3327:, the Balhae refugees who accompanied the crown prince numbered in the tens of thousands of households. According to Alexander Kim, Goryeo's statistical information shows that more than 100,000 Balhae people moved to Goryeo at different points in time. As descendants of Goguryeo, the Balhae people and the Goryeo dynasts were related. Taejo of Goryeo felt a strong familial kinship with Balhae, calling it his "relative country" and "married country", and protected the Balhae refugees. This was in stark contrast to Later Silla, which had endured a hostile relationship with Balhae. Taejo displayed strong animosity toward the Khitans who had destroyed Balhae. The Liao dynasty sent 30 envoys with 50 camels as a gift in 942, but Taejo exiled the envoys to an island and starved the camels under a bridge, in what is known as the "Manbu Bridge Incident". Taejo proposed to
3148:), was established. The Silla trade route began at the Eastern Capital located at the center of Balhae's Yongwon Province, came down along the coast past what is modern-day Hamgyong Province. This route, which also passed through Balhae’s Southern Capital, was established for the purpose of conducting trade with Silla. Since the 1980s large numbers of archaeological sites related to Parhae have been excavated in North Korea; among those sites, the fortress at Bukcheong and the monastery site at Omae-ri in the city of Sinpo were locales engaged in the trade between Balhae and Silla. The route led from Pukchong, which was Balhae’s Southern Capital, down along the coast to the Yonghung River; across the river was Silla’s Chonjong (Jeonjeong) Prefecture. King Mun moved the capital of Balhae several times. He also established
3368:. He sent an ambassador to Goryeo requesting military support. Goryeo sent some military troops against the Liao but the Khitans repelled them and expelled the Goryeo army. Some of Goryeo's officers sought further confrontation with the Liao, but the Goryeo diplomatic corps and nobility asked the Goryeo king to exercise caution. The Goryeo king decided to abandon military activities against the Liao. Despite this, Balhae people continued to send missions to Goryeo requesting assistance. The last mission, led by Lee Kwang Rok, arrived after the destruction of the state, and Kim considers this group as refugees, not members of an ambassadorial mission. Kim believes that in the 11th century, Balhae people under the Liao started viewing Goryeo as a hostile state in which the Balhae people lacked support.
3746:, managed the military, recruitment, maps, war chariots, and weapons through the subordinate department known as the Zhibu/Jibu (智部). Subordinate to the Jibu were practical departments such as the Rongbu/Yongbu (戎部) and Shuibu/Subu (水部). For example, Yang Seung-gyeong, who was sent as an envoy to Japan in 758, held the central position of Boguk Daejanggun and Janggun (輔國大將軍兼將軍) and the regional position of Mokjeoju Jasa (木底州刺史), and he was also involved in managing national defense. However, the origins of these titles are difficult to trace, as they do not appear in the central official system. This indicates that Balhae organized its military by establishing the Jibu as the central department responsible for military affairs and its subordinate departments like the Yongbu or the Byeongseo (兵書).
2776:
and 721, Silla constructed a northern wall to maintain active defences along the border. The Tang later recognized Balhae as a kingdom in 762 but Silla continued to view Balhae as a rebellious vassal. However, Kim Eun Gug argues that thus the "bestowal of a fifth-rank position was an expression of Silla’s confidence, and such an exchange would have been unimaginable if Silla and Parhae were in a hostile relationship." After Tang recognition of Balhae as a kingdom, Balhae diplomatic missions to Japan began to refer to the Balhae ruler as descended from Heaven. Japanese officials criticized these letters, revised them, and limited diplomatic missions from Balhae. A royal epitaph and
Buddhist scripture confirm this designation for the ruler of Balhae.
3356:
stayed, went back to Balhae, or moved on elsewhere like China or Japan. According to Kim, between the 10th and 11th centuries, 30,000 Balhae families (more than 100,000 people) immigrated to Goryeo, 94,000 local families (470,000 inhabitants) were deported by the Liao, and only 20,000 Balhae families lived in the former territories of Balhae, a significantly smaller figure than those that immigrated to Goryeo. Korean historians generally estimate that approximately 100,000 to 200,000 fled from Balhae to Goryeo. Historian
Professor Park Jong-gi estimated that 120,600 people fled from Balhae to Goryeo, and by themselves comprised approximately 6.3% of early Goryeo's roughly 2 million inhabitants.
6049:"When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time, much of its ruling class, who were of Koguryŏ descent, fled to Koryŏ. Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land. Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye ("Successor of the Royal Wang") on the Parhae crown prince, Tae Kwang-hyŏn, Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register, thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage, and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor. Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom."
3806:
3730:
of Balhae's founding was only a few thousand, Balhae likely needed to make overall adjustments to the expanded territory and population. Balhae, which had borders with powerful neighboring states like the Tang
Dynasty, the Turks, the Khitans, the Heishui Mohe, and Silla, faced deteriorated relations with its neighbors due to its early aggressive conquests. Moreover, having witnessed the fall of Goguryeo, the dominant power in the previous era, Balhae needed to strengthen and reorganize its military. Therefore, this period can be seen as when Balhae laid the foundation for establishing a new system based on Goguryeo's legacy over the expanded territory.
3432:. Jurchen proclamations emphasized the common descent of the Balhae and Jurchens from the seven Wuji (勿吉) tribes. The Jin sent two Balhae representatives to recruit "people from their home area" while bearing a message that "The Jurchen and Bohai are originally of the same family; as we rise in arms to smite the wicked, will not unjustly reach the innocent." The fourth, fifth and seventh emperors of Jin were mothered by Balhae consorts. Nevertheless, the 13th century census of Northern China by the Mongols distinguished Balhae people who belonged to the Khitan Empire from other ethnic groups such as Goryeo, Khitans and Jurchens.
3407:, rebelled at the Eastern Capital. He imprisoned minister Xiao Xiaoxian and his wife, killed the tax commissioners and chief military commander, and declared his own Xing Liao dynasty (興遼國/흥료국). He requested aid from Goryeo, who sent forces against Liao only to be repelled. Further ambassadors were sent by Xing Liao to Goryeo seeking aid but Goryeo refused to help them owing to the advice of nobles and scholars to the Goryeo king. Other Balhae people serving in the Liao military also refused to join Xing Liao. Four groups of ambassadors were sent but the last group remained in Goryeo rather than return. Instead only a handful of
3581:
cunning, surpassing other nations in courage, such that there exists a saying 'Three Bohai are a match for a tiger.'" Some Balhae people practiced
Buddhism. However Balhae cultural markers evidently did not deviate to the point of preventing assimilation into neighboring societies. There was widespread usage of "Chinese" style surnames in Balhae and no distinct cultural marker prevented them from integrating into Chinese literati society. There is no evidence of any friction in this process. Other cultural markers such as martial traditions may have also facilitated the adoption of Mongol, Tatar, and Jurchen backgrounds.
3412:
Balhae nobility were resettled near the
Supreme Capital while others fled to Goryeo. In 1114, Balhae descendants took advantage of the Jurchen-Khitan war and rebelled. They defeated Khitan armies twice before they were destroyed. In 1116 another rebellion occurred at the Eastern Capital when a Balhae officer named Gao Yongchang declared himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty and requested aid from the Jin. Liao troops sent to quash the rebellion were themselves led by those of Balhae descent. The Jin relief troops to Yuan easily repulsed the Liao troops but then turned on the Balhae rebels and killed Gao Yongchang.
1116:, neither Chinese or Korean transliterations can be correct. She chose to use modern Chinese transliteration "to indicate that the only referent we have is Chinese characters". Jesse D. Sloane chose to use "Parhae" because it was not covered in depth in the state-mandated curriculum of China, but used Chinese romanization for all other terms related to Balhae that appeared in Chinese sources first. Neither Crossley or Sloane meant to depict Balhae as essentially Chinese but used Chinese romanization out of convenience and to acknowledge the transnational origins of Balhae discourse.
3726:
Governor) and smaller ones appointing a Cishi/Jasa (刺史, Prefect), while the rest of the leaders are called
Shouling/Suryong (首領, Chiefs)." The Dudok or Jasa were likely regional administrative officials of Balhae, such as the Yakheolju Dudok, Mokjeoju Jasa, and Hyeontoju Jasa. Since this was an early period when the system was still being established, remnants of the former Goguryeo dynasty's institutions were still present in many areas, and the division of the entire country was still incomplete. Therefore, in military terms, troops were dispatched mainly to tense situations.
1196:
3750:
system was likely modeled after the Tang
Dynasty's 16 or 12 guards. Each guard had one Daejanggun and one Janggun, equivalent to the Tang Dynasty's Shang Jiangjun (上將軍) and Jiangjun (將軍). The ten guards protected the royal family and oversaw the local militia. In 1960, a seal inscribed with "Tianmenjun/Cheonmungun's Seal" (天門軍之印), belonging to one of Balhae's military units, was discovered southwest of the royal city of Sanggyeong Yongcheonbu. The discovery of this seal suggests that the army under each guard was responsible for guarding the gates of the royal city.
102:
3710:(Malgal) tribes in Manchuria, Primorsky Krai, the Amur River region, and along the coast of the Sea of Japan, during which many fortresses were built. Some of these include the Palryeonseong, Mariyanovka Fortress, Cheonghaeto Fortress, Koksharovka Fortress Site, Kraskino Fortress Site, Nikolayevka Fortress Site in Partizansk, Suchanluha Fortress Site, Bittik Mountain Fortress Site, Ryuzanka Fortress Site, Usti-Chornaya Fortress Site, Namusurisk Fortress Site, Korsakovka Fortress Site, and Novgorodeyev Fortress Site.
3043:
retaliation against the Tang but also out a of a desire to assert its newfound maritime prowess as well as prevent the
Heishui Mohe from establishing trade relations with the Tang, which would have weakened Balhae's dominace of the northern trade routes. Balhae's successful attack on Dengzhou also demonstrates a surprisingly maritime prowess for a thirty-year old state, which had military naval vessels that could cross the sea as well as merchant vessels that could carry out trade activities.
3760:
were part of the military system. The
Zhechongfu was further divided into upper, middle, and lower levels, with each level having one Zhechong Duwei (折衝都尉) and two Guoyi Duwei (果毅都尉). The Guoyi Duwei of the upper level was equivalent to the 5th rank, the middle level to the 6th rank, and the lower level to the 6th rank. In Balhae, the existence of the Guoyi Duwei/Gwaidowi indicates that Balhae likely adopted the Tang Dynasty's military system and established local militias in the provinces.
3606:
a clan system but no clear division of classes existed, whereas the position of the clan leader depended on the strength of the clan. Any member of the clan could become the clan leader if he had sufficient authority. There were also religiously privileged shaman clans. The clan struggles were also partly due to growing Tang influence and different attitudes toward further
Sinicization. The main part of society in Balhae was free in a personal capacity and consisted of clans.
1125:
1634:
3208:(Da Yizhen, r. 830–857) saw intrusions by Mohe tribes. Seon annexed the Yuexi Mohe and other tribes along the Amur valley in the north. In 818-820, he also invaded Liaodong and parts of Silla on Balhae's southern border. In 826, Silla mobilized tens of thousands of people to fortify the border with Balhae. In the middle of the 9th century, Balhae completed its local administrative system, which was composed of five capitals, 15 prefectures and 62 counties.
1144:
3623:
2881:(b. 857), the people of Balhae were Mohe. In the conflict between the joint Tang-Silla forces against Balhae, Silla described Balhae as "rebellious barbarians." Sillan aristocracy tended to view the Balhae population as consisting of solely Mohe people, but this could be due to the antagonistic relations between the two states causing the Sillan nobility to ignore Goguryeo elements of Balhae ethnic composition. The
860:
3349:
compared to their Silla and Baekje counterparts that have experienced devastating war and political strife since the advent of the Later Three Kingdoms. Later Baekje fared only little better than Later Silla before its fall in 936. Meanwhile, of the three capitals of Goryeo, two were Kaesong and Pyeongyang which were initially populated by Goguryeoic settlers from the Paeseo Region (패서, 浿西) and Balhae.
2505:
3096:, and the submission of the Kumo Xi removed the buffer zone that had formed between Balhae and the Tang. Sensing the change in strategic developments, Muye decided to reconcile with the Tang. In 737, Tang sailors and civilians detained in Balhae were repatriated. In 738, an envoy from Balhae requested Tang ritual codes and dynastic histories in a symbolic gesture towards peace. Muye died soon after.
3516:. There is no trace of Balhae descendants from the defunct Jin dynasty and no epitaphs from the Mongol era claim a Balhae identity. Balhae was only used as a toponym in the early 14th century and Balhae disappeared entirely from historical sources by the late 14th century. Near the end of Mongol rule, Tao Zongyi (c. 1316–1402) put Balhae alongside Khitan and Jurchen under a subcategory within
3777:
already been expanded and reorganized into the Left and Right Shinchaekgun, Left and Right Samgun, and 120 departments. The Sanjun in the Tang Dynasty referred to the Left Longwu (龍武), Left Shenwu (神武), and Left Yulin (羽林) armies, while the Right Sanjun referred to the Right Longwu, Right Shenwu, and Right Yulin. These six armies were all part of the Weijun (衛軍).
3653:. Three students are recorded in 833 and a royal nephew in 924. Although Balhae was a tributary state of the Tang dynasty, it followed its own independent path, not only in its internal policies, but also in its foreign relations. Furthermore, it regarded itself as an empire, and sent ambassadors to neighbor states such as Japan in an independent capacity.
3520:, which is not surprising given that most of them at the time of the Mongol conquest were literati, officials, or attachments to the Jin bureaucracy. Many chose to use Chinese style names, similar to Jurchens, probably for inclusion in the Hanren (Northern Chinese) category under the Mongol hierarchy, rather than the inferior fourth category,
2916:, a 13th-century collection of Korean history and legends, describes Dae as a Sumo Mohe leader. However, it gives another account of Dae being a former Goguryeo general, citing a now-lost Sillan record. Kim considers this unlikely since Goguryeo fell in 668 while Dae died in 719, and young men could not receive the rank of general.
3495:
to abolish the "old Bohai custom" of marriage through mock abduction. Although the Balhae experienced less restrictions under the Jin, there was also less emphasis on Balhae as a distinct group. During the later Jin era, the strong association between Balhae and Liaodong declined as Liaodong became dominated by other identities.
2764:
people of Jin did not know the system of ranks used in Silla and thus accepted the title. After a while, Dae Joyeong realized the meaning of the title and sought to change Balhae's international status. In 713 or 714, the Tang dynasty recognized Dae Joyeong as the "Prince of Bohai (Balhae)", the name for the sea surrounding
3120:
plans and prepared by building six castles along the border with Balhae in 762. The border region changed hands many times but the losses are not described in Silla's official history, only the dates when an army was sent north. Japan prepared a fleet to invade southern Silla, however the plan never came to fruition.
3684:, Jilin in 785, and back to the Upper Capital in 794. Sanggyong (Upper Capital) was organized in the way of the Tang capital of Chang'an. Residential sectors were laid out on either side of the palace surrounded by a rectangular wall. The same layout was also implemented by other East Asian capitals of the time.
