Hanuman - Knowledge

4504: 5588: 5319: 6019: 4593: 5574: 6149: 5616: 4823: 6100: 5560: 5634: 5546: 4224: 4691:: Hanuman is described as someone who constantly faces very difficult odds, where the adversary or circumstances threaten his mission with certain defeat and his very existence. Yet he finds an innovative way to turn the odds. For example, after he finds Sita, delivers Rama's message, and persuades her that he is indeed Rama's true messenger, he is discovered by the prison guards. They arrest Hanuman, and under Ravana's orders take him to a public execution. There, Ravana's guards begin his torture by tying his tail with oiled cloth and setting it on fire. Hanuman then leaps from one palace rooftop to another, burning everything down in the process. 6215:'s younger brother. In the final battle between Rama and Ravana, he was overwhelmed with his Aji Pancasu, the ability to live eternally. Every time Rama's weapon killed Ravana, immediately Ravana rose again. Wibisana, Ravana's sister who sided with Rama immediately asked Hanoman to help. Hanoman also lifted Mount Ungaran to fall on top of Ravana's corpse when Ravana had just died at the hands of Rama for the umpteenth time. Seeing Hanuman's impudence, Rama also punished him to guard Ravana's grave. Rama believes that Ravana is still alive under the crush of the mountain, and at any time can release his spirit to wreak havoc in the world. 11039: 12506: 4866: 4521:

orders his servants to light Hanuman's tail on fire as torture for threatening his safety. However, every time they put on an oil-soaked cloth to burn, he grows his tail longer so that more cloths need to be added. This continues until Ravana has had enough and orders the lighting to begin. However, when his tail is lit, he shrinks his tail back and breaks free of his bonds with his superhuman strength. He jumps out a window and jumps from rooftop to rooftop, burning down building after building, until much of the city is ablaze. Seeing this triumph, Hanuman leaves back for India.

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which Hanuman threw away. Many court officials, perplexed, were angered by this act. Hanuman replied that rather than needing a gift to remember Rama, he would always be in his heart. Some court officials, still upset, asked him for proof, and Hanuman tore open his chest, which had an image of Rama and Sita on his heart. Now proven as a true devotee, Rama cured him and blessed him with immortality, but Hanuman refused this and asked only for a place at Rama's feet to worship him. Touched, Rama blessed him with immortality anyway. Like Shesha Nag, Hanuman would live on after the

4576:. Hanuman senses this and decides to teach him a lesson, as Bhima had been known to be boastful of his superhuman strength (at this point in time supernatural powers were much rarer than in the Ramayana but still seen in the Hindu epics). Bhima encountered Hanuman lying on the ground in the shape of a feeble old monkey. He asked Hanuman to move, but he would not. As stepping over an individual was considered extremely disrespectful in this time, Hanuman suggested lifting his tail up to create a passage. Bhima heartily accepted, but could not lift the tail to any avail. 4064: 5043:(five-faced) form (manifesting the additional heads of Garuda, Narasimha, Varaha, and Hayagriva), blowing the five oil lamps present in the chamber in the five cardinal directions. He severed the head of Mahiravana, thus killing him. He carried Rama and Lakshmana upon his shoulders to return them to their camp, before which he released and crowned Makaradhvaja the king of Patala. The story of Ahiravan finds its place in the Ramayanas of the east. It can be found in the Bengali version of the Ramayana, written by Krittibash, in the passage known as 4385: 5783: 3833: 5090:

and lack the embedded ethics and values structure according to Hindu dharma. According to Hera Walker, some Sinhalese communities seek the aid of Hanuman through prayers to his mother. In Chinese Buddhist texts, states Arthur Cotterall, myths mention the meeting of the Buddha with Hanuman, as well as Hanuman's great triumphs. According to Rosalind Lefeber, the arrival of Hanuman in East Asian Buddhist texts may trace its roots to the translation of the Ramayana into Chinese and Tibetan in the 6th-century CE.

5708: 5697: 4106:. The hymn opens with Indrani complaining to Indra that some of the soma offerings for Indra have been allocated to the energetic and strong monkey, and the people are forgetting Indra. The king of the gods, Indra, responds by telling his wife that the living being (monkey) that bothers her is to be seen as a friend, and that they should make an effort to coexist peacefully. The hymn closes with all agreeing that they should come together in Indra's house and share the wealth of the offerings. 4556: 5509: 6235:

ocean, Hanuman's semen fell and caused the seawater to boil. Unbeknownst to him, Baruna created the foam into Trigangga. Trigangga immediately grew up and met Bukbis, the son of Ravana. The two are friends and sided with Alengka against Rama. In the war Trigangga managed to kidnap Rama and Laksmana but was chased by Hanoman. Narada came down to intervene and explained the blood relationship between the two white monkeys. Finally, Trigangga turned against Ravana.

