270:
267:
266:
263:(concurrently)
250:
245:
242:
241:
236:
233:
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53:
52:
44:
37:
36:
33:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4628:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4591:
4583:
4581:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4563:
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4559:
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4528:
4525:
4523:
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4503:
4500:
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4399:
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4364:
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4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4200:Scholasticism
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Rise of Islam
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Upper Armenia
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3765:Provinces or
3763:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:, 522–331 BC)
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3653:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3396:Bournoutian,
3393:
3386:
3383:Bournoutian,
3380:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3360:Arab Emirates
3355:
3346:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3321:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3285:Arab Emirates
3280:
3273:
3272:Arab Emirates
3267:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3247:The Armenians
3240:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3213:1-4039-6421-1
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3169:Bournoutian,
3166:
3159:
3158:Arab Emirates
3153:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3058:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3038:The Armenians
3031:
3024:
3021:Chamchiants,
3018:
3011:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:Arab Emirates
2930:
2923:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2851:
2850:Arab Emirates
2845:
2838:
2837:Arab Emirates
2832:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2749:, p. 37.
2748:
2743:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2658:
2657:Arab Emirates
2652:
2645:. p. 56.
2644:
2640:
2629:
2622:
2621:Arab Emirates
2616:
2609:
2606:Bournoutian,
2603:
2596:
2593:Bournoutian,
2590:
2583:
2580:Bournoutian,
2577:
2570:
2569:Arab Emirates
2564:
2557:
2556:Arab Emirates
2551:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2516:Bournoutian,
2513:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2364:
2356:
2354:9780195309911
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1915:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1433:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1260:Arab ostikan
1254:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:, became the
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
998:
993:
989:
974:
972:
968:
957:
952:
950:
947:(952/53–77),
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
906:
901:
897:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
866:
862:
851:
846:
844:
839:
837:
832:
831:
829:
828:
825:
821:
817:
814:
813:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
779:
774:
773:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
719:
714:
713:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
649:
644:
643:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
605:Roman Armenia
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Armenia Minor
588:
586:
583:
582:
579:
574:
573:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
499:
494:
493:
486:
482:
481:
478:
472:
471:
466:
461:
460:
440:
438:
435:
434:
426:
424:
421:
420:
412:
410:
407:
406:
398:
396:
393:
392:
384:
382:
379:
378:
375:
369:
366:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
338:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
308:
304:
298:
294:
291:
288:
284:
280:
277:
274:
268:
261:
255:
251:
243:
240:
237:
231:
228:
225:
219:
216:
213:
207:
204:
201:
195:
192:
189:
183:
180:
177:
171:
168:
165:
159:
155:
151:
149:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
103:
96:
89:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
54:
48:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4361:Architecture
4333:Great Famine
4323:Universities
4263:Hussite Wars
4180:Great Schism
4067:Papal States
3807:Nor Shirakan
3766:
3729:, 1201–1335)
3631:, 1080–1375)
3606:
3504:
3500:(in Russian)
3495:
3491:
3481:
3473:. Routledge.
3470:
3459:
3424:
3410:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3387:, pp. 90–91.
3384:
3379:
3359:
3354:
3345:
3337:
3320:
3301:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3222:
3203:
3173:, pp. 87–88.
3170:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3131:
3118:
3099:
3090:
3073:
3057:
3037:
3030:
3025:, pp. 82–83.
3022:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2990:
2980:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2823:
2818:
2799:
2793:
2781:. Retrieved
2776:
2742:
2733:
2714:
2701:
2683:
2659:, pp. 83–86.
2656:
2651:
2638:
2628:
2623:, pp. 68-69.
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2597:, pp. 74-75.
