Banat of Craiova - Knowledge

1947: 1707: 963: 2625: 2597: 2609: 2585: 1302: 1441: 2309: 421: 1377:, issuing, for the first time in history, written instructions to detail how this duty was to be carried out. Against Wallachian precedents, labor on the estates was legally redefined as an individual, rather than collective, duty, and affixed at one day per week; Austrian authorities limited the number of working days by also forcing farmers to perform statute labor on public works; overall, forced labor in both forms increased greatly, "to as many as fifty-two days a year, as contrasted to three to nine days normal to other parts of Wallachia at the time." Instead, the regime outlawed feudal rent owed in produce ( 1924: 2209:. Before his death in 1727, Patachi sought to establish an Eastern Catholic bishopric for Habsburg Oltenia, while seeking to "gather under his watch all of Austria's Romanians". This project never took hold. Instead, in January 1728, Râmnic Bishops were given an exclusive privilege in handling Orthodox life in the southernmost pockets of Transylvania, at a time when most other Orthodox Transylvanians were decreed to have been united with Rome. According to scholar Mihai Săsăujan, this state of affairs was preserved into the 1750s. The situation angered the new Catholic converts: 1847:, preserving Oltenia and dividing Muntenia. These negotiations finally broke down when Austrian delegates accused Russia of intervening in favor of Wallachian territorial integrity. The Ottoman and Wallachian armies subsequently retaliated with a surprisingly efficient counteroffensive. This began in September–October, when Mavrocordatos organized the retaking of Câmpulung and Pitești. On 12 November, Bucharest was recaptured; with a pincer movement, the Ottomans then took Craiova and trapped Charles' troops in northern Oltenia and the Muntenian fort of 60: 1663:

application of the imperial commands. Though pushed out of the main offices of the province, though the Craiova Administration was by then directly under Austria's control, the boyars still held on to the administration of counties and villages, which was entirely at their disposal." As he notes, the disgruntled boyars gathered around Ilie Știrbei and Dositei Brăiloiu, whom Czeyka von Olbramowitz had already considered arresting. Faced with such opposition and a parallel sharp rise in outlaw activities, this new administration finally allowed

89: 1381:) for the entire peasant category. It also reacted strongly against boyar claims of "absolute authority" over the serfs, placing the latter under the authority of civil and criminal courts. Overall, "the regulation in agrarian interactions aimed at wholly removing relations between estate-owners and peasants from the realm of the arbitrary, placing them within elaborate and state-controlled formulas." This was also done for humanitarian reasons: one early inspection reported that boyars treated their peasants "like dogs". 1607:. Meanwhile, all the boyars had been drafted as legal aides, forming Commissions which streamlined judicial procedures and documented cases appearing before the Craiova commission. Also in 1732, J. H. Dietrich took over as President, imposing an Austrian, Johann Wilhelm Vogt, as one of the Oltenian Counselors. Dietrich died in 1733; under his replacement, Franciscus Salhausen, the Council included Vogt and another Austrian man, J. V. Viechtern (the latter as replacement for the Oltenian Grigore Vlasto). 1788:. The common practice under the Habsburg administration was the collection of all traditional taxes from Orthodox institutions, against tradition—which had either reduced or eliminated such burdens on the Church. In a contrasting move, the Austrians sought to protect church land from boyar encroachment, which had been aggravated after the Mavrocordatos confiscations. In 1726, inspectors were proposing to review all boyar property deeds, to determine how much land had been stolen from the monasteries. 1975:, momentarily successful in defeating the Habsburg government structures, pushing these into "permanent re-adapting". Overall, the experiment implied slowly but steadily adapting the boyar network to the requirements of a centralized system, which required transforming boyars into state functionaries. During this (partly successful) process, Austrian supervisors issued a set of Latin- and Romanian-language protocols, which were meant to standardize boyar activities and limit their sphere of action. 1824:. Here, the Austrians asked for the terms negotiated at Passarowitz, including the recognition of Oltenia as a Habsburg province, to be extended beyond 1782. Oltenia's geopolitical status was changed abruptly in June 1737, when Austria decided to declare war on the Ottoman Empire. The original plan was for a swift annexation of Muntenia, which would have restored Wallachia under Charles's scepter. During the advance from Oltenia and Transylvania, Wallis approached the Phanariote Prince of Wallachia, 382: 74: 1583:; wool was mostly redirected toward Transylvania. Similarly, the Austrians slowed down grain and barley production by curbing all exports of cereals, including to other parts of the Monarchy. The latter ban, which was meant to ensure an uninterrupted chain of supply for the Austrian garrisons, was only lifted for a while in 1726. Overall, Oltenia was to remain underpopulated and underdeveloped throughout the Austrian episode. At a "demographic peak" in 1736, the 2443:; it chose the former, resulting in the establishment of a chartered Guild of Chandlers and Soapers in August 1725. Imperial envoys overrode boyar resistance when they allowed Bulgarians and Greeks to form their respective trade emporiums; the boyars mounted additional resistance when Oltenian Romanians petitioned to set up their own company, arguing that Romanians were not producing trade goods for export. The Austrian regime attempted to reform the status of 2024:

in the post-1739 era, though also noting that these had "modest means at their disposal, and a much reduced efficiency". Prince Constantine Mavrocordatos, who oversaw Oltenia's readmission into the Wallachian realm, was directly interested in not only preserving absolutist reforms in Oltenia, but also in extending them to other parts of the country, and in expanding their scope. His war on privilege, meant to ensure fiscal stability, led him to pioneer the

1832:

Wallis and his men found that most urban centers in both regions had been deserted, and that the fields had been abandoned in full harvest. The situation was aggravated when Wallachians caught hints that Austria intended to break apart Mehedinți, annexing its western half to the Banat of Temeswar. Some boyars, including Constantin Balș, Ștefan Catargiu, and Ștefăniță Ruset, still favored the Austrian option, pledging themselves to Emperor Charles.

1699:, by imposing arbitrary obligations or simply by kidnapping peasants and pushing them into serfdom. During November 1723, Tige reported that the boyars were taking additional steps to prevent inspectors from counting people and animals living on their estates. These opponents were claiming that such counts could only be performed on one's deathbed. Meanwhile, peasants began organizing resistance to the corvée: in 1737, the landlords of 2428:). Austria also recognized and enforced urban privileges as codified in the Wallachian tradition. As noted by Papacostea, doing so effectively delayed town development, especially by preventing the rural-to-urban migration. Urbanization stalled, including in Craiova. The Banship's capital remained "in a rather semi-agrarian phase" and, a hundred years after its Wallachian reconquest, still gave the impression of an "immense bazaar". 1567:, which could include cadet branches of the leading aristocracy (as with the Glagoveanus and Zătreanus), or entire clans fallen into destitution (the Rudeanus). These two classes fully owned 244 villages, or 32% of Oltenian villages. While most boyars of both classes only had one or two villages to their name, the most powerful clans could hold much more. The Brăiloius topped the list, with 28 villages, 16 of them in Gorj. 2568:

Dolj had a fish; Gorj—a deer; Mehedinți—a beehive; Romanați—an ear of corn; and Vâlcea—a fruit-bearing tree. According to historian Dan Cernovodeanu, these symbols, though not attested in writing before 1719 (and first appearing in visual form as a companion to Schwantz's 1723 map), were locally made, and likely predated the Austrian occupation. They were also largely preserved into the later seals of Oltenian

2373:

ideology, the work is noted for attempting to record all Roman-era ruins known in the 1720s. The minuteness of Schwantz's contribution was made possible by his direct involvement in surveying Oltenia. In 1738, Stefan Lutsch von Luchsenstein copied Schwantz's map into his general map of Wallachia; the Muntenian portions were based on highly inexact Ottoman depictions, making the result unusable in practice.

1137:, a military tribunal which had the vaguely defined task of preserving public order, and which took over all penal cases. Frustrating Austrian attempts at modernization, both the Counselors and parties appearing before them agreed to ignore other formalities: several trials were simply held by the Counselors in their private homes, though this was explicitly illegal. 1193:. The latter two categories had been traditionally appointed by their local boyar, but who were now directly picked by, and integrated within, the state apparatus; unlike their superiors and the equivalent urban apparatus, they did not receive salaries, but were exempted from taxation. They were also a first-level judicial power, relieving the Counselors and the 2028:, and to introduce government as a mediator between boyars and peasants. In 1756, the Porte itself reverted on its stances and, imitating the Austrians, proceeded to increase its demands—that year, a "colonial regime similar to that of the Austrian occupation" was introduced, with Wallachians required to contribute specified quotas of barley, flour, and wheat. 649:, but died out a decade later. The Banat of Temeswar, which became home to a sizable community of Romanian Oltenian and Bulgarian refugees, was kept by the Habsburg monarchy and its successors until 1918. Though rejected by the mass of the people, the Habsburg experiment in Oltenia produced some lasting changes, with some institutions maintained in place by 1635:, previously the Catholic Vicar of Wallachia, was anointed Bishop, and took up residence in Craiova. Bulgarians were especially favored by the Austrians, for being "a Catholic population which proved its loyalty during the war against the Turks." From 1729, Stanislavič had tasked his aide Blasius Milli with encouraging the " 2246:, which displeased Patachi and had to be withdrawn from circulation. Nedici and Aurel Dragne both argue that the eventual loss of Oltenia reverberated into Transylvania, leaving its remaining Orthodox congregations submitted by the Serbian Bishopric (though their primacy remained unrecognized by the Austrian court). 934:

on the throne. On 24 February, he obtained from the Austrians recognition as Prince of Wallachia, which was understood to mean only Muntenia; the new ruler also agreed to pay Charles VI a lump tribute in "bags of gold". During the following period, refugee boyars sent Charles several petitions asking