13812: 5602: 5414: 5078: 13822: 4280:. He emerged as a champion of those religiously persecuted, expressing resistance, a yogi, an inspiration for martial artists and warriors, a character with less fur and increasingly human, symbolizing cherished virtues and internal values, and worthy of devotion in his own right. This evolution of Hanuman's religious status, and his cultural role as well as his iconography, continued through the colonial era and into post-colonial times. 13801: 6054: 5905: 64: 12252: 11871: 13832: 5593: 13858: 3572: 12244: 5443:. He is viewed as the ideal combination of shakti ("strength, heroic initiative and assertive excellence") and bhakti ("loving, emotional devotion to his personal god Rama"). Beyond wrestlers, he has been the patron god of other martial arts. He is stated to be a gifted grammarian, meditating yogi and diligent scholar. He exemplifies the human excellences of temperance, faith and service to a cause. 6257: 5496:(milkmaids) of god Krishna, as an expression of their pride and right to their heritage, culture and religious beliefs. According to some scholars, the Hanuman-linked youth organizations have tended to have a paramilitary wing and have opposed other religions, with a mission of resisting the "evil eyes of Islam, Christianity and Communism", or as a symbol of Hindu nationalism. 6005:, which overlaps with March and April. However, in parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Hanuman Jayanti is observed in the regional Hindu month of Mārgaḻi, which overlaps with December and January. The festive day is observed with devotees gathering at Hanuman temples before sunrise, and day long spiritual recitations and story reading about the victory of good over evil. 259: 4685:, Hanuman finds the mountain is full of many herbs. He doesn't know which one to take. So, he lifts the entire Himalayan mountain and carries it across India to Lanka for Lakshmana. His immense strength thus helps Lakshmana recover from his wound. This legend is the popular basis for the iconography where he is shown flying and carrying a mountain on his palm. 4239:, estimated to have been composed before or in about the 3rd century BCE, Hanuman is an important, creative figure as a simian helper and messenger for Rama. It is, however, in the late medieval era that his profile evolves into a more central role and dominance as the exemplary spiritual devotee, particularly with the popular vernacular text 4447:, Hanuman's leap to the sun proves to be fatal and he is burnt to ashes from the sun's heat. His ashes fall onto the earth and oceans. Gods then gather the ashes and his bones from land and, with the help of fishes, re-assemble him. They find everything except one fragment of his jawbone. His great-grandfather on his mother's side then asks 4893:, who meets him accidentally on his way to Mount Kailasha. A man of extraordinary strength, Bhima is unable to move Hanuman's tail, making him realize and acknowledge the strength of Hanuman. This story attests to the ancient chronology of Hanuman. It is also a part of artwork and reliefs such as those at the Vijayanagara ruins. 4500:) visible in the horizon. The group wishes to investigate the island, but none can swim or jump so far (it was common for such supernatural powers to be common amongst figures in these epics). However, Jambavan knows from prior events that Hanuman used to be able to do such a feat with ease and lifts his curse. 6244:

Jayabaya. The Sariwahana family and Jayabaya were involved in a dispute even though they were both descendants of Arjuna. Hanoman then appeared to face Jayabaya's enemy named Yaksadewa, the king of Selahuma. In that war, Hanuman died, moksha with his body, while Yaksadewa returned to his original form, namely

4662:: He can shapeshift, become smaller than the smallest, larger than the largest adversary at will. He uses this attribute to shrink and enter Lanka, as he searches for the kidnapped Sita imprisoned in Lanka. Later on, he takes on the size of a mountain, blazing with radiance, to show his true power to Sita. 5089:

In the Sri Lankan versions of Ramayana, which are titled after Ravana, the story is less melodramatic than the Indian stories. Many of the legends recounting Hanuman's bravery and innovative ability are found in the Sinhala versions. The stories in which the figures are involved have Buddhist themes,

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Upon arriving, he discovered that there were many herbs along the mountainside, and did not want to take the wrong herb back. So instead, he grew to the size of a mountain, ripped the mountain from the Earth, and flew it back to the battle. This act is perhaps his most legendary among Hindus. A chunk

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and his demon followers, so he shrinks down to the size of an ant and sneaks into the city. After searching the city, he discovers Sita in a grove, guarded by demon warriors. When they all fall asleep, he meets with Sita and discusses how he came to find her. She reveals that Ravana kidnapped her and

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Some time after this event, Hanuman begins using his supernatural powers on innocent bystanders as simple pranks, until one day he pranks a meditating sage. In fury, the sage curses Hanuman to forget the vast majority of his powers. The curse remains into effect, until he is reminded of his powers in

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The baby, in the form of a white monkey, which is Anjani's son, was taken by Batara Bayu and adopted as a child. After completing his education, Hanoman returned to the world and served his uncle, Sugriwa, the monkey king of Kiskenda Cave. At that time, Sugriwa had just been defeated by his brother,

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In the end, Rama revealed his divine powers as the incarnation of the God Vishnu, and slew Ravana and the rest of the demon army. Finally, Rama returned to his home of Ayodhya to return to his place as king. After blessing all those who aided him in the battle with gifts, Rama gave Hanuman his gift,

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descends to grant his wish, which is to die, as long as he can complete the final task, which is to reconcile the six descendants of Arjuna who are involved in a civil war. Hanoman disguised himself as Resi Mayangkara and succeeded in marrying Astradarma, son of Sariwahana, to Pramesti, daughter of

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flew across the sky. When he saw Anjani, Batara Guru was so amazed that he released semen. The king of the puppet gods rubbed it with tamarind leaves and threw it into the lake. The sinom leaf fell on Anjani's lap. She also picked it up and ate it until she became pregnant. When it was time to give

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shrines, describes a flying white monkey that carries a mountain from India to China, then from China to Japan. This story is based on a passage in the Ramayana where the wounded hero asks Hanuman to bring a certain herbal medicine from the Himalayas. As Hanuman does not know the herb he brings the

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of Kali. After being prayed to, the goddess agreed to help Hanuman rescue the brothers, allowing him to take her place while she slipped below. When Mahiravana asked the brothers to bow, they refused, claiming not to know how to perform the act. As Mahiravana decided to demonstrate, Hanuman assumed

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In both China and Japan, much like in India, there is a lack of a radical divide between humans and animals, with all living beings and nature assumed to be related to humans. There is no exaltation of humans over animals or nature, unlike the Western traditions. A divine monkey has been a part of

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addition to the Hindu version wherein Rama sends the wedding ring with him as a message to Sita. Further, in the Tibetan version, Rama chides Hanuman for not corresponding with him through letters more often, implying that the monkey-messenger and warrior is a learned being who can read and write.

