Bahrain Thirteen - Knowledge

351: 529:, the son of the king had tortured him in person. The thirteen asked their defense lawyers to stop representing them after the judge decided to continue hearings in secret and subsequently banned media coverage of the case, due to "national security reasons". New lawyers were appointed by court and the judge declared that the final judgment would be given even if the defendants refused to attend. The Court originally expected to give its final verdict on 14 August was attended by a number of foreign diplomats, but the session was deferred until 4 September with no specific reason given. The verdict was expected to have a significant impact on the course of the uprising and analysts suggested that the government was uncertain how to deal with the defendants who became popular heroes, given that their release was likely to give new impetus to the protest movement. 3435: 260: 508:, by another 150 prisoners. The object of the hunger strike was to demand an end to the political crackdown, protest against their trials and demand the release of prisoners of conscience. Abdulhadi al-Khawaja subsequently went on a new 110-day hunger strike. He was transferred to hospital in April as he kept reducing the amount of his glucose intake. On 30 April 2012, the Court of Cassation reduced Al-Hur Yousef al-Somaikh's sentence from two years to six months and he was released as he had already served his sentence. The court also announced that the thirteen other defendants would be retried by a (civilian) criminal court of appeal, but they were not released from prison, leading to criticism from the United Nations. 592: 76:, and convicted of "setting up terror groups to topple the royal regime and change the constitution"; they received sentences ranging from two years to life in prison. A military appeal court upheld the sentences in September. The trial was "one of the most prominent" before the National Safety Court. A retrial in a civilian court was held in April 2012 but the accused were not released from prison. The sentences were upheld again on 4 September 2012. On 7 January 2013, the defendants lost their last chance of appeal when the Court of Cassation, Bahrain's top court upheld the sentences. 174: 540:, Human Rights First said it could be a "transformative day for human rights" in Bahrain "if the right decisions are made". On 4 September, the appeal court upheld the sentences on all of the Thirteen; who did not attend the session. Analysis said the decision was likely to fuel political tensions and street clashes, and highlight the low chances of any reconciliation in near future. Witnesses reported that protesters set tires on fire and clashed with security forces in several Shia villages following the verdict and one protester was severely injured by a 626:, said he was deeply concerned by what he described as "the harsh sentences" and urged the government of Bahrain to allow all defendants to exercise their right to appeal and to act in strict accordance with its international human rights obligations, including the right to due process and a fair trial. Following 4 September verdict, he expressed his concern and asked government of Bahrain to fulfill implementation of BICI report and to engage in a meaningful dialogue that "addresses the legitimate aspirations of all Bahrainis". 387:. Wa'ad is allied with Al Wefaq opposition group. They organized many protests calling for an elected government and a constitutional monarchy. Sharif is the only Sunni member of Bahrain Thirteen, the rest being Shia. His Sunni identity undermines the attempts of government of Bahrain to visualize the protest movement as a sectarian and pro-Iranian plot, and shows that it has support from parts of the Sunni community. Ten days before the uprising, Sharif demanded "local reform" in a rally in solidarity with the 610: 821: 904: 761: 787: 436:

allegedly as a result of torture. After a six-day hospitalization during which he underwent several operations, torture was reportedly resumed. According to Human Rights Watch (HRW) signs of mistreatment were visible on al-Khawaja's face during the first trial session in May and Hassan Mushaima and Abdulwahab Hussain were seen to have noticeable limps. Bahrain Centre for Human Rights published detailed allegations of the torture allegedly inflicted on the Bahrain Thirteen.

913: 5208: 4013: 981: 734: 655: 569: 720: 694: 447:, established by the King of Bahrain in June 2011, which found that hundreds of detainees had been subjected to torture and other forms of physical and psychological abuse, observed a discernible pattern of mistreatment with regard to 14 political leaders including the Bahrain Thirteen. According to the commission's report, torture at al-Qurain prison, where the Bahrain Thirteen were held, stopped after 10 June. 4025: 800:

were at odds with the universal rights of Bahrain's citizens, noted that the cases would go through an appeals process and urged the Bahraini government to abide by its commitment to transparent judicial proceedings. Amnesty International criticized the US for its "indifference and soft approach" and urged it to demand the detainees' release instead of engaging in wishful thinking about the appeal process.