3360:
administration offered more benefits. Goryeo annals contain only six names of high-ranking officials who were of Balhae origin. In 1029-1030, the Khitan Administration was rocked by a rebellion by Balhae people after the government tried raising taxes on them. The leader of the rebellion was the Liao general
3749:
Balhae had ten guards, including the "Left and Right Mengbenwei/Mangbunwi (猛賁衛), Left and Right Xiongwei/Ungwi (熊衛), Left and Right Piwei/Biwi (羆衛), Left and Right Nanwei/Namwi (南衛), and Left and Right Beiwei/Bukwi (北衛)." Each guard had a Da Jiangjun/Daejanggun (大將軍) and a Jiangjun/Janggun (將軍). This
3696:
The development of Balhae's military system can be broadly divided into three phases. The first phase involved establishing administrative systems for the newly expanded territories during the early stages of the kingdom's founding. The second phase saw the establishment of the ten guards as recorded
3605:
northern China. Elites tended to belong to large extended aristocratic family lines designated by surnames. The commoners in comparison had no surnames at all, and upward social mobility was virtually impossible as class and status were codified into a caste system. Other studies have shown there was
3576:
heating systems in Balhae's royal palaces as well as the use of stone lined tombs, stone chambers and stone coffins used by Goguryeo's ruling class. According to Japanese historian Shiratori Kurakichi, 26 of the 85 emissaries dispatched to Japan by Balhae bore the typical Goguryeo surname of Ko (Go),
3411:
joined his regime. Many participants of the rebellion probably realized the weakness of the new dynasty and fled to Goryeo before its collapse. A year later, one of Da Yanlin's officers betrayed him and opened the Eastern Capital's gates to the Khitans. His short lived dynasty came to an end. The old
3070:
Japanese records indicate that Balhae and Japan enjoyed very amicable relations. When King Mu sent Balhae's first envoy delegation to Japan in 727, the mission was made up of 24 men, which included high-ranking Generals such as Ko In ˇui and Ko Ched ˇok. King Mu had 300 sable furs sent by the Balhae
3054:
and organize an attack on Balhae. Chungsin excused himself from the request by asking to remain in China as the emperor's bodyguard. In his place, the Tang sent Kim Saran, a low ranking Sillan diplomat, and a Tang eunuch. Munye was also recalled to recruit soldiers in Youzhou. In the meantime, Balhae
3012:
When Goguryeo was at its peak, the country had 300,000 elite soldiers. It resisted the Tang court and refused to submit itself to China. As soon as the Tang troops reached the country, however, Goguryeo was swept into the dust. Now the population of Balhae is several times less than that of Goguryeo.
2788:
and disputed. Many Chinese, Korean, Russian, and Japanese scholars of Balhae believe its population was composed of Goguryeo remnants and Mohe tribes. Chinese scholars consider that Mohe people form the ethnic majority of Balhae, and arguments for this opinion are also viewed positively in Russia and
2775:
According to Alexander Kim, neither the Tang or Silla recognized Balhae as the successor of Goguryeo. The Tang considered it a dukedom while Silla considered it their vassal. South Korean historians such as Kim Eng Gug, however, believe that the Tang viewed Balhae as Goguryeo's successor. Between 713
3729:
Through the continued territorial expansion during the reigns of King Go and King Mu, Balhae's territorial boundaries were secured, and the government structure was reorganized and completed by acquiring territory, population, and tax revenues. Considering that the initial military force at the time
3609:
By the time of the state’s demise, the Balhae mode of living had come to resemble that of the northern Chinese. The Liao dynasty classified the Balhae population as Han in legal and taxation contexts, the same as those whose ancestry was traced to the Tang empire. Some Mohe groups did not adopt this
3568:
Balhae's culture is as complex as its ethnic makeup. Archaeological findings have demonstrated that Balhae culture contained elements from Mohe, Goguryeo, Turkic, as well as Tang Chinese cultures. However, scholars from Japan, China, Russia and Korea emphasize some components over the others because
3503:
rather than Liaodong. The epitaph acknowledges that his most recent ancestors were in the employ of Balhae but added that they only "lived dispersed among the eastern barbarians", rejecting his Balhae identity. The practice of inventing fictitious genealogies to hide ancestry outside of the "Central
3494:
or units composed of one thousand soldiers) and the families of the retinues were moved to garrisons in the Eastern Capital Circuit. The southward migration of Jurchens, especially Jurchen aristocrats, may have contributed to a decline of people who identified as Balhae. In 1177, a decree was passed
3111:
and adopt a defensive stance. Heummu cemented the geopolitical balance by sending an envoy to the Japanese court, which his father had done as well in 728 to threaten Silla with an ally from the southeast. Balhae kept diplomatic and commercial contacts with Japan until the end of the kingdom. Balhae
2853:
means "separate kind." The term is interpreted as meaning "a branch of the Goguryeo people" by South and North Korean historians, but as "distinct from Goguryeo" by Japanese and Chinese researchers. According to Sloane, Tang sources divided Balhae's population into two categories, Goguryeo and Mohe.
3776:
that "Balhae has Left and Right Shencejun/Shinchaekgun (神策軍), Left and Right Sanjun/Samgun (三軍), and 120 departments." This indicates that the military system had evolved from the early generals' system to the Left and Right ten guards, and by the time Wang Zhongwu returned from his mission, it had
3692:
Balhae's military organization consisted of a central army divided into ten guard units (wi, 衛) responsible for protecting the royal palace and the capital. Local militias were organized in the 15 local provinces (bu) for other regions according to the regional administrative structures, with local
3376:
The Balhae people played a pivotal role in the politics, literature, and society of northern China under the Liao and Jin dynasties. After the dissolution of Balhae by the Khitan empire, the term "Bohai" was used through the fourteenth century to denote a subset of the populations of the Liao, Jin,
3348:
Exodus en masse on part from the Balhae refugees would continue on at least until the early 12th century during the reign of King Yejong, according to Korean scholars. Due to this constant massive influx of Balhae refugees, the Goguryeo population is speculated to have become dominant in proportion
3119:
offended Japan twice. In 753 he treated Japanese ambassadors with arrogance and in 758 when he refused to meet them. After 758, Japan asked Balhae to attack Silla with them. Balhae and Japan exchanged ambassadors several times in the 750s and 760s to plan for the attack. Silla likely knew of these
3792:
mentions that "Balhae's Buyeo Province is located on the border with the Khitans, and strong troops are always stationed there to defend against the Khitans," suggesting that Balhae had local militias similar to the Tang Dynasty's Fubing system, which played a crucial role in securing the borders.
3759:
records that in 728, among the envoys sent to Japan, there were officials such as You Jiangjun/Yujanggun (游將軍) and Guoyi Duwei/Gwaidowi (果毅都尉) Dezhou/Deokju (徳周). The title Guoyi Duwei was adopted from the Tang Dynasty's military system. In the Tang Dynasty, the Weibu (衛部) and the Zhechongfu (折衝府)
3597:
On the other hand, the Russian historian Polutov believes that Goguryeo descendants did not have political dominance, and the ruling system was open to all people equally. Its ruling structure was based on the military leader-priestly management structure of the Mohe tribes and also partly adapted
3580:
A record of the journey of Hong Hao (1088-1155) in Jin territory describes the Balhae people as primarily martial and not adherent to Confucian norms. Balhae women were described as "fiercely jealous" and prevented the men from deviating from martial fidelity. Balhae men were described as "full of
3468:
There were still limitations on Balhae people in the Jin dynasty. In 1136, the Jurchen official Wanyan Puluhu revoked the pardon of a man when his origin was determined to be Balhae. Policies to restrain and weaken Balhae were increased over time. In 1140, an edict abolished Han Chinese and Balhae
3464:
priestess, named Congqing, and was a poet at the imperial court. Intermarriage between Balhae civil elites in the Jin dynasty was common. In 1190, Wang Ji identified two families he encountered in Liaodong as Balhae. Writing after the fall of the Jin dynasty in 1234, Liu Qi identified the military
2866:
The question of the ethnic composition of the Bohai state has become a political problem in the East Asian region. Chinese and Korean historians alternatively regard Bohai as a Chinese provincial power or as an independent Korean country, based on intrinsically subjective positions. Certainly, all
952:
that saw military and political conflict, but by the end of the 8th century the relationship had become cordial and friendly. The Tang dynasty would eventually recognize Balhae as the "Prosperous Country of the East". Numerous cultural and political exchanges were made. Balhae was conquered by the
3780:
Based on Wang Zhongwu's report, it can be inferred that Balhae's military system also adopted the Tang Dynasty's model, with both Weijun and local militias (Fubing). The Tang Dynasty system had separate Weijun and Fubing units, numbering over 600 nationwide. Each unit had a Langjiang (郞將) and was
3564:
people in Manchuria. Within sixty sites identified as Balhae settlements, many had dwellings with heating stoves, ceramic roof tiles, and vessels. Iron agricultural implements suggest that sophisticated agriculture was practised in parts of Balhae. These finds indicate that much of the population
3498:
As Balhae descendants became firmly incorporated into the apparatus of the Jurchen-led state, many individual Balhae-descended officials willingly chose to self-identify as Chinese. In 1135, Nansali was chosen as an emissary to Goryeo, for which he changed his name to the Sinitic Wang Zheng. Wang
3435:
A Song observer notes that during the Liao era, Balhae people were not employed in the government, as a result they were the first to defect to the Jin. The call for Balhae defectors was met with significant success. Aguda was advised by a Balhae man named Yang Pu who aided him in establishing an
3283:
in the 930–940s to have dealt a final blow to the surviving forces of Balhae based on records of massive population displacement of Balhae people to the Liaodong peninsula of the Khitan empire and the Korean peninsula of Goryeo. However this theory has lost popularity in Korea in recent times and
2933:
Russian scholars argue that the ethnic composition of Balhae cannot be determined with great precision because no materials exist that can confirm either the Chinese or Korean claims. Some Russian scholars claim Balhae as part of Manchurian history while others believe Balhae was neither a Korean
2920:
As we know in relation to the origin of the Bohai people, when Gouli (Koguryŏ) was not yet destroyed, they were the useless tribe of Mohe. Many tribes were the same; its name was that of the small barbarian nation Sumo, and in the past , being in competition with Gouli, moved to the inner region
2899:
sent ambassadors to the Liao dynasty to call on the Balhae people there to rebel against the Liao by appealing to a common origin between the Jurchens and Balhae. According to the appeal, both the Jurchens and Balhae people descended from the seven Wuji tribes. However according to Alexander Kim,
3763:
In particular, the military titles of envoys sent to Japan during the early period of Balhae, such as Janggun (將軍) or Boguk Daejanggun (輔國大將軍), suggest that the military system was already being organized at that time. The Jasa was a local administrative official overseeing the province, and the
2763:
and Jin, Silla attempted to confer investiture to Dae Joyeong with the title of a fifth rank official: "Dae Achan". Silla conferred this mid-ranking investiture partially out of a sense of superiority, but also because Balhae was a relatively new kingdom whereas Silla had been centuries old. The
3355:
believes that according to Goryeo records, Balhae refugees only arrived in groups of a few hundred to a few thousand. She suggests that the total number could not be more than 100,000, while millions remained in Liao-controlled territories. According to Crossley, it is also unclear whether they
3725:
records that "Balhae spans 2,000 li in all directions, and no prefectures or counties exist. Villages are scattered throughout, mostly Malgal settlements. The people are mostly Malgal, and few are native. All the natives are made village chiefs, with large villages appointing a Dudu/Dudok (都督,
3135:
formally recognized Balhae as a state and Heummu as its king. Although China recognized him as a king, Balhae itself referred to him as the son of heaven (emperor) and a king. The consort of the ruler was also called empress. A record in 834 says that Balhae had both kings and great kings. The
3796:
The size of the military grew from a few thousand soldiers in the early days to tens of thousands in later periods. It is known that in its early years, during the reign of King Mu, Balhae held 100,000 troops, which is one-third of Goguryeo's 300,000-strong army. Naturally, during periods of
3593:
and underclass Mohe weakened the state. Other historians offer dissenting views. Han Ciu-cheol agreed that Mohe people were the majority of Balhae's population but disagreed that they were any different from Goguryeo or Balhae. According to Han, the origins of "Malgal" and "Mulgil" lie in the
3918:
were the main type of crops cultivated in Balhae. Some of its specialized regional produce, such as rice, fermented beans, plums and pears, were much sought after. Fishing and hunting also remained important among Balhae people. Balhae also produced fine iron and copper wares, silk and linen
3359:
According to Kim, many Balhae refugees fled to Goryeo due to pro-Balhae policies during the mid 9th century. In the first few decades after Balhae's fall, Balhae refugees were welcomed by Goryeo. However, it seems few Balhae refugees retained high positions in Goryeo as service in the Khitan
3436:
imperial court. An 1125 embassy noted that Jin protocol officers included Khitans, Jurchens, as well as Balhae. They all spoke Chinese. A descendant of the Balhae royal family, Da Gao (1086-1153), served in the Jin army and was given command of eight Balhae battalions in the war against the
3042:
and killed its prefect. Additionally, Dengzhou was the center of maritime trade routes in East Asia, and was the locale where both Silla and Balhae envoys stayed when coming to pay tribute to the Tang Emperor. As a result, Balhae's attack on Dengzhou was not merely motivated by geopolitical
3008:(Da Wenyi), to attack the Heishui Mohe. Munye, who had stayed at the Tang capital as a hostage since the start of peaceful relations in 705, and understood the implications of attacking a Tang ally, was reluctant to carry out the order. He advised Muye to abandon the plan twice.
3415:
The distinction between Balhae and Jurchen rebellions was not always clear to the Liao. In the 1117 epitaph of an officer who died while fighting against Jurchens in 1114, the Balhae and Jurchens were mentioned in connection to each other and placed within a similar category.
2854:
The royalty and upper class were composed of Goguryeo remnants while the majority of Balhae's population were Mohe. In a diplomatic mission to Japan in 727 or 728, the Balhae envoy said that Balhae has "recovered the lost land of Goguryeo and inherited the old traditions of
3256:. Its independence ended in 929 when a new Liao ruler ordered the relocation of its population. It was soon absorbed into the Liao in 936. The name of Balhae was officially removed in 982. Meanwhile, a series of nobilities and elites led by key figures such as crown prince
3879:
Excavated epigraphic materials indicate that the Chinese script was the only widely used script in Balhae. According to Russian scientific research, the Balhae writing system is based on Chinese characters, and among the characters used, many were used only in the state
3063:. In 733, Tang and Sillan forces attempted a joint attack on Balhae but were accosted by a blizzard that blocked all roads and killed half of the 100,000 Tang-Silla army, forcing them to abort the invasion. Muye continued to try to kill his brother. He sent an agent to
3636:
After its founding, Balhae actively imported the culture and political system of the Tang dynasty and the Chinese reciprocated through an account of Balhae describing it as the "Flourishing land of the East (海東盛國)." The bureaucracy of Balhae was modeled after the
3025:
Muye paid his brother no heed and used his reluctance as pretext to remove Munye from command. Munye fled to the Tang dynasty. A Balhae envoy arrived at the Tang court in 732 requesting the execution of Munye. In response, the Tang secretly sent Munye to
1107:
romanization) are also used in modern academia. Most Western-language scholarship have opted for Bohai except in the field of Korean studies; however, some scholars have chosen the Korean romanization to avoid a "Chinese" narrative spread by the usage of
3865:
Diplomatic missions between Balhae, Japan and the Tang dynasty were primarily conducted in the Chinese language. Based on administrative and diplomatic records, a number of Japanese historians and linguists have further suggested that Chinese was the
3187:
The bilateral relationship between the Tang and Balhae grew friendlier. From 766 to 779, 25 missions from Balhae paid respect to Daizong. By the end of Heummu's reign in 793, princes from Balhae's royal family were serving as guards at the court of
3861:
implies that the Balhae and Silla language were mutually intelligible: a student sent from Silla to Japan for Japanese language interpreter training assisted a diplomatic envoy from Balhae in communicating with the audience of a Japanese court.
3459:
1203), Zhang Rulin, Zhang Runeng, Zhang Ruwei (fl. 1150), Zhang Rufang, and Wang Tingyun (1151-1202) were entrusted as arbiters of culture and cultivated taste. Wang Tingyun's family received literary distinctions. His eldest daughter became a
4015:
of Korean history. Chinese scholars argue that Balhae was a local administration of the Tang dynasty and composed of Mohe people, making it a part of Chinese history due to its close cultural and political ties with Tang China. The Russian
3473:
and Khitan garrisons. The Jin government also targeted the Balhae population for relocation. Over the years, groups of Balhae who were once moved outside to areas near the Liao supreme or central capital regions were resettled east of the
2867:
Korean specialists believe that the Koguryŏ population was dominant in Bohai. But Chinese historians tend to disagree, believing that Bohai was a Chinese province with some political autonomy, with the Mohe people as its main population.
3793:
Military titles such as Langjiang/Rangjang and Biejiang/Byeoljang (别將) emerged during King Dae Muye's reign, indicating that Balhae had already implemented an army system modeled after the Tang Dynasty with central and local forces.