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posited that Vayu aids Vishnu in his earthly incarnations, a role akin to Hanuman's assistance to Rama. In recent times, the veneration of Hanuman through iconography and temple worship has significantly increased. He epitomizes the fusion of "strength, heroic initiative, and assertive excellence"

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voiced the character of Hanuman in the film. Following this several series of movies featuring the god were produced, though all of them were animated, prominent ones being the Bal Hanuman series 2006–2012. Another movie, Maruti Mera dost, (2009) was a contemporary adaptation of Hanuman in modern

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When he returns, he tells his scouting party what had occurred, and they rush back to Kishkindha, where Rama had been waiting all along for news. Hearing that Sita was safe and was awaiting him, Rama gathered the support of Sugriva's army and marched for Lanka. Thus begins the legendary Battle of

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Hanoman infiltrates the Alengka palace to investigate Ravana's power and witness Sita's plight. There he made such a mess that he was caught and burned. Instead, Hanoman actually managed to burn parts of the capital city of Alengka. This event is known as Hanuman Obong. After Hanoman returned to

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Unlike the original version, Hanoman in the wayang has two children. The first is named Trigangga who is in the form of a white ape like himself. It is said that when he came home from burning Alengka, Hanoman had the image of Trijata's face, Wibisana's daughter, who took care of Sita. Over the

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What happens next differs by account, but a common tale is that after visiting Sita, he starts destroying the grove, prompting his capture. Regardless of the tale, he ends up captured in the court of Ravana himself, who laughs when Hanuman tells him that Rama is coming to take back Sita. Ravana

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tales-like theme but are generally similar to the Hindu texts in the storyline of Hanuman. The Tibetan version is more embellished, and without attempts to reference the Jātakas. Also, in the Tibetan version, novel elements appear such as Hanuman carrying love letters between Rama and Sita, in

3851:, deities typically have many synonymous names, each based on some noble characteristic, attribute, or reminder of a deed achieved by that deity. One interpretation of "Hanuman" is "one having a disfigured jaw". This version is supported by a Puranic legend wherein infant Hanuman mistakes the 6238:

Hanuman's second son was named Purwaganti, who had only appeared in the Pandavas era. He was credited with finding Yudhisthira's lost heirloom named Kalimasada. Purwaganti was born to a priest's daughter whom Hanoman married, named Purwati. Hanuman lived so long that he was tired of living.

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sectarian claim on an increasing popular god, it also suggests his kinship with, and hence potential control over, a class of awesome and ambivalent deities". Lutgendorf also writes, "Other skills in Hanuman's resume also seem to derive in part from his windy patrimony, reflecting

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His iconography and temples are common today. He is typically shown with Rama, Sita and Lakshmana, near or in Vaishnavism temples, as well as by himself usually opening his chest to symbolically show images of Rama and Sita near his heart. He is also popular among the followers of

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and other names signifying this attribute of his. During the epic war between Rama and Ravana, Rama's brother Lakshmana is wounded. He can only be healed and his death prevented by a herb found in a particular Himalayan mountain. Hanuman leaps and finds the mountain. There, states

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In Cambodia and many other parts of southeast Asia, mask dance and shadow theatre arts celebrate Hanuman with Ream (same as Rama of India). Hanuman is represented by a white mask. Particularly popular in southeast Asian theatre are Hanuman's accomplishments as a martial artist

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intervened and struck Hanuman with his thunderbolt. It hit Hanuman on his jaw, and he fell to the earth dead with a broken jaw. Hanuman's father, Vayu, became upset and withdrew all the air from Earth. The lack of air created immense suffering to all living beings. This led

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himself is the reincarnation of Rama. Hanoman chases and meets Bima, his younger brother and Bayu's adopted son. Hanuman then served Krishna. He also managed to capture the spirit of Ravana and imprisoned him in Mount Kendalisada. On the mountain Hanoman acts as a hermit.

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or statues of Hanuman appeared from ca. 700 CE. onwards. These murtis portrayed Hanuman with one hand raised, one foot suppressing a demon, and an erect tail. In later centuries his raised hand was sometimes shown supporting a mountain of healing herbs.

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There are major differences from the Hindu text: Hanuman is a supernatural being in Jain texts, Rama is a pious Jaina who never kills anyone, and it is Lakshamana who kills Ravana. Hanuman becomes a supporter of Rama after meeting him and learning about

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state towards their end, just before Rama and Lakshmana die, that Hanuman is blessed to be immortal. He will be a part of humanity forever, while the story of Rama lives on and the story will go on as the gods recite the story always. Thus, he will live

5579: 5271:, a prominent writer of the scripture explicitly states that Hanuman does not know the full glory of the divine. This statement is in the context of the Divine as being unlimited and ever expanding. Ananta is therefore a name of the divine. In 5032:, who claimed of being Hanuman's son. Hanuman defeated and tied him, and went inside the palace. He met Chandrasena, who told about the sacrifice and the way to kill Mahiravana. Hanuman shrunk his size to that of a bee and came across a huge 4356:

snatched a fragment of that pudding and dropped it while flying over the forest where Anjana was engaged in worship. Vayu delivered the falling pudding to the outstretched hands of Anjana, who consumed it, leading to the birth of Hanuman.

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The curse lifted; Hanuman now remembers all of his dynamic divine powers. He is said to have transformed into the size of mountain and flew across the narrow channel to Lanka. Upon landing, he discovers a city populated by the Lanka king

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Bhima, humbled, realized that the frail monkey was some sort of deity, and asked him to reveal himself. Hanuman revealed himself, much to Bhima's surprise, and the brothers embraced. Hanuman prophesied that Bhima would soon be a part of

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In major medieval era Hindu temples, archeological sites and manuscripts discovered in Indonesian and Malay islands, Hanuman features prominently along with Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Vishvamitra and Sugriva. The most studied and detailed

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Devotional practices centered around Hanuman were not prominent in these texts or in early archaeological evidence. His theological significance and the cultivation of a devoted following emerged roughly a millennium after the

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Subali, another uncle of Hanoman. Hanoman managed to meet Rama and Laksmana, a pair of princes from Ayodhya who were undergoing exile. The two then work together with Sugriwa to defeat Subali, and together attack the land of

