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294:(1939–1945), the term underwent significant development, expanding beyond its original context to encompass diverse fields such as linguistics, demography, information technology, gastronomy, and more. This expansion extended its descriptive reach to various phenomena, often with pejorative connotations. In response, critical scholars in the late 20th and early 21st centuries sought to denaturalize and reclaim 'balkanization'.
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percent higher than the official exchange rate had decreased from 18 to four. However, there is still limited progress in improving trade policies within the region, according to van de Walle. In addition, the post-independent countries still rely heavily on donors for development plans. Balkanization still has an impact on today's Africa. However, this causation narrative is not popular in many circles.
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and 1990, balkanization led to disastrous results. The GDP of these regions were one tenth of OECD countries. Balkanization also resulted in what van de Valle called "typically fairly overvalued exchanged rates" in Africa. Balkanization contributed to what Bates, Coatsworth & Williamson claimed to be a lost decade in Africa.
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Economic stagnation ended only in the mid-1990s. Countries within the region started to input more stabilization policies. What was originally a high exchange rate eventually fell to a more reasonable exchange rate after devaluations in 1994. By 1994, the number of countries with an exchange rate 50
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countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Furthermore, countries took approaches to subsidise their own local industries, but the interior markets were small in scale. Transport networks were fragmented; regulations on labor and capital flow were increased; price controls were introduced. Between 1960
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was the only addition to the existing Balkan map at that time, as other nations had already formed in the nineteenth century. The term was initially employed by journalists and politicians, who used it as a conceptual tool to interpret the evolving global order resulting from the collapse of the
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population. Two referendums have been held to decide the question, one in 1980 and one in 1995. Both were lost by the separatists, the latter by a small margin. Less mainstream and smaller movements also exist in the
Canadian
555:. Splintering into today's nations was a result of the movement towards a closed economy. Countries were adopting antitrade and anti-market policies. Tariff rates were 15% higher than in
1277:(in Serbian). Udruženje stručnih radnika socijalne zaštite Srbije; Društvo socijalnih radnika Srbije; Asocijacija centra za socijalni rad Srbije; Unija Studenata socijalnog rada.
351:, which was ruled almost entirely by the Ottoman Empire, into a number of smaller states between 1817 and 1912. It came into common use in the immediate aftermath of the
249:; when sponsored or encouraged by a sovereign third party, it has been used as an accusation against such third-party nations. Controversially, the term is often used by
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of an area, country, or region into multiple smaller and hostile units. It is usually caused by differences in ethnicity, culture, religion, and geopolitical interests.
1107:
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Simic, Predrag (2013). "Balkans and
Balkanisation: Western Perceptions of the Balkans in the Carnegie Commission's Reports on the Balkan Wars from 1914 to 1996".
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for the establishment of a separate province from Quebec for
Montreal's strongly-anglophone and allophone (mother tongue neither English nor French) communities.
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Habsburg and
Romanov Empires and the subsequent secession of Balkan nations following the Ottoman Empire's disintegration in the nineteenth century. After the
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Countries in Europe, where uniting quite recently historically distinct peoples or nations, have seen outspoken separatists. These have prompted
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also considered separation from Canada if the 1995 referendum had succeeded, which would have led to the balkanization of Canada.
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postcolonial era came about. The period also saw the breakdown of the
Federation of the Rhodesias and Nyasaland as well as the
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Gosar, Anton (2000). "The
Shatter Belt and the European Core – A Geopolitical Discussion on the Untypical Case of Slovenia".
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Coined in the early 20th century, the term "Balkanization" traces its origins to the depiction of events during the
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The term was first coined in the early 20th century, and found its roots in the depiction of events during the
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Van de Walle, Nicolas (2004). "Economic Reform: Patterns and
Constraints". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.).
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started to opt for "autonomy within the French community" in the postcolonial era. Countries in the
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Bates, Coatsworth & Williamson argued
Balkanization was observed greatly in West Africa then
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talk of a "Balkanisation of
Britain". Independence movements in the United Kingdom also exist in
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Canada is a stable country but has separatist movements, the strongest of which is the
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over the 19th century, but was coined at the end of the First World War.
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Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)
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since 80% of the province is francophone. One such project is the
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Integrated Social Sciences and Humanities
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to protect Israeli sovereignty. In 2013 the French journalist
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to describe attempts by supporters of Israel to create
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in Quebec, which encompasses the majority of Canada's
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Democratic Reform in Africa: The Quality of Progress
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Quebec has been the scene of a small but vociferous
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Changes in national boundaries after the end of the
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572:During the 1980s, the Lebanese academic and writer
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547:achieved independence toward the end of when the
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1102:[The balkanization of the Middle East].
1076:[The balkanization of the Middle East].
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850:, in Richmond, Oliver P.; Visoka, GĂ«zim (eds.),
257:. The Balkan peninsula is seen as an example of
467:of the United Kingdom and later Prime Minister
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1958:Residential segregation in the United States
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306:Map of territorial changes in Europe after
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
30:For the linguistic usage of this term, see
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1294:"The Balkans: From Discovery to Invention"
107:. Please do not remove this message until
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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820:"The A to Z of international relations"
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1963:Segregation academy (United States)
1878:Sex segregation in public restrooms
1137:. October vol. 52, 2 (2): 107–117.
1100:"La balkanisation du Proche-Orient"
1074:"La balkanisation du Proche-Orient"
1016:"UK's Existence is at Risk – Brown"
584:based on ethnic backgrounds in the
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2175:19th century in the Ottoman Empire
784:Ritzer, George, ed. (2007-02-15).
381:voices fearing Balkanization. The
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60:or discuss these issues on the
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1820:Brown v. Board of Education
1213:Pringle, Robert W. (2016).
1080:(in French). pp. 2–3.
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406:Quebec sovereignty movement
208:Territorial history of the
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109:conditions to do so are met
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2185:Geopolitical terminology
1292:Todorova, Maria (1994).
1273:Vidanović, Ivan (2006).
927:Todorova, Maria (2022),
846:Veliu, Liridona (2022),
505:decolonization in Africa
169:may contain suggestions.
154:may need to be rewritten
1998:Anti-miscegenation laws
1833:Anti-miscegenation laws
1219:Encyclopædia Britannica
1143:10.1023/A:1013306804212
760:Westphalian sovereignty
357:Austro-Hungarian Empire
2089:White Australia policy
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790:(1 ed.). Wiley.
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277:(1912–1913) and the
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1661:Partition of Bengal
1163:Coatsworth, John H.
1022:. 13 January 2007.
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513:British East Africa
269:Origins of the term
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1060:Van de Walle 2004
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1671:Saudi Arabia
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1274:
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1222:. Retrieved
1218:
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1126:Bibliography
1114:28 September
1112:. Retrieved
1103:
1077:
1067:
1055:
1028:. Retrieved
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989:
969:Pringle 2016
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873:, retrieved
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823:
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574:Georges Corm
571:
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549:Great Powers
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469:Gordon Brown
458:
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431:Saskatchewan
410:nation-state
403:
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342:
310:(as of 1923)
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255:secessionism
245:The term is
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172:
163:You can help
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123:
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54:Please help
51:
2003:Black Codes
1951:labor camps
1858:Afghanistan
1541:East Thrace
1235:Perceptions
745:Sovereignty
648:Balkan Wars
435:Roy Romanow
379:reactionary
308:World War I
275:Balkan Wars
263:geopolitics
251:reactionary
236:World War I
232:Balkan Wars
2210:Separatism
2164:Categories
2106:See also:
2094:Xenophobia
1946:Internment
1931:Ethnocracy
1563:Sprachbund
1517:Monfalcone
1421:Montenegro
1224:15 October
1030:15 October
1000:15 October
956:2023-11-23
915:Gosar 2000
903:Simic 2013
875:2023-11-23
829:2023-11-23
767:References
595:Libération
391:separatist
387:Al-Andalus
333:See also:
247:pejorative
94:neutrality
57:improve it
1986:Apartheid
1919:Bantustan
1804:Civil War
1628:Religious
1326:163474839
1247:1300-8641
1198:1471-6372
1151:140390836
772:Citations
725:Secession
523:CFA franc
495:In Africa
167:talk page
105:talk page
63:talk page
2119:Category
2079:Shunning
2075:(Canada)
2038:Nativism
1892:Dynamics
1769:Rhodesia
1764:Portugal
1759:Malaysia
1724:Bulgaria
1666:Portugal
1551:See also
1492:Slovenia
1455:mainland
1411:Bulgaria
1206:85549248
1169:(2007).
1108:Archived
1082:Archived
1024:Archived
1020:BBC News
994:Archived
625:See also
545:Tanzania
533:Zimbabwe
503:British
477:Cornwall
433:Premier
359:and the
322:and the
320:Cold War
175:May 2021
98:disputed
2180:Balkans
2148:Commons
2053:Rankism
2023:Hafrada
1977:Related
1873:Judaism
1749:Germany
1709:Bahrain
1686:Myanmar
1681:Bahrain
1527:Romania
1521:Trieste
1482:Croatia
1401:Albania
1318:2501301
607:Muslims
603:Lebanon
473:England
427:Ontario
423:Alberta
419:Prairie
287:Albania
210:Balkans
2135:racial
2130:gender
2048:Racism
1979:topics
1845:Gender
1754:Israel
1744:France
1714:Brazil
1704:Canada
1651:Serbia
1646:Israel
1537:Turkey
1461:Serbia
1451:Greece
1416:Kosovo
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866:
802:
586:Levant
541:Uganda
537:Malawi
529:Zambia
487:, and
165:. The
2125:caste
1853:Islam
1779:Spain
1676:Spain
1513:Italy
1322:S2CID
1314:JSTOR
1202:S2CID
1174:(PDF)
1147:S2CID
611:Druze
485:Wales
463:made
1991:laws
1863:Iran
1739:Fiji
1519:and
1279:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1243:ISSN
1226:2017
1194:ISSN
1116:2019
1032:2017
1002:2017
945:ISBN
864:ISBN
800:ISBN
616:The
557:OECD
543:and
479:and
397:and
337:and
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91:The
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261:in
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