3291:
stated that the kingdom originally had around 100,000 households and tens of thousands of soldiers, suggesting a population of around 500,000. At the time of its fall, its soldiers numbered "hundreds of thousands" according to the
3884:". However, the recording was phonetic. Some of the names of Balhae's emissaries were similar to Chinese names while others were unique to Balhae: Wodala, Zhaoheshi, and Nansali. The unique Balhae names were the minority. The
3788:. However, considering Balhae's long-term territorial expansion and the presence of military officials such as Jasa, Rangjang, Gwaidowi, and Byeoljang, it is likely that Balhae implemented a Fubing system. Additionally, the
3846:
suggests that the Balhae elite spoke a Koreanic language, which has had a lasting impact on Khitan, Jurchen and Manchu languages. However, he also believes that the vast majority of the Balhae population were probably
3528:
of the Jin dynasty, the term "Balhae" is absent from the Yuan legal compendium. The referenced passages have to do with limitations on levirate marriage for Han and Balhae and restrictions on marriage during mourning.
3486:, who told the emperor, resulting in the beating and death of the two officials planning the relocation. A substantial Jin military presence was bought to Liaodong in which as many as thirty Jurchen meng'an units (
1055:(Balhae)" (渤海郡王). In 762, the Tang formally elevated Balhae to the status of a kingdom. The kingdom's territories did not overlap with the Bohai Commandery. According to Jin Yufu, the Tang referred to the state as
3536:
culture rather than Chinese. The biography of You Xingge (d. 1227) identifies him as Balhae. As the Jin dynasty was collapsing from the Mongol invasions, You established an independent fort near Gaozhou (modern
3718:
The first phase was a period during which the overall system was established, and this period firmly retained the legacy of Goguryeo, with military and administrative functions often overlapping. Volume 193 of
3549:, who bestowed on him the Mongol name Halabadu. He later fought for the Mongols at Taiyuan in 1227. You Xingge's son is only referred to by the name Mangqutai, which denotes him as part of the Mangqutai tribe.
4476:
3244:. In 925, Silla allied with the Khitans and helped them in their war against Balhae. Afterwards, warriors from Silla were rewarded by the Khitan ruler. In 926, the Khitans laid siege to the Balhae capital
2810:
The problem about Parhae history is that many questions are beyond a simple answer. Different, nearly contemporary, sources represent fundamental questions in very different ways with different possible
7766:
3323:, who was crowned as Taejo of Goryeo. Koreans believe Goryeo thus unified the two successor nations of Goguryeo. Some other members of the Balhae royalty took the surname Tae (태, 太). According to the
3968:) was very valuable due to its popularity among Japanese aristocrats. Similarly, Balhae builders used Japanese fortification techniques with prevailing Japanese culture in their construction of the
3552:
The decline of Balhae identity was not a gradual and steady process. According to Toyama Gunji, "the Bohai remained alive and well for three hundred years of history" after the state was destroyed.
6302:
7094:
7237:
3389:) served as a base for monitoring the former Balhae territories. The city's residents, over 40,000 in early tenth century, were primarily Balhae, according to a figure cited by Pamela Crossley.
4719:
972:
The history surrounding the origin of the state, its ethnic composition, the modern cultural affiliation of the ruling dynasty, the reading of their names, and its borders are the subject of a
3974:
3764:
Daejanggun and Janggun were the highest military positions. The presence of various military titles among these envoys indicates that the system was already in the process of being organized.
3345:
to his descendants, he stated that the Khitans are "savage beasts" and should be guarded against. Khitan conquest of Balhae resulted in Goryeo's prolonged hostility towards the Khitan Empire.
2733:(Qisi Biyu), two local leaders, by granting them the titles of Duke of Zhen (Jin) and Duke of Xu (Heo) respectively. Geolsa Biu rejected the offer but was soon defeated by a Tang force led by
3781:
placed under the control of the Zhuwei (諸衛). This strict and extensive military organization greatly influenced Balhae, establishing the ten guards and units like the Shencejun/Shinchaekgun.
4011:
The historic position of Balhae is disputed between Korean, Chinese, Russian, and Japanese historians. Korean scholars consider Balhae to be the successor state of Goguryeo, and part of the
3589:
According to Korean scholars and other historians, Mohe made up the working class which served the Goguryeo ruling class. Some historians believe that ethnic conflicts between the ruling
3240:
basin, which led to a long conflict. In 911, Silla allied with Balhae against the Khitans. In 924, Balhae attacked the Khitans. The next year, a Balhae general, Sindeok, surrendered to
3447:
Families of Balhae descent were able to rise high in the Jin hierarchy, including Zhang Rulin (d. 1190) and Zhang Rubi (d. 1187), who were key advisers of Emperor Shizong, and Li Yin (
3397:
and the Eastern Capital after Balhae's fall. Some Balhae elites, on the other hand, were integrated into the Liao aristocracy and often changed their personal identities dramatically.
2934:
state or Chinese province and there is no direct link between Balhae and either modern China or Korea. E. V. Shakunov believes that Balhae's population also consisted of elements from
5161:
3284:
Russian scholars do not consider it a plausible reason for Balhae's collapse. The most paramount reason seems to have been military confrontation with a superior power, the Khitans.
7294:
2891:
and was filled with villages, each of which were Mohe tribes. Japanese diplomatic communications with Balhae recognized it as a "state of Goryeo." In the early 12th century, the
3797:
military control combined with production and conquest, even the elderly, children, and all men in a household might have been conscripted to meet the demands of external wars.
3772:
The third phase occurred after the envoy Wang Zhongwu reported on Balhae's military situation following his visit. In 832, after returning from Balhae, Wang Zhongwu reported to
3601:
The class system of Balhae society is controversial. Some studies suggest there was a stratified and rigid class system similar to those of the related Korean kingdoms and pre-
3160:
province around 756; stabilizing and strengthening central rule over various ethnic tribes in his realm, which was expanded temporarily. He also authorized the creation of the
3400:
According to Wittfogel and Feng, an undated Liao census puts the number of Balhae households in Liaoyang at around 100,000, which would be around half a million individuals.
2756:(Songmal Malgal) rendered assistance to the Tang by suppressing Khitan rebels. As a reward the Tang acknowledged the leader as the local hegemon of a semi-independent state.
2862:
were a part of the Balhae population, but apart from Goguryeo and Mohe, no other group is associated with the foundation of Balhae in Chinese, Korean, or Japanese sources.
6305:[A Study on Korea's Accommodation of the Refugees from the Collapsed Kingdom of Balhae and Policy of Assimilating the Neighboring Nations in 10th~12th Centuries].
3136:
epitath of Princess Jeonghyo (Zhenxiao), daughter of Heummu, states that his father was a "great king." During Heummu's reign, a trade route with Silla, called "Sillado" (
4364:
4006:
3319:. They were granted land and the crown prince was given the family name Wang (왕, 王), the royal family name of the Goryeo dynasty, and included in the royal household by
933:(Da Zuorong) and originally known as the Kingdom of Jin (震, Zhen) until 713 when its name was changed to Balhae. At its greatest extent it corresponded to what is today
3440:. One Balhae commander, Guo Yaoshi (active 1116–1132) fought in the Liao, Jin, and Song armies at one point or another. The Balhae played a critical role in supporting
3000:
suggested stationing an army in the region. In response, Tang officials dispatched an administration staffed by the leaders of smaller tribes under the command of the
496:
482:
468:
454:
440:
415:
401:
3953:. Fur from Balhae was exported to Japan while textile products and precious metals, such as gold and mercury, were imported from Japan. In Japan, the fur of the 貂 (
4311:
101:
3894:. While most Balhae inscriptions consisted of common Chinese characters, he has identified a small number of characters with Jurchen script signs or phonograms.
7623:
6438:
6384:
3004:
governor-general. Muye was convinced that the Heishui Mohe and the Tang were plotting to attack him and required a preemptive strike. He ordered his brother,
6330:
3598:
elements from the Chinese system. After the 8th century, Balhae became more centralized, and power was consolidated around the king and the royal family.
3455:. Balhae descendants also participated with success in the Jin imperial examinations. Many Balhae literati-officials such as Gao Kan (d. 1167), Gao Xian (
7571:[What is Balhae that was talking to Japan as well? They were caught between Tang and Silla, they came across the ocean in search of friendship].
7102:
3067:
to plot the assassination of his brother. Munye was attacked in broad daylight near the Tianjin Bridge outside the imperial palace but escaped unharmed.
7641:
6465:
4285:
5716:
3200:(Wen, r. 737–793), Balhae experienced a succession crisis. As a result, Balhae lost territory and bordering Mohe tribes rebelled. Both the reigns of
3703:(New Book of Tang). In contrast, the third phase occurred after the envoy Wang Zhongwu reported on Balhae's military situation following his visit.
3610:
manner of life and were excluded from the Liao's designation of Balhae. Instead, they remained as Mohe, and would become an important source of the
2980:(Da Wuyi, r. 719–737). While Muye accepted Tang gifts and title upon his succession, he showed his independence by giving his father a posthumous
3364:, a 7th generation descendant of the founder of Balhae. He arrested and killed Khitan leaders and proclaimed the establishment of a new dynasty,
2239:
3074:
In 734, Silla attacked Balhae with no success. In an effort to curb Balhae's ambitions, the Tang granted Silla's request to place troops in the
7841:
Mark Byington (7–8 October 2004). "A Matter of Territorial Security: Chinese Historiographical Treatment of Koguryo in the Twentieth Century".
5565:
4825:
4510:
1595:
7697:
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this only applied to the Mohe portion of Balhae's population and not the Goguryeo people, who were not included in the seven Wuji tribes. The
976:
between Korea, China and Russia. Historical sources from both China and Korea have described Balhae's founder, Dae Joyeong, as related to the
7752:
2858:." Some consider this divide to be a cause of tension that contributed to Balhae's eventual downfall. Chinese scholars have made claims that
1059:(Malgal, name of the ethnic group) until 713, and "Balhae" was possibly used as a different transcription of the same name. According to the
8210:
5169:
5136:
The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time Precolonial Ethnic and Cultural Processes along the Coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait
3969:
3902:
Under Balhae, the region's agriculture became much more widespread and well-developed than in previous centuries, especially in the north.
2965:
peoples. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Balhae culture was an amalgamation of High Tang Chinese, Korean, and Tungusic cultures.
7192:
6492:
5116:
Vovin, Alexander (2006). "Why Manchu and Jurchen Look so Un-Tungusic ?". In Juha Janhunenn; Alessandra Pozzi; Michael Weiers (eds.).
8205:
3943:
3018:
3005:
2479:
2473:
1528:
7216:
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records that Balhae had its own script, about which almost nothing is known. Vovin has suggested that the script was a prototype of the
2533:
2461:
7491:
7463:
2984:, Gowang/Gaowang (high king). Muye adopted his own reign title in 720. In 721, the Tang asked Balhae for military support against the
5902:
2821:
Historical sources give different accounts of Dae Joyeong's ethnicity and background. Among the official dynastic history works, the
2676:
7780:
7767:"Рецензия на книгу: Дьякова О. В. Государство Бохай: археология, история, политика москва: Наука, Восточная литература, 2014. 319 с"
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7595:
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3817:
Balhae used multiple languages. The indigenous language of Balhae is unclear, as no extant text or gloss of the language survived.
3656:
Balhae had five capitals, fifteen provinces, and sixty-three counties. Balhae's original capital was at Dongmo Mountain in modern
8220:
7666:
4853:
1375:
4967:
8215:
2749:(Cheonmunnyeong), after which he led his followers to set up a state. In 698, Dae Joyeong declared himself King of Zhen (Jin).
3264:. Some Balhae aristocrats were forced to move to Liaoyang, but Balhae's eastern territory remained politically independent in
7970:
7891:
7858:
5411:
5144:
4674:
4638:
4565:
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4247:
5059:
Vovin, Alexander (2012). "Did Wanyan Xiyin invent the Jurchen script?". In Malchukov, Andrej L.; Whaley, Lindsey J. (eds.).
8163:
7140:
6247:
6085:
6012:
4802:
3743:
3638:
3298:. The kingdom's total population in its last years is variously estimated at between 1.5 to 4 million by historians today.
3127:
broke out, causing the Tang to lose control of the northeast, and even after the rebellion's end in 763, warlords known as
7238:"Влияние китайских натурфилософских пространственных моделей на формирование градостроительной культуры государства Бохай"
3192:
of their volition. Peace with the Tang allowed Balhae to further expand its territory. After the death of Heummu, who was
2790:
1992:
1435:
877:
3393:(Da Yinzhuan), the last Balhae king, and other members of the former royal lineage still held considerable authority in
8073:
7726:
7707:
7403:
7304:
7277:
6520:
6042:
5850:
5384:
4348:
1588:
5134:
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of Korea, Russian and Chinese scholars reject this notion, echoing the position of historical Korean scholars such as
7998:
7951:
7832:
7736:
7547:
6146:
5981:
5954:
4430:
4061:
6004:
3059:), and killing 10,000 Tang soldiers. The Balhae force raided and pillaged along the Liao River and the coast of the
4263:
2445:
3103:(Da Qinmao, r. 737–793), continued the course of reconciliation with the Tang. At the same time, trouble with the
7926:
The Problem of the Ethnic Composition of the Bohai State – A Comparative Analysis of Russian and Korean Materials
3280:
1805:
8200:
8037:
6497:
6470:
6443:
6416:
6389:
6358:
2526:
2407:
2383:
2320:
1704:
1533:
665:
591:
7843:
International Conference on Nationalism and Textbooks in Asia and Europe, Seoul, The Academy of Korean Studies
7068:
2806:
Some historians view this dispute as the polemics reflecting modern politics rather than historical evidence.
8225:
8152:
7514:
4012:
3645:
as the written language of administration. Balhae's aristocrats and nobility traveled to the Tang capital of
3248:/Sanggyeong and forced their surrender. In Balhae's place, the Khitans established the autonomous kingdom of
2669:
2340:
1581:
1488:
1446:
1175:
4017:
1065:, the state was called Mohe before it received investiture from China and assumed the name Bohai. Linguists
873:
2433:
2371:
2365:
1484:
8175:
6281:
6211:
1073:
raised another theory, suggesting that the name Balhae had an underlying native name which was cognate to
8195:
6986:
Song, Ki-ho. 'Several Questions in Studies of the History of Palhae.' Korea Journal 30:6 (June 1990): 12.
4116:
4091:
3805:
1416:
962:
4020:
views Balhae as a state of primarily Mohe people while Japanese scholars consider it a tributary state.
3594:
Goguryeo language, and "the Malgal language and customs were the same as those of Goguryeo and Balhae."
7882:
Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (1994), "Introduction", in Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (eds.),
4049:
3332:
2702:
2494:
2438:
2264:
841:
4316:[Religious cult architecture of the Bohai time in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula].
3572:
Han Ciu-cheol believes that many of Goguryeo's tradition were continued by Balhae, such as the use of
3272:(Ding'an). The Liao invaded Jeongan in 975 but failed to conquer them. In 985–6, the Khitans attacked
6363:
3738:
The second phase saw the establishment of central departments and the ten guards, as recorded in the
3577:
which is still commonly used in Korea, indicating a substantial Goguryeo presence in Balhae culture.
3071:
delegation to Japan as both a show of goodwill and a desire to foster friendly relations with Japan.
2737:, while Dae Jungsang fled with his followers but also died around the same time. Dae Jungsang's son,
2549:
2519:
2466:
2452:
2378:
2360:
2330:
2229:
1613:
1518:
1456:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1298:
7802:
6239:
5562:
3930:
Balhae had a high level of craftsmanship and engaged in trade with neighboring polities such as the
3088:
chieftain, Ketuyu, and his Turkic allies were defeated by Tang forces. In addition a force of 5,000
4038:
2662:
1895:
1366:
1137:
961:
in 926. Balhae survived as a distinct population group for another three centuries in the Liao and
4533:
7214:"A Study of the City Planning System of the Ancient Bohai State Using Satellite Photos (Summary)"
4175:
4096:
3773:
3631:
3429:
3311:
Though Balhae was lost, a great portion of the royalty and aristocracy fled to Goryeo, including
3132:
2752:
Another account of the events suggests that there was no rebellion at all, and the leader of the
2710:
2556:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2350:
1908:
802:
6586:
5619:
2926:
2878:
2789:
in the West. While modern Korean scholars usually consider Balhae a Korean state and one of the
7189:
6792:
Liao and Jin: After Khitan and Xianbei in West Manchuria, Jurchen in Eastern Manchuria appeared
6528:
5809:
5225:
3876:
was also used for the two unearthed tomb inscriptions for members of the Balhae royal family.
