506:
38:
200:. However, the original biblical Behemoth never appeared as a fish. A reshaping of its nature must have occurred in Arab storytelling, some time in the pre-Islamic period. One proposed scenario is that a pair of beasts from the Bible were confused with each other: the behemoth mis-assigned to the fish, and the aquatic leviathan to the bull.
333:
These texts connect the cosmic fish and bull with phenomena of nature, namely the waxing and ebbing of tides, maintenance of the sea-level, and earthquakes. The account which only connects concerns the bull states that its breathing causes the waxing and ebbing of the tides. And since the fish and
444:
has explained that the traditional belief in the earthquake-causing bull is heavily concentrated in Arab regions (Saharan Africa, Arabian
Peninsula, Pakistan, Malay), whereas the motif of "World-Fish's movement causes earthquake" is found mostly in parts of Indochina, China, and throughout Japan.
2010:
291:
on the contrary agrees with Lane on these points. However, it disagrees somewhat with Lane's description regarding what lies below the fish: water, air, then a region of darkness, and with respect to the bull's appendages. It should be cautioned that
Qazwini's cosmography is known to exist in a
281:
was one of Lane's sources, possibly the source of his main summary. His description of "Bahmût" (French translation) matches Lane's summary down to certain key details. However, there seems to be discrepancies in using "a heap of sand" (instead of "mustard") in the size analogy.
248:
There can occur certain discrepancies in
Western translations, even when there are no textual differences in the Arabic. The creature, named Bahamut or Balhut in these sources, can be described as a fish or whale according to translation, since the original Arabic word
825:
At least this is the source ("Ed-Demeeree, on the authority of Wahb Ibn-Munebbih, quoted by El-Isḥáḳee, 1, 1.") which he cites at the apparent end of the description from one work; after which he begins "Another opinion is..." and moves to a different
382:
almost incited the whale Balhūt into causing a quake, but God distracted it by sending gnats to its eyes. Or alternatively, God had sent a sword-like fish that bedazzled and captivated the giant fish. This account is also found in al-Tha'labi's
1207:
The passage in Qazwīnī dealing with these ideas is on p. 145 of Wüstenfeld's edition (where the names of the two animals are confused with each other and where also the
Leviathan appears in a corrupt Arabic form form; see also tr. Ethé, p.
212:, is a giant fish acting as one of the layers that supports the earth. It is so immense " the seas of the world, placed in one of the fish's nostrils, would be like a mustard seed laid in the desert". Above the fish stands a bull called
488:'s edition). This giant fish supports a bull, the bull a rock, and the rock an angel, exactly as in the traditional Perso-Arabic medieval model of the world. Borges appropriated the description of the Bahamut from Edward Lane's
334:
the bull drink the water running off the earth into the sea, they counteract the tap-off causing sea-level to rise. But the beasts will eventually become engorged, when they will become agitated, or, it marks the advent of
394:
Although this is an instance of an Arabic tale that ascribes the origins of earthquakes to the cosmic whale/fish supporting the earth, more familiar beliefs in medieval Arab associate the earthquake with the bull, or with
607:
video game series, Bahamut is one of the most prominent summons – monsters that can be brought into battle to fight for their summoner. It appears in almost all installments of the series, with the exception of
520:
815:
The source he notes at the end of the summary is al-Damiri ("Ed-Demeeree"), but this source does not completely match Lane's summary in details, at least when using Perron's translation of al-Damiri for
586:, Bahamut is an ancient dragon with the capability to destroy the world. In the anime, preventing or aiding Bahamut's release is the goal of most of the story's factions. This Bahamut later appears in
387:, but in that version God forces the whale (Lutīyā) into submission by sending a creature that invaded through its nose and reached its brain; it also claims to be an anecdote on authority of
745:
287:
370:
on the whale having several names, as follows: "God created a large fish (nūn) which is a huge whale whose name (ism) is Lutīyā, by-name (kunyah) Balhūt, and nickname (laqab) Bahamūt".
516:
2024:
Die Wunder der Schöpfung: Nach der Wüstenfeldschen
Textausgabe, mit Benutzung und Beifügung der Reichhaltigen Anmerkungen und erbesserungen des Herrn Prof. Dr. Fleischer
806:
is ambiguous, and it had been endered "ruby" as Lane and Perron but also "green emerald" elsewhere; or "rock", or "green jacinth", "green corundum", or "green rock".