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celebrations in India, and seasonal dramatic arts in southeast Asia, particularly in Thailand; and Bali and Java, Indonesia. Ramlila is a dramatic folk re-enactment of the life of Rama according to the ancient Hindu epic

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in Madhya Pradesh features the Hanuman Dhara temple, which features a panchmukhi statue of Hanuman. It is located inside a forest, and it along with Ramghat that is a few kilometers away, are significant Hindu pilgrimage

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movement in 1699, during the 18th and 19th centuries, Hanuman was an inspiration and object of reverence by the Khalsa. Some Khalsa regiments brought along the Hanuman image to the battleground. The Sikh texts such as

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Outside India, a major Hanuman statue has been built by Tamil Hindus near the Batu caves in Malaysia, and an 85-foot (26 m) Karya Siddhi Hanuman statue by colonial era Hindu indentured workers' descendants at

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Tuesday and Saturday of every week are particularly popular days at Hanuman temples. Some people keep a partial or full fast on either of those two days and remember Hanuman and the theology he represents to them.

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Apart from Ramayana and Mahabharata, Hanuman is mentioned in several other texts. Some of these stories add to his adventures mentioned in the earlier epics, while others tell alternative stories of his life. The

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Centuries after the events of the Ramayana, and during the events of the Mahabharata, Hanuman is now a nearly forgotten demigod living his life in a forest. After some time, his spiritual brother through the god

6469:. Why the band used the name Hanuman is unclear, but the artists have stated that Santana "was a role model for musicians back in Mexico that it was possible to do great music and be an international musician." 4584:, and promised Bhima that he would sit on the flag of his brother Arjuna's chariot and shout a battle cry for Bhima that would weaken the hearts of his enemies. Content, Hanuman left his brother to his search. 6451:

as the tribe worships its ancestral gorilla deity. The reference was removed from the film in theatre screenings in India. But the uncensored part came out later on digital streaming platforms in the country.

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The third meaning of Rudra is Vayu or air that causes pain to the wicked on the account of their evil actions...... Vayu or air is called Rudra as it makes a person weep causing pain as a result of bad deeds

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According to Valmiki's Ramayana, one morning in his childhood, Hanuman was hungry and saw the sun. Mistaking it for a ripe fruit, he leapt up to eat it. In one version of the Hindu legend, the king of gods

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the historic literature and culture of China and Japan, possibly influenced by the close cultural contact through Buddhist monks and pilgrimage to India over two millennia. For example, the Japanese text

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Throughout the long battle, Hanuman played a role as a general in the army. During one intense fight, Lakshmana, Rama's brother, was fatally wounded; it was thought that he would die without the aid of a

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The Ramlila festivities were declared by UNESCO as one of the "Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity" in 2008. Ramlila is particularly notable in the historically important Hindu cities of

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story, there are passages that explain the connection of Hanuman and Rama (called Pauma in Jainism). Hanuman, in these versions, ultimately renounces all social life to become a Jain ascetic.

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birth, Anjani was assisted by the angels sent by Batara Guru. She gave birth to a baby monkey with white hair, while herself again had a beautiful face and was taken to heaven as an angel.

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entire mountain for the hero to choose from. By that time a learned medicine man from Lanka discovered the cure and Hanuman brings the mountain back to where he got it from. Many Japanese

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Hanuman: Hanuman face, man-lion face, Garuda face, Boar face, Horse face. It is found in esoteric tantric traditions that weave Vaishvana and Shaiva ideas, and is relatively uncommon.

10508: 5024:(sleeping spell) on the vanara army, kidnapped Rama and Lakshmana, and took them to Patala to sacrifice them to Devi, as per Ravana's suggestion. Hanuman learnt the way to Patala from 4090:, dated to between 1500 and 1200 BCE. The twenty-three verses of the hymn are a metaphorical and riddle-filled legend. It is presented as a dialogue between multiple figures: the god 6293:

As in the Indian tradition, Hanuman is the patron of martial arts and an example of courage, fortitude and excellence in Thailand. He is depicted as wearing a crown on his head and

5167:, Anjana accidentally drops her baby on a rock. However, the baby remains uninjured while the rock is shattered. The baby is raised in Hanuruha, thus receiving the name "Hanuman." 4769:

Hanuman is offered worship to rid of negative influences, such as ghosts, evil spirits and ill-intentioned humans. The following names of Hanuman describe some of these qualities,

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In 17th-century north and western regions of India, Hanuman emerged as an expression of resistance and dedication against Islamic persecution. For example, the bhakti poet-saint

6274:. In contrast to the strict devoted lifestyle to Rama of his Indian counterpart, Hanuman is known in Thailand as a promiscuous and flirtatious figure. One famous episode of the 5594:

Hanuman Carrying the Mountain of Medicinal Herbs (left); Rama Battles Ravana (right), Architectural Panel with Ramayana (Adventures of Rama) Scenes LACMA M.89.159.1 (6 of 6).jpg

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The earliest known sculptures of Hanuman date from the Gupta Empire ca. 500 CE. In these very early representations, Hanuman is not yet shown as a sole figure. Free standing

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exist within India. These present variant legends of Hanuman, Rama, Sita, Lakshamana and Ravana. The figures and their descriptions vary, in some cases quite significantly.

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clan claims to be a descendant of Makardhwaja, and, according to them, he had a son named Modh-dhwaja, who in turn had a son named Jeth-dhwaja, hence the name of the clan.

9651: 4276:. Stories and folk traditions in and after the 17th century, began to reformulate and present Hanuman as a divine being, as a descendant of deities, and as an avatar of 10353: 6680: 6331:, a drop of his sweat fell in the mouth of a crocodile, which eventually turned into a baby. The monkey baby was delivered by the crocodile, who was soon retrieved by 5779:

appeared in the 8th century, but verifiable evidence of Hanuman images and inscriptions appear in the 10th century in Indian monasteries in central and north India.