1041:

and confiscated their property. The aggrieved parties sought compensation by urging the Neo-Acquistic Commission to operate in the same way, asking to be handed down the estates of Mavrocordatos loyalists, including the Brâncovenești. The Imperial Revenue Service, which had taken over the estates in

4086:

Erwin Gáll, Réka Fülöp, Mihály Huba Hőgyes, "'Periferiile periferiilor'? Fenomen arheologic sau stadiul cercetării: de ce nu au fost descoperite necropole din perioada secolelor VIII‒X în Transilvania estică și centrală, respectiv în nordul și centrul Olteniei și Munteniei?", in Sorin Forțiu (ed.),

2241:

in Oltenia—indirectly helping Bishop Damaschin and others who supported liturgical printing in Romanian. In these circumstances, Râmnicu Vâlcea and its printing press were major contributors to the Orthodox revival taking place in both Oltenia and Transylvania. The authorities were however invested

2023:

in Craiova was abandoned, and allowed to fall into disrepair. Such dereliction went in tandem with some institutional continuity, with Wallachian Princes being readily adaptable to modern absolutism. Papacostea highlights the role of Habsburg reforms in shaping similar attempts by Phanariote rulers

1800:

in 1735 was contemplated by the Austrians as an opportunity to complete their expansion into Wallachia. As early as June 1735, Charles VI was preparing another attack on the Ottoman Empire, asking Wallis to ensure that Oltenia would contribute additional revenue for that effort. The prospects of an

1602:

with Austrian natives, who would make sure to check the fiscal records and the realities of taxation; this practice was approved by the Aulic Council and introduced during the early months of 1732. In 1735, foreigners Anton Gebaur, Anton Marstaller, Franciscus Nagy and Gaspar Rauch all held offices

1493:

s manor and accept exile in Transylvania, as had been asked of him. The clampdown on boyar authority was enhanced in 1727, when Tige noted that Cantacuzino's ouster had only reshuffled the governing clique, with the new team of Counselors being "just as zealous in promoting its own interests as the

1428:

ban on corporal punishments for tax-evading peasants) with a more thorough investigation of the boyars' activities. Under the old fiscal regime, boyars estimated their peasants' tax duties, and were not expected to provide an exact count of how many serfs they owned. In early 1727, regulations were

1394:

as the undesirable competitors (" traders are flush with money and will buy up lots of goods, with many of the boyars' villagers opting for refuge in villages"). Bulgarian lobbying obtained that the text be modified to a less xenophobic form, driving the boyars to seek other methods of resistance.

1399:

and his allies were actively using their administrative functions to undermine tax collectors by "exempting, if not all, then at least most of their own peasants". The boyars were also defeated in their attempt to deny the Bulgarians their judicial autonomy. In October 1727, Charles VI settled the

2567:

In their effort to modernize the administration, Austrian authorities banned the usage of private insignia on official documents. Instead, they regulated corporate heraldic seals for each of the five Oltenian counties. These referred to the main economic contribution of each Oltenian subdivision:

1509:

managed to exhaust boyar resistance, and resulted in more accurate counts of the taxpaying population. 22,000 families were recorded in 1727, rising to 31,000 in 1730; there were at least 34,346 families of any status living in Oltenia in 1739, of whom some 300 were boyar families, and 2,400 were

2372:

at Bengești-Ciocadia. One noted contribution was Captain Schwantz's own regional map. Begun on Steinville's orders in 1720, it endures as an "incomparable instrument of research", the "first cartographic record of all human settlements in Oltenia". In keeping with Austria's imperial and "Dacian"

1389:

Landowning boyars remained dissatisfied with Austrian policies and alarmed by the fiscal pressures. In 1719, Steinville allowed them a temporary victory by passing regulations that precluded members of their class from selling, as opposed to leasing, land that was deemed "ancestral"; the measure

1896:

was ratified by Charles VI, who thus recognized Oltenia's re-annexation by Ottoman-vassalized Wallachia. This document unwittingly reopened the dispute between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs over what constituted the western border of Oltenia; it also alienated those of the boyars who had still

1831:

Annexation seemed to be realized in on 17 July, when Austrian troops under General Ghillany entered Bucharest. They arrested the boyar regency, sending its members to Transylvania as imperial hostages. At that stage, however, Muntenians were generally unenthusiastic about the change of regimes.

1133:; until late 1721, Cantacuzino and his commission only had consultative powers. Hermannstadt was also the higher court of appeals, but the population was largely ignorant of its judicial powers, and few sought to obtain its intervention; the commission met more significant competition from the 1662:

Once revived and Germanized, the commission remained largely powerless in tackling boyar and peasant resistance, which often took the form of sabotage and demoralization. As summarized by Papacostea: "the low-ranking Oltenian boyardom still held on to sufficient power so as to block any real

2454:

by the monks of Cozia, reemploying them as salaried workers of the state. A Chamber of Gold was instituted with the purpose of clamping down on gold contraband. Habsburg envoys tolerated the use of slave labor in the Oltenian salt mines (principally those of Ocnele Mari), but introduced new

1775:

Monastery administrators soon took the example of boyars in sabotaging Habsburg modernization. Tige's inspection already noted that agricultural production was unusually low on estates held by the Bishopric of Râmnic; during a November 1732 survey, Wallis proposed controlling the village of

1562:

A small group of endogamic families still held on to "great boyar" status. No definitive count was ever provided, but documents read by Papacostea suggest that they ranged between 17 and 24. Examples include the Argetoianus, Băleanus, Bengescus, Brăiloius, Buzescus, Fărcășanus, Glagoveanus,

2014:

Some of the Habsburg innovations, including the most unpopular ones, were also quickly undone by the Ottomans: "the Austrian work rules in Oltenia were abolished, and such forced labor was stabilized at twelve days a year for most of the century." As noted in 1759 by Ottoman bureaucrat

1978:

The more overtly colonial aspects of Austrian governance were already dismantled by the 1730s war, when Oltenia became the source of emigration into the Banat of Temeswar. Some pro-Habsburg Romanians joined in this exodus—Diicul (Deicolus) Brăiloiu and George Brediceanu settled around

1419:

confirmed that 2,300 families had recently gone missing. In Gorj, emigration focused on the Banat of Temeswar, which had no precedent to match Phanariote taxation. This alarmed the War Council: on 12 April 1726, it forbade settlement by non-Catholics. Around that same time, inspector

1610:

In 1737, the government was almost entirely non-Romanian and non-boyar, with only Ștefan Pârșcoveanu holding on to the office of Counselor. Wallis had asked for his demotion as early as August 1732, but the Aulic Council was adamant in supporting him. Though the Oltenians'

1809:'s protection: "Wallachia's feudal class hoped to obtain Russia's support not just when it came to emancipation from Turkish suzerainty, but also to the territorial reunification, with compensation offered to the Viennese court in exchange for Oltenia." In October 1736, 2528:

In its early years, Imperial Wallachia used a variant of the standard Wallachian seal; this symbol can be found in the bottom right corner of Schwantz von Springfels' 1723 map. Also in 1723, this all-Wallachian emblem was replaced with a complex seal depicting the

629:

Popular resistance required a steady adaptation of the administrative apparatus, which included more accurate censuses, relief of some feudal obligations, and heavy penalties for tax offenders. The process was directly supervised by Austrian officials, including

2224:

The Austrians endorsed teaching in Latin by Orthodox institutions, but with only modest results (such as Antonie Dascălul's school in Craiova); by 1729, the administration was financing a more ambitious project for a Humanistic Gymnasium to be staffed by either

1037:(including islets such as Celieni, Milcovan, Seccediu, and Tuba). Both empires agreed that boyars stranded in Oltenia could keep their estates in Muntenia. The provision was nullified in practice when Princes, beginning with Nicholas Mavrocordatos, identified 638:, which brought another devastation of Oltenia, but also witnessed the reestablishment of self-rule by the Romanians. "Imperial Wallachia" formally ended in 1739, when the Ottoman Empire recovered Serbia and Oltenia (which was returned to Wallachia) after the 2242:

in preventing any dispute between the Eastern Catholic and Orthodox branches of Romaniandom. Historian Radu Nedici notes that Damaschin was "under the strict control of a Habsburg Catholic administration". His one attempt at a polemic was a 1724 tract on the

1498:, both without curtailing boyar privilege or uprooting traditional society. A centralizing trend was consolidated with an imperial decree on 27 April 1729, whereby the boyars' role in policy-making and their fiscal privileges were greatly reduced, and the 1099:

was still the administrative language. However, the Phanariote infusion of Greek and Turkish terms was immediately curbed, with Latin or German neologisms introduced for the new offices and functions—beginning with the designation of commission members as

1905:, nostalgia for Austrian rule was entirely marginal: Wallachian restoration was welcomed with "general joy among both peasants and boyars, who had come to realize that the old regime, whatever its shortcomings, was preferable to Austrian administration". 811:

of Wallachian peasants—Oltenians were reportedly over-represented in this exodus, as 35,000 evacuees from a total 80,000. The problem was compounded by internal flight, with many more villagers fleeing for safety into the Oltenian forests and the

1119:. Its Council comprised four men: Brăiloiu (who died during the proceedings and was replaced with Staico Bengescu), Golescu, Grigore II Băleanu, and Ilie Știrbei. Its Secretary, Nicolae de Porta, was likewise a Romanian. All staff, including the 1336:, estimated Oltenians at 25,000 families, calibrated downward by counts made in 1724 (14,719 families) and 1726 (15,665 families). While re-stabilizing population growth, the Austrian government began looking into increasing the fiscal burden. 1437:(in Romanian); heavy fines were introduced where fraud could be ascertained. This measure had the unintended consequence of driving even more peasants into hiding with the boyars' complicity—a "massive dissolving of the contributing masses". 4277:

Mihai Săsăujan, "Atitudinea cercurilor oficiale austriece față de românii ortodocși din Transilvania, la mijlocul secolului al XVIII-lea, în baza actelor Consiliului Aulic de Război și a rapoartelor conferințelor ministeriale din Viena", in

2035:, and to the language of political geography, included the designation of the old Banship as "Oltenia", which was thereafter conceptualized as distinct from Wallachia and Muntenia. The Habsburg claim to this territory was revived by Emperor 1828:, with an offer to switch side, promising him recognition as an Austrian vassal in both Muntenia and Oltenia. Mavrocordatos and his court were scandalized by this suggestion, and preferred instead to take refuge in Ottoman-held territory. 847:, it regarded Mavrocordatos as a "tyrant". Answering to boyar requests for help, the Habsburg general Stephan von Steinville sent in some hundreds of his soldiers, which, also in August 1716, routed a 3,000-strong Wallachian army at 2109:

ended mounting hostilities between Russia and Austria, and prevented the Austrian army from staging a march on Craiova; this intervention, which ensured that Joseph "received nothing" from the crisis, also showed the strains of the

2367:

The Austrians were also noted for exploring and cataloguing all features of Oltenian geography. This effort began early on, when Steinville's personal physician, Michael Schendo van der Bech, provided the first description of the

2011:. Râmnicu Vâlcea was ravaged by the war, pushing the Iovepalis and other Chiprovtsi Bulgarians into permanent exile in Transylvania. By 1746, the city was home to Oltenia's only Bulgarian community, which numbered ten families. 1526:

in German, these groups remained over-represented in mountainous areas (135 villages in Gorj, 85 in Vâlcea). As part of their conflict with government forces, the boyars obtained that most of the fiscal burden be placed on the

1019:. Negotiations were stalled when the Porte instructed its delegates not to admit that Oltenia had been conquered ("under a kind of occupation" was the preferred formula); Austria reacted by bribing Ottoman officials, as well 1694:

on various estates. Overall, members of the upper classes engaged one another in bloodless feuds over the scarce labor resource. Boyars included in the administration were able to outmaneuver their rivals, especially the

1690:. In other cases, the exodus was temporary, with free peasants and serfs taking up seasonal jobs to fulfill their fiscal obligations. In August 1731 for instance, the poorest such peasants were roaming Oltenia to do the 2331:

running along the Olt at Cozia. He was therefore able to persuade his superiors that the banks were usable for horse transportation at any time of the year. He described the path leading from Islaz to Râmnicu Vâlcea as

1817:. Here, he pledged that Wallachia would surrender only to Russia, and promised to raise the sum needed for the Oltenian purchase, "because all the boyars over there wish to find themselves under the Russian scepter". 2584: 4778: 1971:, which "had for a goal the systematic exploitation of resources", and the traditional "boyar statehood", which claimed a monopoly on peasants' labor. He describes the massive flight of peasants as an instance of 2098:; in some projects he vetted, Joseph still considered annexing or purchasing Oltenia as an extension of this southwestern realm. A specific claim to Oltenia was again voiced by the Austrian court during the 1062:), which were now politically linked to the reincarnated Roman Empire of the Habsburg realm: "the very conquest of Oltenia was shrouded in the notion of Roman imperial continuity. The boyars, grouped as the 713:, began looking to the Habsburgs as potential liberators of the country. The period included several episodes in which Wallachia was declared a Habsburg fief. One such early case was on 7 January 1543, when 1054:, which had attributes as a legislative body, executive branch, and local revenue service. As noted by historian Ileana Căzan, Charles VI's court took some pride in having conquered another portion of " 997:) to his list of titles, assigning Steinville to the intermediary position of Supreme Director of Oltenia. The administration was directly organized by a Neo-Acquistic Commission, which answered to the 471: 602:

positions in Wallachia as a whole. The period witnessed collective tax resistance and internal migration, in an effort to conceal the total number and location of contributors. Charles VI and the

1876:("I know how difficult it is that you would have to serve two emperors"). His own palace in Râmnicu Vâlcea was severely damaged during the Austrians' defense of Oltenia. Throughout the interval, 2608: 2289:("deputy"). The 20-years-long existence of an Imperial Wallachia spurred other changes in Romanian society. In some cases, these were to prove long-lasting—one example is the establishment of a 940: 555: 169: 1864:

managed to obtain a temporary reduction. The situation proved especially difficult for civilians trapped in the disputed area, who attempted to form their own civilian government under Bishop

1320:

In the aftermath of Passarowitz, Austrian administrators set about repopulating the region, allowing thousands of Muntenian families to settle in the devastated villages, especially those of

1282:

was immediately abused by those in power, who now demanded a permanent supply of horses and labor. The upper classes, including both boyars and some peasants of prestigious lineage (known as

2624: 2074:

The annexation was never carried out, since Russia vouched for Wallachia's territorial integrity; instead, Joseph accepted the northwestern tip of Moldavia, which later became known as "

1424:

noted that entire villages of Oltenia were being "placed under the protection of this or that ". That year witnessed an attempt to contain the phenomenon, combining softer approaches (a

1897:

believed in a Habsburg solution to their problems, "regardless of how difficult adaption to the Habsburgs' administrative and social-juridical system had been". As noted by historians

1505:

The curtailing was met with protests from Golescu, including one he addressed to the Aulic Council in May 1728, shortly before his death. The continued pressures exercised through the

2157:. As an opponent of this trade-off, Romanați assemblyman Nicolae Lăcusteanu argued that Romania's Dobrujan rights were at least as arbitrary as Austrian rights in Oltenia. During the 2455:

extraction and refining techniques. Their attempt to recover these investments drove up the price of salt, losing consumers to the coarser, but cheaper, salt of Ottoman Muntenia.

1858:

to assist against Wallis' army. In the immediate aftermath, Oltenians found themselves encumbered by Ottoman demands, including a tribute set at 300 bags of gold; the Wallachian

1486:, Georgius Schramm von Otterfels, himself succeeded by Joachim Czeyka von Olbramowitz upon his death in late 1728; during that entire interval, Cantacuzino refused to vacate the 803:, a Phanariote known for having pacified Moldavia, was brought in to reign as titular Prince of Wallachia. Seeking to undermine the Austrian advance, Ottoman commanders and the 2503: 2408:

in Oltenia, since these were still the most frequent payment for regional exports. As part of the recolonization and re-monetization drive, Austrians revived or created

2040: 1332:

were specifically instructed to drive peasants out of their forest hideouts and back into agricultural life. In 1722, the Austrian conscription census, overseen by the

1219:, picked up from ancient Wallachian customs, as a deterrent, punishing "ten or twelve surrounding villages" for robbery or murder that went unsolved. For long the only 1674:: in 1726, the authorities largely failed to collect within this community, whose members "have scattered and are hiding out in the counties". In 1728, 36 villages of 435: 396: 4826: 2047:. Citing precedent, as well as a number of records that they had falsified, the Austrians demanded Oltenia, alongside a "Wallachian corner" (vaguely defined parts of 1651:, including Iova and Iota Iovepali—first attested at Râmnicu Vâlcea in early 1732. Colonization could also include Romanian families, such as a small group from the 4602: 4533:

Violeta-Anca Epure, "Aspecte de viață urbană în Principatele Române surprinse de consulii și voiajorii francezi prepașoptiști. Oraşele din Țara Românească (I)", in

2193:

after 1739). The issue of Catholic government in an Orthodox land became intertwined with religious disputes in Transylvania, where the Habsburgs had established a

5047: 1129:

annually, and his Counselors 1,000. Steinville's Supreme Directorate was maintained as a supervising body, but remained headquartered in the Transylvanian city of

837: 1579:—specifically, the occupation regime unwittingly blocked much of the cattle, horse, butter and wool trade that had linked Oltenian pastoralists to the markets of 2596: 1595: 631: 2173:, Austria intended to absorb Oltenia in late 1917, and was only stopped from doing so when the international consensus swung against imperialistic annexations. 1889: 1632: 1482:

sees September 1726 as bringing Oltenian autonomy to a full stop, in that Cantacuzino was deposed and his office eliminated—he was replaced with a President or

5017: 4946: 1479: 1080: 5042: 1752: 2484: 1275: 1050:

The newly conquered region was formally organized through an imperial decree on 22 February 1719. This created an administrative commission in the city of

3849: 1854:

Mavrocordatos reaffirmed his status as Oltenian overlord by sending Radu Comăneanu as his governor in Craiova, and appointing Ioniță Cercedja and his 200

869: 5012: 4903:

Gheorghe Lazăr, "Aux frontières du grand commerce. La famille Iovipali en Valachie (XVIIIe—dèbut du XIX e siècle)", in Lora Taseva, Penka Danova (eds.),

1741: 1726:. In what was a more controversial gesture that drew protests from the monastic community, Charles VI personally appointed Râmnic's Bishops and all the 1967:

defines Austrian Oltenia as a "premature experiment in modern colonialism". Papacostea views the Austrian episode as the direct confrontation between

1429:

introduced by the Aulic Council, which forced the boyars to provide accurate counts of the peasants working on their estates, with tax forms known as

2502:

s flag") brought in for his ceremonial investiture in Craiova. Historian Ion Donat reports that the region also had its own badge, separate from the

1865: 905: 702: 2435:, the first-ever pharmacy to have been set up in the Romanian lands (operating 1718–1730). From 1719, the city's administration noted that Oltenian 2206: 4735:

Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan, "Politica orientală a Imperiului Habsburgic între asediul Vienei (1683) și Tratatul de Pace de la Passarowitz (1718)", in

817: 4089:

ArheoVest, Nr. VIII: In Honorem Alexandru Rădulescu, Interdisciplinaritate în Arheologie și Istorie, Timișoara, noiembrie 2020, Vol. 1: Arheologie

1510:

burghers. Oltenia continued to have a sizable population of free-and-landowning peasants—some 47% of the total rural population in 1722. Known as