995: 472:. The trial was "one of the most prominent" before the National Safety Court. The first hearing on 8 May 2011 marked the first time the fourteen defendants originally charged had seen their families since their arrest and for some it was the first time they had met with their lawyers. All fourteen denied the charges against them. 347:

doubted the regime would voluntarily implement such a radical change and argued that toppling it was unavoidable. The newly found coalition supported a controversial, yet peaceful protest heading to the Royal Court in Riffa. The rally ended in chaos after it was dispersed by security forces and "pro-government Sunni vigilantes".

636:, expressed serious concern at the trials, which bore the marks of "political persecution". She called for an immediate end to trials of civilians in the Court of National Safety and the immediate release of all peaceful demonstrators arrested in connection with the February protest movement. Rupert Colville, spokesperson for 373:. His role in the uprising was much less; his activities were limited to "organising peaceful awareness-raising and human rights education". He said he had intentionally kept himself away from the Pearl Roundabout in order to avoid "giv the authorities any reason to arrest" him. Salah al-Khawaja is a former member of 310:. In 2010, the London-based activist was sentenced in absentia over an alleged plot to overthrow the government, however the charges were dropped in February 2011 as a part of government concessions to the opposition. This allowed Mushaima to return to Bahrain on 26 February and join the protest movement. 22: 799:

said keeping them in jail meant starting a real dialogue was impossible. Although avoiding direct reference to the Thirteen, the US called for the release of "those imprisoned for their political views". A State Department Deputy Spokesman, referring to President Obama's observation that such steps

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The two main charges were of "setting up terror groups to topple the royal regime and change the constitution" and of "collaborating with a foreign state", an apparent reference to Iran, and other charges included "insulting the army, inciting hatred, disseminating false information and taking part

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al-Khawaja. Most were arrested by security forces during the night. According to the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, no warrants were shown and many of the detainees were beaten during their arrest. They were held in al-Qurain military prison and on 28 November they were transferred to Jaw prison.

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formed a "Coalition for a Republic", calling for the downfall of the current regime by escalation of peaceful protests and the establishment of a democratic republic. While they accepted a western-style constitutional monarchy in principle, saying it was "not very different from a republic", they

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Engineering Department followed Mushaima's path; he resigned from his position in Al Wefaq as public relations chief and joined Haq in 2005 as the head of human rights department. He was among the arrested in August 2010 and joined the uprising when he was released on 22 February. The Haq Movement

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The government of Bahrain said that trials were fair and judiciary independent. "The court provided all assurances of a fair trial through a team of 17 defense attorneys selected by the defendants. The trial was attended by many diplomats of various nationalities ... as well as representatives of

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expressed extreme concerned about the process that surrounded the sentencing of 21 opposition members as well as the nature of many of the charges. He found it deeply worrying that civilians were being tried before tribunals chaired by a military judge, with reports of abuse in detention, lack of

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Abdulwahab Hussain was also a member of Al Wefaq who resigned in 2005. Unlike Mushaima and al-Singace, Hussain left politics in 2005. He returned in 2009 when he co-founded Al Wafa' opposition group and became its official spokesperson. He played a bigger role in the uprising; he was not arrested

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The first hearing before the High Criminal Court of Appeal, due to take place on 8 May, was postponed to 22 May. Abdulhadi al-Khawaja, on the ninetieth day of his hunger strike, was brought to court in a wheelchair. All the defendants pleaded not guilty. Al-Khawaja and Abdulwahab Hussain told of

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Mohamed Habib al-Miqdad -cousin of Abduljalil al-Miqdad- is a prominent religious and political leader, president of al-Zahraa Society for Orphans and holds Bahraini and Swedish dual citizenship. Al-Miqdad is also a vocal critic of the government. Abdulla al-Mahroos is a religious and political