4192:(which is also another name of Vayu). Commonly, Hanuman is not related to Shiva in Vaishnava traditions but is known as Shiva's avatar or sun in Shaiva traditions. 5163:

Sundari. Anjana gives birth to Hanuman in a forest cave, after being banished by her in-laws. Her maternal uncle rescues her from the forest; while boarding his

9443: 5405:. However, in some cases, the aspects of the story are similar to Hindu versions and Buddhist versions of Ramayana found elsewhere on the Indian subcontinent. 4488:, agree to send scouts in all four directions to search for Rama's missing wife. To the south, Sugriva sends Hanuman and some others, including the great bear 4265:

as a Vishnu avatar, supreme being and a personal god worthy of devotion, with Hanuman as the ideal loving devotee with legendary courage, strength and powers.

3799:. Subsequent literature has occasionally depicted him as the patron deity of martial arts, meditation, and scholarly pursuits. He is revered as an exemplar of 10622: 8988:

Philip Lutgendorf (2002), Evolving a monkey: Hanuman, poster art and postcolonial anxiety, Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol 36, Issue 1–2, pages 71–110

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Philip Lutgendorf (2002), Evolving a monkey: Hanuman, poster art and postcolonial anxiety, Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol 36, Issue 1–2, pages 71–112

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shrines and village boundaries, dated from the 8th to the 14th centuries, feature a monkey deity as guardian or intermediary between humans and gods (kami).

4249:(~ 1575 CE). According to scholars such as Patrick Peebles and others, during a period of religious turmoil and Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent, the 10432: 5179:

on Rama's behalf but is unable to convince Ravana to give up Sita. Ultimately, he joins Rama in the war against Ravana and performs several heroic deeds.

4503: 10383: 5834:. The temple is highly venerated by Pakistani Hindus as it is the only temple in the world which has a natural statue of Hanuman that is not man-made ( 4733:

concept of the ideal, virtuous and compassionate man (Rama) and woman (Sita) thereby providing the context for attributes assigned therein for Hanuman.

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from Ahiravana, faced Makardhwaja and defeated him combat. Later, after knowing the reality and after saving him, he made his son the king of Patala.

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Rama's place, the monkey army set out to attack Alengka. Hanoman appears as a hero who kills many Alengka troops, for example Surpanaka (Sarpakenaka)

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Reports of a Tour in Bundelkhand and Rewa in 1883–84, and of a Tour in Rewa, Bundelkhand, Malwa, and Gwalior, in 1884–85, Alexander Cunningham, 1885

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in India. Hanuman is featured in many parts of the folk-enacted play of the legendary war between Good and Evil, with the celebrations climaxing in

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to restore the child to life. Surya returns him to life, but Hanuman is left with a disfigured jaw. Hanuman is said to have spent his childhood in

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Other texts, such as those found in South India, present Hanuman as a being who is the union of Shiva and Vishnu, or associated with the origin of

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playing the role of Pawan Kumar Chaturvedi, who is an ardent Hanuman devotee and regularly invokes him for his protection, courage, and strength.

10148: 6812: 5318: 7346: 7314: 4960:, a devotional song dedicated to Hanuman. He claimed to have visions where he met face to face with Hanuman. Based on these meetings, he wrote 10569: 5726:, and sometimes independently of them. There are numerous statues to celebrate or temples to worship Hanuman all over India. Vanamali says, " 10599: 10500: 6018: 5573: 4592: 4771:

Rakshovidhwansakaraka, Akshahantre, Dashagreevakulantaka, Lankineebhanjana, Simhikaprana Bhanjana, Maharavanamardana, Kalanemi Pramathana.

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The Jātaka tales contain Hanuman-like stories. For example, the Buddha is described as a monkey-king in one of his earlier births in the

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to intervene and resuscitate Hanuman, which in turn prompted Vayu to return air to the living beings. As the mistake was done by the god

10199: 6465:. Each song on the album was made to pay tribute to a different musician that inspired the band, and the song Hanuman is dedicated to 6424:

had a habit of carrying with him a few small items given to him by people he had met. The items included a small figurine of Hanuman.

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of this mountain was said to have fallen down and the present day “Forts Purandar and Vajragad” are believed to be the fallen pieces.

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Genesis and evolution of the Rāma kathā in Indian art, thought, literature, and culture: from the earliest period to the modern times

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Planet, Lonely; Isalska, Anita; Bewer, Tim; Brash, Celeste; Bush, Austin; Eimer, David; Harper, Damian; Symington, Andy (2018).

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Hanuman in southeast Asian texts differs from the north Indian Hindu version in various ways in the Burmese Ramayana, such as

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from a Himalayan mountain. Hanuman was the only one who could make the journey so quickly, and was thus sent to the mountain.

12233: 11710: 10869: 10848: 10827: 10816: 10719: 10691: 10670: 10273: 10227: 10180: 10125: 10098: 10071: 10044: 10017: 9950: 9923: 9896: 9869: 9580: 9535: 9332: 9305: 9207: 9174: 9147: 9108: 9081: 9054: 9009: 8939: 8912: 8885: 8858: 8831: 8792: 8765: 8738: 8694: 8667: 8620: 8593: 8547: 8520: 8486: 8459: 8397: 8370: 8343: 8212: 8185: 8158: 8048: 8016: 7911: 7727: 7692: 7641: 7611: 7526: 7442: 7401: 7374: 7268: 7140: 7080: 7011: 6960: 6898: 6868: 6785: 6747: 6713: 10345: 9405: 9114: 9015: 7017: 6670: 6488:, it is implied that the character "AP" is actually Hanuman. In 2024, Telugu film director Prasanth Varma directed the film 5665:

He is usually portrayed with other central figures of the Ramayana - Rama, Sita and Lakshmana. He carries weapons such as a

6835: 6092:. These performance arts can be traced to at least the 10th century. He has been popular, along with the local versions of 5615: 2358: 13933: 13923: 10468: 6037:

Ramayana epic. Intricate carvings on the walls of Angkor Wat depict scenes from the Ramayana including those of Hanuman.