1033:

settled the new border: all Oltenian Danube islands were assigned to the Ottoman Empire, while, on the Olt, Austria kept whatever was west of the

1421: 1215:

outlaws; the Austrians "resisted the creation of any national military units, even some of reduced proportions". Instead, the regime maintained

5022: 4921:

Angela Lisnic, "Locul principatelor dunărene în acțiunile politico-militare ale marilor puteri în războiul Austro-Ruso-Turc din 1735–1739", in

1946: 852: 2181:

The Habsburgs' effort toward Catholicizing Oltenia mostly concentrated on reforming the Orthodox Church itself—one such measure was to impose

2008: 1111:

As another concession to the locals, the commission was entirely staffed by natives, and allowed its president to use the Wallachian title of

947:, which was in the process of losing its autonomy. The boyar delegations were also mandated to discuss the exclusion of Phanariotes and other 5032: 4624: 2507: 816:. As many as 273 Oltenian villages and hamlets were left deserted, from a total 741; 190 of these ghost villages were located in the exposed 4759:

Claudiu Sergiu Călin, Marius Oanță, "Nikola Stanislavich — Episcop de Nicopole ad Hystrum (1725–1739) și Episcop de Cenad (1739–1750)", in

1395:

One such form was cooperation with native tenant farmers toward nonpayment of the state tax. As early as 1722, there were reports that the

944: 619: 2257:—especially since, at that stage, Romanian was being purged from Austrian legal culture in Transylvania. This implied a first instance of 1170: 5052: 2293:, which allowed private mail to be sent between Oltenia and Transylvania. In parallel, the administrative commission was awarded its own 1706: 900:

on 14 November, capturing the Prince; during this episode, most Wallachian forces had been diverted to Oltenia, with Popescu invested as

5057: 2099: 2439:

existed largely on paper, with ill-defined areas of control. They presented the population with an option between full regulation and

1868:. In February 1738, he asked his flock to provide food for both the Ottomans and the Austrians, expressing sympathy for their plight: 1780:

by assigning it directly to the Belgrade Bishops. During 1736, an old feudal privilege was abolished at Tismana, with its pastures in

1189: 2218: 2086:—while still seeking to restore their own "old borders on the Olt". During the 1780s, Joseph's ambitions were frustrated by Russia's 1892:

presented Austria with an offer to divide Oltenia between the empires. The stalemate was ended only on 18 September 1739, when the

731: 4853:

C. Frâncu, "Neologisme juridico-administrative în documentele din Oltenia din timpul administrației austriece (1718–1739). I", in

4627:, "Biografii Luminoase: Sfântul Mare Mucenic Dimitrie, darul lui Dumnezeu pentru olteni. Izvor de har și punte peste veacuri", in 1290:), also received some satisfaction in matters of fiscal policy: most obtained a partial, and some a total, tax exemption from the 962: 2079: 4933: 5067: 1851:, while the Wallachians defeated an Imperial Army in Râmnicu Vâlcea. By December, all of Oltenia was under Wallachian control. 1576: 862:, these troops were secretly opposed to Mavrocordatos, and did not put up a fight. Oltenia was taken whole when the Wallachian 571:. Over the following years, native rule was phased out, and gave way to a direct administration. This provided the setting for 2233:. Overall, Charles VI remained indifferent to cultural battles within the Wallachian Church. This also meant that, unlike the 4941: 4916: 4680: 4397: 4192: 4096: 1245: 701:

in Latin; hence "Cisalutanian") to the east. Since the 15th century, Wallachia, including its Oltenian subdivision, had been

2090:, who embraced the "Dacian" kingdom that she expected would be Russian-friendly. The Austrian court turned its focus on the 4520:

Cristina Șoșea, "Spatial Dynamics of Craiova Municipality. Transformation of the City's Relation with Its Peripheries", in

952: 618:

as the main proxies. Despite being pressured from above, Râmnic Bishops were able to expand their influence into southern

4895: 2483:

used some symbols of their own, which are attested, but not described, by contemporary sources. In the mid 17th century,

2234: 2214: 1620: 610:, curbing its traditional privileges while allowing it to maintain cultural autonomy. Some timid steps were taken toward 1762:. In 1726, Petrović assigned to Bishopric to a monk Ștefan, who was never consecrated, and whose only contribution as a 4745:, "Whose Territory and Whose Peasants? Ottoman Boundaries on the Danube in the 1760s", in Frederick F. Anscombe (ed.), 4309:

Papacostea, pp. 298–299. See also Ioan I. Ică jr., "Vechea traducere românească uitată a Sinodiconului Ortodoxiei", in

831:

As early as March 1716, the Austrians could count on support from an inner faction of Wallachian boyars. Formed around

776: 718: 535: 1563:

Otetelișanus, Pârșcoveanus, Poienarus, Știrbeis, Urdăreanus, and Zătreanus. They looked down on the lesser boyars, or

1494:

preceding one had been." As Papacostea notes, in the aftermath the Habsburgs introduced not just centralism, but also

73: 4958: 4834: 4754: 3865: 2044: 1797: 1333: 1256:, and was redirected toward the Habsburg Emperor. Collection began in 1720, when each family was expected to pay two 635: 277: 1440: 1115:. During October 1719, Steinville confirmed the administrative commission, presided upon by Gheorghe Cantacuzino as 1030: 5037: 2250: 2114:. A 1788 map of Wallachia, done in Vienna by Ferdinand Joseph Ruhedorf, still showed the five Oltenian counties as 595: 1882:

rallied in the no man's land around Orșova, with outlaws of many nations being joined by a mass of runaway serfs.

5072: 1703:

noted that none of their tenant farmers had shown up for work, even after obtaining a reduction of their duties.

1301: 993:

Boyar appeals were largely ignored by Charles, who added Prince of Cisalutanian Wallachia or Imperial Wallachia (

955:, which formed the basis of boyar privilege and revenue. They were encouraged in this by Damaschin Voinescu, the 547: 59: 4846:

Aurel Dragne, "Biserică și societate în secolul al XVIII-lea. Situația clerului român din Țara Făgărașului", in

1714:

The Catholic Emperor had uneasy relations with the Orthodox clergy. In 1725, he submitted local churches to the

4766:

Ileana Căzan, "Cartografia austriacă în secolul al XVIII-lea (1700–1775). Caracteristici și reprezentanți", in

2194: 2146: 1835:

As early as August 1737, the Austrians had again moderated their demands: delegates sent to the peace talks at

1233: 912: 623: 591: 4930:

Formarea identității confesionale greco-catolice în Transilvania veacului al XVIII-lea: biserică și comunitate

2102:: Joseph announced that he did not regard the Treaty of Belgrade as a renunciation of his rights in Craiova. 1983:; the latter of these two boyars was the patriarch of a noted Romanian Austrian family whose members included 1647:, distancing themselves from the Bulgarian merchant class. New arrivals included rich Orthodox merchands from 1042:

question for its own purposes, blocked the attempt. Brâncoveni was taken as spoils of war by Captain Dettine.

4908: 2036: 1886: 1027: 808: 756:

fighting on the Ottoman side; however, they made a public show of their reluctance, and privately celebrated

646: 65: 2185:

on Orthodox monks. By 1726, Steinville's portrait had been added into frescoes of Sfântul Nicolae Church in

842: 4426:

Nicolae Popa, "Hațeg, un pays fondateur de la Roumanie. L'evolution de ses voies de communication", in the

2142: 1757: 1225: 5027: 2669:

Marian Coman, "A Game of Rhetoric. Transylvanian Regional Identities in Medieval Wallachian Sources", in

2381: 2258: 1715: 661: 650: 603: 4672: 2141:

were created shortly after, still as an Ottoman subject. This tutelage was eventually cast aside in the

598:, as well as its added pressures on the serfs and the free peasants, were highly unpopular, undermining 2238: 2182: 1746: 1460:

Beginning in September 1725, documents issued by Austrian sources refrained from calling Cantacuzino a

1266:). Various other duties were maintained, and some new ones were introduced. This was the case with the 753: 2007:, where they merged into a single ethnic group. Stanislavič, still the community leader, took over as 1820:

In January 1737, Michael von Talman was mandated by Charles VI to negotiate with Ottoman delegates at

4600:

Donat, p. 181; Oprea Gh. Petre, "Craiova dealungul veacurilor", Vol. VIII, Issue 374, March 1934, in

2522: 2308: 2198: 2131: 2078:". Though his overall plan fell apart, the Austrians embraced a "Dacian" alternative, proposing that 2056: 1825: 1237: 1216: 706: 653: 231: 4805:

Alexandru Ciocîltan, "The Identities of the Catholic Communities in the 18th Century Wallachia", in

2467:("Little Wallachia"), which, from the 16th century, generally meant the Craiova Banship. These were 1144:

and his Counselors were assigned control over the administrative network, which was staffed by five

813: 4905:Югоизточна Европа през вековете: социална история, езикови и културни контакти. Studia Balcanica 35 2158: 2111: 1801:

Austrian annexation were viewed with alarm by the boyars of Bucharest, who were now overwhelmingly

1615:

was not an immediate priority of the Austrian elite, their encouragement of Bulgarian, German, and

1373:). They generally accepted claims that peasants living on boyar- or Church-owned estates also owed 1006: 678: 551: 428: 401: 1232:

In Oltenia, Austria inherited the Phanariotes' complicated system of taxation, which combined the

956: 767:

During the 1680s, the Habsburgs were on the offensive, and only their forced participation in the

607: 1309: 560: 4223:, Vol. 2. 1916–1917, pp. 511–512. Bucharest: Editura Institutului de Arte Grafice Eminescu, 1927 4170:

Jean-Yves Guiomar, Marie-Thérèse Lorain, "La carte de Grèce de Rigas et le nom de la Grèce", in