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expressed their "utmost concern" at the sentences and demanded the immediate and unconditional release of the Bahrain Thirteen. Human Rights First criticized what it called a "large political show trial" and declared that the sentences revealed the "travesty" of Bahrain's military courts. Upon

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concluded that an appeal session on 6 September had heard no evidence to support charges. The military appeal court hearing on 28 September took a few minutes before the court upheld all the convictions. In November, the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry asked for a retrial in civilian

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considered it "sad news not good news", describing the court as a tool used by the regime against its people. She said she was not shocked by the civil court sentence, as there were "no international consequences and accountability for the Bahrain regime". Al-Khawaja's wife found the decision

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Many Sunnis (who compromise a substantial minority) support the government and see the Thirteen as dangerous revolutionaries that would destabilize the country should they succeed in toppling the monarchy. Government hardliners and Sunni political groups often call for harsh and no compromise

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criticized the sentence of al-Khawaja and expressed his great concerns. "I have strongly and actively supported international efforts urging the Bahraini government to exercise clemency and to allow his release on humanitarian grounds, particularly in light of clear findings documented by the

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In April, a patient in the Military Hospital saw Ibrahim Sharif with his face swollen, raising concerns that he may have been tortured. According to Amnesty International, Abdulhadi al-Khawaja suffered fractures of the jaw and head and bruising of the arms during his first month in detention,

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and called for their immediate and unconditional release. It also called for an independent investigation of their allegations of mistreatment and urged that those responsible should be brought to justice, criticizing the Bahraini authorities for what it called a travesty of justice and said

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On 8 May 2011, the authorities declared that none of the Bahrain Thirteen had been subjected to torture, stating that information from the Military Hospital and the Salmaniya Medical Complex showed that neither hospital had admitted or treated any of the detainees. Rumours of admissions and

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The arrests of the Bahrain Thirteen took place between 17 March 2011 and 9 April, due to their role in the uprising. The first to be arrested were Abdulhadi al-Mukhodher, Abduljalil al-Singace, Abdulwahab Hussain, Ibrahim Sharif, Hassan Mushaima and Saeed al-Nuri, and the last was Abdulhadi

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approach, including calling for no pardons and death sentences. To their many supporters (in Bahrain and abroad) however, the Thirteen are heroes and prisoners of conscience jailed unfairly for nothing more than calling for democracy. Their faces appear daily in banners during protests.

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and Al Wefaq; its unofficial spiritual leader. Sa'eed al-Nori is a religious, political activist and vocal critic of the government, and member of Al Wafa'. He was among the arrested in August 2010. Mohamed Ismail is a political activist with close relations to Abdulwahab Hussain.

728:- Spokesman of the Foreign Ministry criticized the verdicts saying they would only serve to "complicate the situation even further". "The only solution to the crisis in Bahrain and to restore calm and stability is to respond to the legitimate demands of the population," he added. 517:

being subjected to torture during the initial weeks of their detention, the former stating that he had been sexually assaulted and the latter that he had been forced to sign a written statement. On 19 June, defence lawyers asked the court to disregard confessions that the

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when the uprising began nor was he outside the country. Hussain led the first demonstration in the uprising in the early hours of 14 February. He is also credited with suggesting autonomous action and total decentralization of the protest movement which was adopted by

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On 7 January, the Cassation Court, Bahrain's top court upheld the sentences. With the court decision the thirteen defendants (who did not attend the trial) had exhausted their last chance to appeal. The only avenue that remains for their release is a royal pardon.

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and one was released in April 2012. The thirteen became popular heroes in Bahrain, and analysts speculated that the government was concerned that their release might re-energize the protest movement and frustrate government supporters who oppose any royal pardons.

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of European Union said she was "disappointed and concerned" by the sentences. "I am disappointed and concerned at the decision of the Bahraini Court of Appeal to uphold the harsh sentences against Mr Abdulhadi Khawaja and nineteen other individuals," she added.

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The Bahrain Thirteen played an important role in mobilizing the public opinion against the government, organizing protests and shaping political demands. Some of the group were already in detention when the uprising began, having been arrested in the

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On 22 June, seven of the defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment, four to fifteen years in prison, two to five years and one to two years. After they protested loudly when the sentence was read, they were forcibly removed from the court.