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also granted Hanuman a wish that he can move to any place where he cannot be stopped. Hence these wishes make Hanuman an

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In Vaishnava traditions, Hanuman is not related to Shiva. In Shaiva traditions, Hanuman is either Shiva's avatar or son.

10936: 9724: 6803: 3602: 12897: 9798: 7171: 4822: 3235: 10889: 10791: 10778: 10764: 10737: 9778: 9435: 7496: 5775:'s role in both body and cosmos". According to a review by Lutgendorf, some scholars state that the earliest Hanuman 5642: 5490:. Political parades or religious processions have featured men dressed up as Hanuman, along with women dressed up as 4492:. This group travels all the way to the southernmost tip of India, where they encounter the ocean with the island of 13729: 13908: 11703: 9989: 6460: 6099: 5908:

In India, the annual autumn season Ramlila play features Hanuman, enacted during Navratri by rural artists (above).

5848:, Himachal Pradesh contains a monumental 108-foot (33-metre) statue of Hanuman and is the highest point in Shimla. 4305:(Wind god) because of legends associated with Vayu's role in Hanuman's birth and is said to be the incarnation of 13893: 13717: 13248: 9969: 4842:

in the last year of the latter's 14-year exile, after the demon king Ravana had kidnapped Sita. With his brother

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is forcing her to marry him soon. He offers to rescue her but Sita refuses, stating that her husband must do it.

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Indigenous Or Foreign?: A Look at the Origins of the Monkey Hero Sun Wukong, Sino-Platonic Papers, Issues 81–87

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by Kavi Kankan describe the heroic deeds of Hanuman. According to Louis Fenech, the Sikh tradition states that

344: 6297:. He is depicted as an albino with a strong character, open mouth, and sometimes is shown carrying a trident. 6194:. On the orders of his father, he was imprisoned naked in the lake Madirda. Once upon a time, Batara Guru and 4668:: Hanuman is extraordinarily strong, one capable of lifting and carrying any burden for a cause. He is called 4416:, and that his Vajra can also not harm him. Along with Indra other gods have also granted him wishes: the God 13918: 13675: 8478:

Devotion divine: Bhakti traditions from the regions of India : studies in honour of Charlotte Vaudeville

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worship traditions: "heroic, strong, assertive excellence" and "loving, emotional devotion to personal God".

1817: 10375: 9474: 6022:

Cambodian depiction of Hanuman at Angkor Wat. Rama is standing on top of Hanuman in the middle of the mural.

13888: 13724: 9976:, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1927), pp. 579–585 8569:

Mystery of Hanuman - Inspiring Tales from Art and Mythology The Story of Ahiravan Vadh - Hanuman Saves Lord

8510: 8413:

Dallapiccola, A.L.; Verghese, Anila (2002). "Narrative Reliefs of Bhima and Purushamriga at Vijayanagara".

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Hanuman in the colonial and post-colonial era has been a cultural icon, as a symbolic ideal combination of

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Future of Multicultural Britain: Confronting the Progressive Dilemma: Confronting the Progressive Dilemma

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and most of the Puranas, according to some regional sources, Hanuman married Suvarchala, the daughter of

5885:. Even in present time there are more Hanuman temples in the city and the district than of other deities. 4925:(the female avatar of Vishnu), or alternatively he has been linked to or merged with the origin of Swami 3538: 3429: 2039: 11460: 6339:, and made the guard of the gates of Patala, the former's kingdom. One day, Hanuman, when going to save 6026:

Hanuman is a revered heroic figure in Khmer history in southeast Asia. He features predominantly in the

4223: 13848: 13766: 13258: 12835: 12291: 12264: 11323: 9815:

Marrison, G. E (1989). "Reamker (Rāmakerti), the Cambodian Version of the Rāmāyaṇa. A Review Article".

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South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

5866: 5118:, wherein he as a compassionate monkey suffers and is abused, but who nevertheless continues to follow 4787:

East facing Hanuman face (Anjaneya) that grants purity of mind and success. South facing man-lion face

3557: 3228: 3132: 2079: 1753: 1438: 750: 10142: 5482:, as a right of Hindu people to express and pursue their forms of spirituality and religious beliefs ( 2074: 13786: 12712: 12226: 6428: 5889: 5823: 5711: 3534: 3180: 2298: 2034: 327: 312: 12365: 7343: 7311: 6366:, Hanuman-centric movies have also been produced with Hanuman as the central character. In 1976 the 5766:. Lutgendorf writes, "The later identification of Hanuman as one of the eleven rudras may reflect a 5435:

Devotionalism to Hanuman and his theological significance emerged long after the composition of the

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Hanuman became more important in the medieval period and came to be portrayed as the ideal devotee (

980: 13580: 13238: 13162: 12868: 12650: 12625: 12174: 12010: 11409: 6590: 6379: 6290:, Ravana's consort, thus destroying her chastity, which was the last protection for Ravana's life. 5852: 3782:, have portrayed Hanuman as an emblem of nationalism and defiance against oppression. According to 3090: 3083: 3062: 2771: 2661: 2633: 2363: 1258: 1045: 31: 12400: 10561: 8008:

Hanuman, God and Epic Hero: The Origin and Growth of Hanuman in Indian Literary and Folk Tradition

1020: 936: 13928: 13416: 13276: 12947: 12487: 12430: 10591: 10464: 5486:). Political and religious organizations have named themselves after him or his synonyms such as 5069:(west China, central Asia and northern Iran) versions of Ramayana. The Khotanese versions have a 3305: 2518: 2423: 2348: 1534: 1456: 349: 317: 17: 13311: 9572: 4778:

The doorkeeper and protector of the door to Rama's court, and protector and saviour of devotees.