2290: 1991:. By the 1750s, the authorities had become more tolerant of Gorj immigrants, who settled around 1934: 1085: 709:. During the 17th century, members of the Wallachian boyardom, especially those linked with the 660:

and a postal system, also provided Wallachians with a linguistic template for modernization and

5062: 4807:

Revista Română de Studii Baltice și Nordice. The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies

2417: 1968: 1898: 1840: 1785: 1670:

Episodes of mass flight were still occasionally documented, including among the tax-encumbered

967: 881: 800: 772: 576: 4791:

Constantin Cilibia, "Arhimandritul Petronie din Timișoara, stareț la Mănăstirea Segarcea", in

2186: 2130:

unsuccessfully proposed that Austria take over both countries as a unified vassal state, with

4216: 3992:

A. Peteanu, "Din trecutul Lugojului. O pagină de istorie românească: Familia Brediceanu", in

2138: 1656: 1616: 1346:

annually, though the target was not consistently met. In 1728, it was raised to some 212,000

1010: 244: 4984: 4205:

Regele Carol I, Dobrogea și dobrogenii. Conferință ținută în ziua de 10 Mai 1915, la Hârșova

2016: 1700: 1587:

were still instructed to direct peasants into discarded villagers and resume cultivation in

920: 888:Ștefan Pârșcoveanu led 200 Habsburg soldiers in battle against the Mavrocordatos troops, at 749: 2249:

Linguist C. Frâncu views Austrian rule in Oltenia as crucial in establishing the canons of

2202: 2025: 1923: 1722:. This grouped Râmnic alongside parishes from the Banat of Temeswar and the purely Serbian 757: 686: 586:

Habsburg rule over Oltenia only lasted two decades, which fit within the reign of just one

2590:

Heraldic allegory of Oltenian counties, in Schwantz von Springfels' 1723 map of the region

889: 8: 2530: 2357: 2150: 2087: 1984: 1953: 1628: 1362: 977: 768: 321: 227: 2353: 2349: 1719: 1675: 1643:

had done so by 1737. Mostly peasants, they formed segregated communities in Craiova and

1365:, and returned to the status quo of 1716, effectively treating peasants as boyar serfs ( 795:

reduced autonomy for Wallachia by introducing a new political elite, the Greek-speaking

341: 4994:

Al. Vianu, "Din acțiunea diplomatică a Țării Romînești în Rusia în anii 1736—1738", in

4977:

Veronica Tamaș, "Administrația Olteniei în timpul ocupației austriece (1718–1739)", in

4839:

Virgil Drăghiceanu, "Curțile domnești brâncovenești. IV. Curți și conace fărâmate", in

2560: 2447: 2324: 1988: 1893: 1723: 1710:

Orthodox monk (left) and wedded priest, in a 1722 watercolor by Schwantz von Springfels

1205:. The boyars were frustrated in their attempt to obtain approval for private armies of 931: 909: 710: 639: 587: 290: 2345: 2316: 1453: 1416: 1074:), property disputes, and some appeals sent in by the first- and second-level courts. 1023:

Nicolas Theyls and other arbiters, until consensus could finally sway in their favor.

892:. An Austrian force under Stephan Dettine von Pivoda ventured out of Oltenia and into 345: 4954: 4937: 4912: 4830: 4782: 4750: 4742: 4676: 4393: 4188: 4092: 3861: 2409: 2254: 2210: 2190: 2106: 1938: 1640: 1096: 1070:." The administration also acted as a court, but only heard major criminal offenses ( 1038: 948: 943:. During this campaign, they expressed alarm that Oltenia would be incorporated with 745: 741: 722: 543: 523: 483: 43: 2004: 1772:; in late 1727, he was replaced with Inochentie, who remained in charge until 1735. 915:

on 28 November, the Austrians were not confident about establishing a bridgehead in

88: 2543: 2323:

In 1716, Captain Friedrich Schwantz von Springfels, a mathematician trained at the

2226: 2170: 2154: 1902: 1391: 761: 615: 2471:, which had no local correspondent, and may have originally stood for "Dacia" or " 1844: 1781: 1415:, their populations having turned nomadic. Two years later, another inspection in 1325: 1013:, which was signed on 21 July 1718, recognized Oltenia as an Austrian fief, under 349: 4814: 2555: 2479:, and neither was it taken up by the Austrian administration. Before 1718, local 2468: 2463:

Heraldists from the Holy Roman Empire had traditionally used a lion to represent

2390: 2166: 2123: 1737: 1612: 1202: 857: 611: 475: 2060: 2052: 2512: 2421: 2352:. In tandem, the authorities also rebuilt and enlarged the passage through the 2162: 2048: 2032: 1972: 1806: 1580: 1390:

targeted foreign buyers, with a statement of purpose that explicitly mentioned

1020: 1015: 784: 721:. In June 1598, during an episodic emancipation from Ottoman vassalage, Prince 539: 495: 93:

The Banat of Craiova shown in the bottom right corner of a French map from 1898

2794:

Papacostea, pp. 20–21. See also Abrudan, p. 70; Căzan, p. 192; C. Tamaș, p. 70

2420:), though making sure that commercial activities of this kind were subject to 5006: 4874: 2369: 2095: 1964: 1551:

in 1728, and remained set at that level for the remainder of Habsburg rule);

1495: 1400:

matter by reconfirming that only Bulgarian courts could try Bulgarian cases.

998: 986: 970:

trampling on a Turk; to his right, a personification of Austria carrying the

792: 572: 4882:

Istoria desrobirii religioase a Românilor din Ardeal în secolul al XVIII-lea

2118:. The Habsburgs no longer revived the claim in the 19th century. During the 1992: 1777: 1449: 1445: 1175: 825: 821: 771:

prevented Wallachia from being conquered at that stage. In August 1716, the

3871: 2564:. The same term was used as a by-word for Habsburg rule and its officials. 2539: 2451: 2395: 2377: 2301:, who numbered 50 men in 1727, and who ran errands between Craiova and the 2127: 2091: 2083: 2064: 1814: 1125: 1002: 804: 780: 4970:

Corneliu Tamaș, "Marele spătar Radu Golescu și curentul antifanariot", in

4786: 1639:" of Rumelia to settle in Oltenia. As many as 2,000 Catholics from around 1350:, and continued to increase steadily; in 1736, Oltenians provided 260,352 924: 877: 3857: 2534: 2380:, was also backed by monetary stabilization. The circulation of devalued 2328: 2294: 2119: 2068: 1769: 1624: 1404: 1342: 1321: 1305: 1078:, generally based on oral records and, more loosely, on the written code 1059: 981: 935:

for Oltenia to be kept as an autonomous part of the Empire, with its own

873: 796: 736: 714: 694: 599: 580: 567: 337: 333: 143: 4812:

Gheorghe David, "1782: Ecaterina II, Potemkin și... regatul Daciei", in

4722:, Issues 6–7, 1936–1937, pp. 178–179. See also Cernovodeanu, pp. 450–453 2376:

The attempted economic revival, which remained bound to the ideology of

2201:. It was partly as a result of Gheorghe Cantacuzino's intervention that 2126:", intervened as a peacekeeper in both Moldavia and Wallachia. In 1856, 1848: 1631:. Moving the Bulgarians' Catholic see was formalized in June 1725, when 1456:, as drawn by Austrian soldier Friedrich Schwantz von Springfels in 1723 1294:. However, they were still expected to contribute the "voluntary gift" ( 2440: 1802: 1648: 1636: 1361:

Answering boyar demands, the Austrians put an end to a tacit policy of

1270:, a tribute in horses and transport-related labor collected in lieu of 1220: 833: 4800:

Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane C. S. Nicolăescu-Plopșor

4798:

Ileana Cioarec, "Mari dregători din neamul boierilor Pârșcoveanu", in

2221:

refrain from consecrating Orthodox priests anywhere in Transylvania.

2059:); these were to be annexed alongside parts of Moldavia, specifically 1412: 893: 4867:

Al. Grigorovici, "Crisa orientală din 1783 și politica Franciei", in

2546:, the same arrangement was used as the personal arms of his brother, 2243: 1152: 1075: 897: 727: 682: 527: 519: 414: 387: 1374: 959:, who described Greeks as "betrayers and destroyers of countries". 848: 4091:, p. 388. Timișoara & Szeged: Arheovest & JATEPress, 2020. 2767:

Papacostea, pp. 17–18. See also Abrudan, pp. 69–70; C. Tamaș, p. 68

2682:

Radu Ștefan Vergatti, "Mihai Viteazul și Andronic Cantacuzino", in

2574: 2230: 2075: 1999:. Bulgarian and "Paulician" loyalists also established colonies in 1408: 1183: 1123:, were salaried employees of the state; Cantacuzino received 6,000 916: 788: 2413: 2404: 2319:, in a late-18th-century watercolor by Franz Neuhauser the Younger 1164: 1158: 872:, defected to the enemy, guiding more Austrian troops through the 4795:, Vol. LXVIII, Issues 9–12, September–December 2016, pp. 172–184. 3010:

Papacostea, pp. 271, 274, 284–285. See also V. Tamaș, pp. 120–121

2472: 1836: 1821: 1728: 1679: 1619:

settlement could also double as proselytism—especially after the

1575:

A major downside of Austrian rule was Oltenia's removal from the

1474: 1262: 1198: 1092: 1051: 1034: 972: 936: 717:, the Prince of Wallachia, nominally attached his country to the 531: 453: 149: 101: 4860:

Lidia Gaga, "Costum de enclavă. Costum de contact. Bufenii", in

3496:

Papacostea, pp. 297–298. See also Călin & Oanță, pp. 331–332

2402:. The authorities attempted in vain to block the circulation of 2340:. Between 1717 and 1722, Steinville oversaw the construction of 828:(which had been one of Oltenia's two major military buildings). 575:

of the bureaucratic elite, introducing the governing methods of

4669:

Vechile blazoane vorbesc. Obiecte armoriate din colecții ieșene

4207:, pp. 11–12. Bucharest: Institut de Arte Grafice Speranța, 1915 3854:

Identitate și alteritate: Studii de istorie politică și cultură

2506:, and its own flag, at least as early as the 1500s. Theologian 2444: 2337: 1995:

as charcoal makers, forming an ethnographic community known as

1878: 1860: 1813:

Preda Drugănescu represented this boyar caucus on a mission to

1764: 1691: 1652: 1588: 1211: 1146: 864: 690: 656:. Austrian influence, which introduced the region to organized 4871:, Vol. XXIV, Issues 10–12, October–December 1938, pp. 293–321. 1805:

in their outlook, explicitly demanding to be placed under the

645:

The claim to Oltenia was formally revived during the 1770s by

4987:, "Episcopi și ctitori in Vâlcea secolului al XVIII-lea", in 2812:

Papacostea, pp. 23–28. See also C. Tamaș, p. 70; Vianu, p. 19

2436: 2361: 2000: 1980: 1644: 1130: 1055: 657: 4313:, Vol. XXVI, 2016, pp. 221–222; Nedici, pp. 187–189, 196–197 1140:

After the Supreme Directorate relinquished its powers, the

930:

In December 1716, the Ottomans retook Bucharest and placed

4392:, p. 55. Cluj-Napoca: Societatea Muzeului Ardelean, 2012. 705:(its neighbor to the south), participating as such in the 594:(1711–1740). Its steady encroachment on the privileges of 4888:, Vol. VII, Issues 7–9, July–September 1921, pp. 190–201. 3766:

Lisnic, p. 116. See also Papacostea, p. 305; Vianu, p. 23

4749:, pp. 61–86. Princeton: Markus Weiner Publishers, 2006. 1274:

from specific areas—the semi-autonomous region known as

3994:

Dacia. Ziarul de Afirmare Românească al Ținutului Timiș

2082:

be made ruler of Moldavia and Wallachia, merged into a

4718:

Ioan V. Câncea, "Sigiliile caimacamilor Craiovei", in

2938:

Papacostea, pp. 153–154, 252. See also C. Tamaș, p. 70

1952:

Prayer list at Cuvioasa Paraschiva Orthodox Church in

1732:; he also claimed direct control over the "princely" ( 4770:, Vol. XIV, Issues 3–4, May–August 2002, pp. 191–206. 3469:

Papacostea, pp. 253, 267–268. See also Cioarec, p. 93

1784:

being confiscated for use by the Austrian cavalry in

1095:, "except for those that contradict sound habits". 4965:

Medicina și Farmacia în Trecutul Românesc 1382–1775

2618:

Nicolae Scanavi in 1813, showing the county symbols

2431:Austrian commercial innovations included Craiova's 4823:Domeniul domnesc în Țara Românească (sec. XIV–XVI) 4068:Papacostea, pp. 310–320. See also Aksan, pp. 68–69 3658:Vilibia, pp. 177–178. See also Theodorescu, p. 142 3208:Papacostea, pp. 279–280. See also Ciocîltan, p. 77 622:, providing it with support against the spread of 590:(and titular "Prince of Cisalutanian Wallachia"), 4522:Analele Universității din Oradea. Seria Geografie 4390:Köleséri Sámuel tudományos levelezése (1709–1732) 4280:Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica 3860:: Presa Universitară Clujeană. pp. 339–348. 2671:Annales Universitatis Apulensis. Series Historica 2356:, linking the Transylvanian mountainous enclave, 2161:, both Muntenia and Oltenia were occupied by the 2043:in the early 1770s, during turmoil caused by the 1913: 820:. The events notably witnessed the ransacking of 5004: 4428:Review of Historical Geography and Toponomastics 634:in the 1730s. It was cut short by an unexpected 5048:1739 disestablishments in the Habsburg monarchy 4185:Emanoil Chinezu – om politic, avocat și istoric 2538:displaying the Wallachian bird. According to a 1384: 4172:Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française 4107:Iorga (1938), pp. 11–12. See also David, p. 67 1870: 1407:was again missing entire villages, among them 32: 5018:States and territories disestablished in 1739 3028:Papacostea, p. 285. See also V. Tamaș, p. 120 2475:"; the lion was apparently never used by the 1872:Știu că va iaste greu a sluji la doi împărați 1839:were mandated to ask for a new border on the 1223:unit tolerated by the Austrians were the 100 1005:. By August 1717, the Austrians had gained a 880:. Some Oltenian boyars were soon co-opted by 16:Province of the Habsburg monarchy (1718–1739) 5043:1718 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy 4951:Oltenia sub stăpânirea austriacă (1718–1739) 4174:, Issue 319, January–March 2000, pp. 101–125 3478:Cioarec, p. 93; Papacostea, pp. 252–253, 268 2684:Argesis. Studii și Comunicări, Seria Istorie 2525:, who is still the patron saint of Craiova. 1009:, prompting the Porte to sue for peace. The 26: 4417:Căzan, pp. 198–199; Papacostea, pp. 124–125 4282:, Vol. 11, Issue II, 2007, pp. 234, 247–248 1278:and villages bordering the main roads. The 5013:States and territories established in 1718 4953:. Bucharest: Editura enciclopedică, 1998. 4841:Buletinul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice 4143:Grigorovici, p. 298. See also David, p. 69 4116:David, p. 67; Iorga (1938), pp. 15, 19, 26 2785:Papacostea, pp. 18–20; C. Tamaș, pp. 69–70 2394:, was tolerated, while the circulation of 2169:. According to one account, attributed to 1678:were entirely "broken up", while in 1734, 87: 4125:David, pp. 68–69; Iorga (1938), pp. 25–30 3622:Papacostea, pp. 198–200, 214–219, 265–266 3442:Papacostea, pp. 269–270; V. Tamaș, p. 122 3136:Papacostea, pp. 170–182, 197–198, 204–205 3127:Papacostea, pp. 170–182, 197–198, 201–212 2803:Abrudan, pp. 70–71; Papacostea, pp. 20–22 1623:was relocated to Oltenia. From 1723, the 1570: 1026:During September 1718, Prince Eugene and 787:, and stood to occupy both Wallachia and 681:covered a quadrilateral western third of 3847: 2776:Cioarec, p. 92. See also C. Tamaș, p. 68 2307: 1705: 1439: 1300: 961: 3938:Lisnic, pp. 123–126; Papacostea, p. 306 3850:"Războiul ruso-austro-turc din 1736-39" 1403:During 1723, tax collectors noted that 1181:, villages were directly supervised by 526:. It emerged from the western third of 126:34,346 families (officially registered) 5005: 4763:, Vol. 24, Issue 2, 2015, pp. 327–342. 4340:Dragne, pp. 67–68; Nedici, pp. 203–208 2554:, a familiar presence on the Austrian 2261:in Wallachia, codifying terms such as 2122:, the Habsburg state, revived as the " 1045: 5023:Subdivisions of the Habsburg monarchy 3757:Lisnic, p. 116. See also Vianu, p. 23 3073:Papacostea, pp. 154–158, 166, 234–236 3001:Papacostea, pp. 253–254, 258, 262–263 2848:Abrudan, pp. 71–74; Papacostea, p. 22 2176: 1791: 1209:, which they intended to use against 4862:Analele Banatului. Etnografie – Artă 4779:Editura științifică și enciclopedică 4775:Știința și arta heraldică în România 4739:, Vol. IV, Issue 8, 2016, pp. 61–75. 4370:Papacostea, p. 125; V. Tamaș, p. 119 3316:Papacostea, pp. 32, 153–154, 252–253 2195:Romanian Greek Catholic congregation 1667:to organize small militias in 1734. 1547:(this was marginally reduced to 8.2 919:, and withdrew immediately after to 896:, then took the Wallachian capital, 672: 604:Serbian Orthodox Bishops in Belgrade 492:Cisalutanian Wallachian Principality 4809:, Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 71–82. 4535:Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sabesiensis 4524:, Vol. XXIII, Issue 2, 2013, p. 377 2348:(and, through it, Transylvania) to 2237:, there was no stake in protecting 1768:was Mihalcea Litterati's church in 1162:). While towns were governed using 908:, which declared itself subject to 904:. Despite earning support from the 779:: the Habsburg monarchy chased the 13: 4925:, Issue 1 (73), 2008, pp. 113–129. 4709:Cernovodeanu, pp. 185–186, 440–441 4331:Dragne, p. 63; Nedici, pp. 196–197 2634:Constantin Câmpineanu's seal, 1822 2205:was elected in 1714 as the second 1598:suggested "doubling" the Oltenian 824:estates, including their manor in 550:. It was a legal successor to the 14: 5084: 4880:"Dări de seamă. Silviu Dragomir, 4187:, p. 102. Craiova: Sitech, 2009. 3064:Papacostea, pp. 237, 248–249, 256 2602:Arms used by Gheorghe Cantacuzino 2327:, had uncovered the remains of a 1298:), specifically for the Emperor. 1197:of cases such as those involving 1150:(one per each county) and twenty 500:Principatus Valachiae Cisalutanae 5033:History of Wallachia (1714–1821) 4967:. Călărași: Tipografia Moderna, 4892:Românismul în trecutul Bucovinei 4857:, Vol. XXXVI, 1985, pp. 307–319. 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4618: 4609: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4527: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4210: 4197: 4177: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3986: 3977: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 2686:, Vol. XXII, 2013, pp. 80, 83–85 2673:, Vol. 16, Issue II, 2012, p. 92 2623: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2344:, a modernized road linking the 2159:Romanian campaign of World War I 1945: 1933:) settlements in the modern-day 1922: 1312:in 1726, showing Oltenia as the 1244:, had been owed directly to the 807:staged the mass deportation and 703:subjugated by the Ottoman Empire 534:, which the Habsburgs took in a 433: 419: 394: 380: 256:• Territorial organization 72: 58: 4934:Editura Universității București 4855:Studii și Cercetări Lingvistice 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2578:, into the early 19th century. 2145:of the 1870s. In its wake, the 2071:agreed to relinquish Oltenia. 1621:Diocese of Nicopolis ad Hystrum 1444:Manor (court) of the dissident 693:to the south and west, and the 636:Ottoman reconquest in late 1737 5053:Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) 4747:The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830 4582:Papacostea, pp. 86–88, 104–106 4430:, Vol. I, Issue 1, 2006, p. 84 4014:Călin & Oanță, pp. 332–339 3532:Călin & Oanță, pp. 330–331 3514:Călin & Oanță, pp. 329–332 3271:Papacostea, pp. 49–51, 229–230 3118:Papacostea, pp. 60–65, 170–193 2725: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2676: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2517:argues that flags used by the 2031:Austrian contributions to the 1956:, honoring the Iovepali family 1594:During 1731, Supreme Director 1555:, meanwhile, had to pay 12–13 1502:tax was entirely phased out. 1104:("Counselors"), assisted by a 1007:definitive victory at Belgrade 775:marked a turning point in the 191:Joachim Czeyka von Olbramowitz 181:Georgius Schramm von Otterfels 1: 5068:German communities in Romania 5058:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) 4998:, Vol. VIII, 1963, pp. 19–26. 4981:, Vol. IV, 1982, pp. 119–125. 4972:Buridava. Studii și Materiale 4923:Revista de Istorie a Moldovei 4909:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 4864:, Vol. II, 1984, pp. 123–141. 4802:, Vol. XIII, 2012, pp. 90–95. 4728: 2149:had to accept the cession of 2147:Romanian Assembly of Deputies 740:) submitted Wallachia to the 4991:, Issue 7/2009, pp. 140–152. 4818:, September 1991, pp. 66–69. 3856:(in Romanian). Vol. 5. 3838:Papacostea, pp. 305–306, 309 2974:Papacostea, pp. 277, 280–282 2143:Romanian War of Independence 1385:Boyar and peasant resistance 734:(both of whom had served as 608:Wallachian Diocese of Râmnic 7: 4843:, Vol. IV, 1911, pp. 49–78. 4671:, pp. 114, 124, 130. Iași: 2207:Catholic Primate of Bălgrad 2153:to Russia, in exchange for 1627:began building a church in 1539:families owed the state 10 1464:, replacing this term with 1058:" (and, more specifically, 791:. As a result of this, the 719:Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary 522:-inhabited province of the 10: 5089: 4974:, Issue 2/1976, pp. 67–71. 4850:, Vol. V, 2016, pp. 53–88. 4573:Papacostea, pp. 90–91, 106 3343:Papacostea, pp. 51–52, 143 2558:, became known locally as 2458: 2259:linguistic re-Latinization 1716:Serbian Bishop in Belgrade 1340:goals were set at 190,000 754:Wallachian military forces 667: 429:(Great Banship of Craiova) 402:(Great Banship of Craiova) 4848:Acta Terrae Fogarasiensis 4250:Iorga (1921), pp. 191–192 3848:Pogăciaș, Andrei (2011). 2523:Demetrius of Thessaloniki 2489:grapă, adecă steag bănesc 2199:Eastern Catholic Churches 1908: 1826:Constantine Mavrocordatos 1478:, "governor"). Historian 1217:collective responsibility 957:Orthodox Bishop of Râmnic 851:—according to chronicler 777:fourth Austro-Turkish War 654:Constantine Mavrocordatos 565:as its native leader, or 449: 359: 355: 327: 315: 308: 304: 300: 287: 274: 264: 254: 241: 237: 223: 219: 215: 205: 195: 185: 175: 163: 159: 141: 134: 130: 120: 116: 108: 97: 86: 54: 49: 41: 23: 4161:Grigorovici, pp. 315–317 4152:Grigorovici, pp. 305–306 3911:Theodorescu, pp. 142–143 3298:Papacostea, pp. 253, 265 2639: 2112:Franco-Austrian alliance 1682:was left with only four 884:and his invasion force: 552:Great Banship of Craiova 530:, now commonly known as 5038:18th century in Romania 4564:Papacostea, pp. 120–123 4537:, Vol. 11, 2019, p. 217 4511:Papacostea, pp. 115–118 4502:Papacostea, pp. 109–116 4493:Papacostea, pp. 127–141 4300:Papacostea, pp. 299–300 4183:Cosmin Lucian Gherghe, 3983:Papacostea, pp. 257–261 3784:Papacostea, pp. 307–309 3703:Papacostea, pp. 157–163 3667:Papacostea, pp. 289–297 3631:Papacostea, pp. 210–211 3613:Papacostea, pp. 196–197 3604:Papacostea, pp. 59, 219 3586:Papacostea, pp. 255–256 3568:Papacostea, pp. 268–269 3460:Papacostea, pp. 277–279 3397:Papacostea, pp. 167–168 3370:Papacostea, pp. 232–234 3361:Papacostea, pp. 196–197 3325:Papacostea, pp. 266–268 3262:Papacostea, pp. 229–230 3190:Papacostea, pp. 151–152 3154:Papacostea, pp. 205–210 3109:Papacostea, pp. 228–229 3100:Papacostea, pp. 47, 227 3046:Papacostea, pp. 224–229 3019:Papacostea, pp. 255–256 2965:Papacostea, pp. 252–252 2956:Papacostea, pp. 261–262 2920:Papacostea, pp. 285–287 2911:Papacostea, pp. 274–277 2884:Drăghiceanu, pp. 63, 72 2875:Papacostea, pp. 149–150 2830:Papacostea, pp. 28, 286 2821:Papacostea, pp. 152–153 2749:Drăghiceanu, pp. 57, 63 2740:Papacostea, pp. 35, 167 2219:Ecumenical Patriarchate 2183:Catholic monastic rules 2105:An intervention by the 2100:Oriental crisis of 1783 2067:. In July 1771, Sultan 1577:Ottoman economic sphere 1310:Danubian Principalities 1240:. The main tribute, or 1091:, was preserved as the 79:Coat of arms after 1723 5073:Banat Bulgarian people 4896:Metropolis of Bukovina 3424:Papacostea, pp. 96–104 2614:Seal used by Oltenian 2320: 2291:regular postal service 1969:enlightened absolutism 1871: 1711: 1659:during November 1732. 