3693:
officials commanding them. Independent troops were stationed at key border points for defense.
3441:
3189:
2402:
2296:
2285:
1673:
1523:
1348:
17:
8126:
4318:
BUDDHIST RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE OF PARHAE (BOHAI) LOCATED IN NORTHERN PART OF KOREAN PENINSULA
7781:"Государство Бохай и памятники его культуры в Приморье — книга Эрнста Шавкунова в Эвенкитеке"
7537:
7256:
7213:
6134:
5971:
5944:
5840:
5401:
4664:
4628:
4420:
4365:"Буддийская культовая архитектура бохайского времени в северной части корейского полуострова"
3650:
3232:, who recognized the supremacy of Balhae, to become part of the Liao dynasty. The Liao ruler
2746:
1104:
605:
8056:
Parhae in Historiography and Archaeology: International Debate and Prospects for Resolution
7358:
4071:
4000:
3669:
3352:
3245:
3149:
2896:
2785:
2055:
1862:
1693:
1508:
1278:
1195:
1184:
1133:
1113:
1066:
973:
151:
135:
8068:. Vol. 20 of Tunguso Sibirica. Contributor Giovanni Stary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
7886:, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 6, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–42,
4761:
8:
5478:
3124:
3116:
3034:. The reality of events, however, leaked out, enraging Muye. A Balhae naval force led by
2997:
1652:
1148:
7372:
6644:
6322:
6216:
5882:
4504:
3948:
3060:
3047:
3039:
2957:
It is evident that Balhae had a diverse population, including other minorities such as
2714:
2345:
1869:
1778:
1498:
1048:
1025:
177:
8121:
7674:
5314:<類聚国史>卷一九三记载:天皇二年(698年),大祚荣始建渤海国,其国延袤二千里,无州县馆驿,处处有村里,皆靺鞨部落。其百姓者 靺鞨多,土人少,皆以土人为村长.
4844:
8069:
8033:
7994:
7966:
7947:
7887:
7854:
7828:
7732:
7703:
7543:
7399:
7322:"Koreanic loanwords in Khitan and their importance in the decipherment of the latter"
7300:
7273:
6648:
6625:"Mapping a Stateless Nation: "Bohai" Identity in the Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries"
6326:
6142:
6038:
5977:
5950:
5846:
5643:
Kim, Eun Gug (2012). "An Enduring Window between North and South: Parhae and Silla".
5536:
Kim, Eun Gug (2012). "An Enduring Window between North and South: Parhae and Silla".
5494:
Kim, Eun Gug (2012). "An Enduring Window between North and South: Parhae and Silla".
5407:
5380:
5238:
5140:
5018:
Kim, Eun Gug (2012). "An Enduring Window between North and South: Parhae and Silla".
4988:
Kim, Eun Gug (2012). "An Enduring Window between North and South: Parhae and Silla".
4670:
4634:
4561:
4492:
4482:
4426:
4344:
4288:[Dynamics of urbanization processes in the medieval states of the Far East].
4243:
3984:
3873:
3475:
3078:
2988:
but they refused. To check Balhae's influence, the Tang appointed a chieftain of the
2355:
2274:
1855:
1643:
1547:
1543:
1210:
1156:
1070:
182:
170:
165:
8111:
8106:
7566:
6353:
4456:
1633:
8048:
Mapping a Stateless Nation: "Bohai" Identity in the Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries
7943:
Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume One: From Early Times to the 16th Century
7432:
7336:
6636:
6314:
5750:
5220:
4395:정석배 JUNG Suk-bae (2016). "발해의 북방경계에 대한 일고찰 (Study on northern borders of Balhae)".
4166:
4148:
4076:
4066:
4033:
3886:
3852:
3848:
3642:
2951:
2887:, a 9th-century Japanese text, says that when Balhae was founded, it spanned 2,000
2841:
2823:
1948:
1887:
1662:
1622:
1566:
1155:
contains a description of the artifact's making in 834 AD, and a poem honoring the
1152:
1061:
1052:
942:
938:
788:
732:
704:
79:
7642:"Динамика Урбанизационных Процессов В Средневековых Государствах Дальнего Востока"
7321:
6794:" East Asian History: Distortion and Correcting, page 80-110. Seoul: Gudara, 2012.
4286:"Динамика урбанизационных процессов в средневековых государствах Дальнего Востока"
3721:
3112:
dispatched envoys to Japan 34 times, while Japan sent envoys to Balhae 13 times.
2883:
8190:
8167:
8063:
7988:
7941:
7822:
7644:[Dynamics of urbanization processes in medieval states of the Far east].
7220:
7196:
5569:
4555:
4186:
4143:
4129:
3843:
3829:
3649:
on a regular basis as ambassadors and students, many of whom went on to pass the
3483:
3394:
3312:
3294:
3257:
3249:
3193:
2601:
2589:
2395:
2335:
2109:
2023:
1562:
1557:
1502:
1479:
1474:
1391:
1386:
1074:
934:
925:
901:
881:
867:
829:
447:
43:
8160:
5739:"Bohai/Parhae Identity and the Coherence of Dan gur under the Kitan/Liao Empire"
4810:
7468:[The epigraphic materials of the Bohai and Bohai times from Primorye].
5755:
5738:
5717:
About Zusak-khan front banner of the left wing of korchenov of the Qing dynasty
5338:, Chapter 1, Section Mohe Bohai. 通典云,渤海,本栗未靺鞨。至其酋柞榮立國,自號震旦。 又新羅古記云,高麗舊將柞榮,姓大氏。
4313:Культовая архитектура Бохайского времени в северной части Кореского Полуострова
4215:
3891:
3837:
3661:
3611:
3499:
Tingyun also invented a genealogy record on his epitaph tracing his lineage to
3425:
3337:
3201:
3104:
3093:
2742:
2619:
2595:
2390:
2325:
1493:
1096:
1029:
1013:
753:
489:
276:
107:
7353:
Han, Giu-cheol (2008), "The Study of the Ethnic Composition of Palhae State",
4496:
4237:
3809:
Replica of the epitaph of Princess Jeonghye (Zhenhui), the second daughter of
3784:
No historical records explicitly state that Balhae adopted the Tang Dynasty's
3482:
was planned in 1149, but the Balhae court attendant Gao Shouxing protested to
8184:
8116:
7990:
China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries
7902:
Relations Between Bohai and Silla (7th to 9th Centuries): A Critical Analysis
3927:. Whaling was also done, albeit this was mostly done as tribute to the Tang.
3868:
3857:
3810:
3785:
3755:
3626:
Administrative divisions of the Balhae kingdom, with Chinese and Korean names
3513:
3378:
3221:
3197:
3085:
3075:
2985:
2958:
2694:
2637:
2631:
2613:
2607:
2577:
2204:
1829:
1813:
1743:
1513:
1426:
1343:
1333:
1273:
1248:
1238:
966:
954:
264:
7340:
6318:
3942:
and the Tang dynasty. Balhae sent a large number of envoys to Japan, called
3541:). They fought off several military detachments until they were besieged by
2954:
in 840 but they failed to adapt to Balhae society and caused social unrest.
8139:
6574:. History and Culture Research Series at the University of Foreign Studies.
4048:
Balhae is the name of the lunar research facility in the Korean TV series,
4042:
3931:
3924:
3677:
3546:
3437:
3328:
3316:
3265:
3217:
3157:
3035:
3027:
2989:
2935:
2726:
2571:
2565:
2509:
2121:
2097:
2085:
2064:
2001:
1767:
1450:
1406:
1396:
1371:
1323:
1044:
958:
949:
739:
475:
433:
252:
239:
205:
6640:
6181:
4419:
Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (15 December 2014).
5906:
5842:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
4666:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
4041:, which aired from 16 September 2006, to 23 December 2007, was about the
4029:
3939:
3935:
3707:
3699:
3646:
3602:
3561:
3512:
The term "Balhae" became noticeably less prevalent under the rule of the
3335:
that they attack the Khitans in retribution for Balhae, according to the
3153:
3056:
3046:
In response to the attacks, the Tang ordered Kim Chungsin, the nephew of
3031:
2981:
2973:
2912:
2902:
2859:
2845:
also states Dae's ethnic background as Mohe but adds that he was "高麗別種" (
2799:
2738:
2698:
2690:
1836:
1755:
1338:
1263:
1253:
1056:
993:
977:
930:
518:
420:
8062:
Pozzi, Alessandra; Janhunen, Juha Antero; Weiers, Michael, eds. (2006).
7143:[On the issue of the political situation in Bohai in the 720s].
6996:
Han, Ciu-cheol (2012). "The Ethnic Composition of Parhae's Population".
3560:
Balhae's population was composed of former Goguryeo people and Tungusic
3253:
1124:
6067:" The New History of Korea, page 88-89. Harvard University Press, 1984.
5119:
Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Festschrift for Giovanni Stary's 60th birthday
3881:
3673:
3390:
3237:
3100:
2993:
2943:
2907:
2794:
2730:
2722:
2709:. Li died soon after and Sun succeeded him, only to be defeated by the
2649:
2583:
1818:
1682:
1313:
1308:
288:
8133:
7918:
On the Origin of the Jurchen People (A Study Based on Russian Sources)
7436:
6624:
1035:
1019:
999:
714:
711:
573:
570:
4968:"The problem of understanding of the political status of Bohai state"
3404:
3361:
3320:
3181:
3084:
The strategic landscape began to turn on Balhae in 734–735, when the
2828:
2753:
2643:
1553:
1538:
1318:
200:
7600:[Center and periphery of northeastern part of Bohai state].
7420:
3131:
controlled the former northeastern part of the Tang empire. In 762,
2741:(Da Zuorong), left the Liao River valley for Mt. Tianmen (in modern
8065:
Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary
6037:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 103.
5117:
5060:
4081:
3911:
3590:
3408:
3386:
3382:
3365:
3229:
3205:
3128:
2977:
2939:
2892:
2832:
2769:
2765:
2734:
2718:
2625:
2183:
1917:
1877:
1729:
1411:
1293:
1228:
981:
406:
215:
195:
4481:. Edward W. Wagner, Edward J. Schultz. Cambridge. pp. 90–91.
3092:
cavalrymen surrendered to the Tang. The defeat of the Khitans and
1143:
7753:"Эпиграфические материалы Бохая и бохайского времени из Приморья"
7492:"Эпиграфические материалы Бохая и бохайского времени из Приморья"
3820:
One term that the people of Balhae used to describe "a king" was
3681:
3622:
3538:
3500:
3479:
3470:
3452:
3273:
3269:
3225:
3107:
to the west forced the Tang to withdraw all military forces from
3089:
3064:
3055:
struck again, sacking the town of Mt. Matou (northwest of modern
3001:
2836:
2133:
2074:
1401:
1328:
1283:
1258:
143:
7158:
4037:, which is about the last prince of Balhae. The Korean TV drama
7465:Эпиграфические материалы Бохая и бохайского времени из Приморья
7227:. Vol.52, No.2. 2000. pp.129 - 148. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
7190:"Shangjing Longquanfu, the Capital of the Bohai (Parhae) State"
4156:
4086:
3965:
3920:
3907:
3903:
3665:
3657:
3542:
3517:
3461:
3403:
In the summer of 1029, a distant descendant of Balhae royalty,
3261:
3241:
3233:
2962:
2194:
2159:
1927:
1849:
1788:
1268:
1243:
1233:
1088:
628:
549:
522:
461:
127:
119:
60:
8092:
Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War
948:
Balhae's early history involved a rocky relationship with the
6898:
6896:
6730:
6694:
4720:"Liao: A Manchurian hydronym and its ethnohistorical context"
4309:
3961:
3573:
3533:
3108:
3051:
2947:
2855:
2760:
2706:
2170:
2035:
1960:
1937:
1882:
1844:
1823:
1303:
1288:
911:
642:
563:
514:
49:
5159:
4119:; a Supreme capital with four secondary capitals (c.820-926)
2745:). There, he dealt a heavy defeat to the Tang forces at the
2504:
7170:
4206:
For example, 3,000 Balhae households came to Goryeo in 938.
4007:
Northeast Project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
3915:
3855:-speaking. Some Korean historians believe that a record in
3478:, which was completed by 1141. Another relocation south of
3038:(Zhang Wenxiu) attacked Dengzhou on the north shore of the
3030:
while informing Muye that his brother had been banished to
2705:) hegemony, killed an abusive Tang commander, and attacked
1973:
8032:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153,
7794:
7639:
7597:Центр и периферия северо-восточной части государства Бохай
7145:
BHumanitarian research in Eastern Siberia and the Far East
7138:
7122:
7120:
7066:
6944:
6920:
6908:
6893:
6881:
6869:
6857:
6833:
5780:
5778:
4418:
4283:
1047:
bestowed the ruler of Jin with the noble title "Prince of
7624:"Parhae's Maritime Routes to Japan in the Eighth Century"
7461:
7026:
7024:
7022:
6784:
6774:
6772:
6759:
6757:
6059:
6057:
6055:
5810:"North and South States Period: Unified Silla and Balhae"
5403:
A Concise History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
5245:
5164:[The history of Mohé and Bohai Tungusic tribes].
5092:
4919:
A Concise History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
4744:
4742:
4740:
3013:
Yet you want to betray the Tang court. We must not do it.
106:
The territory of Balhae in 830, during the reign of King
8176:
History of Bohai country Государство Бохай (698-926 гг.)
8061:
7934:
Relations between the Bohai people and the Koryŏ kingdom
6604:
6536:
5820:
5203:
5201:
5199:
4846:
Chen gui and Other Works Attributed to Empress Wu Zetian
4378:
4376:
4374:
7593:
7117:
6162:
6111:
5790:
5775:
5406:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 72–73.
4238:동북아역사재단 편 (Northeast Asian History Foundation) (2007).
3664:, China. In 742 it was moved to the Central Capital in
3524:(Southern Chinese). Aside from legal references to the
7443:
7141:"К ВОПРОСУ О ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ СИТУАЦИИ В БОХАЕ В 720-Е ГГ"
7048:
7036:
7019:
6968:
6956:
6932:
6845:
6821:
6809:
6797:
6769:
6754:
6742:
6718:
6670:
6052:
5700:
5698:
5001:
4999:
4737:
3742:. The Zhengtangsheng/Jeongdangseong (政堂省), one of the
5673:
5671:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5599:
5519:
5517:
5502:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5274:
5272:
5196:
5082:
5080:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
4771:
4371:
4180:
3923:
pottery developed under the influence of that of the
758:
744:
5353:
5162:"История тунгусских племен мохэ и государства Бохай"
4783:
3504:
Territories" was widespread from Song times onward.
670:
610:
596:
7071:[State apparatus of the kingdom of Bohai].
6706:
6682:
6261:
6099:
5763:
5695:
5575:
5432:
5317:
5296:
4996:
4940:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
3424:The Khitans themselves eventually succumbed to the
3115:Balhae planned a joint attack on Silla with Japan.
7824:Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589-1276
5921:
5683:
5668:
5651:
5587:
5544:
5514:
5444:
5420:
5341:
5284:
5269:
5077:
5026:
4921:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 71
4883:
4871:
4581:
4579:
4577:
3216:In 907, Balhae came into conflict with the Khitan
2968:
929:) was a multiethnic kingdom established in 698 by
5257:
3381:. The Liao Eastern Capital (Dongjing, modern-day
8182:
7965:, Harvard University Press, pp. 49, 61–62,
7329:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
7092:
5872:據《渤海国记》:“定安国王大氏、乌氏迭见其理不可晓。渤海亡,始建国,下讫淳化二年,凡六十四年。”
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5115:
4692:
4451:
4449:
4394:
3706:Balhae expanded its territory by conquering the
3465:commander Li Ying as a "Bohai man of Liaodong."