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Lutgendorf, Philip (2001). "Five heads and no tale: Hanumān and the popularization of Tantra".

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The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire

7235:. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 5580:

Hanuman fetches the herb-bearing mountain, in a print from the Ravi Varma Press, 1910's.jpg

5189: 5159:(a supernatural being, demigod in Jain cosmology). He is the son of Pavangati (wind deity) and 3595: 3504: 3434: 3270: 2899: 2668: 2328: 1234: 911: 12211: 11534: 11038: 10658: 10061: 9199: 8962:

Lutgendorf, Philip (1997). "Monkey in the Middle: The Status of Hanuman in Popular Hinduism".

8875: 8583: 8537: 8449: 8333: 8202: 8175: 7601: 7432: 7391: 7364: 7258: 7099:

Lutgendorf, Philip (1997). "Monkey in the Middle: The Status of Hanuman in Popular Hinduism".

7070: 6858: 6771: 6737: 5520: 4865: 4630:(self-controlled): one who control their lust from all materialistic things of material world. 13883: 13781: 13734: 13707: 13670: 12927: 11625: 10681: 10263: 9940: 9525: 8929: 8902: 8782: 8755: 8728: 8657: 7236: 6703: 6675: 5926:

in the United States. In 2024, another Hanuman statue was inaugurated in Texas with the name

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In north India, an iconic representation of Hanuman such as a round stone has been in use by

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version of Ramayana written by Vimalasuri, mentions Hanuman not as a divine monkey, but as a

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is another major epic which has a short mention of Hanuman. In Book 3, the Vana Parva of the

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granted a wish for Hanuman that he will be as fast as wind and that the wind won't harm him.

3544: 3522: 3412: 3277: 2850: 2458: 2338: 1746: 1732: 900: 13243: 5877:

provided endowments to more Hanuman temples than to temples of other deities such as Shiva,

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or Matsyagarbha) claimed to be his son. Matsyaraja's birth is explained as follows: a fish (

5215:, the Hindu god Rama has been referred to as Sri Ram Chandar, and the story of Hanuman as a 3774:, symbolizing a connection with both the physical and the cosmic elements. Figures from the 895: 13903: 13898: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13665: 13142: 12635: 12620: 12272: 12219: 12181: 11989: 11527: 11490: 11278: 11220: 6432: 5349: 5303:

Indra the King of the gods and the rulers of humans – none of them know Your Glories, Lord.

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for a fruit, heroically attempts to reach it, and is wounded in the jaw for his attempt by

3530: 3526: 3518: 3407: 3069: 2647: 2617: 2448: 2353: 2249: 1984: 1878: 178: 10196: 6890:

Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition

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In Japan, icons of the divine monkey (Saruta Biko), guarding temples such as Saru-gami at

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In another Hindu version of his childhood legend, which is likely older and also found in

8: 13804: 13771: 13650: 13541: 13476: 13326: 13185: 13065: 12937: 12765: 12702: 12655: 12104: 11859: 11639: 11597: 11576: 11555: 11200: 10829:

Hanumat's birth and Varuṇa's subjection (Chapter III of the Jain Ramayana by Hemachandra)

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Several years later after Rama died, Ravana's spirit escaped from Mount Pati and went to

6069: 5919: 5440: 5439:, in the 2nd millennium CE. His prominence grew after the arrival of Islamic rule in the 4228: 4063: 3848: 3820: 3800: 3767: 3562: 3455: 3291: 2822: 2684: 2428: 2318: 2303: 2209: 2149: 2114: 1599: 1511: 1130: 789: 400: 302: 273: 12454: 12314: 9281: 1700: 890: 13606: 13565: 12857: 12670: 12615: 11506: 10988: 9840: 9832: 9701: 9565: 9240: 9039: 8451:

The Mahabharata, Volume 2: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest

8430: 8314: 8267: 8259: 8037: 7582: 6456: 6367: 6157: 6117: 5988: 5893: 4984: 4597: 4530: 4384: 4345: 4054:, "Primordial Life Giver" (more prominent amongst followers of Dvaita, such as Madhwas) 3484: 3470: 3189: 2714: 2610: 2438: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2014: 1780: 1651: 1263: 1149: 12830: 12805: 10117:

The Life of a Balinese Temple: Artistry, Imagination, and History in a Peasant Village

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presented Hanuman as a symbol of Marathi nationalism and resistance to Mughal Empire.

5374:) was impregnated by the drops of Hanuman's sweat, while he was bathing in the ocean. 4360:

Maharshi Veda Vyasa proposed Anjanadri Hill at Tirumala is the birthplace of Hanuman.

13821: 13815: 13695: 13685: 13551: 13486: 12879: 12820: 12675: 12665: 12042: 11590: 11548: 11513: 11414: 11210: 11097: 10922: 10885: 10865: 10844: 10812: 10787: 10774: 10760: 10733: 10715: 10687: 10666: 10405: 10269: 10223: 10176: 10121: 10094: 10067: 10040: 10013: 9946: 9919: 9892: 9865: 9844: 9774: 9659: 9576: 9531: 9328: 9301: 9244: 9203: 9192: 9170: 9143: 9104: 9077: 9050: 9005: 8935: 8908: 8881: 8854: 8827: 8788: 8761: 8734: 8690: 8663: 8616: 8589: 8543: 8516: 8482: 8455: 8434: 8393: 8366: 8339: 8306: 8271: 8251: 8208: 8181: 8154: 8044: 8012: 7907: 7723: 7688: 7637: 7607: 7574: 7522: 7492: 7438: 7397: 7370: 7264: 7230: 7136: 7076: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7007: 6956: 6894: 6864: 6781: 6743: 6709: 6410: 5235: 5066: 4298: 3935: 3657: 3588: 3494: 3463: 3419: 3076: 3027: 2962: 2721: 2707: 2453: 2378: 2199: 2159: 2154: 2144: 1989: 1685: 1619: 1214: 951: 242: 216: 13286: 12336: 7870: 6190:

is the eldest daughter of Rishi Gotama who is cursed so that she has the face of an