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said. Responding to the various international reactions, the Human Rights Affairs Ministry rejected "any intervention by any state or organization". Government supporters praised the sentences asking for no pardons to be given to the thirteen.

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ridiculous and said that the government was "playing for time". Bahrain Centre for Human Rights maintained that the sentences were based on confessions extracted under torture and the testimony of the alleged torturers. Its head,

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had suggested were obtained by torture but the public prosecutor insisted on their inclusion in the evidence. According to Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, these confessions were the sole evidence submitted to the court.

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political party said that the sentences were hindering efforts at dialogue and damaging the country's international reputation. It rejected the appeal sentence and said they were contradictory to solving the crisis. The

403:, a prominent human rights defender, arrested in February 2015. All of the four (Mohamed Habib al-Miqdad, Abdulla al-Mahroos, Abdulhadi al-Mukhodher and Mohamed Hasan Jawad) were among the arrested in August 2010. 3049:"Bahrain: Vindictive sentences against human rights activists, bloggers and reformists Close the road of national reconciliation and It increases the severity of the rejection against the Government of Bahrain" 671:

said the appeal court sentence was "very disappointing" and that further international action would be taken to secure release of al-Khawaja and "the other human rights and democracy fighters in Bahrain".

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sentences were yet another proof that Bahrain was not on the path of reforms. Human Rights Watch demanded the prisoners' immediate release; according to HRW's Middle East and North Africa Deputy Director

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activist, vice president of al-Zahraa Society for Orphans and a vocal critic of the government. Abdulhadi al-Mukhodher is a Shia cleric. Mohamed Hasan Jawad is a rights activist. He is also an uncle of

219:. Despite the brutal crack-down that followed, smaller-scale protests and clashes continued, mostly outside Manama's business districts. By April 2012, more than 80 people had died during the uprising. 2766: 211:; four protesters died and more than 300 were injured. Protests involving up to one fifth of the population continued over the next month until the government called in Gulf Cooperation Council 5239: 869:, whose al-Khawaja was its Middle East Protection Coordinator for three years condemned his sentence and demanded his immediate and unconditional release. Brazilian political cartoonist, 3106: 1682: 838:

was shocked by the lengthy sentences and very worried about the physical condition of al-Singace whose release it demanded, along with that of all the other prisoners of conscience. The

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said it was shocked by the lengthy sentence handed down to al-Singace and demanded his release along with all of those imprisoned for peaceful expression of opinion. Jane Kinninmont of

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said that the government "may be trying to show their strength ahead of a planned dialogue with political societies" and that western pressure is limited due to Saudi support.

251:). They were originally twenty-one, but seven were tried in absentia and one was released in April 2012. The seven tried in absentia were either hiding or outside the country. 3083: 284: 3824: 2791: 3419: 956: 369:

and a vocal critic of the government. Al-Khawaja was arrested in 2004 and 2007, and reportedly beaten in 2005 over his opposition activities. He holds Danish and Bahraini

3414: 5068: 3986: 1206: 1919: 1207:"The Footage That Reveals the Brutal Truth About Bahrain's Crackdown – Seven Protest Leaders Arrested as Video Clip Highlights Regime's Ruthless Grip on Power" 350: 3409: 2770: 2356: 1720: 5086: 331: 969:, Kassim Hussain argued that the most remembered words about the case of Bahrain Thirteen would be Ibrahim Sharif's words: "These trials are trials of ideas". 2394: 1518: 2925: 5119: 4358: 3814: 2030: 5153: 3012: 2582: 99:, Mohamed Habib al-Miqdad, Mohamed Hasan Jawad, Mohamed Ismail, Sa’eed al-Nuri and Salah al-Khawaja. They were originally twenty-one, but seven were tried 227:

Amnesty International coined the name "Bahrain 13" to refer to the men, which was later adopted by some media sources. Their case is known locally as the

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During the same session, cleric Mohamed Habib al-Miqdad made a long testimony in which he described alleged torture and renounced his accusation that

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described the verdict as "unfair and outrageous" and "marred by abuses and violations of all legal and human rights standards". Human rights lawyer

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access to legal counsel and coerced confessions. Following 4 September sentences, the minister said he was "very disappointed" by the verdict.