2992:(Heuksu Malgal) as prefect of Bozhou (in modern
7881:
7164:
6139:고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다
5903:"Eruption of Mt. Baekdu and collapse of Balhae"
5399:
5054:
5052:
5050:
4574:
4264:"渤海の遼東地域の領有問題をめぐって : 拂涅・越 喜・鉄利等靺鞨の故地と関連して"
3545:. After You surrendered, Muqali praised him to
3428:, the descendants of the Mohe, who founded the
313:• Dae Jung-sang begins military campaigns
7731:. Ewha Womans University Press. January 2005.
7568:日本にも朝貢していた渤海国ってどんな国? 唐や新羅に挟まれ、友好を求めて彼らは海を渡ってきた
7203:. 12 January 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
4626:
4425:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–65.
3451:1194, d. 1214), who died fighting against the
2910:, did not consider Balhae a Korean state. The
2725:during the turmoil. The Tang tried to appease
8138:(6th ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company/
7840:
6521:"高麗時代의 西京制度 (The Seokyeong Policy of Goryeo)"
5721:
4689:金毓黻. 东北通史(再版). 社会科学战线杂志社 (1981). pp. 253–264.
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4446:
4414:
4412:
4410:
3991:) have been preserved by the Japanese court.
3050:and courtier in the Tang court, to return to
2713:. The population of Yingzhou (營州, modern-day
2670:
2527:
1589:
1147:Buddhist relief sculpture from Balhae at the
1128:Brick fragment inscribed with the characters
1033:
1017:
997:
807:
793:
709:
71:
7355:The Journal of Humanities Research Institute
7292:
6182:"Parhae | historical state, China and Korea"
5845:. Indiana University Press. pp. 87–88.
5047:
4554:Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014),
4553:
4403:. 고구려발해학회 Association of Koguryo Balhae: 88.
4190:
4133:
3175:
3169:
3143:
3137:
2950:fled to Balhae after the destruction of the
915:
905:
647:
633:
568:
554:
54:
35:
7820:
7267:
7176:
7069:"Государственный аппарат королевства Бохай"
6587:"[평화칼럼] 발해 유민(遺民)과 꼬마 난민(難民) '쿠르디'"
6279:
4906:, Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, p. 177
4662:
2784:The ethnic identity of Balhae's founder is
6662:Wittfogel, Karl August; Feng, Chia-Sheng.
5866:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4762:"Archeological Studies of Bohai in Russia"
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4613:
4509:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4407:
4271:Kyushu University Institutional Repository
3565:even outside the capitals were sedentary.
2976:died in 719 and was succeeded by his son,
2677:
2663:
2534:
2520:
1596:
1582:
100:
8153:Bohai country Research Center 渤海国交流研究センター
8144:the state of Parhae (or Bohai in Chinese)
8117:U.S. Library of Congress: Country Studies
8023:
7884:Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
7721:
7719:
6736:
6700:
6661:
6232:
5887:[The Fall of Bohai and the Mt.].
5826:
5784:
5754:
4936:, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, p. 54
1016:. The kingdom's name was transcribed as
8030:Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368
7863:
7515:"Первая верительная грамота племён мохэ"
7393:
7346:
7126:
7086:
6286:[Why King Taiso wasted camels].
5736:
5393:
4760:
4748:
4717:
4669:. Indiana University Press. p. 85.
4560:, Oxford University Press, p. 181,
4382:
3804:
3621:
3152:/Sanggyeong, the permanent capital near
1529:Korean People's Association in Manchuria
1142:
1123:
8053:
7986:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7206:
6622:
6205:
6203:
6168:
6128:
6126:
6117:
5743:International Journal of Korean History
5605:
5207:
5193:, Chapter 219: Bohai. 渤海、本粟末靺鞨附高麗者、姓大氏。
5132:
5062:Recent advances in Tungusic linguistics
4952:
4789:
4647:
2827:refers to Dae Joyeong and his state as
878:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
8183:
8045:
7978:
7872:
7716:
7561:
7559:
7449:
7418:
7054:
7042:
7030:
7010:
6974:
6962:
6950:
6938:
6926:
6914:
6902:
6887:
6875:
6863:
6851:
6839:
6827:
6815:
6803:
6778:
6763:
6748:
6724:
6676:
5938:
5936:
5796:
5251:
5166:Покорение Сибири. От Ермака до Беринга
5098:
4901:
4777:
4754:
4310:Stoyakin Maxim Aleksandrovich (2012).
3800:
3469:hereditary military garrisons but not
3180:), the national academy, based on the
8024:Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao",
7910:The Historiography of Bohai in Russia
7805:from the original on 4 November 1999.
7319:
6301:Jeon, Young-Joon (28 February 2021).
5370:
5368:
5160:Tsiporuha Mikhail Isaakovich (2017).
5058:
4842:
4470:
4468:
4142:
2759:In diplomatic communications between
924:
8089:
8015:
8007:
7960:
7915:
7899:
7695:
7512:
7244:
6300:
6248:National Institute of Korean History
6200:
6123:
6086:National Institute of Korean History
6013:National Institute of Korean History
5769:
5704:
5689:
5662:
5593:
5581:
5550:
5523:
5508:
5465:
5453:
5438:
5426:
5323:
5302:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5005:
4946:
4916:
4889:
4877:
4859:from the original on 25 October 2020
4633:. Taylor & Francis. p. 95.
3897:
3639:Three Departments and Six Ministries
1734:
965:dynasties before disappearing under
323:• Establishment in Tianmenling
8211:Former countries in Chinese history
8131:
7939:
7931:
7923:
7907:
7640:Kradin Nikolai Nikolaevich (2018).
7556:
7535:
7470:Archeology, ethnography and culture
7421:"八、九世紀東アジアにおける外交用言語 ; 日本・渤海間を中心として"
7375:(in Korean). 충북일보. 13 December 2010
7352:
7139:Kim, Alexander Alekseevich (2013).
7067:Polutov, Andrey Vadimovich (2014).
6995:
6712:
6688:
6610:
6542:
6267:
6209:
6132:
6105:
6032:
5969:
5942:
5933:
5927:
5838:
5677:
5642:
5535:
5493:
5400:Michael J. Seth (21 January 2016).
5359:
5347:
5290:
5278:
5263:
5086:
5041:
5017:
4987:
4965:
4931:
4823:
4705:
4474:
4338:
4284:Kradin Nikolai Nikolaevich (2018).
2701:rebelled against Tang (Wu Zetian's
13:
8206:Former countries in Korean history
8161:Han's Palhae of Korea 한규철의 발해사 연구실
7993:. University of California Press.
7462:Ivliev, Alexander Lvovich (2014).
7365:
7272:. Eastern bookstore. p. 248.
7099:Northeast asian history foundation
6065:The Society and Culture of Parhae.
5617:
5572:Northeast Asian History Foundation
5374:
5365:
4966:Kim, Alexander Alexeyvich (2014).
4627:Michael Dillon (1 December 2016).
4598:] (in Chinese). Vol. 199下
4547:
4465:
3919:textiles, and ceramics, including
3680:in 755, to the Eastern Capital in
2779:
333:• "Balhae" as a kingdom name
14:
8237:
8100:
7981:Review of A New History of Parhae
7542:. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社. pp. 51–55.
7293:Ueda takeshi (27 December 2001).
6572:《요·금시대 이민족 지배와 발해인》. 외대 역사문화 연구총서
6569:
5122:. Harrassowitz. pp. 255–266.
5104:
4557:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
4062:Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain
2906:, written in the 12th century by
2872:Alexander Kim and Min Kyounghyoun
23:Ancient kingdom in Asia (698–926)
7787:
7773:
7759:
7745:
7689:
7659:
7633:
7616:
7594:Gelman Evgenia Ivanovna (2006).
7587:
7529:
7506:
7484:
7455:
7412:
7387:
7313:
7286:
7261:
7230:
7182:
7132:
7060:
7004:
6989:
6980:
6664:History of Chinese Society: Liao
6655:
6616:
6578:
6563:
6548:
6518:
6512:
6485:
6458:
6431:
6404:
6377:
6345:
6303:"10~12세기 고려의 渤海難民 수용과 주변국 同化政策*"
6294:
6273:
6212:"[여적]태조 왕건이 낙타를 굶겨죽인 까닭"
6174:
6070:
5065:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag
4397:고구려발해연구 The Koguryo Balhae Yongu
4209:
4200:
3994:
3824:, which is related to the words
3569:of their national backgrounds.
3507:
3301:
2839:) affiliated with Goguryeo. The
2503:
1632:
1194:
858:
494:
480:
466:
452:
438:
413:
399:
8107:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
7875:Encyclopedia of Chinese History
7813:
6584:
6351:
6026:
5997:
5963:
5895:
5875:
5832:
5802:
5710:
5636:
5611:
5556:
5529:
5487:
5471:
5329:
5308:
5236:
5230:
5213:
5184:
5153:
5126:
5011:
4981:
4925:
4910:
4895:
4836:
4817:
4795:
4727:Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia
4711:
4683:
4630:Encyclopedia of Chinese History
4526:
4517:
4388:
3733:
3371:
3276:again, this time successfully.
3252:ruled by the Liao crown prince
3220:because of the decision of the
2969:Expansion and foreign relations
1361:Medieval to Early Modern period
32:Balhae (Parhae) / Bohai (Pohai)
8221:Former monarchies of East Asia
8026:The Cambridge History of China
7864:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997),
7519:Общество И Государство В Китае
6498:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
6471:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
6444:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
6417:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
6390:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
6359:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
6188:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
5737:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2016).
5379:(in Chinese). Jilin: 吉林人民出版社.
4608:越熹靺鞨東北至黑水靺鞨,地方二千里,編戶十余萬,勝兵數萬人。
4585:
4357:
4332:
4303:
4277:
4256:
4231:
4161:
4134:
4122:
4109:
3767:
3713:
3532:Some Balhae adopted Mongol or
3419:
3176:
3170:
3144:
3138:
2697:along with his brother-in-law
916:
906:
759:
745:
710:
671:
611:
597:
1:
8216:Former countries in East Asia
8135:Encyclopedia of World History
7946:. Columbia University Press.
7673:(in Japanese). Archived from
6554:
5949:. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社. p. 53.
5224:, Original: 渤海靺鞨大祚榮者,本高麗別種也.
4224:
3668:, Jilin. It was moved to the
3617:
3268:, which was later renamed to
1447:Sino-Russian border conflicts
992:Balhae was founded in 698 by
8094:, University of Hawaii Press
7646:Siberian historical research
7073:Siberian historical research
6629:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
4290:Siberian historical research
3444:'s accession to the throne.
3281:the eruption of Mount Baekdu
2791:Northern and Southern States
1993:Northern and Southern period
1151:, Japan. The inscription in
996:(Da Zuorong) under the name
7:
7255:Military System of Balhae,
7165:Franke & Twitchett 1994
4902:Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012),
4523:Baxter & Sagart; p. 20.
4181:
4092:List of Provinces of Balhae
4055:
3687:
2721:) fled eastward toward the
2056:Later Three Kingdoms period
1806:Proto–Three Kingdoms period
1223:Ancient to Classical period
1112:romanization. According to
937:, the northern half of the
808:
343:• Fall of Sang-gyeong
10:
8242:
8122:Metropolitan Museum of Art
8054:Sloane, Jesse D. (2014a),
8010:A Concise History of Korea
7821:Bielenstein, Hans (2005),
7602:Story. Historical Sciences
7398:. 校倉書房. pp. 304–310.
7394:Sakayori, Masashi (2001).
7095:"Balhae studies in Russia"
6557:渤海遺民의 再建運動 : 後渤海와 大渤海
5756:10.22372/ijkh.2016.21.1.11
4932:Kim, Djun Kil Kim (2014),
4191:
4004:
3998:
3629:
3584:
3555:
3099:Muye's son and successor,
1119:
834:
15:
8132:Stearns, Peter N. (ed.).
8127:Bohai Kingdom in academia
8046:Sloane, Jesse D. (2014),
8016:Shin, Michael D. (2014),
8008:Seth, Michael J. (2020),
7979:Reckel, Johannes (2015),
7419:Yuzawa, Tadayuki (1997).
7320:Vovin, Alexander (2017),
7093:Alexander lvliev (2007).
6364:Academy of Korean Studies
5891:(in Korean). 30 May 2012.
5624:(in Korean). Seelotus.com
5480:История государства Бохай
4917:Seth, Michael J. (2016),
4170:
4152:
4013:North–South States Period
3988:
3979:. Balhae's musical works
3851:, and at least partially
3744:three central departments
3306:
3279:Some scholars considered
1519:Kwantung Leased Territory
1165:
1136:" of Balhae, held at the
1034:
1018:
998:
974:historiographical dispute
850:
840:
828:
823:
819:
815:
801:
794:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
752:
738:
731:
726:
722:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
664:
659:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
622:
604:
590:
585:
581:
569:
562:
555:
548:
543:
539:
535:
510:
378:
374:
364:
360:
355:
351:
341:
331:
321:
311:
307:
299:
295:
282:
270:
258:
246:
233:
229:
221:
211:
191:
161:
115:
99:
94:
72:
55:
36:
30:
7987:Rossabi, Morris (1983).
7963:Imperial China, 900-1800
7916:Kim, Alexander (2011b),
7900:Kim, Alexander (2011a),
7873:Dillon, Michael (2016),
7728:A Brief History of Korea
7596:
7567:
7464:
6623:Jesse D, Sloane (2014).
6591:Catholic Peace Newspaper
6307:Society for Jeju Studies
6282:
5972:
5883:
5620:
5479:
5376:
5133:Richard, Zgusta (2015).
4904:East Asia: A New History
4457:
4340:
4312:
4117:multiple capitals system
4102:
4023:
3182:national academy of Tang
3156:in the south of today's
1896:Four Commanderies of Han
1367:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
1138:National Museum of China
8090:Wang, Zhenping (2013),
7932:Kim, Alexander (2019),
7924:Kim, Alexander (2015),
7908:Kim, Alexander (2011),
7341:10.1556/062.2017.70.2.4
7013:A New History of Parhae
6998:A New History of Parhae
6319:10.47520/jjs.2021.55.27
6186:Encyclopedia Britannica
5645:A New History of Parhae
5538:A New History of Parhae
5498:. Brill. p. 80-81.
5496:A New History of Parhae
5022:. Brill. p. 77-78.
5020:A New History of Parhae
4990:A New History of Parhae
4718:Janhunen, Juha (2008).
4242:. 동북아역사재단. p. 62.
4097:List of Balhae monarchs
4028:Balhae features in the
3774:Emperor Wenzong of Tang
3632:List of Balhae monarchs
3236:took possession of the
3211:
3204:(Xuan, r. 818–830) and
3133:Emperor Daizong of Tang
2849:). Literally speaking,
2711:Second Turkic Khaganate
987:
623:Alternative Korean name
8018:Korean History in Maps
7940:Lee, Peter H. (2010).
7877:, Taylor & Francis
7868:, Blackwell Publishing
7513:о. в, Дьякова (2013).
6529:Ewha Womans University
6135:"신화와 전설에 담긴 고려 왕실의 역사"
6035:A New History of Korea
4588:"列传第一百四十九下 北狄 靺鞨 渤海靺鞨"
4478:A New History of Korea
4422:Korean History in Maps
4343:(in Japanese). 吉川弘文館.
3814:
3627:
3442:Emperor Shizong of Jin
3341:. Furthermore, in his
3190:Emperor Dezong of Tang
3023:
2996:) in 722. In 725, the
2931:
2875:
2819:
2693:(Wushang Khan) of the
2471:World Heritage Sites (
2462:Science and technology
2240:Provisional Government
1524:Nationalist government
1162:
1140:
866:This article contains
8201:926 disestablishments
8166:19 March 2007 at the
8112:Columbia Encyclopedia
7373:"한중 이견속 발해는 고유문자 있었나"
7299:. 明石書店. p. 126.
7257:War Memorial of Korea
7011:Duncan, John (2012).
6641:10.1353/sys.2014.0003
6033:Lee, Ki-Baik (1984).
5839:Kim, Jinwung (2012).
4475:Lee, Ki-baik (1988).