116:
In this conception of the world, the earth is shouldered by an angel, who stands on a slab of gemstone, which is supported by the cosmic beast (ox) sometimes called
475:
434:
299:, so the descriptions should be similar at the core. In fact, Al-Damiri's version is considered to be mere redactions of Qazwini printed onto its margins.
330:
Yakut and al-Wardi both say there is a layer of sandhill between the bull and the fish. They also describe what lies under the fish somewhat differently.
1041:
366:
which are considered the oldest authorities containing similar cosmographical descriptions concerning the big fish and bull. In al-Tha'labi's text is an
314:, "The Pearl of Wonders") is another source used by Lane, to give variant readings. Its chapter that includes the cosmography has been deemed a copy of
2029:
The wonders of creation: Based on the Wüstenfeld text edition, with the use and addition of the extensive notes and corrections by Prof. Dr. Fleischer
1163:, pp. 237–238 and note 271, citing Heinen, Islamic Cosmology, p. 235 for the statement "in none of these ancient texts is Behemoth a fish"
1066:
Berlekamp, Persis (2011) Wonder, Image, and Cosmos in
Medieval Islam. Yale University Press. p. 197 and fig. 79, apud Ramaswamy
640:" have used a Bahamut Bey, a defense type. It is most often depicted as a black and purple dragon with accents of teal and red.
1859:
41:
The fish (Bahamut) carries on its back the giant bull (Kuyuta), and on the green hyacinth slab stands an earth-bearing angel.
663:, “Al-Bahamut” is the cryptonym adopted by Qabiha, a member of the Persian branch of the Order of the Ancients based in the
2258:
2253:
654:, the demon Bahamut is imprisoned on the preserve, and freed by the witch Muriel Taggert during the events of book one.
2233:
2104:
2054:
1659:
1289:
1246:
353:
209:
92:
1929:, p. 25 and Hurley's note to it, p. 221, saying that the passage "The earth was, it is said..." is from Lane,
683:
570:
2115:
1913:
A Plain and
Literal Translation of the Arabian Nights: Now Intituled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night
2263:
2209:
2187:
1979:
1733:
1026:
947:
Burton hinted this also, footnoting that this bull was the cosmic "Bull of the Earth", and gives appelation in
981:. In fact, Lane after Chapter 19 (Nights 424–436) skips to Night 537, so he omits this Bulukiya tale entirely.
363:
19:
This article is about the legendary fish of Arabia. For the Hebrew mythical creature with a similar name, see
903:
Although these differences are strictly based on the edition of
Qazwini published in Germany (Wüstenfeld ed.)
539:
220:" rock, on the rock an angel to shoulder the earth. Below the Bahamut (Leviathan) is the colossus serpentine
1808:
2157:
480:
391:(d. 650s A.D.), a convert considered the earliest informant of Jewish-Muslim tradition to Arab writers.
935:
659:
566:
535:
240:
2073:
1281:
324:, with similar wording, with some rearrangements, and very slight amounts of discrepant information.
44:—Surüri's Turkish translation of al-Qazwini. Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, MSSA A 3632, folio 131a
2092:
912:
Although in some printed editions of Ibn al-Wardi, it occurs as "bahmūt" (equivalent to "Bahamūt").
709:
531:
459:
583:
439:
113:, is a monster that lies deep below, underpinning the support structure that holds up the earth.
787:
2117:
Natural
Disasters in Mamlūk Egypt (1250–1517): Perceptions, Interpretations and Human Responses
2077:
2040:
1869:
965:
698:
485:
258:
221:
2197:
2175:
2136:
2022:
1990:
1947:
1908:
1721:
1454:
1370:
1312:
1136:, Cairo edition of AH1358/AD1939, published by Maṭbaʿat Muṣtafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, pp. 16, 15)
1055:
1014:
2144:
2124:
1969:
1275:
562:
253:(حوت) can mean either. Also, the gem comprising the slab beneath the angel's feet, in Arabic
1949:
The
Thousand and One Nights: Commonly Called, in England, the Arabian Nights' Entertainments
1314:
Le Nâċérî: La perfection des deux arts ou traité complet d'hippologie et d'hippiatrie arabes
573:
is the dragon god of justice, and is the first instance of the name being used for a dragon.