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Bahraini International Commission of Inquiry as to how Mr al-Khawaja was seriously ill-treated following his initial detention," he added.

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of Bahrain" depicting king of Bahrain holding a blood stained sword in a hand and dropping Scales of Justice in the trash with the other.

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said he was especially concerned by the sentence of al-Khawaja and hoped that it will be reviewed on appeal. He affirmed the right of

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all of the activities with which the fourteen were charged "related to speech and peaceful assembly" and none were criminal offenses.

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Following their arrest the activists were kept in solitary confinement for weeks during which they were allegedly subjected to

2651: 2232:"A special report on the torture and human rights violations against the detainees in the case of "Alliance for the Republic"" 4063: 2496:"First session of Court of Appeal in the case of the 21 political leaders and activists held under tight security procedures" 676:, the Foreign policy spokesperson asked the Danish parliament to discuss possible sanctions on Bahrain. Eight parties in the 668: 2812: 2124: 4929: 4912: 4907: 4428: 4348: 4164: 3569: 2620: 469: 303: 186: 65: 3129: 2963: 2677: 165:, concluded in November 2011 that there had been a discernible pattern of mistreatment to the defendants while in prison. 4999: 4959: 4894: 3787: 1712: 1644: 377:

and brother of Abdulhadi al-Khawaja. During the uprising, he sought to document events and contact international media.

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Beating marks on the back and arm of Abdulhadi al-Khawaja allegedly as a result of police attack on a protest in 2005

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Abduljalil al-Miqdad is a prominent Shia and political activist, and a co-founder of Al Wafa'. He resigned from the

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A few days prior to the expected verdict on 4 September, which was also the expected day of the verdict of 28

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observers were denied entry to the trial, but a few Bahraini NGO observers were present. According to

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A number of rights groups criticized the sentences. Amnesty International designated the Thirteen

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said the appeal verdict was "shocking" and that "he judge dismissed the appeal". In an op-ed in

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The trial, conviction and sentencing of the Bahrain Thirteen drew expressions of concern from

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clerics arrested between 17 March and 9 April 2011 in connection with their role in the

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expressed its concern at what it called "violations" against the Bahrain Thirteen. The

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as one of the best-known human rights activists in the world, is the co-founder of the

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movement). On 17 February, in an attack by police that subsequently became known as

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officers seeking to secure confessions and for punishment. This reportedly included

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The prominent human rights activist al-Khawaja family did not welcome the retrial.

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condemned the sentences and dismissed the charges as political score-settling. The

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reading the appeal sentence, it criticized it and said reform claims were "sham".

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in 2005. The relationship between al-Miqdad and Al Wafa' is comparable to that of

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on his wheel chair, taking part in a protest heading to the Royal Court in Riffa

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is an opposition leader and president of the secular, leftist, cross-sectarian

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Popular protests in North Africa and the Middle East (III): The Bahrain revolt

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hospitalization were said to have been fabricated and politically motivated.

400: 130: 3299: 2523: 2438: 2320: 1809: 1490: 4664: 4539: 4519: 3699: 3659: 3559: 2968: 2873:"Bahrain: UN voices concern at sentences given to medical staff, activists" 2569:. Bahrain Centre for Human Rights. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 1835: 1018: 941: 874: 825: 796: 541: 396: 307: 288: 2271: 1599: 1500:. Bahrain Centre for Human Rights. 10 July 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 4579: 4524: 4514: 4263: 4072: 3694: 3388: 3345: 3192: 3114: 2846:"Ban voices concern at harsh sentences upheld against Bahraini activists" 2498:. Bahrain Centre for Human Rights. 20 May 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 2269: 2234:. Bahrain Centre for Human Rights. 5 June 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2012. 1594: 1311: 858: 673: 629: 619: 518: 302:

opposition group until resigning in 2005 due to their decision to run in

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was independent. "ourt verdicts have to be respected by all," he added.