4140:Korean pronunciation:
4018:archaeological school
3808:
3651:imperial examinations
3625:
3260:, were absorbed into
3010:
2918:
2864:
2808:
2747:Battle of Tianmenling
1963:(Tributary of Baekje)
1909:Three Kingdoms period
1146:
1127:
941:and the southeastern
922:Korean pronunciation:
162:Common languages
108:Seon (Xuan) of Balhae
8226:History of Manchuria
7702:. 校倉書房. p. 16.
7573:BUSHOO!JAPAN(武将ジャパン)
7502:(86): 207–217. 2014.
7359:Kyungsung University
7268:Zhu and Wei (1996).
7219:3 March 2016 at the
7195:27 July 2018 at the
7015:. Brill. p. 16.
7000:. Brill. p. 22.
6280:Lee Ki Hwan (2015).
6210:이기환 (22 June 2015).
6141:(in Korean). 휴머니스트.
5647:. Brill. p. 79.
5568:26 June 2015 at the
5540:. Brill. p. 78.
4992:. Brill. p. 76.
4934:The History of Korea
4813:on 21 December 2015.
4663:Jinwung Kim (2012).
4072:History of Manchuria
4001:Balhae controversies
3828:(management) of the
2729:(Da Zhongxiang) and
2275:North-South division
2265:Military governments
2038:(Tributary of Silla)
1509:Far Eastern Republic
1279:Yan (Three Kingdoms)
1254:Yan (Warring States)
1114:Pamela Kyle Crossley
1067:Karl Heinrich Menges
666:Revised Romanization
592:Revised Romanization
366:• 10th century
291:(Da Yinzhuan) (last)
16:For other uses, see
7961:Mote, F.W. (1999),
7696:酒寄雅志 (March 2001).
7575:(in Japanese). 2017
7105:on 13 February 2021
6613:, p. 109-1010.
6545:, p. 108, 110.
4807:Ohara Museum of Art
3801:Language and script
3125:An Lushan Rebellion
3117:Gyeongdeok of Silla
2998:Andong Protectorate
2230:Japanese occupation
1417:Jurchen Jin dynasty
1376:Andong Protectorate
1149:Ohara Museum of Art
1099:romanization), and
1083:The transcriptions
892:, also rendered as
532:
8196:698 establishments
7677:on 3 November 2020
6953:, p. 394-395.
6929:, p. 392-394.
6917:, p. 396-398.
6905:, p. 396-397.
6890:, p. 390-391.
6878:, p. 388-389.
6866:, p. 389-390.
6842:, p. 384-385.
6739:, p. 143-144.
6703:, p. 113-114.
6466:"원종 애노의 난(元宗哀奴─亂)"
6333:on 6 December 2021
6283:태조 왕건이 낙타를 굶겨죽인 까닭
6217:Kyunghyang Shinmun
5563:9 Balhae and Japan
5254:, p. 366-367.
5101:, p. 481-482.
4843:Uwitchett, Denis.
4541:2010 年度第 6 回日本海学講座
4341:渤海国とは何か 歴史文化ライブラリー
3815:
3628:
3194:posthumously known
3061:Liaodong Peninsula
3048:Seongdeok of Silla
3040:Shandong Peninsula
2173:(Vassal of Goryeo)
1783:4th–2nd century BC
1657:700,000 BC-8000 BC
1644:Prehistoric period
1499:Beiyang government
1205:Prehistoric period
1163:
1141:
926:[tɕinguk̚]
530:
7972:978-0-674-01212-7
7893:978-0-521-24331-5
7859:978-7-80528-597-9
7270:History of Balhae
6005:"(2) 건국―호족들과의 제휴"
5976:(in Korean). 들녘.
5973:고려사 - 열정과 자존의 오백년
5413:978-1-4422-3518-2
5146:978-90-04-30043-9
4676:978-0-253-00024-8
4640:978-1-317-81715-4
4567:978-0-19-994537-5
4488:978-0-674-25526-5
4249:978-89-6187-003-0
4179:
4144:[pa̠ɽɦɛ̝]
4043:founder of Balhae
3898:Economy and trade
3874:Classical Chinese
3476:Taihang Mountains
2687:
2686:
2550:Monarchs of Korea
2544:
2543:
2305:
2304:
2248:
2247:
2213:
2212:
2143:
2142:
2046:
2045:
1983:
1982:
1796:
1795:
1713:
1712:
1606:
1605:
1548:Chinese Civil War
1544:Liaoshen Campaign
1534:Japanese invasion
1489:Russian invasions
1349:Göktürk Khaganate
1211:Liao civilization
1105:McCune–Reischauer
1071:Roy Andrew Miller
874:rendering support
854:
853:
766:
765:
733:Standard Mandarin
678:
677:
618:
617:
606:McCune–Reischauer
528:
527:
506:
505:
502:
501:
426:
425:
187:
183:Classical Chinese
174:
8233:
8174:
8159:
8151:
8146:
8095:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8058:
8050:
8042:
8020:
8012:
8004:
7983:
7975:
7957:
7936:
7928:
7920:
7912:
7904:
7896:
7878:
7869:
7846:
7837:
7807:
7806:
7795:"The Silent Sea"
7791:
7785:
7784:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7723:
7714:
7713:
7693:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7563:
7554:
7553:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7459:
7453:
7447:
7441:
7440:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7391:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7326:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7265:
7259:
7253:
7242:
7241:
7234:
7228:
7210:
7204:
7201:Kyoto University
7186:
7180:
7177:Bielenstein 2005
7174:
7168:
7167:, pp. 3, 5.
7162:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7136:
7130:
7124:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7101:. Archived from
7090:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7064:
7058:
7052:
7046:
7040:
7034:
7028:
7017:
7016:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6993:
6987:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6891:
6885:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6767:
6761:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6620:
6614:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6552:
6546:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6525:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6329:. Archived from
6298:
6292:
6291:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6207:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6178:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6130:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6074:
6068:
6061:
6050:
6048:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5940:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5879:
5873:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5806:
5800:
5799:, p. 55-56.
5794:
5788:
5782:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5734:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5666:
5660:
5649:
5648:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5512:
5511:, p. 90-91.
5506:
5500:
5499:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5475:
5469:
5468:, p. 89-90.
5463:
5457:
5451:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5372:
5363:
5362:, p. 10-11.
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5234:
5228:
5221:Old Book of Tang
5217:
5211:
5205:
5194:
5191:New Book of Tang
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5168:. Archived from
5157:
5151:
5150:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5113:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5056:
5045:
5039:
5024:
5023:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4972:
4963:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4851:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4809:. Archived from
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4735:
4734:
4724:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4690:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4660:
4645:
4644:
4624:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4596:Old Book of Tang
4583:
4572:
4571:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4500:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4416:
4405:
4404:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4268:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4235:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4163:
4154:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4120:
4113:
4077:History of China
4067:History of Korea
4034:Shadowless Sword
3990:
3978:
3952:
3887:Old Book of Tang
3790:New Book of Tang
3740:New Book of Tang
3643:literary Chinese
3490:literally means
3289:Old Book of Tang
3179:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3021:
2952:Uyghur Khaganate
2929:
2873:
2842:Old Book of Tang
2824:New Book of Tang
2817:
2811:interpretations.
2797:, author of the
2679:
2672:
2665:
2546:
2545:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2510:Korea portal
2508:
2507:
2482:
2476:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2368:
2261:
2260:
2226:
2225:
2156:
2155:
2077:(Later Goguryeo)
2061:
2060:
1998:
1997:
1949:Gaya confederacy
1914:
1913:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1839:
1832:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1626:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1567:Russian Far East
1299:Sima Jin dynasty
1198:
1188:
1170:
1169:
1153:Literary Chinese
1062:New Book of Tang
1039:
1038:
1028:, with the same
1023:
1022:
1003:
1002:
943:Russian Far East
939:Korean Peninsula
928:
923:
919:
918:
909:
908:
880: instead of
862:
861:
836:
811:
797:
796:
762:
761:
748:
747:
724:
723:
718:
717:
674:
673:
657:
656:
651:
650:
637:
636:
614:
613:
600:
599:
583:
582:
577:
576:
558:
557:
533:
529:
498:
497:
484:
483:
470:
469:
456:
455:
442:
441:
430:
429:
417:
416:
403:
402:
396:
395:
380:
379:
185:
168:
157:
149:
141:
133:
125:
104:
89:
83:
75:
74:
69:
58:
57:
47:
39:
38:
28:
27:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8181:
8180:
8172:
8168:Wayback Machine
8157:
8149:
8103:
8098:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8040:
8001:
7973:
7954:
7894:
7835:
7816:
7811:
7810:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7779:
7778:
7774:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7739:
7725:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7694:
7690:
7680:
7678:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7650:
7648:
7638:
7634:
7626:
7622:
7621:
7617:
7607:
7605:
7598:
7592:
7588:
7578:
7576:
7569:
7565:
7564:
7557:
7550:
7534:
7530:
7511:
7507:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7475:
7473:
7466:
7460:
7456:
7448:
7444:
7417:
7413:
7406:
7392:
7388:
7378:
7376:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7351:
7347:
7324:
7318:
7314:
7307:
7291:
7287:
7280:
7266:
7262:
7254:
7245:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7221:Wayback Machine
7212:Ogata, Noboru.
7211:
7207:
7197:Wayback Machine
7188:Ogata, Noboru.
7187:
7183:
7175:
7171:
7163:
7159:
7149:
7147:
7137:
7133:
7125:
7118:
7108:
7106:
7091:
7087:
7077:
7075:
7065:
7061:
7053:
7049:
7041:
7037:
7029:
7020:
7009:
7005:
6994:
6990:
6985:
6981:
6973:
6969:
6961:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6937:
6933:
6925:
6921:
6913:
6909:
6901:
6894:
6886:
6882:
6874:
6870:
6862:
6858:
6850:
6846:
6838:
6834:
6826:
6822:
6814:
6810:
6802:
6798:
6790:Hong Won-tak. "
6789:
6785:
6777:
6770:
6762:
6755:
6747:
6743:
6735:
6731:
6723:
6719:
6711:
6707:
6699:
6695:
6687:
6683:
6675:
6671:
6660:
6656:
6621:
6617:
6609:
6605:
6595:
6593:
6583:
6579:
6568:
6564:
6553:
6549:
6541:
6537:
6523:
6519:Kang, Ok-yeop.
6517:
6513:
6503:
6501:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6476:
6474:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6449:
6447:
6439:"김헌창의 난(金憲昌─亂)"
6437:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6420:
6410:
6409:
6405:
6395:
6393:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6368:
6366:
6350:
6346:
6336:
6334:
6299:
6295:
6284:
6278:
6274:
6266:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6223:
6221:
6208:
6201:
6191:
6189:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6131:
6124:
6116:
6112:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6062:
6053:
6045:
6031:
6027:
6017:
6015:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5974:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5941:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5912:
5910:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5837:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5795:
5791:
5783:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5735:
5722:
5715:
5711:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5676:
5669:
5661:
5652:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5604:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5580:
5576:
5570:Wayback Machine
5561:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5534:
5530:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5503:
5492:
5488:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5452:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5378:
5373:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5285:
5277:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5250:
5246:
5235:
5231:
5218:
5214:
5206:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5172:on 13 June 2021
5158:
5154:
5147:
5131:
5127:
5114:
5105:
5097:
5093:
5085:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5057:
5048:
5040:
5027:
5016:
5012:
5004:
4997:
4986:
4982:
4975:Harvard Library
4970:
4964:
4953:
4945:
4941:
4930:
4926:
4915:
4911:
4900:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4822:
4818:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4788:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4738:
4722:
4716:
4712:
4704:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4677:
4661:
4648:
4641:
4625:
4614:
4601:
4599:
4584:
4575:
4568:
4552:
4548:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4502:
4501:
4489:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4417:
4408:
4393:
4389:
4381:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4292:
4282:
4278:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4192:
4139:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4058:
4026:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3972:
3946:
3900:
3844:Alexander Vovin
3830:Manchu language
3803:
3770:
3753:Meanwhile, the
3736:
3716:
3690:
3634:
3620:
3614:in the future.
3587:
3558:
3510:
3484:Empress Daoping
3422:
3374:
3343:Ten Injunctions
3325:Goryeosa jeolyo
3313:Dae Gwang-hyeon
3309:
3304:
3295:History of Liao
3258:Dae Gwang-hyeon
3214:
3022:
3017:
2971:
2930:
2925:
2874:
2871:
2818:
2816:Johannes Reckel
2815:
2782:
2780:Ethnic identity
2683:
2540:
2502:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2364:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2223:
2222:Colonial period
2215:
2214:
2153:
2152:Dynastic period
2145:
2144:
2110:Dongdan Kingdom
2058:
2048:
2047:
2024:Little Goguryeo
2004:(Unified Silla)
1995:
1985:
1984:
1911:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1835:
1828:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1705:Liaoning dagger
1667:8000 BC–1500 BC
1646:
1624:
1617:
1602:
1573:
1572:
1563:Outer Manchuria
1558:Northeast China
1503:Fengtian Clique
1480:Chuang Guandong
1475:Amur Annexation
1470:
1462:
1461:
1392:Dongdan Kingdom
1387:Little Goguryeo
1362:
1354:
1353:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1186:
1179:
1168:
1122:
1091:romanization),
990:
935:Northeast China
921:
887:
886:
885:
882:Manchu alphabet
872:Without proper
863:
859:
521:
517:
495:
481:
467:
453:
439:
414:
400:
367:
344:
334:
324:
314:
285:
284:• 907–926
273:
272:• 818–830
261:
260:• 737–793
249:
248:• 719–737
236:
235:• 698–719
204:
199:
181:
176:
155:
154:
150:
147:
146:
144:Eastern capital
142:
139:
138:
134:
131:
130:
128:Central capital
126:
123:
122:
120:Dongmo Mountain
111:
90:
85:
84:
77:
70:
65:
64:
53:
41:
33:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
8239:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8179:
8178:
8170:
8155:
8147:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8102:
8101:External links
8099:
8097:
8096:
8087:
8075:978-3447053785
8074:
8059:
8051:
8043:
8038:
8021:
8013:
8005:
7999:
7984:
7976:
7971:
7958:
7952:
7937:
7929:
7921:
7913:
7905:
7897:
7892:
7879:
7870:
7861:
7847:
7838:
7833:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7786:
7772:
7758:
7744:
7737:
7715:
7709:978-4751731703
7708:
7688:
7658:
7632:
7615:
7586:
7555:
7548:
7528:
7505:
7483:
7454:
7452:, p. 368.
7442:
7411:
7405:978-4751731703
7404:
7386:
7364:
7345:
7335:(2): 207–215,
7312:
7306:978-4750315072
7305:
7285:
7279:978-4497954589
7278:
7260:
7243:
7229:
7205:
7181:
7179:, p. 213.
7169:
7157:
7131:
7116:
7085:
7059:
7057:, p. 482.
7047:
7045:, p. 402.
7035:
7033:, p. 378.
7018:
7003:
6988:
6979:
6977:, p. 367.
6967:
6965:, p. 403.
6955:
6943:
6941:, p. 397.
6931:
6919:
6907:
6892:
6880:
6868:
6856:
6854:, p. 386.
6844:
6832:
6830:, p. 383.
6820:
6818:, p. 375.
6808:
6806:, p. 376.
6796:
6783:
6781:, p. 381.
6768:
6766:, p. 373.
6753:
6751:, p. 372.
6741:
6737:Twitchett 1994
6729:
6727:, p. 370.
6717:
6715:, p. 287.
6705:
6701:Twitchett 1994
6693:
6691:, p. 110.
6681:
6679:, p. 390.
6669:
6654:
6615:
6603:
6585:Lee, Sang-Do.
6577:
6570:나, 영남 (2017).
6562:
6547:
6535:
6511:
6484:
6457:
6430:
6403:
6385:"후삼국통일(後三國統一)"
6376:
6344:
6293:
6272:
6270:, p. 264.
6260:
6231:
6199:
6173:
6171:, p. 323.
6161:
6147:
6122:
6120:, p. 154.
6110:
6108:, p. 108.
6098:
6069:
6063:Lee Ki-baik. "
6051:
6044:978-0674615762
6043:
6025:
5996:
5982:
5962:
5955:
5932:
5930:, p. 298.
5920:
5909:. 3 April 2015
5894:
5884:발해멸망과 백두산 화산폭발
5874:
5865:
5852:978-0253000248
5851:
5831:
5829:, p. 102.