124:"). Bahamut carries this bull on its back, and is suspended in water for its own stability.
2171:
1186:
1010:
228:
197:
8:
2153:
1943:
758:
320:
245:
There are a number of Islamic cosmographical treatises, of more or less similar content.
162:
154:
110:
861:
On the "mustard seed" analogy and proximity of the bull's name: "mustard seed" (German "
844:
Or "El-Ḳazweenee" as Lane spells his name. Lane cites him in the foregoing passages on "
713:
2163:
2066:
1198:
117:
227:
Lane's primary Islamic source for his summary is unclear, as Lane merely refers to it
2229:
2205:
2183:
2100:
2050:
2036:
1975:
1904:
1804:
1729:
1285:
1242:
1022:
677:
664:
616:
454:
402:
388:
358:
296:
278:
2031:] (in German). Vol. 1. Translated by Ethé, Hermann. Leipzig: Fues’s Verlag.
1051:
1045:
130:
is a variant name found in some cosmographies. In the earliest sources, the name is
2225:
610:
588:
60:
367:
261:) is of ambiguous meaning, and can be rendered as "ruby", or variously otherwise.
2219:
2086:
878:
870:
625:
578:
527:
348:
315:
185:
170:
102:
885:) in Wüstenfeld's edition, but also written "Kuyūthā" (كيوثاء ) in some version.
1308:
964:
Except the night's tale adds that in the further depths lives a serpent called
637:
471:
135:
2247:
630:
603:
594:
327:"Balhūt" is the name of the great fish given in both Ibn al-Wardi and Yaqut.
213:
2159:
Arabian society in the Middle ages: studies from the Thousand and one nights
1765:
620:, where its name is used for the game's final dungeon, Sky Fortress Bahamut.
2132:
2096:
1787:
1574:, pp. 215–216 and notes 196, 107: Ibn al-Wardī, Kharīdat al-ʿajāʾib, p. 16.
719:
335:
307:
174:
706:
the mythical white haoma tree being guarded by analogue mythical creatures
2218:
Thaʻlabī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (2002). Brinner, William M. (trans.) (ed.).
977:
And not, as one might be led to believe, from Lane's translation of the
1424:, p. 214, note 195 transcribes "Kīyūbān/Kibūthān" from Wüstenfeld ed.,
1202:
651:
37:
470:
Borges placed Bahamut as the identity of the unnamed giant fish which
1317:, vol. 3, Perron, Nicolas (trans.), Bouchard-Huzard, p. 481
922:
845:
725:
703:
644:
396:
274:
121:
24:
1405:
1403:
120:(most likely from a corruption or misrendering of Hebrew לִוְיָתָן "
464:
426:
181:
31:
20:
1753:
1601:
1400:
835:
The bull having 4,000 eyes, nose, ears, mouths, tongue, and legs.
2221:ʻArāʻis al-majālis fī qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā, or: Lives of the prophets
1239:
Encyclopedia of Beasts and Monsters in Myth, Legend and Folklore
467:
and described as so immense that a human cannot bear its sight.
1847:
692:
1741:
1677:
1166:
722:, a turtle thought to support the world in various mythologies
948:
406:
379:
139:
81:
75:
1577:
1108:
1277:
The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture
1125:
1123:
217:
192:; cf. Job 40:15-24), and it was thus rendered in German as
66:
1989:
al-Qazwini, Zakariya (1849). Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand (ed.).
1220:
1218:
1216:
2138:
Fragmentum libri Margarita mirabilium (codice Upsaliensi)
2133:
Ibn al-Wardi, 'Abu Hafs Zain-al-din 'Umar ibn al-Muzaffar
1431:
790:'s edited text and Hermann Ethé's incomplete translation.