4952: 4699: 4484: 3754: 3729: 2395:"Bahrain must free prisoners of conscience after 'travesty of justice'" 912: 681: 335: 61: 3000:. Amnesty International. 4 September 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012. 2545: 2357:"Trial of Bahraini opposition activists adjourned as observers barred" 2125:"Bahrain court upholds verdicts against group accused of coup attempt" 2020: 21: 3065:"Bahrain: Heavy sentences for human rights and dissenting activities" 814: 677: 2998:"Bahrain must free prisoners of conscience after outrageous verdict" 2245:"Bahrain Court Cases Resume For Doctors, Anti-Government Protesters" 199:, a traffic circle near the financial district in Bahrain's capital 4791: 4208: 3534: 3279:"Bahrain: New Violations Against Prominent Activists in Jaw Prison" 3243:"Bahrain: Family of activist Abdulhadi al-Khawaja 'sad' at retrial" 2946: 2642:. Al Jazeera English. 4 September 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012. 2621:"Bahrain civilian court upholds sentences against uprising leaders" 1044: 951: 922: 299: 3269:. Al Jazeera English. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 3048: 2061: 157:. The government of Bahrain maintained that trials were fair. The 4423: 4383: 4339:

National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

3298:. Bahrain Centre for Human Rights. 1 October 2011. Archived from 2604:. Human Rights First. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012. 2397:. Amnesty International. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 2203:. Amnesty International. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 2114:. Amnesty International. 7 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. 1394: 660: 192: 122: 114: 57: 2060:. European-Bahrani Organization for Human Rights. Archived from 1795:. Human Rights Watch. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011. 1291:"Nabeel Rajab: Why Did the U.S. State Department Drag Its Feet?" 195:

authorities sought to repress pro-democracy protests around the

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Flawed reforms: Bahrain fails to Achieve justice for protesters

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the previous August, and were released on 22 February 2011.

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The Bahrain Thirteen were sent for trial initially by the

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courts, because they were convicted in military courts.

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report of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry

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is widely regarded as the most prominent in the group.

4359:

National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

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human rights and other civil society organizations,"

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demanded immediate release of Abdulhadi al-Khawaja.

468:

and other supporters or perceived supporters of the

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He then founded the 267: 182: 87:, Abdulla al-Mahroos, 29: 5082:military intervention 4832:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi 4807:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi 4787:United Arab Emirates: 4595:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi 3946:Corruption in Bahrain 3878:Ahmed Jaber al-Qattan 3015:6 August 2012 at the 2321:No Justice in Bahrain 2277:(Report). p. 296 2157:Amnesty International 1723:13 April 2014 at the 823: 748:deputy prime minister 708:freedom of expression 704:French Foreign Office 632:, the United Nations 494:Amnesty International 462:National Safety Court 353: 332:Bahrain Ulama Council 316:University of Bahrain 312:Abduljalil al-Singace 264:Abduljalil al-Singace 262: 191:In February 2011 the 176: 139:Amnesty International 85:Abduljalil al-Singace 74:National Safety Court 24: 4730:Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb 4535:Khaled Mohamed Saeed 4460:Abdelaziz Bouteflika 3630:Abdulhadi al-Khawaja 3475:Health worker trials 3138:Front Line Defenders 2654:. Associated Press ( 1883:. FIDH. 29 June 2011 1742:22 June 2012 at the 1715:. 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Archived from 1205:(18 March 2011). 1203:Cockburn, Patrick 1080:Slackman, Michael 937:Maryam al-Khawaja 714:recommendations. 678:Danish parliament 538:Zainab al-Khawaja 527:Nasser Al Khalifa 470:Bahraini uprising 79:The thirteen are 66:national uprising 50: 42:البحرين ثلاثة عشر 5262: 5210: 5209: 4775:Mohamed Bouazizi 4680:Hassan al-Turabi 4655:Khaled al-Johani 4610:Mohammed Nabbous 4575:Marouf al-Bakhit 4570:King Abdullah II 4369:Foreign fighters 4344:Free Syrian Army 4332:National Command 4327:Regional Command 4066: 4059: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4027: 4026: 4015: 4014: 3992:Pearl Roundabout 3941:Al Bandar report 3836: 3835: 3784:(Prime Minister) 3760:Bahrain Thirteen 3750:Saeed al-Shehabi 3710:Bahrain Thirteen 3621: 3620: 3526: 3525: 3437: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3286: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3183: 3177: 3166: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3124: 3118: 3101: 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1966: 1964: 1962: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1838:on 22 April 2019 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1812:on 24 April 2019 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1764: 1751: 1733: 1727: 1710: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1679: 1673: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1640: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1537: 1528: 1516: 1501: 1488: 1459: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1423:. 7 January 2013 1413: 1398: 1389:Andrew Hammond. 1387: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1341: 1335: 1322: 1316: 1303: 1294: 1287: 1278: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1222: 1216: 1200: 1194: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1154: 1148: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1120:Associated Press 1107: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1054: 1048: 1034: 1003: 1001:Biography portal 998: 997: 996: 989: 984: 983: 982: 961:Mohamed al-Tajer 915: 906: 791: 789: 788: 765: 763: 762: 738: 736: 735: 724: 722: 721: 698: 696: 695: 659: 657: 656: 614: 612: 611: 596: 594: 593: 579:Catherine Ashton 573: 571: 570: 371:dual citizenship 250: 238: 197:Pearl Roundabout 179:Pearl Roundabout 55: 45: 43: 34:Bahrain Thirteen 5270: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5216: 5198: 5139: 5108: 5050: 5009: 4925:Iraqi Kurdistan 4855:Occupy movement 4841: 4812:Tawakkol Karman 4750:Moncef Marzouki 4720:Burhan Ghalioun 4690:Bashar al-Assad 4660:Manal al-Sharif 4590:Muammar Gaddafi 4438: 4194: 4088: 4075: 4070: 4040: 4035: 4003: 3970: 3961:Manama incident 3922: 3898: 3887: 3834: 3799: 3764: 3713: 3650:Fadhila Mubarak 3645:Ayat Al-Qurmezi 3619: 3600: 3579: 3548: 3524: 3509: 3505:Bahrain Tamarod 3480:2012 Grand Prix 3455:Bloody Thursday 3438: 3429: 3393: 3379: 3374: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3302:on 3 March 2012 3294: 3293: 3289: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3215: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3184: 3180: 3167: 3163: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134:Wayback Machine 3125: 3121: 3111:Wayback Machine 3102: 3098: 3088:Wayback Machine 3079: 3075: 3063: 3059: 3047: 3043: 3031: 3027: 3017:Wayback Machine 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2980: 2976: 2961: 2954: 2940: 2936: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2905: 2898: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2825: 2818:Gulf Daily News 2811: 2804: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2750:Wayback Machine 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724:Wayback Machine 2713: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2688: 2682:Financial Times 2675: 2662: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2631: 2619: 2608: 2602:Wayback Machine 2593: 2589: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2417: 2408: 2401: 2393: 2382: 2370: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2317: 2310: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2154: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1997:"Unsung Heroes" 1993: 1989: 1981: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1949:. Reuters (via 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1855: 1851: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1766: 1765: 1754: 1744:Wayback Machine 1734: 1730: 1725:Wayback Machine 1711: 1707: 1698: 1694: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1641: 