5827:Twitchett 1994
5819:
5801:
5789:
5785:Twitchett 1994
5774:
5772:, p. 353.
5762:
5720:
5709:
5707:, p. 354.
5694:
5682:
5680:, p. 286.
5667:
5650:
5635:
5610:
5598:
5586:
5584:, p. 352.
5574:
5555:
5543:
5528:
5513:
5501:
5486:
5470:
5458:
5443:
5441:, p. 350.
5431:
5419:
5412:
5392:
5386:978-7206055102
5385:
5364:
5352:
5350:, p. 297.
5340:
5328:
5326:, p. 173.
5316:
5307:
5305:, p. 351.
5295:
5293:, p. 7-8.
5283:
5281:, p. 293.
5268:
5256:
5244:
5239:"渤海は高句麗を引き継いだ"
5229:
5212:
5195:
5183:
5152:
5145:
5125:
5103:
5091:
5089:, p. 299.
5076:
5046:
5044:, p. 292.
5025:
5010:
5008:, p. 349.
4995:
4980:
4951:
4949:, p. 348.
4939:
4924:
4909:
4894:
4882:
4870:
4852:. p. 20.
4835:
4826:"渤海咸和四年铭文佛龛考释"
4816:
4794:
4782:
4780:, p. 366.
4770:
4753:
4736:
4710:
4691:
4682:
4675:
4646:
4639:
4612:
4573:
4566:
4546:
4525:
4516:
4487:
4464:
4461:(in Japanese).
4445:
4431:
4406:
4387:
4370:
4356:
4350:978-4642058582
4349:
4331:
4302:
4276:
4255:
4248:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4208:
4199:
4121:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4050:The Silent Sea
4025:
4022:
3999:Main article:
3996:
3993:
3899:
3896:
3892:Jurchen script
3838:Nanai language
3802:
3799:
3769:
3766:
3735:
3732:
3715:
3712:
3689:
3686:
3662:Jilin Province
3619:
3616:
3612:Jurchen people
3586:
3583:
3557:
3554:
3509:
3506:
3426:Jurchen people
3421:
3418:
3379:Mongol empires
3373:
3370:
3338:Zizhi Tongjian
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3213:
3210:
3202:Seon of Balhae
3105:Tibetan Empire
3015:
2970:
2967:
2927:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn
2923:
2879:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn
2869:
2847:gaoli biezhong
2813:
2781:
2778:
2743:Jilin Province
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2431:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2358:
2353:
2351:Historiography
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1724:
1722:Ancient period
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1687:1500 BC–300 BC
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1551:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1496:
1494:Russian Dalian
1491:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1121:
1118:
1030:Middle Chinese
1014:Middle Chinese
989:
986:
876:, you may see
864:
857:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
844:
838:
837:
832:
826:
825:
821:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
805:
799:
798:
791:
785:
784:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
756:
750:
749:
742:
736:
735:
729:
728:
727:Transcriptions
720:
719:
707:
701:
700:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
668:
662:
661:
660:Transcriptions
653:
652:
645:
639:
638:
631:
625:
624:
620:
619:
616:
615:
608:
602:
601:
594:
588:
587:
586:Transcriptions
579:
578:
566:
560:
559:
552:
546:
545:
541:
540:
537:
536:
526:
525:
512:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
492:
486:
485:
478:
472:
471:
464:
458:
457:
450:
444:
443:
436:
427:
424:
423:
418:
410:
409:
404:
392:
391:
386:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
353:
352:
349:
348:
347:14 January 926
345:
342:
339:
338:
335:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
292:
286:
283:
280:
279:
274:
271:
268:
267:
262:
259:
256:
255:
250:
247:
244:
243:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
193:
189:
188:
178:Proto-Tungusic
163:
159:
158:
117:
113:
112:
105:
97:
96:
92:
91:
34:
31:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8238:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8177:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8162:
8156:
8154:
8150:(in Japanese)
8148:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8136:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8093:
8088:
8077:
8071:
8067:
8066:
8060:
8057:
8052:
8049:
8044:
8041:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8022:
8019:
8014:
8011:
8006:
8002:
8000:9780520045620
7996:
7992:
7991:
7985:
7982:
7977:
7974:
7968:
7964:
7959:
7955:
7953:9780231515290
7949:
7945:
7944:
7938:
7935:
7930:
7927:
7922:
7919:
7914:
7911:
7906:
7903:
7898:
7895:
7889:
7885:
7880:
7876:
7871:
7867:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7839:
7836:
7834:9789047407614
7830:
7826:
7825:
7819:
7818:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7790:
7782:
7776:
7768:
7762:
7754:
7748:
7740:
7738:9788973006199
7734:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7720:
7711:
7705:
7701:
7700:
7692:
7676:
7672:
7671:kamakuratoday
7668:
7662:
7647:
7643:
7636:
7625:
7619:
7603:
7599:
7590:
7574:
7570:
7562:
7560:
7551:
7549:9787520113977
7545:
7541:
7540:
7532:
7525:(1): 151–154.
7524:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7471:
7467:
7458:
7451:
7446:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7415:
7407:
7401:
7397:
7390:
7374:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7308:
7302:
7298:
7297:
7289:
7281:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7239:
7233:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7209:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7191:
7185:
7178:
7173:
7166:
7161:
7146:
7142:
7135:
7129:, p. 19.
7128:
7127:Crossley 1997
7123:
7121:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7089:
7074:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7051:
7044:
7039:
7032:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7014:
7007:
6999:
6992:
6983:
6976:
6971:
6964:
6959:
6952:
6947:
6940:
6935:
6928:
6923:
6916:
6911:
6904:
6899:
6897:
6889:
6884:
6877:
6872:
6865:
6860:
6853:
6848:
6841:
6836:
6829:
6824:
6817:
6812:
6805:
6800:
6793:
6787:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6765:
6760:
6758:
6750:
6745:
6738:
6733:
6726:
6721:
6714:
6709:
6702:
6697:
6690:
6685:
6678:
6673:
6666:. p. 56.
6665:
6658:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6607:
6592:
6588:
6581:
6573:
6566:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6539:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6515:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6488:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6434:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6407:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6380:
6365:
6362:(in Korean).
6361:
6360:
6355:
6348:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6285:
6276:
6269:
6264:
6249:
6246:(in Korean).
6245:
6241:
6235:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6206:
6204:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6170:
6165:
6150:
6148:9788958629023
6144:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6127:
6119:
6114:
6107:
6102:
6087:
6084:(in Korean).
6083:
6079:
6073:
6066:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6046:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6014:
6011:(in Korean).
6010:
6006:
6000:
5985:
5983:9791159250248
5979:
5975:
5966:
5958:
5956:9787520113977
5952:
5948:
5947:
5939:
5937:
5929:
5924:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5890:
5886:
5878:
5869:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5835:
5828:
5823:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5798:
5793:
5787:, p. 69.
5786:
5781:
5779:
5771:
5766:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5718:
5713:
5706:
5701:
5699:
5692:, p. 94.
5691:
5686:
5679:
5674:
5672:
5665:, p. 66.
5664:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5646:
5639:
5623:
5614:
5608:, p. 15.
5607:
5602:
5596:, p. 93.
5595:
5590:
5583:
5578:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5559:
5553:, p. 92.
5552:
5547:
5539:
5532:
5526:, p. 91.
5525:
5520:
5518:
5510:
5505:
5497:
5490:
5483:(in Russian).
5482:
5474:
5467:
5462:
5456:, p. 89.
5455:
5450:
5448:
5440:
5435:
5429:, p. 88.
5428:
5423:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5396:
5388:
5382:
5371:
5369:
5361:
5356:
5349:
5344:
5337:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5311:
5304:
5299:
5292:
5287:
5280:
5275:
5273:
5266:, p. 91.
5265:
5260:
5253:
5248:
5240:
5233:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5216:
5210:, p. 12.
5209:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5192:
5187:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5148:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5120:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5100:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5064:
5063:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5043:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4991:
4984:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4948:
4943:
4935:
4928:
4920:
4913:
4905:
4898:
4892:, p. 87.
4891:
4886:
4880:, p. 85.
4879:
4874:
4855:
4848:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4803:"Asiatic Art"
4798:
4791:
4786:
4779:
4774:
4763:
4757:
4751:, p. 12.
4750:
4749:Crossley 2016
4745:
4743:
4741:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4686:
4678:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4609:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4535:
4529:
4520:
4512:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4471:
4469:
4460:
4452:
4450:
4434:
4432:9781107098466
4428:
4424:
4423:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4399:(in Korean).
4398:
4391:
4385:, p. 18.
4384:
4383:Crossley 1997
4379:
4377:
4375:
4366:
4360:
4352:
4346:
4339:古畑徹 (2017).
4335:
4319:
4315:
4306:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4265:
4259:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4230:
4217:
4216:Map of Balhae
4212:
4203:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4150:
4145:
4131:
4125:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3995:Controversies
3992:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3869:lingua franca
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:Shoku Nihongi
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3811:Mun of Balhae
3807:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3786:Fubing system
3782:
3778:
3775:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:Shoku Nihongi
3751:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:Ruijū Kokushi
3711:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3670:Upper Capital
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3514:Mongol Empire
3508:Mongol Empire
3505:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3302:Later history
3299:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3198:Mun of Balhae
3195:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2884:Ruijū Kokushi
2880:
2877:According to
2868:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2786:controversial
2777:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2638:Dae Hyeonseok
2636:
2633:
2632:Dae Geonhwang
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2257:Modern period
2254:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2205:Korean Empire
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:(Later Silla)
2087:
2086:Unified Silla
2084:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Green Ukraine
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:Modern period
1466:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Northern Yuan
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Xianbei state
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:Takri Kingdom
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1134:Upper Capital
1131:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1080:("hunting").
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
995:
985:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
913:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
879:
875:
871:
869:
849:
845:
843:
839:
833:
831:
830:Manchu script
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
804:
800:
792:
790:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
757:
755:
751:
743:
741:
737:
734:
730:
725:
721:
716:
713:
708:
706:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
669:
667:
663:
658:
654:
646:
644:
640:
632:
630:
626:
621:
609:
607:
603:
595:
593:
589:
584:
580:
575:
572:
567:
565:
561:
553:
551:
547:
542:
538:
534:
524:
520:
516:
513:
511:Today part of
509:
493:
491:
488:
487:
479:
477:
474:
473:
465:
463:
460:
459:
451:
449:
446:
445:
437:
435:
432:
431:
428:
422:
419:
412:
411:
408:
405:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
377:
373:
370:1.5–4 million
369:
363:
359:
354:
350:
346:
340:
336:
330:
326:
320:
316:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
281:
278:
275:
269:
266:
263:
257:
254:
251:
245:
241:
238:
232:
228:
224:
220:
217:
214:
210:
207:
202:
197:
194:
190:
184:
179:
172:
167:
164:
160:
153:
152:Upper capital
145:
137:
136:Upper capital
129:
121:
118:
114:
109:
103:
98:
93:
88:
81:
68:
62:
51:
45:
29:
26:
19:
8173:(in Russian)
8143:
8140:Bartleby.com
8134:
8091:
8079:. Retrieved
8064:
8055:
8047:
8029:
8025:
8017:
8009:
7989:
7980:
7962:
7942:
7933:
7925:
7917:
7909:
7901:
7883:
7874:
7865:
7850:
7849:孫玉良 (1992).
7842:
7823:
7814:Bibliography
7798:
7789:
7775:
7761:
7747:
7727:
7698:
7691:
7681:17 September
7679:. Retrieved
7675:the original
7670:
7661:
7649:. Retrieved
7645:
7635:
7618:
7606:. Retrieved
7604:(in Russian)
7601:
7589:
7577:. Retrieved
7572:
7538:
7536:战继发 (2017).
7531:
7522:
7518:
7508:
7499:
7496:Россия И Атр
7495:
7486:
7474:. Retrieved
7472:(in Russian)
7469:
7457:
7445:
7428:
7424:
7414:
7395:
7389:
7377:. Retrieved
7367:
7354:
7348:
7332:
7328:
7315:
7295:
7288:
7269:
7263:
7232:
7225:Jinbun Chiri
7224:
7208:
7200:
7184:
7172:
7160:
7148:. Retrieved
7144:
7134:
7107:. Retrieved
7103:the original
7098:
7088:
7076:. Retrieved
7072:
7062:
7050:
7038:
7012:
7006:
6997:
6991:
6982:
6970:
6958:
6946:
6934:
6922:
6910:
6883:
6871:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6823:
6811:
6799:
6791:
6786:
6744:
6732:
6720:
6708:
6696:
6684:
6672:
6663:
6657:
6632:
6628:
6618:
6606:
6594:. Retrieved
6590:
6580:
6571:
6565:
6556:
6550:
6538:
6527:
6514:
6502:. Retrieved
6496:
6487:
6475:. Retrieved
6469:
6460:
6448:. Retrieved
6442:
6433:
6421:. Retrieved
6415:
6406:
6394:. Retrieved
6388:
6379:
6367:. Retrieved
6357:
6347:
6335:. Retrieved
6331:the original
6310:
6306:
6296:
6290:(in Korean).
6287:
6275:
6263:
6251:. Retrieved
6243:
6234:
6222:. Retrieved
6215:
6190:. Retrieved
6185:
6176:
6169:Rossabi 1983
6164:
6152:. Retrieved
6138:
6133:박종기 (2015).
6118:Rossabi 1983
6113:
6101:
6089:. Retrieved
6081:
6072:
6064:
6034:
6028:
6016:. Retrieved
6008:
5999:
5987:. Retrieved
5970:이상각 (2014).
5965:
5945:
5943:战继发 (2017).
5923:
5911:. Retrieved
5897:
5888:
5877:
5868:
5856:. Retrieved
5841:
5834:
5822:
5813:
5804:
5792:
5765:
5749:(1): 11-44.
5746:
5742:
5712:
5685:
5644:
5638:
5628:12 September
5626:. Retrieved
5621:야청도의성(夜聽擣衣聲)
5613:
5606:Sloane 2014a
5601:
5589:
5577:
5558:
5546:
5537:
5531:
5504:
5495:
5489:
5473:
5461:
5434:
5422:
5402:
5395:
5377:渤海国民族构成与分布研究
5375:杨军 (2007).
5355:
5343:
5335:
5331:
5319:
5310:
5298:
5286:
5259:
5247:
5232:
5219:
5215:
5208:Sloane 2014a
5190:
5186:
5174:. Retrieved
5170:the original
5165:
5155:
5135:
5128:
5118:
5094:
5067:. Retrieved
5061:
5019:
5013:
4989:
4983:
4974:
4942:
4933:
4927:
4918:
4912:
4903:
4897:
4885:
4873:
4861:. Retrieved
4845:
4838:
4829:
4824:李殿福 (1994).
4819:
4811:the original
4806:
4797:
4792:, p. 4.
4790:Sloane 2014a
4785:
4773:
4756:
4730:
4726:
4713:
4708:, p. 8.
4685:
4665:
4629:
4607:
4600:. Retrieved
4595:
4591:
4556:
4549:
4540:
4534:"「渤海と古代の日本」"
4528:
4519:
4477:
4436:. Retrieved
4421:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4359:
4334:
4322:. Retrieved
4320:(in Russian)
4317:
4305:
4293:. Retrieved
4289:
4279:
4270:
4258:
4239:
4233:
4211:
4202:
4160:
4124:
4111:
4047:
4039:Dae Jo-yeong
4032:
4027:
4010:
3980:
3958:
3954:
3929:
3901:
3885:
3878:
3867:
3864:
3856:
3842:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3813:(r. 737–793)
3795:
3789:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3762:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3734:Second Phase
3728:
3720:
3717:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3678:Heilongjiang
3655:
3635:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3547:Genghis Khan
3531:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3497:
3492:one thousand
3491:
3487:
3467:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3438:Song dynasty
3434:
3423:
3414:
3402:
3399:
3375:
3372:Liao dynasty
3358:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3324:
3317:crown prince
3310:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3278:
3266:Later Balhae
3224:near modern
3218:Liao dynasty
3215:
3186:
3165:
3161:
3158:Heilongjiang
3123:In 755, the
3122:
3114:
3098:
3083:
3073:
3069:
3045:
3036:Jang Mun-hyu
3028:Central Asia
3024:
3011:
2990:Heishui Mohe
2972:
2956:
2936:Central Asia
2932:
2919:
2911:
2901:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2865:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2831:(related to
2822:
2820:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2783:
2774:
2758:
2751:
2727:Dae Jungsang
2703:Zhou Dynasty
2688:
2493:
2447:Christianity
2321:Architecture
2301:1948–present
2290:1948–present
2279:1945–present
2182:
2169:
2132:
2122:Later Balhae
2120:
2108:
2098:Later Sabeol
2096:
2065:Later Baekje
2034:
2022:
2012:
2002:United Silla
1972:
1959:
1947:
1942:57 BC–935 AD
1932:18 BC–660 AD
1922:37 BC–668 AD
1703:
1653:Palaeolithic
1407:Liao dynasty
1397:Later Balhae
1381:
1372:Tang dynasty
1324:Northern Yan
1157:
1129:
1109:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1060:
1045:Tang dynasty
1043:In 713, the
1042:
1009:
1005:
991:
971:
959:Liao dynasty
950:Tang dynasty
947:
897:
893:
889:
888:
865:
842:Romanization
803:Romanization
783:Russian name
740:Hanyu Pinyin
699:Chinese name
476:Later Balhae
434:Liao dynasty
421:Mohe Peoples
389:Succeeded by
388:
383:
206:Confucianism
86:
66:
25:
8158:(in Korean)
8028:, Volume 6,
7866:The Manchus
7539:黑龙江屯垦史(第1卷)
7450:Sloane 2014
7109:24 February
7055:Reckel 2015
7043:Sloane 2014
7031:Sloane 2014
6975:Sloane 2014
6963:Sloane 2014
6951:Sloane 2014
6939:Sloane 2014
6927:Sloane 2014
6915:Sloane 2014
6903:Sloane 2014
6888:Sloane 2014
6876:Sloane 2014
6864:Sloane 2014
6852:Sloane 2014
6840:Sloane 2014
6828:Sloane 2014
6816:Sloane 2014
6804:Sloane 2014
6779:Sloane 2014
6764:Sloane 2014
6749:Sloane 2014
6725:Sloane 2014
6677:Sloane 2014
6635:: 365–403.
6220:(in Korean)
5946:黑龙江屯垦史(第1卷)
5907:Dong-a Ilbo
5797:Dillon 2016
5336:Samguk yusa
5252:Sloane 2014
5099:Reckel 2015
4778:Sloane 2014
4602:18 December
4438:24 February
4132::
4030:Korean film
3973: [
3947: [
3940:Later Silla
3872:of Balhae.
3768:Third Phase
3714:First Phase
3700:Xin Tangshu
3430:Jin dynasty
3420:Jin dynasty
3315:, the last
3154:Lake Jingpo
3057:Shanhaiguan
3032:South China
2982:temple name
2974:Dae Joyeong
2913:Samguk yusa
2903:Samguk sagi
2860:Han Chinese
2800:Samguk Sagi
2739:Dae Joyeong
2699:Sun Wanrong
2691:Li Jinzhong
2412:Politics (
2384:Family tree
1623:History of
1264:Han dynasty
1185:History of
1032:reading as
1008:), read as
994:Dae Joyeong
978:Mohe people
967:Mongol rule
931:Dae Joyeong
914::
904::
896:and called
824:Manchu name
544:Korean name
519:North Korea
384:Preceded by
277:Seon (Xuan)
8185:Categories
8039:0521243319
7853:. 吉林文史出版社
7651:5 February
7608:5 February
7579:5 February
7476:5 February
7437:2241/13640
7425:文芸言語研究 言語篇
7379:2 December
7150:5 February
7078:7 February
6596:8 February
6504:6 December
6493:"적고적(赤袴賊)"
6477:6 December
6450:6 December
6423:6 December
6396:6 December
6354:"정안국(定安國)"
6240:"거란의 고려침입"
6078:"발해 유민 포섭"
5176:5 February
4497:1203951892
4324:5 February
4295:5 February
4225:References
4005:See also:
3970:port of An
3936:Nara Japan
3834:kadokuotto
3630:See also:
3618:Government
3526:Taihe Code
3391:Dae Inseon
3238:Liao River
3166:Zhouzijian
3101:Dae Heummu
2994:Khabarovsk
2944:Tocharians
2908:Kim Bu-sik
2835:and later
2795:Kim Bu-sik
2731:Geolsa Biu
2723:Liao River
2650:Dae Inseon
2584:Dae Won-ui
2408:Newspapers
1683:Bronze Age
1314:Former Qin
1309:Former Yan
1130:shang jing
1097:Wade–Giles
1049:Commandery
754:Wade–Giles
356:Population
289:Dae Inseon
212:Government
186:(literary)
7827:, BRILL,
7431:: 56–80.
7361:: 143–174
6649:164130734
6327:233796106
6313:: 27–53.
5858:27 August
5770:Kim 2011a
5705:Kim 2011a
5690:Wang 2013
5663:Shin 2014
5594:Wang 2013
5582:Kim 2011a
5551:Wang 2013
5524:Wang 2013
5509:Wang 2013
5466:Wang 2013
5454:Wang 2013
5439:Kim 2011a
5427:Wang 2013
5324:Kim 2011b
5303:Kim 2011a
5241:. 高句麗研究会.
5139:. BRILL.
5006:Kim 2011a
4947:Kim 2011a
4890:Wang 2013
4878:Wang 2013
4863:29 August
4505:cite book
4240:새롭게 본 발해사
4176:romanized
4115:With the
3964:or other
3944:Bokkaishi
3912:soy beans
3826:kadalambi
3641:and used
3591:Goguryeos
3405:Da Yanlin
3366:Xing Liao
3362:Da Yanlin
3333:Later Jin
3321:Wang Geon
3246:Shangjing
3150:Shangjing
3019:Dae Munye
3006:Dae Munye
2829:Sumo Mohe
2754:Sumo Mohe
2644:Dae Wihae
2396:Era names
2346:Geography
2341:Education
2269:1945–1948
2244:1919–1948
2234:1910–1945
2209:1897–1910
2199:1392–1897
2189:1029–1030
1663:Neolithic
1554:Manchuria
1539:Manchukuo
1457:Qing rule
1442:Later Jin
1432:Ming rule
1422:Yuan rule
1319:Later Yan
1187:Manchuria
1095:(Chinese
1087:(Chinese
265:Mun (Wen)
201:Shamanism
192:Religion
156:(793–926)
148:(785–793)
140:(756–785)
132:(742–756)
124:(698–742)
8164:Archived
7803:Archived
7699:渤海と古代の日本
7396:渤海と古代の日本
7217:Archived
7193:Archived
6713:Kim 2011
6689:Kim 2019
6611:Kim 2019
6543:Kim 2019
6412:"한성(漢城)"
6369:13 March
6268:Lee 2010
6253:22 April
6224:13 March
6192:13 March
6154:13 March
6106:Kim 2019
6091:13 March
6018:23 March
5989:23 March
5928:Kim 2011
5913:27 March
5678:Kim 2011
5618:Ŕ̿ϹŮ.
5566:Archived
5360:Kim 2015
5348:Kim 2011
5291:Kim 2015
5279:Kim 2011
5264:Lee 1988
5087:Kim 2011
5042:Kim 2011
4854:Archived
4706:Kim 2015
4543:. 酒寄 雅志.
4458:渤海/海東の盛国
4082:Goguryeo
4056:See also
3985:Japanese
3981:Shinmaka
3932:Göktürks
3849:Tungusic
3688:Military
3647:Chang'an
3409:Jurchens
3387:Liaoning
3383:Liaoyang
3353:Crossley
3254:Yelü Bei
3230:Tongliao
3206:Dae Ijin
3129:jiedushi
3081:in 735.
3016:—
2978:Dae Muye
2940:Sogdians
2938:such as
2924:—
2870:—
2851:biezhong
2833:Jurchens
2814:—
2770:Shandong
2766:Liaodong
2735:Li Kaigu
2719:Liaoning
2715:Chaoyang
2689:In 696,
2626:Dae Ijin
2495:Timeline
2440:Buddhism
2434:Religion
2379:Monarchs
2372:Goguryeo
2361:Military
2356:Language
2336:Currency
2314:By topic
2177:938–1105
2164:918–1392
1918:Goguryeo
1878:Goguryeo
1730:Gojoseon
1614:a series
1612:Part of
1412:Xingliao
1294:Goguryeo
1229:Gojoseon
1176:a series
1174:Part of
1103:(Korean
982:Goguryeo
490:Jurchens
407:Goguryeo
240:Go (Gao)
216:Monarchy
196:Buddhism
171:Koreanic
166:Goguryeo
8081:1 April
7799:Netflix
6555:김, 위현.
6337:8 March
6288:Khan.co
6244:한국사 연대기
5889:Khan.co
4767:. 2008.
4273:. 2003.
4178::
4167:Russian
4149:Chinese
3853:Jurchen
3836:of the
3822:Gadokbu
3697:in the
3682:Hunchun
3674:Ning'an
3585:Society
3556:Culture
3539:Chifeng
3501:Taiyuan
3488:meng'an
3480:Zhongdu
3471:Kumo Xi
3453:Mongols
3395:Dongdan
3274:Jeongan
3270:Jeongan
3250:Dongdan
3226:Chifeng
3222:Khitans
3162:Jujagam
3090:Kumo Xi
3076:Paegang
3065:Luoyang
3002:Youzhou
2986:Khitans
2948:Uyghurs
2946:. Many
2895:leader
2893:Jurchen
2837:Manchus
2695:Khitans
2652:906–926
2646:894–906
2640:871–894
2634:857–871
2628:830–857
2622:818–830
2616:817–818
2610:812–817
2604:809–812
2598:794–809
2592:793–794
2580:737–793
2574:719–737
2568:698–719
2331:Cuisine
2184:Heungyo
2139:938–986
2134:Jeongan
2127:927–935
2115:926–936
2103:919–927
2091:892–935
2080:901–918
2075:Taebong
2069:892–936
2042:662–925
2029:699–820
2017:698–926
2007:668–892
1979:512–930
1967:498–660
1888:Nakrang
1830:Eastern
1737:–108 BC
1735:2333 BC
1674:Jeulmun
1402:Jeongan
1329:Kumo Xi
1284:Cao Wei
1259:Xiongnu
1120:History
1026:Chinese
835:ᡦᡠᡥᠠᡳ
789:Russian
705:Chinese
448:Dongdan
300:History
253:Mu (Wu)
242:(first)
116:Capital
95:698–926
80:Chinese
8191:Balhae
8072:
8036:
7997:
7969:
7950:
7890:
7857:
7851:渤海史料全編
7831:
7735:
7706:
7546:
7402:
7303:
7296:渤海使の研究
7276:
6647:
6532:: 100.
6325:
6145:
6041:
5980:
5953:
5849:
5410:
5383:
5143:
5069:27 May
4830:社会科学战线
4673:
4637:
4564:
4495:
4485:
4429:
4347:
4246:
4193:ᡦᡠᡥᠠᡳ
4189::
4187:Manchu
4182:Bokhay
4159::
4157:pinyin
4151::
4130:Korean
4087:Goryeo
3966:marten
3921:Sancai
3908:barley
3904:Millet
3666:Helong
3658:Dunhua
3543:Muqali
3522:Nanren
3518:Hanren
3462:Daoist
3457:jinshi
3449:jinshi
3307:Goryeo
3262:Goryeo
3242:Goryeo
3234:Abaoji
3174:;
3142:;
3086:Khitan
3079:region
2959:Khitan
2557:Balhae
2415:Joseon
2195:Joseon
2160:Goryeo
2013:Balhae
1954:42–562
1928:Baekje
1850:Samhan
1819:Dongye
1789:Yemaek
1745:Dangun
1616:on the
1485:Korean
1436:Nurgan
1382:Balhae
1344:Shiwei
1334:Khitan
1269:Wuhuan
1244:Yemaek
1239:Donghu
1234:Sushen
1178:on the
1166:Origin
1158:dharma
1110:pinyin
1101:Parhae
1093:Po-hai
1089:pinyin
1075:Manchu
1010:tsyinH
955:Khitan
910:;
902:Korean
890:Balhae
868:Manchu
760:Po-hai
672:Jinguk
629:Hangul
612:Parhae
598:Balhae
550:Hangul
531:Balhae
523:Russia
462:Goryeo
303:
225:
76:
67:Balhae
61:Hangul
44:Korean
40:
7712:. 和書.
7667:"新靺鞨"
7627:(PDF)
7325:(PDF)
6645:S2CID
6524:(PDF)
6352:노태돈.
6323:S2CID
6082:우리역사넷
6009:우리역사넷
5814:Korea
5237:徐吉洙.
4971:(PDF)
4857:(PDF)
4850:(PDF)
4765:(PDF)
4733:: 94.
4723:(PDF)
4594:[
4537:(PDF)
4267:(PDF)
4171:Бохай
4162:Bóhǎi
4103:Notes
4024:Media
3977:]
3962:sable
3951:]
3574:Ondol
3534:Tatar
3329:Gaozu
3109:Korea
3094:Turks
3052:Silla
2963:Evenk
2897:Aguda
2856:Buyeo
2761:Silla
2707:Hebei
2602:Jeong
2590:Seong
2480:South
2474:North
2467:Women
2454:Islam
2427:South
2421:North
2403:Naval
2391:Names
2297:South
2286:North
2171:Tamna
2036:Tamna
1961:Tamna
1938:Silla
1883:Tamna
1863:Byeon
1845:Okjeo
1837:Galsa
1824:Buyeo
1814:Takri
1769:Wiman
1694:Mumun
1625:Korea
1304:Yuwen
1289:Buyeo
1132:上京, "
1085:Bohai
1078:butha
1053:Bohai
957:-led
912:Hanja
894:Bohai
870:text.
846:Puhai
809:Bohai
795:Бохай
746:Bóhǎi
643:Hanja
564:Hanja
515:China
87:Bóhǎi
50:Hanja
18:Bohai
8083:2013
8070:ISBN
8034:ISBN
7995:ISBN
7967:ISBN
7948:ISBN
7888:ISBN
7855:ISBN
7829:ISBN
7733:ISBN
7704:ISBN
7683:2019
7653:2019
7610:2019
7581:2019
7544:ISBN
7478:2019
7400:ISBN
7381:2019
7301:ISBN
7274:ISBN
7152:2019
7111:2019
7080:2019
6598:2023
6506:2021
6479:2021
6452:2021
6425:2021
6398:2021
6371:2019
6339:2022
6255:2019
6226:2019
6194:2019
6156:2019
6143:ISBN
6093:2019
6039:ISBN
6020:2018
5991:2018
5978:ISBN
5951:ISBN
5915:2020
5860:2017
5847:ISBN
5630:2012
5408:ISBN
5381:ISBN
5226:Link
5178:2019
5141:ISBN
5071:2022
4865:2020
4832:(3).
4671:ISBN
4635:ISBN
4604:2019
4586:劉昫.
4562:ISBN
4511:link
4493:OCLC
4483:ISBN
4440:2017
4427:ISBN
4345:ISBN
4326:2019
4297:2019
4244:ISBN
3959:i.e.
3925:Tang
3916:rice
3914:and
3832:and
3708:Mohe
3562:Mohe
3377:and
3287:The
3228:and
3212:Fall
2961:and
2942:and
2768:and
2620:Seon
2596:Gang
2366:List
1974:Usan
1757:Gija
1565:(in
1487:and
1451:Jaxa
1339:Mohe
1069:and
1057:Mohe
1004:(진,
988:Name
980:and
222:King
7433:hdl
7337:doi
6637:doi
6315:doi
5751:doi
4592:舊唐書
3989:新靺鞨
3955:ten
3672:in
3603:Qin
3331:of
3196:as
3177:胄子監
3171:주자감
3145:新羅道
3139:신라도
2772:.
2614:Gan
2608:Hui
2586:793
2578:Mun
2326:Art
1870:Jin
1779:Jin
1051:of
1024:in
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1006:Jin
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963:Jin
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