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1120:
295:
Both cosmographies provide the story as words spoken by
1713:
1554:, p. 34, note 4, where it states that in Ibn al-Wardi,
1415:
1213:
1096:
409:
fish "Jinshin-Uwo", although the correct term would be
1630:
1628:
1178:
1144:
1142:
1084:
208:
Bahamut, according to Lane's abstract of a particular
1971:
The Introductory Chapters of Yāqūt's Muʻjam Al-Buldān
1565:
1533:
1377:
869:") in Ethé's translation. Bull's names are "Kīyūbān (
405:
has drawn parallels between Bahamut and the mythical
93:
2204:, vol. IV, E. J. Brill ltd., pp. 582–583,
2182:, vol. IV, E. J. Brill ltd., pp. 841–844,
1689:
1640:
1545:
1189:(1961), "The Iconography of a Kāshān Luster Plate",
1021:, vol. IV, E. J. Brill ltd., pp. 582–583,
781:
633:
features a song called "Bahamut" as its third track.
84:
63:
1952:. Vol. 2. London: Charles Knight. p. 643.
1625:
1562:
here is that of the Cairo edition of AH1324/AD1906.
1465:
1255:
1139:
78:
72:
69:
2065:
231:as "the work of one of the writers above quoted".
1184:
716:, analogues from the Indo-Iranian cultural sphere
2245:
1968:al-Hamawi, Yaqut (1987) . Jwaideh, Wadie (ed.).
1352:", in the Ethé's German translation of Qazwini,
1005:
1003:
463:(1957), Bahamut is "altered and magnified" from
180:The name is thought to derive from the biblical
2113:
1936:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1728:, vol. IV, E. J. Brill ltd., p. 583,
1707:
1683:
1671:
1607:
1571:
1558:, p. 14 the spelling is given as "bahmūt". The
1483:
1421:
1172:
1160:
1129:
1078:
410:
2084:
2063:
2049:] (in Spanish). Bruguera. pp. 36–37.
2035:
1926:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1865:
1853:
1783:
921:The account is also given by Ibn al-Wardi, by
417:
1074:
1072:
1000:
2141:(in Arabic), Reg. Acad. Typ., pp. 35–37
2131:
2007:ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt
1915:, vol. 5, Burton Club, pp. 323–325
1527:
1336:
1114:
925:(d. 1505) and the al-Jazzār (d. after 1576).
863:
1892:
2135:(1835), Tornberg, Carolus Johannes (ed.),
1988:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1437:
1069:
776:Kharīdat al-ʿajā'ib wa-farīdat al-ghāraʾib
650:In author Brandon Mull's YA fantasy novel
636:Several characters from the anime series "
173:(d. 1229)'s geographic work and copies of
1999:]. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Dieterich.
1303:
1301:
695:, another large fish in Arabian mythology
1838:
1823:
1803:
1273:
1060:
1034:
643:Bahamut is one of the nine guardians in
241:Kujata (mythology) § Arabic sources
36:
2217:
2085:——; —— (2005).
2064:——; —— (1969).
1967:
1875:
1719:
1695:
1646:
1634:
1551:
1539:
1511:
1409:
1394:
1102:
798:
796:
680:, a rough analogue from Greek mythology
2246:
2170:
1997:Kosmographie: Die Wunder der Schöpfung
1903:
1495:
1449:
1365:
1307:
1298:
474:(Jesus) witnessed in the story of the
2009:(عجائب المخلوقات و غرائب الموجودات),
1909:"Four hundred and ninety-sixth night"
1813:, E. J. Brill, pp. 4, 262(index)
1792:The Sacred Scriptures Of The Japanese
1523:"Belhut" in the Latin translation of
1040:
495:
2152:
2020:
1942:
1619:
1595:
1583:
1471:
1368:, p. 615, under the entry for "
1353:
1261:
1236:
1224:
1148:
1090:
793:
731:
499:
341:
118:Kuyutha'(/Kuyuthan)/Kiyuban/Kibuthan
23:. For the Hebrew mythical fish, see
2156:(1883). Lane-Poole, Stanley (ed.).
882:
874:
778:). "Belhut" in a Latin translation.
285:Al-Qazwini (d. 1283)'s cosmography
189:
169:is the alternate spelling given in
106:
13:
2114:Chalyan-Daffner, Kristine (2013).
1048:. Duke University. pp. 73–74.