2594:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2537:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2498:
2461:
2409:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2375:
2363:
2336:
2330:
2322:
2319:the original
2314:
2305:
2296:
2276:
2270:
2247:
2239:
2229:
2198:
2172:
2158:
2145:
2137:
2115:
2062:
2057:
2014:
2002:
1983:
1979:architecture
1964:
1924:
1909:Demographics
1890:
1883:
1878:
1869:Central Asia
1816:
1803:
1800:mercantilism
1789:
1776:
1765:
1731:divine right
1727:
1713:Seljuk Turks
1706:
1685:
1655:
1598:
1592:), his sons
1585:
1579:
1565:Syunik-Baghk
1551:
1538:
1535:Sub-kingdoms
1512:
1501:
1478:'s official
1474:
1408:Chalcedonian
1397:
1385:
1347:families in
1333:
1326:
1319:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1258:
1221:
1196:
1189:
1164:
1149:
1141:
1129:
1126:
1122:Ashot Msaker
1106:
1090:
1084:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1003:
953:
913:buffer state
910:
903:
860:
859:
664:
540:Arme–Shupria
350:Succeeded by
349:
344:
248:(1021–1039)
124:Christianity
18:
4590:WikiProject
4517:Medievalism
4356:Agriculture
4220:Manorialism
4215:Communalism
4210:Monasticism
4127:Reconquista
4117:Kievan Rus'
3895:Mountainous
3751:(1920–1991)
3713:, 987–1170)
3691:, 908–1021)
3637:(1918–1920)
3613:, 884–1045)
3464:(in French)
3135:Grigoryan,
2971:Treadgold,
2920:Treadgold,
2822:Grigoryan,
2769:"Bagratids"
2691:. pp.
2124:Matenadaran
2122:. Yerevan:
2083:photographs
2003:The art of
1936:Nakhichevan
1873:al-Mukadasi
1792:agriculture
1779:Tondrakians
1747:Tondrakians
1507:in 966 and
1480:investiture
1213:Al-Mu'tamid
1055:Nakhichevan
1037:al-Arminiya
1018:Curopalates
648:Middle Ages
535:Hayasa-Azzi
474:History of
345:Preceded by
290:Middle Ages
4605:Categories
4512:Land terms
4466:Technology
4446:Philosophy
4426:Literature
4391:Demography
4092:Viking Age
3957:Cappadocia
3932:Atropatene
3827:Paytakaran
3812:Vaspurakan
3697:(963–1064)
3681:(790–1486)
3611:Bagratunis
3080:. p.
3008:Runciman,
2958:Runciman,
2907:Runciman,
2747:Jones 2007
2469:. p.
2343:. p.
2339:. Oxford:
2279:(4): 538.
2209:. p.
2093:References
2067:bas relief
2009:miniatures
1986:historians
1975:literature
1945:Dailamites
1928:Ibn Hawqal
1840:Kievan Rus
1724:Government
1709:Gagik-Abas
1698:Cappadocia
1650:Gagik-Abas
1513:Voghormats
1496:Shirakavan
1412:skirmishes
1349:Azerbaijan
1328:Shahanshah
1311:Leo Phokas
1303:Catholicos
1080:Vaspurakan
1068:Kamsarakan
1029:family as
1022:Mamikonian
982:Background
929:Vaspurakan
900:Byzantines
778:Modern age
498:Prehistory
329:Hyperpyron
327:Byzantine
136:Government
104:(961–1045)
88:Shirakavan
4497:Dark Ages
4406:Household
4401:Hastilude
4170:Feudalism
3792:Turuberan
3727:Zakarians
3689:Artsrunis
3629:Lusignans
3625:Hethumids
3597:Artaxiads
3340:, p. 112.
3287:, p. 236.
2975:, p. 483.
2962:, p. 134.
2924:, p. 474.
2911:, p. 131.
2852:, p. 123.
2839:, p. 242.
2783:March 19,
2677:(1974).
2492:(1974).
2455:(1976).
2388:March 19,
2293:0037-9808
2169:0135-0536
2071:checkered
1849:metalwork
1824:Black Sea
1820:Trebizond
1808:livestock
1796:feudalism
1794:based on
1666:Shaddadid
1590:Ashot III
1586:strategos
1529:Shaddadid
1476:Ashot III
1455:Ashot III
1393:Hamdanids
1315:Euphrates
1296:Patriarch
1091:nakharars
945:Ashot III
824:Etymology
620:Commagene
578:Antiquity
215:Ashot III
120:Religion
97:(929–961)
90:(890–929)
83:(885–890)
31:880s–1045
4580:Category
4547:Timeline
4436:Minstrel
4431:Medicine
4313:Chivalry
4268:Burgundy
4190:Crusades
3937:Adiabene
3802:Corduene
3787:Arzanene
3767:Ashkhars
3673:Orontids
3621:Rubenids
3601:Arsacids
3593:Orontids
3433:Archived
3400:, p. 90.
3336:Hewsen,
3300:(2000).
3107:(1885).
2988:(1827).
2883:(1988).
2767:(1988).
2610:, p. 75.
2584:, p. 74.
2571:, p. 45.
2558:, p. 44.