1637: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1593: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1517: 1504: 1498:Wayback Machine 1489: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1426: 1424: 1415: 1414: 1401: 1388: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1348: 1342: 1338: 1323: 1319: 1304: 1297: 1288: 1281: 1272: 1268: 1258: 1256: 1249: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1223: 1219: 1212:The Independent 1201: 1197: 1182: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1155: 1151: 1138: 1134: 1124: 1122: 1116:The Independent 1108: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1077: 1073: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1035: 1031: 1027: 999: 994: 992: 985: 980: 978: 975: 929: 928: 927: 926: 918: 917: 916: 908: 907: 893:Mohammed Khalid 883: 806: 786: 784: 760: 758: 733: 731: 719: 717: 693: 691: 682:king of Bahrain 654: 652: 650: 609: 607: 591: 589: 568: 566: 564: 559: 554: 514: 512:Civilian courts 458: 456:Military courts 453: 430:sexual assaults 418: 409: 281:Hassan Mushaima 273:Manama incident 257: 225: 209:Bloody Thursday 189: 171: 163:King of Bahrain 56:) are thirteen 17: 12: 11: 5: 5268: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5014:UN Resolutions 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4990:United Kingdom 4987: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4851: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4827:Sadiq al-Ahmar 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4725:Moaz al-Khatib 4722: 4717: 4715:Maher al-Assad 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4675:Omar al-Bashir 4668: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4643: 4642: 4640:Abbas El Fassi 4637: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4560:Bassem Youssef 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4530:Kamal Ganzouri 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4480:Hasan Mushaima 4477: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4446: 4444: 4443:Notable people 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4364:Hizb ut-Tahrir 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4231: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4185:Western Sahara 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4021: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3912: 3903: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3868:Karim Fakhrawi 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3790:(Crown Prince) 3785: 3779: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3745:Ibrahim Sharif 3742: 3737: 3735:Hasan Mushaima 3732: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3372: 3365: 3358: 3350: 3343: 3342: 3313: 3287: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3206: 3178: 3161: 3157:Bahrain Mirror 3142: 3119: 3096: 3073: 3057: 3041: 3025: 3002: 2990: 2974: 2952: 2934: 2915: 2896: 2877: 2865: 2850: 2838: 2823: 2802: 2797:The Daily Star 2784: 2758: 2732: 2706: 2686: 2660: 2644: 2629: 2606: 2587: 2571: 2559: 2537: 2515: 2500: 2485: 2473: 2452: 2430: 2415: 2399: 2380: 2361: 2349: 2334: 2308: 2305:. 5 July 2011. 2288: 2262: 2236: 2224: 2205: 2193: 2174: 2159:(April 2012). 2141: 2129: 2116: 2075: 2064:on 18 May 2015 2044: 2013: 2001:Foreign Policy 1987: 1968: 1937: 1911: 1894: 1872: 1849: 1823: 1797: 1785: 1752: 1728: 1705: 1692: 1674: 1661: 1635: 1616: 1584: 1558: 1529: 1502: 1460: 1434: 1399: 1365: 1336: 1317: 1295: 1279: 1266: 1243: 1217: 1195: 1176: 1149: 1132: 1102: 1071: 1049: 1039:(2 May 2012). 1028: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1014:Mahdi Abu Deeb 1011: 1005: 1004: 990: 987:Bahrain portal 974: 971: 920: 919: 910: 909: 901: 900: 899: 898: 897: 882: 879: 805: 802: 774:Foreign Office 771:United Kingdom 649: 646: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 534:health workers 513: 510: 466:health workers 457: 454: 452: 449: 417: 414: 408: 405: 381:Ibrahim Sharif 256: 253: 224: 221: 185:Main article: 170: 167: 135:United Nations 127:United Kingdom 111:European Union 97:Ibrahim Sharif 93:Hasan Mushaima 70:military court 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5267: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5223: 5213: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4995:United States 4993: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4780:Chokri Belaid 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4770:Hamadi Jebali 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760:Fouad Mebazaa 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647:Saudi Arabia: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4605:Mahmud Gebril 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4555:Hesham Qandil 4553: 4551: 4550:Mohamed Morsi 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4505:Omar Suleiman 4503: 4501: 4500:Hosni Mubarak 4498: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4465:Ahmed Ouyahia 4463: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389:Popular Front 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301:Saudi Arabia: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4269:Ultras Ahlawy 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4032: 4031: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3740:Munira Fakhro 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3690:Naser al-Raas 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3655:Hussain Jawad 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3640:Ali al-Ghanmi 3638: 3636: 3635:Ali Abdulemam 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3495:Siege of Eker 3493: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3426: 3425:Sept–Dec 2012 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3211: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2736: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2710: 2703: 2697: 2695: 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