530:by removing the content or adding
490:Arabian Society in the Middle Ages
378:Yakut also gives the account that
352:("Lives of the Prophets"), one by
292:variety of different manuscripts.
14:
2275:
2042:El Libro de los seres imaginarios
1974:. Brill Archive. pp. 34–35.
234:
203:
629:by New York–based musical group
504:
269:
59:
2039:; Guerrero, Margarita (1978) .
1920:
1832:
1817:
1797:
1777:
1701:
1665:
1652:
1613:
1589:
1517:
1505:
1489:
1477:
1443:
1359:
1342:
1325:
1309:Ibn al-Mundir, Abū Bakr b. Badr
1267:
1230:
1154:
971:
958:
941:
928:
915:
906:
897:
888:
855:
838:
829:
819:
809:
764:
1319:: Note 14 to p. 457 by Perron
1046:"Going Global in Mughal India"
894:The bull has 40,000 eyes, etc.
751:
738:
582:collectible card game and its
373:
302:
264:
145:
1:
1774:, pp. 219–221, 226, 238.
988:
934:This is one of the tales in "
2047:The Book of Imaginary Beings
1927:Borges & Guerrero (2005)
1786:, pp. 114, 230, citing
1784:Borges & Guerrero (2005)
7:
2259:Persian legendary creatures
2254:Arabian legendary creatures
671:
481:One Thousand and One Nights
411:
210:Islamic work on cosmography
10:
2280:
2202:The Encyclopaedia of Islām
2180:The Encyclopaedia of Islām
2074:di Giovanni, Norman Thomas
1887:Borges & Guerrero 2005
1866:Borges & Guerrero 1969
1854:Borges & Guerrero 1978
1726:The Encyclopaedia of Islām
1710:, p. 217 and note 201
1674:, p. 217 and note 200
1350:Felsen aus grünem Hyacinth
1019:The Encyclopaedia of Islām
936:The Adventures of Bulukiya
567:tabletop role-playing game
356:, known otherwise for his
277:(d. 1405) on authority of
238:
29:
18:
1810:Namazu-e and Their Themes
1720:Schmitz, Michael (1936),
1412:, p. <!4,-->7.
1282:Columbia University Press
1274:Rustomji, Nerina (2013).
1241:. McFarland. p. 51.
526:Please help Knowledge to
448:
422:, lit. 'earthquake fish')
418:
165:'s transcribed spelling.
157:(d. 1283)'s cosmography.
153:is the spelling given in
134:, with Balhūt given as a
2088:Book of Imaginary Beings
2068:Book of Imaginary Beings
1839:Ōbayashi, Taryō (1979).
1824:Ōbayashi, Taryō (1979).
460:Book of Imaginary Beings
30:Not to be confused with
2196:—— (1936),
2021:—— (1868).
1586:, p. 107, note 1..
746:The Wonders of Creation
660:Assassin's Creed Mirage
430:or 'catfish pictures'.
338:(Ibn al-Wardi, Yaqut).
288:The Wonders of Creation
1772:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1760:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1748:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1708:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1684:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1672:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1658:Yaqut, ibn-Wardi, and
1608:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1572:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1486:, p. 216 and note 199.
1484:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1422:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1237:Bane, Theresa (2016).
1173:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1161:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1130:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
1081:, p. 216 and note 198.
1079:Chalyan-Daffner (2013)
864:
688:Dungeons & Dragons
563:Dungeons & Dragons
47:
2264:World-bearing animals
2125:Heidelberg University
1637:, p. 34, note 1.
1500:Encyclopedia of Islām
1460:Encyclopedia of Islām
1187:Ettinghausen, Richard
1132:, p. 216, note 198. (
40:
2154:Lane, Edward William
2011:plain text redaction
1992:'Aja'ib al-makhluqat
1944:Lane, Edward William
788:Ferdinand Wüstenfeld
772:The Pearl of Wonders
686:, a dragon god from
528:improve this article
433:Japanese folklorist
16:Mythical sea monster
2166:. pp. 106–107.
2164:Chatto & Windus
2127:. pp. 213–252.
2076:. Dutton. pp.
1762:, pp. 219–220.
1610:, pp. 217–218.