2059: 1471: 758: 13878: 13556: 13466: 13357: 12957: 12952: 12917: 12892: 12778: 12735: 12422: 12282: 11974: 11583: 11562: 11541: 11499: 11465: 11160: 11028: 10955: 10477: 9824: 9693: 9232: 8971: 8615:. Oxford University Press. pp. 264–267, 283–284, 300–303, 312 with footnotes. 8422: 8298: 8243: 7108: 5782: 5062: 4227:

Numerous 14th-century and later Hanuman images are found in the ruins of the Hindu

3832: 3814:

Various scholars have suggested that Hanuman may have influenced the conception of

3621: 3370: 3332: 3312: 3263: 3212: 3111: 2906: 2892: 2843: 2786: 2333: 1994: 1913: 1664: 1584: 1209: 635: 489: 386: 12740: 10012:. Abhinav Publications. pp. xvii, 5–16 (Indonesia), 17–21 (Malaysia), 34–37. 8426: 7032: 6080:) is the central figure in many of the historic dance and drama art works such as 5098:, while presenting its mythology about a divine monkey, that is the theriomorphic 2748: 13862: 13825: 13690: 13643: 13625: 13575: 13509: 13491: 13434: 13384: 13203: 13107: 12980: 12942: 12912: 12750: 12640: 12479: 12472: 12319: 12200: 11929: 11914: 11738: 11569: 11520: 11383: 11333: 11092: 11087: 11077: 11067: 11023: 10880: 10859: 10838: 10806: 10709: 10217: 10203: 10170: 10115: 10088: 10063:

From Lanka Eastwards: The Ramayana in the Literature and Visual Arts of Indonesia

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present him as someone who is talented, strong, brave and spiritually devoted to

4649: 4581: 4365: 4250: 4208: 3898: 3775: 3576: 3499: 3447: 3256: 3160: 3104: 3041: 2857: 2758: 2654: 2403: 2383: 2254: 2129: 2109: 2029: 1725: 1711: 1609: 1589: 1552: 1144: 1139: 866: 745: 709: 654: 649: 476: 192: 182: 85: 12405: 6827: 5718:, Pakistan is the only temple in the world which has a natural statue of Hanuman 4372:

along with Anjeneri Anjanadri (Near Hampi) in Gangavathi Taluk Koppal District,

3708:, Hanuman is celebrated for his unwavering devotion to Rama and is considered a 1273: 1025: 726: 13660: 13596: 13439: 12783: 12660: 12630: 12465: 11828: 11653: 11618: 11434: 9996:, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 4 (SPRING 2005), pp. 66–82 7195: 6705:

The Mythology of Supernatural: The Signs and Symbols Behind the Popular TV Show

6644: 6466: 6375: 6219: 6002: 5952: 5860: 5707: 5701: 5540:

The variation in iconography depicting Hanuman carrying the Sanjeevani mountain

5468: 5432:) of Rama. Hanuman's life, devotion, and strength inspired wrestlers in India. 5422: 4962: 4850:. This, and related Rama legends are the most extensive stories about Hanuman. 4484:, arrive in Kishkindha, the new king, and Rama's newfound ally the monkey king 4241: 4184:; all other Puranas and scriptures clearly mention him as the spiritual son of 3882: 3779: 3714:. He is traditionally believed to be the spiritual offspring of the wind deity 3489: 3298: 3146: 2797: 2691: 2640: 2443: 2269: 2189: 2139: 2124: 2089: 2044: 1946: 1718: 1579: 1461: 1410: 1395: 1375: 1339: 1268: 1050: 1005: 956: 714: 339: 12329: 10473: 9828: 9236: 9073:

Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India

8302: 5696: 1096: 876: 807: 322: 13872: 13776: 13680: 13459: 13233: 12971: 12862: 12773: 12707: 12165: 11726: 11470: 11288: 11145: 9663: 8659:

The Monkey as Mirror: Symbolic Transformations in Japanese History and Ritual

8385: 8310: 8255: 7578: 7256: 6402: 6279: 5961: 5923: 4904: 4835: 4827: 4326: 4200: 3153: 3118: 3055: 3001: 2994: 2955: 2948: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2836: 2780: 2398: 2343: 2323: 2313: 2293: 2264: 2174: 1969: 1964: 1954: 1903: 1825: 1739: 1572: 1521: 1420: 1355: 1194: 961: 415: 10316:"Did you know how Dara Singh was chosen for the role of Hanuman in Ramayan?" 9720: 6918:

Review: Lutgendorf, Philip's Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey

6800: 5622:

Hanuman bringing the mountain to the injured Lakshmana Wellcome L0022499.jpg

2134: 1898: 1106: 1101: 13331: 13296: 13193: 12810: 11480: 11475: 11455: 11419: 11308: 11175: 11107: 10902: 9795: 8975: 7179: 7168: 7112: 6610: 6421: 6383: 6207:

to free Sita, Rama's wife who was kidnapped by Rahwana, Subali's disciple.

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is a 1,500-year-old temple in Pakistan. It is located in Soldier Bazaar in

5751: 5633: 5268: 5184: 5135: 5029: 4989: 4917: 4626: 4542: 4257:

had emerged as a major trend in Hindu culture by the 16th-century, and the

4177: 3787: 3125: 3034: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2913: 2571: 2393: 2229: 2224: 2184: 2094: 2084: 2054: 2024: 1959: 1863: 1785: 1516: 1481: 1405: 1380: 1309: 1159: 1010: 802: 797: 696: 683: 678: 11870: 11695: 10808: