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283:(1939–1945), the term underwent significant development, expanding beyond its original context to encompass diverse fields such as linguistics, demography, information technology, gastronomy, and more. This expansion extended its descriptive reach to various phenomena, often with pejorative connotations. In response, critical scholars in the late 20th and early 21st centuries sought to denaturalize and reclaim 'balkanization'.
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percent higher than the official exchange rate had decreased from 18 to four. However, there is still limited progress in improving trade policies within the region, according to van de Walle. In addition, the post-independent countries still rely heavily on donors for development plans. Balkanization still has an impact on today's Africa. However, this causation narrative is not popular in many circles.
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and 1990, balkanization led to disastrous results. The GDP of these regions were one tenth of OECD countries. Balkanization also resulted in what van de Valle called "typically fairly overvalued exchanged rates" in Africa. Balkanization contributed to what Bates, Coatsworth & Williamson claimed to be a lost decade in Africa.
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Economic stagnation ended only in the mid-1990s. Countries within the region started to input more stabilization policies. What was originally a high exchange rate eventually fell to a more reasonable exchange rate after devaluations in 1994. By 1994, the number of countries with an exchange rate 50
548:
countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Furthermore, countries took approaches to subsidise their own local industries, but the interior markets were small in scale. Transport networks were fragmented; regulations on labor and capital flow were increased; price controls were introduced. Between 1960
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was the only addition to the existing Balkan map at that time, as other nations had already formed in the nineteenth century. The term was initially employed by journalists and politicians, who used it as a conceptual tool to interpret the evolving global order resulting from the collapse of the
405:
population. Two referendums have been held to decide the question, one in 1980 and one in 1995. Both were lost by the separatists, the latter by a small margin. Less mainstream and smaller movements also exist in the
Canadian
544:. Splintering into today's nations was a result of the movement towards a closed economy. Countries were adopting antitrade and anti-market policies. Tariff rates were 15% higher than in
1266:(in Serbian). Udruženje stručnih radnika socijalne zaštite Srbije; Društvo socijalnih radnika Srbije; Asocijacija centra za socijalni rad Srbije; Unija Studenata socijalnog rada.
340:, which was ruled almost entirely by the Ottoman Empire, into a number of smaller states between 1817 and 1912. It came into common use in the immediate aftermath of the
238:; when sponsored or encouraged by a sovereign third party, it has been used as an accusation against such third-party nations. Controversially, the term is often used by
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of an area, country, or region into multiple smaller and hostile units. It is usually caused by differences in ethnicity, culture, religion, and geopolitical interests.
1096:
1222:
Simic, Predrag (2013). "Balkans and
Balkanisation: Western Perceptions of the Balkans in the Carnegie Commission's Reports on the Balkan Wars from 1914 to 1996".
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for the establishment of a separate province from Quebec for
Montreal's strongly-anglophone and allophone (mother tongue neither English nor French) communities.
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Habsburg and
Romanov Empires and the subsequent secession of Balkan nations following the Ottoman Empire's disintegration in the nineteenth century. After the
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Countries in Europe, where uniting quite recently historically distinct peoples or nations, have seen outspoken separatists. These have prompted
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also considered separation from Canada if the 1995 referendum had succeeded, which would have led to the balkanization of Canada.
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postcolonial era came about. The period also saw the breakdown of the
Federation of the Rhodesias and Nyasaland as well as the
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Gosar, Anton (2000). "The
Shatter Belt and the European Core – A Geopolitical Discussion on the Untypical Case of Slovenia".
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Coined in the early 20th century, the term "Balkanization" traces its origins to the depiction of events during the
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The term was first coined in the early 20th century, and found its roots in the depiction of events during the
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Van de Walle, Nicolas (2004). "Economic Reform: Patterns and
Constraints". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.).
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started to opt for "autonomy within the French community" in the postcolonial era. Countries in the
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Bates, Coatsworth & Williamson argued
Balkanization was observed greatly in West Africa then
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talk of a "Balkanisation of
Britain". Independence movements in the United Kingdom also exist in
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Canada is a stable country but has separatist movements, the strongest of which is the
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The term (coined in the early 20th century in the aftermath of the collapse of the
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voices for the status quo to underscore the dangers of acrimonious or runaway
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over the 19th century, but was coined at the end of the First World War.
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Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)
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since 80% of the province is francophone. One such project is the
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GeoJournal – Spatially
Integrated Social Sciences and Humanities
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to protect Israeli sovereignty. In 2013 the French journalist
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843:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 80–90,
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The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies
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The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Peace and Conflict Studies
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to describe attempts by supporters of Israel to create
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in Quebec, which encompasses the majority of Canada's
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Democratic Reform in Africa: The Quality of Progress
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Quebec has been the scene of a small but vociferous
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Changes in national boundaries after the end of the
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561:During the 1980s, the Lebanese academic and writer
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536:achieved independence toward the end of when the
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1091:[The balkanization of the Middle East].
1065:[The balkanization of the Middle East].
897:
839:, in Richmond, Oliver P.; Visoka, GĂ«zim (eds.),
246:. The Balkan peninsula is seen as an example of
456:of the United Kingdom and later Prime Minister
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1947:Residential segregation in the United States
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295:Map of territorial changes in Europe after
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
19:For the linguistic usage of this term, see
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1283:"The Balkans: From Discovery to Invention"
96:. Please do not remove this message until
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448:In January 2007, the growing support for
374:, especially Spain, has from the time of
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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92:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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1037:Bates, Coatsworth & Williamson 2007
975:"Catalonia steps up to challenge Spain"
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809:"The A to Z of international relations"
776:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology
437:activist groups opposed to the idea of
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973:McLean, Renwick (29 September 2005).
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985:from the original on 16 October 2017
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16:Fragmentation of multi-ethnic states
1952:Segregation academy (United States)
1867:Sex segregation in public restrooms
1126:. October vol. 52, 2 (2): 107–117.
1089:"La balkanisation du Proche-Orient"
1063:"La balkanisation du Proche-Orient"
1005:"UK's Existence is at Risk – Brown"
573:based on ethnic backgrounds in the
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2164:19th century in the Ottoman Empire
773:Ritzer, George, ed. (2007-02-15).
370:voices fearing Balkanization. The
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669:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
504:. In the 1960s, countries in the
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1087:Guetta, Bernard (28 May 2013).
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785:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosb002
679:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
587:newspaper applied the term to:
507:Communauté Financière Africaine
472:(themselves parts of England),
313:dissolution of the Soviet Union
49:or discuss these issues on the
1061:Corm, Georges (January 1983).
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674:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
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2179:Metaphors referring to places
1334:The dictionary definition of
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212:is the process involving the
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1383:Geographically fully located
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542:East African High Commission
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1809:Brown v. Board of Education
1202:Pringle, Robert W. (2016).
1069:(in French). pp. 2–3.
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454:Chancellor of the Exchequer
395:Quebec sovereignty movement
197:Territorial history of the
145:to comply with Knowledge's
98:conditions to do so are met
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1179:10.1017/S0022050707000447
653:Cuius regio, eius religio
2174:Geopolitical terminology
1281:Todorova, Maria (1994).
1262:Vidanović, Ivan (2006).
916:Todorova, Maria (2022),
835:Veliu, Liridona (2022),
494:decolonization in Africa
158:may contain suggestions.
143:may need to be rewritten
1987:Anti-miscegenation laws
1822:Anti-miscegenation laws
1208:Encyclopædia Britannica
1132:10.1023/A:1013306804212
749:Westphalian sovereignty
346:Austro-Hungarian Empire
2078:White Australia policy
1997:Corporative federalism
1564:History of the Balkans
1395:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1264:ReÄŤnik socijalnog rada
1156:Williamson, Jeffrey G.
664:Detachment (territory)
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439:independence of Quebec
418:of Canadian politics.
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1433:Significantly located
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918:"Balkan as a Concept"
779:(1 ed.). Wiley.
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450:Scottish independence
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1778:United Arab Emirates
1708:Bulgaria and Romania
689:Feudal fragmentation
382:movements today are
356:Uses to stir opinion
266:(1912–1913) and the
1925:Exclusionary zoning
1872:Separatist feminism
1650:Partition of Bengal
1152:Coatsworth, John H.
1011:. 13 January 2007.
659:Cyber-balkanization
502:British East Africa
258:Origins of the term
85:of this article is
2194:Sectarian violence
2189:Politics by region
1815:Massive resistance
1803:School segregation
1798:Separate but equal
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1464:Partially located
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1049:Van de Walle 2004
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858:978-3-030-77954-2
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1660:Saudi Arabia
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1115:Bibliography
1103:28 September
1101:. Retrieved
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987:. Retrieved
978:
958:Pringle 2016
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812:
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458:Gordon Brown
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234:The term is
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152:You can help
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81:
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50:
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43:Please help
40:
1992:Black Codes
1940:labor camps
1847:Afghanistan
1530:East Thrace
1224:Perceptions
734:Sovereignty
637:Balkan Wars
424:Roy Romanow
368:reactionary
297:World War I
264:Balkan Wars
252:geopolitics
240:reactionary
225:World War I
221:Balkan Wars
2199:Separatism
2153:Categories
2095:See also:
2083:Xenophobia
1935:Internment
1920:Ethnocracy
1552:Sprachbund
1506:Monfalcone
1410:Montenegro
1213:15 October
1019:15 October
989:15 October
945:2023-11-23
904:Gosar 2000
892:Simic 2013
864:2023-11-23
818:2023-11-23
756:References
584:Libération
380:separatist
376:Al-Andalus
322:See also:
236:pejorative
83:neutrality
46:improve it
1975:Apartheid
1908:Bantustan
1793:Civil War
1617:Religious
1315:163474839
1236:1300-8641
1187:1471-6372
1140:140390836
761:Citations
714:Secession
512:CFA franc
484:In Africa
156:talk page
94:talk page
52:talk page
2108:Category
2068:Shunning
2064:(Canada)
2027:Nativism
1881:Dynamics
1758:Rhodesia
1753:Portugal
1748:Malaysia
1713:Bulgaria
1655:Portugal
1540:See also
1481:Slovenia
1444:mainland
1400:Bulgaria
1195:85549248
1158:(2007).
1097:Archived
1071:Archived
1013:Archived
1009:BBC News
983:Archived
614:See also
534:Tanzania
522:Zimbabwe
492:British
466:Cornwall
422:Premier
348:and the
311:and the
309:Cold War
164:May 2021
87:disputed
2169:Balkans
2137:Commons
2042:Rankism
2012:Hafrada
1966:Related
1862:Judaism
1738:Germany
1698:Bahrain
1675:Myanmar
1670:Bahrain
1516:Romania
1510:Trieste
1471:Croatia
1390:Albania
1307:2501301
596:Muslims
592:Lebanon
462:England
416:Ontario
412:Alberta
408:Prairie
276:Albania
199:Balkans
2124:racial
2119:gender
2037:Racism
1968:topics
1834:Gender
1743:Israel
1733:France
1703:Brazil
1693:Canada
1640:Serbia
1635:Israel
1526:Turkey
1450:Serbia
1440:Greece
1405:Kosovo
1313:
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1270:
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1234:
1193:
1185:
1138:
936:
855:
791:
575:Levant
530:Uganda
526:Malawi
518:Zambia
476:, and
154:. The
2114:caste
1842:Islam
1768:Spain
1665:Spain
1502:Italy
1311:S2CID
1303:JSTOR
1191:S2CID
1163:(PDF)
1136:S2CID
600:Druze
474:Wales
452:made
1980:laws
1852:Iran
1728:Fiji
1508:and
1268:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1232:ISSN
1215:2017
1183:ISSN
1105:2019
1021:2017
991:2017
934:ISBN
853:ISBN
789:ISBN
605:The
546:OECD
532:and
468:and
386:and
326:and
315:and
80:The
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