1528:Ibn al-Wardi (1835)
1337:Ibn al-Wardi (1835)
1331:Latin, accusative,
1227:, pp. 105–106.
1115:Ibn al-Wardi (1835)
1093:, pp. 106–107.
540:independent sources
312:Kharīdat al-ʿAjā'ib
111:Zakariya al-Qazwini
2172:Streck, Maximilian
2099:. pp. 25–26.
2037:Borges, Jorge Luis
1905:Burton, Richard F.
1805:Ouwehand, Cornelis
1042:Ramaswamy, Sumathi
1011:Streck, Maximilian
496:In popular culture
364:Muḥammad al-Kisāʾī
216:, on the bull, a "
177:(d. 1348)'s work.
48:
1856:, pp. 36–37.
1843:. pp. 93–96.
1841:Shinwa no hanashi
1828:. pp. 84–89.
1826:Shinwa no hanashi
1622:, p. 106, note 1.
1598:, p. 107, note 3.
1438:Wüstenfeld (1849)
1333:smaragdum viridem
1185:Guest, Grace D.;
1117:, pp. 36–37.
1105:, pp. 34–35.
732:Explanatory notes
678:Atlas (mythology)
665:Abbasid Caliphate
617:Final Fantasy XII
557:
556:
455:Jorge Luis Borges
403:Jorge Luis Borges
359:Tafsir al-Thalabi
342:Lives of prophets
297:Wahb ibn Munabbih
279:Wahb ibn Munabbih
229:circumlocutiously
138:and Bahamūt as a
2271:
2239:
2214:
2192:
2167:
2149:
2142:
2128:
2122:
2110:
2091:. Translated by
2081:
2072:. Translated by
2071:
2060:
2032:
2015:
2003:
2000:
1985:
1954:
1953:
1940:
1934:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1901:
1890:
1889:, pp. 25–26
1884:
1873:
1863:
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1663:
1656:
1650:
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1632:
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1599:
1593:
1587:
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1575:
1569:
1563:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1530:, pp. 36–37
1521:
1515:
1514:, p. 19, note 4.
1509:
1503:
1498:, "al-Ḳazwīnī",
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1447:
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1435:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1357:
1346:
1340:
1339:, pp. 36–37
1329:
1323:
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1318:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1211:
1210:
1197:: 53, note 110,
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1127:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1007:
982:
975:
969:
962:
956:
945:
939:
932:
926:
919:
913:
910:
904:
901:
895:
892:
886:
884:
877:) or Kibūthān" (
876:
867:
859:
853:
842:
836:
833:
827:
823:
817:
813:
807:
800:
791:
785:
779:
768:
762:
759:Mu'jam al-Buldan
755:
749:
742:
611:Final Fantasy II
589:Granblue Fantasy
584:anime adaptation
552:
549:
543:
508:
507:
500:
443:
423:
421:
420:
414:
385:Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ
349:Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ
321:Mu'jam al-Buldan
191:
109:), according to
108:
97:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
45:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2212:
2195:
2190:
2147:
2120:
2107:
2057:
2013:
2001:
1982:
1958:
1957:
1941:
1937:
1931:Arabian Society
1925:
1921:
1902:
1893:
1885:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1837:
1833:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1798:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:, pp. 217.
1746:
1742:
1736:
1722:"Kaʿb al-Aḥbār"
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1645:
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1594:
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1420:
1416:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1378:
1369:
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1360:
1347:
1343:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1214:
1183:
1179:
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1128:
1121:
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1101:
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1029:
1009:
1008:
1001:
991:
986:
985:
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946:
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916:
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907:
902:
898:
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860:
856:
843:
839:
834:
830:
824:
820:
814:
810:
801:
794:
786:
782:
769:
765:
756:
752:
743:
739:
734:
674:
579:Rage of Bahamut
553:
547:
544:
525:
521:popular culture
509:
505:
498:
451:
437:
415:
376:
362:, the other by
344:
316:Yaqut al-Hamawi
305:
272:
267:
243:
237:
206:
171:Yaqut al-Hamawi
148:
95:
62:
58:
46:
43:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2215:
2210:
2193:
2188:
2168:
2150:
2129:
2111:
2105:
2093:Hurley, Andrew
2082:
2061:
2055:
2033:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1986:
1980:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1935:
1919:
1891:
1874:
1858:
1846:
1831:
1816:
1796:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1734:
1712:
1700:
1696:Brinner (2002)
1688:
1686:, p. 235.