2520:, p. 87.
2406:(2006).
2382:Archived
2237:(1964).
2178:archived
2153:(2011).
2113:(2021).
2065:), this
2063:Avag Dur
2020:See also
1940:Aghdznik
1845:textiles
1832:Anatolia
1828:Abkhazia
1737:Religion
1686:sparapet
1682:Gagik II
1614:Sebastia
1601:Ardzruni
1582:Basil II
1554:Smbat II
1457:, in 966
1416:blinding
1400:Abkhazia
1288:Ashot II
1170:general
1151:sparapet
1114:emirates
1076:Abbasids
1064:Artsruni
1026:nakharar
971:Gagik II
956:Basil II
905:nakharar
873:Armenian
865:Armenian
816:Timeline
465:a series
463:Part of
368:Arminiya
332:Abbasid
324:Currency
276:Gagik II
260:Ashot IV
227:Smbat II
191:Ashot II
141:Monarchy
114:Armenian
4490:Related
4476:Warfare
4471:Theatre
4461:Slavery
4456:Science
4411:Hunting
4376:Cuisine
4349:Culture
4288:Castile
4283:England
3967:Osroene
3952:Albania
3942:Assyria
3890:Cilicia
3847:Ayrarat
3822:Artsakh
3797:Moxoene
3782:Sophene
3755:Artsakh
3450:Sources
3338:Armenia
3202:(ed.).
3111:(ed.).
2775:(ed.).
2713:(ed.).
1990:Haghpat
1857:jewelry
1826:and to
1812:farming
1786:Economy
1673:Gandzak
1609:Turkmen
1594:Gregory
1569:Khachen
1509:Haghpat
1505:Sanahin
1492:Bagaran
1469:Gagik I
1376:Sanahin
1361:epithet
1345:Kurdish
1341:Iranian
1243:Smbat I
1237:Smbat I
1229:Georgia
1217:Bagaran
1192:Ashot I
1166:by the
1130:ishkhan
1072:Rshtuni
1046:ostikan
1032:ishkhan
977:History
937:Khachen
896:Abbasid
892:Umayyad
879:of the
820:Origins
476:Armenia
239:Gagik I
179:Smbat I
167:Ashot I
81:Bagaran
76:Capital
4570:Portal
4451:Poetry
4278:France
3947:Iberia
3873:Second
3837:Gugark
3817:Syunik
3711:Siunis
3582:states
3308:
3254:
3210:
3045:
2891:
2806:
2721:
2679:Աշոտ Ա
2422:
2351:
2291:
2217:
2167:
2130:
2080:modern
1861:timber
1804:ramiks
1634:Syunik
1571:, etc.
1542:Gurgen
1525:Aleppo
1404:Araxes
1365:Abas I
1225:Syunik
1168:Turkic
1070:, and
941:Syunik
887:under
565:Etiuni
545:Mushki
525:Armani
467:on the
203:Abas I
152:
68:Status
4481:Women
4441:Music
4396:Domes
4386:Dance
4273:Milan
3962:Judea
3927:Syria
3905:Rocky
3900:Plain
3878:Third
3868:First
3125:–181.
3117:[
3072:[
2771:. In
2695:-487.
2637:[
2536:[
2506:–412.
2244:(PDF)
2211:14-15
2203:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
2049:Notes
1853:armor
1671:from
1521:Mosul
1357:Syria
1323:Subuk
1138:Sasun
1110:emirs
925:Taron
550:Urumu
334:Dinar
3842:Tayk
3832:Utik
3627:and
3599:and
3306:ISBN
3252:ISBN
3208:ISBN
3043:ISBN
2998:–75.
2889:ISBN
2804:ISBN
2785:2024
2719:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2390:2024
2349:ISBN
2289:ISSN
2215:ISBN
2165:ISSN
2128:ISBN
2007:and
1996:and
1977:and
1959:and
1934:and
1932:Dvin
1865:furs
1836:Iran
1834:and
1810:and
1755:The
1745:and
1632:and
1599:The
1388:Kars
1343:and
1251:The
1160:Tayk
1158:and
1156:Sper
1041:Dvin
990:and
939:and
933:Kars
894:and
889:Arab
315:1045
305:880s
95:Kars
4366:Art
3123:180
2693:486
2504:407
2494:Անի
2471:202
2345:371
2281:doi
1494:to
1488:Ani
1292:Zoe
1154:of
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1082:).
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102:Ani
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