1676:
1664:
1651:
1647:Brinner (2002)
1639:
1635:Jwaideh (1987)
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:Jwaideh (1987)
1544:
1540:Jwaideh (1987)
1532:
1516:
1512:Jwaideh (1987)
1504:
1488:
1476:
1474:, p. 297.
1464:
1442:
1440:, p. 145.
1430:
1414:
1410:Brinner (2002)
1399:
1395:Jwaideh (1987)
1376:
1358:
1341:
1324:
1297:
1290:
1284:. p. 71.
1266:
1264:, p. 106.
1254:
1247:
1229:
1212:
1191:Ars Orientalis
1177:
1175:, p. 238.
1165:
1153:
1151:, p. 298.
1138:
1119:
1107:
1103:Jwaideh (1987)
1095:
1083:
1068:
1059:
1033:
1027:
998:
997:
996:
995:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:Arabian Nights
970:
957:
940:
927:
914:
905:
896:
887:
854:
850:Arabic Society
837:
828:
818:
808:
792:
780:
770:Ibn al-Wardi,
763:
750:
736:
735:
733:
730:
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690:
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673:
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655:
648:
641:
638:Beyblade Burst
634:
621:
599:
574:
555:
554:
519:references to
512:
510:
503:
497:
494:
450:
447:
435:Taryō Ōbayashi
375:
372:
346:There are two
343:
340:
304:
301:
271:
268:
266:
263:
236:
235:Arabic sources
233:
205:
204:Lane's summary
202:
147:
144:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2276:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2237:
2235:9789004125896
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2185:
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2177:
2173:
2169:
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2161:
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2118:
2112:
2108:
2106:9780670891801
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2058:
2056:9788402081773
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
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1896:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1788:Wheeler, Post
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
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1673:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1542:, p. 19.
1541:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1496:Streck (1936)
1492:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:Streck (1936)
1446:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1397:, p. 34.
1396:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1367:
1366:Streck (1936)
1362:
1356:, p. 298
1355:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1291:9780231140850
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1248:9780786495054
1244:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1004:
999:
993:
992:
980:
974:
967:
961:
954:
950:
944:
937:
931:
924:
918:
909:
900:
891:
880:
872:
868:
866:
858:
851:
847:
841:
832:
822:
812:
805:
799:
797:
789:
784:
777:
773:
767:
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760:
754:
748:
747:
741:
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727:
724:
721:
718:
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689:
685:
682:
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675:
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639:
635:
632:
631:Hazmat Modine
628:
627:
622:
619:
618:
613:
612:
606:
605:
604:Final Fantasy
600:
597:
596:
595:Dragalia Lost
591:
590:
585:
581:
580:
575:
572:
568:
565:
564:
559:
558:
551:
541:
537:
533:
529:
523:
522:
518:
513:This article
511:
502:
501:
493:
491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
461:
457:'s work, the
456:
453:According to
446:
441:
436:
431:
429:
428:
413:
408:
404:
400:
398:
392:
390:
389:Kaʿb al-Aḥbār
386:
381:
371:
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365:
361:
360:
355:
351:
350:
339:
337:
331:
328:
325:
323:
322:
317:
313:
309:
300:
298:
293:
290:
289:
283:
280:
276:
270:Qazwini group
262:
260:
256:
252:
246:
242:
232:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
201:
199:
195:
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152:
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137:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
114:
112:
104:
100:
99:
89:
56:
52:
39:
33:
26:
22:
2220:
2201:
2179:
2176:"al-Ḳazwīnī"
2158:
2137:
2116:
2095:. New York:
2087:
2067:
2046:
2041:
2028:
2023:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1970:
1961:Bibliography
1948:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1912:
1861:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1725:
1715:
1703:
1698:, p. 8.
1691:
1679:
1667:
1654:
1649:, p. 7.
1642:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1535:
1524:
1519:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1459:
1445:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1361:
1349:
1344:
1332:
1327:
1313:
1276:
1269:
1257:
1238:
1232:
1206:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1133:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1062:
1036:
1018:
978:
973:
960:
952:
943:
930:
917:
908:
899:
890:
862:
857:
849:
840:
831:
821:
811:
803:
783:
775:
771:
766:
757:
753:
744:
740:
720:World Turtle
687:
658:
624:
615:
609:
602:
593:
587:
577:
561:
548:January 2023
545:
515:may contain
514:
489:
479:
469:
458:
452:
432:
425:
401:
393:
384:
377:
357:
347:
345:
336:Judgment Day
332:
329:
326:
319:
318:(d. 1229)'s
311:
308:Ibn al-Wardi
306:
294:
286:
284:
273:
254:
250:
247:
244:
226:
207:
193:
179:
175:Ibn al-Wardi
166:
158:
150:
149:
131:
127:
126:
115:
54:
50:
49:
2145:translation
2014:(in Arabic)
2002:(in Arabic)
1868:, pp.
1660:al-Tha'labi
1620:Lane (1883)
1596:Lane (1883)
1584:Lane (1883)
1472:Ethé (1868)
1354:Ethé (1868)
1321:(in French)
1262:Lane (1883)
1225:Lane (1883)
1149:Ethé (1868)
1091:Lane (1883)
953:gāw-i zamīn
816:comparison.
476:496th night
438: [
374:Earthquakes
368:elucidation
354:al-Tha'labi
310:(d. 1348) (
303:Yakut group
265:Cosmography
163:Edward Lane
146:Orthography
2248:Categories
2211:9004097902
2189:9004097902
2162:. London:
2148:(in Latin)
2123:(Ph. D.).
1981:9004082697
1735:9004097902
1455:al-Ḳazwīnī
1028:9004097902
989:References
652:Fablehaven
623:The album
517:irrelevant
239:See also:
155:al-Qazwini
1794:, p. 495.
1502:, p. 844.
1462:, p. 841.
994:citations
923:al-Suyūṭī
852:, p. 105.
726:Leviathan
704:Gaokerena
645:La-Mulana
532:citations
412:jishin uo
397:Mount Qaf
275:Al-Damiri
190:בְּהֵמוֹת
122:Leviathan
25:Leviathan
2174:(1936),
1946:(1840).
1907:(1885),
1807:(1964),
1560:Kharīdat
1556:Kharīdat
1525:Kharīdat
1428:, p. 148
1311:(1860),
1134:Kharīdat
1056:pdf text
1013:(1936),
865:Senfkorn
714:Kar Mahi
672:See also
536:reliable
465:Behemoth
427:Namazu-e
407:Japanese
182:Behemoth
159:Bahamoot
140:nickname
55:Bahamoot
32:Baphomet
21:Behemoth
1790:(1952)
1203:4629133
949:Persian
826:source.
802:Arabic
684:Bahamut
626:Bahamut
601:In the
576:In the
571:Bahamut
560:In the
214:Kuyootà
194:Behemot
151:Bahamūt
51:Bahamut
2232:
2208:
2186:
2103:
2097:Viking
2053:
1978:
1732:
1288:
1245:
1201:
1025:
883:کبوثان
879:Arabic
875:کیوبان
871:Arabic
710:Makara
693:Dandan
486:Burton
449:Borges
424:; cf.
186:Hebrew
167:Balhūt
136:byname
132:Lutīyā
128:Balhūt
103:Arabic
2226:Brill
2198:"Ḳāf"
2121:(PDF)
2045:[
2027:[
1995:[
1199:JSTOR
1052:album
1015:"Ḳāf"
966:Falak
804:yāqūt
699:Falak
442:]
380:Iblis
259:ياقوت
255:yāqūt
222:Falak
107:بهموت
98:-moot
53:, or
2230:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2184:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2080:–38.
2051:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1872:–38.
1730:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1023:ISBN
614:and
592:and
538:and
218:ruby
198:Ethé
1458:",
1452:, "
1371:Ḳāf
1208:298
951:as
848:",
846:Kaf
712:or
657:In
534:to
478:of
472:Isa
419:地震魚
251:hūt
196:by
161:is
96:HAH
94:bə-
2250::
2228:.
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2178:,
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1984:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