1571:Austrian consolidation 1457: 1317: 1316:partition of Wallachia 990: 968:Prince Eugene of Savoy 882:Prince Eugene of Savoy 838:Radu Leurdeanu Golescu 801:Nicholas Mavrocordatos 773:Battle of Petrovaradin 685:, located between the 577:enlightened absolutism 554:, with the Wallachian 499: 487: 479: 266:• Reorganization 33: 27: 4963:Pompei Gh. Samarian, 4907:, pp. 79–100. Sofia: 4827:Editura enciclopedică 4700:V. Tamaș, pp. 121–122 4555:Papacostea, pp. 84–86 4546:Samarian, pp. 173–174 4217:Alexandru Marghiloman 3996:, Issue 79/1939, p. 8 3974:Papacostea, pp. 10–11 3685:Papacostea, pp. 70–71 3451:V. Tamaș, pp. 123–125 3415:Papacostea, pp. 91–96 3280:Papacostea, pp. 48–49 3217:Papacostea, pp. 58–59 3199:Papacostea, pp. 47–48 3091:Papacostea, pp. 55–57 3082:Papacostea, pp. 36–46 2839:Papacostea, pp. 28–29 2731:Papacostea, pp. 54–55 2722:Papacostea, pp. 33–36 2713:Papacostea, pp. 13–17 2433:Spițăria Împărătească 2311: 2139:United Principalities 1937:, then a part of the 1709: 1596:Franz Paul von Wallis 1520:possessionati rustici 1443: 1304: 1234:Ottoman fiscal regime 1203:minor sexual offences 1066:, were known as the 1011:Treaty of Passarowitz 995:Chesariceasca Valahie 985:. Concept drawing by 965: 707:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 632:Franz Paul von Wallis 516:Chesariceasca Valahie 245:Treaty of Passarowitz 232:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 4631:, Issue 3/2017, p. 8 4603:Realitatea Ilustrată 4291:Iorga (1921), p. 193 4259:Iorga (1921), p. 192 3649:Cilibia, pp. 176–178 3541:Ciocîltan, pp. 77–78 2495:, which is to say a 2398:was centered on the 2265:("administration"), 2203:Ioan Giurgiu Patachi 2026:abolition of serfdom 2019:, the palace of the 1935:Caraș-Severin County 1914:"Colonial" precedent 1736:) monasteries, from 1446:Brâncovenești boyars 976:and a shield with a 941:Gheorghe Cantacuzino 732:Andronic Cantacuzino 687:Southern Carpathians 556:Gheorghe Cantacuzino 542:—in tandem with the 508:Kaiserliche Walachei 211:Franciscus Salhausen 170:Gheorghe Cantacuzino 4793:Mitropolia Olteniei 4591:Cernovodeanu, p. 78 4349:Frâncu, pp. 307–308 4241:Theodorescu, p. 142 3947:Lisnic, pp. 125–126 3929:Lisnic, pp. 123–124 3811:Lisnic, pp. 117–119 3802:Lisnic, pp. 119–120 3793:Lisnic, pp. 115–116 3676:Theodorescu, p. 142 3334:C. Tamaș, pp. 70–71 2929:Frâncu, pp. 308–309 2758:C. Tamaș, pp. 68–69 2360:, with Craiova and 2235:Muntenian hierarchs 2151:Southern Bessarabia 2088:Catherine the Great 1655:, which settled in 1435:foi de mărturisanie 1392:Catholic Bulgarians 1046:Government creation 906:Wallachian assembly 822:Brâncovenești boyar 769:War of the Reunions 748:of 1683 saw Prince 616:Catholic Bulgarians 606:took charge of the 228:Early modern Europe 5028:History of Oltenia 4985:Răzvan Theodorescu 4773:Dan Cernovodeanu, 4691:Căzan, pp. 192–193 4484:Papacostea, p. 131 4475:Căzan, pp. 199–200 4448:Căzan, pp. 196–197 4379:Papacostea, p. 255 4203:Constantin Sarry, 4059:Papacostea, p. 270 3902:Papacostea, p. 309 3712:Papacostea, p. 150 3640:Papacostea, p. 210 3595:Papacostea, p. 163 3577:Papacostea, p. 268 3406:Papacostea, p. 168 3388:Papacostea, p. 164 3379:Papacostea, p. 163 3307:Papacostea, p. 265 3181:Papacostea, p. 151 3172:Papacostea, p. 271 3163:Papacostea, p. 273 3055:Papacostea, p. 228 3037:Papacostea, p. 256 2992:Papacostea, p. 253 2983:Papacostea, p. 275 2893:Papacostea, p. 253 2857:Abrudan, pp. 72–73 2704:Abrudan, pp. 64–65 2695:Abrudan, pp. 61–63 2630:County symbols on 2410:agricultural shows 2325:University of Jena 2321: 2281:("commissioner"), 2215:Vicar of Mukachevo 2177:Cultural survivals 2116:Valachia Austriaca 2041:General von Buccow 2017:Ahmed Resmî Efendi 2009:Bishop of Tschanad 1989:Tiberiu Brediceanu 1894:Treaty of Belgrade 1890:Yeğen Mehmed Pasha 1796:The outbreak of a 1792:Ottoman reconquest 1724:Eparchy of Valjevo 1712: 1701:Bistrița Monastery 1633:Nikola Stanislavič 1458: 1318: 1254:dajde împărătească 1039:absentee landlords 1031:Nevşehirli Ibrahim 991: 932:John Mavrocordatos 760:'s victory in the 750:Șerban Cantacuzino 711:Cantacuzino family 689:to the north, the 679:Banship of Craiova 640:Treaty of Belgrade 512:Caesarea Wallachia 504:Imperial Wallachia 329: • Units 291:Treaty of Belgrade 278:Ottoman reconquest 4947:Șerban Papacostea 4942:978-606-16-0279-7 4917:978-619-7179-17-0 4743:Virginia H. Aksan 4720:Revista Arhivelor 4681:978-606-8547-02-2 4457:Papacostea, p. 33 4398:978-606-8178-52-3 4311:Revista Teologică 4268:Dragne, pp. 62–63 4193:978-606-530-315-7 4097:978-963-315-465-6 4005:Gaga, pp. 123–126 3433:Papacostea, p. 69 3253:Papacostea, p. 60 3244:Papacostea, p. 48 3226:Papacostea, p. 59 2660:Papacostea, p. 17 2255:official language 2217:, asked that the 2211:Stefan Olshavskyi 2132:Francis of Modena 2107:Kingdom of France 2045:Russo-Turkish War 1939:Banat of Temeswar 1798:Russo-Turkish War 1480:Șerban Papacostea 1248:; it survived as 1081:Îndreptarea legii 1072:criminalia maiora 890:Bengești-Ciocadia 746:Great Turkish War 742:Holy Roman Empire 723:Michael the Brave 673:Austrian conquest 651:Wallachian Prince 624:Greek Catholicism 544:Banat of Temeswar 524:Habsburg monarchy 490:), also known as 480:Banat von Krajowa 459: 458: 445: 444: 441: 440: 407: 406: 317: • Type 296:18 September 1739 207:• 1733–1739 197:• 1732–1733 187:• 1728–1732 177:• 1726–1728 165:• 1719–1726 44:Habsburg monarchy 28:Banat von Krajowa 5080: 4886:Revista Istorică 4869:Revista Istorică 4768:Revista Istorică 4723: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4683: 4673:Palatul Culturii 4665: 4659: 4658:V. Tamaș, p. 121 4656: 4650: 4647: 4641: 4640:V. Tamaș, p. 121 4638: 4632: 4629:Revista Ortodoxă 4622: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4531: 4525: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4440: 4439:Samarian, p. 118 4437: 4431: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4400: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4195: 4181: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4050:Aksan, pp. 70–71 4048: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4032:Ciocîltan, p. 78 4030: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3775:Vianu, pp. 23–24 3773: 3767: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3739:Vianu, pp. 21–22 3737: 3731: 3730:Vianu, pp. 19–20 3728: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3550:Lazăr, pp. 81–82 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3523:Ciocîltan, p. 77 3521: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2627: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2544:Radu Cantacuzino 2516: 2501: 2382:Wallachian coins 2354:Vâlcan Mountains 2171:Constantin Stere 2155:Northern Dobruja 2134:on its throne. 2080:Henry of Prussia 1949: 1926: 1903:Dinu C. Giurescu 1874: 1761: 1750: 1720:Mojsije Petrović 1492: 1472:(from the Latin 1334:Count of Virmont 1238:ancestral duties 1179: 1108:("Secretary"). 1089: 861: 846: 762:Battle of Vienna 758:Habsburg Austria 588:Austrian Emperor 564: 488:Banatul Craiovei 474: 467:Banat of Krajowa 463:Banat of Craiova 437: 436: 423: 422: 411: 410: 398: 397: 384: 383: 377: 376: 361: 360: 330: 318: 260:22 February 1719 91: 76: 62: 42:Province of the 36: 34:Banatul Craiovei 30: 24:Banat of Craiova 21: 20: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4815:Magazin Istoric 4737:Astra Salvensis 4731: 4726: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4532: 4528: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4388:Zsigmond Jakó, 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232:Cilibia, p. 176 4231: 4227: 4215: 4211: 4202: 4198: 4182: 4178: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3868: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2619: 2612: 2603: 2600: 2591: 2588: 2510: 2504:Wallachian seal 2499: 2469:attributed arms 2465:kleine Walachey 2461: 2346:Turnu Roșu Pass 2317:Turnu Roșu Pass 2277:("commander"), 2251:modern Romanian 2239:Church Slavonic 2179: 2167:Austria-Hungary 2124:Austrian Empire 1961: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1942: 1941: 1927: 1916: 1911: 1866:Climent Modoran 1794: 1755: 1744: 1613:Catholicization 1573: 1490: 1454:Romanați County 1387: 1296:donum gratuitum 1173: 1135:Stabsauditoriat 1083: 1048: 870:Cornea Brăiloiu 855: 840: 818:southern fields 677:The autonomous 675: 670: 662:re-Latinization 558: 470: 434: 420: 395: 381: 328: 316: 293: 280: 267: 257: 247: 230: 208: 198: 188: 178: 166: 123: 92: 82: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 63: 37: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5086: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5000: 4999: 4992: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4944: 4926: 4919: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4889: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4819: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4740: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4667:Sorin Iftimi, 4660: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4617: 4608: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4539: 4526: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4324: 4322:Nedici, p. 196 4315: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4209: 4196: 4176: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3956:Frâncu, p. 307 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3893:Lisnic, p. 123 3886: 3884:Lisnic, p. 120 3877: 3866: 3840: 3831: 3829:Lisnic, p. 120 3822: 3820:Lisnic, p. 120 3813: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3748:Lisnic, p. 117 3741: 3732: 3723: 3721:Lisnic, p. 114 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3559:Cioarec, p. 93 3552: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3487:Cioarec, p. 93 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3289:Frâncu, p. 308 3282: 3273: 3264: 3255: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2947:Frâncu, p. 308 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2866:Abrudan, p. 74 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2675: 2662: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2582: 2556:border markers 2550:Gheorghe. The 2460: 2457: 2422:price controls 2388:, and Ottoman 2370:mineral waters 2358:Țara Hațegului 2285:("copy"), and 2197:, part of the 2187:Băile Olănești 2178: 2175: 2163:Central Powers 2033:Romanian lexis 1973:class conflict 1954:Râmnicu Vâlcea 1951: 1944: 1943: 1928: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1807:Russian Empire 1793: 1790: 1629:Râmnicu Vâlcea 1572: 1569: 1522:in Latin, and 1433:(in Latin) or 1386: 1383: 1308:'s map of the 1246:Ottoman Sultan 1064:Administration 1047: 1044: 1016:uti possidetis 953:table of ranks 785:Central Europe 674: 671: 669: 666: 614:Oltenia, with 540:Ottoman Empire 457: 456: 451: 447: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 431: 425: 424: 417: 408: 405: 404: 399: 391: 390: 385: 373: 372: 367: 357: 356: 353: 352: 331: 325: 324: 319: 313: 312: 310: 306: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 288: 285: 284: 281: 275: 272: 271: 268: 265: 262: 261: 258: 255: 252: 251: 248: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234: 225: 224:Historical era 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 201:J. H. Dietrich 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 167: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 153: 139: 138: 136: 132: 131: 128: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 99: 95: 94: 84: 83: 78: 71: 70: 64: 57: 56: 55: 52: 51: 47: 46: 39: 38: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5085: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5063:Germanization 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 4997: 4996:Romanoslavica 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4960: 4959:973-45-0237-9 4956: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4932:. Bucharest: 4931: 4928:Radu Nedici, 4927: 4924: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4894:. Bucharest: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875:Nicolae Iorga 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4835:973-454-170-6 4832: 4828: 4825:. Bucharest: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4777:. Bucharest: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4756: 4755:1-55876-383-X 4752: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4721: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4655: 4649:Căzan, p. 197 4646: 4637: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4615:Donat, p. 185 4612: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4588: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4466:Căzan, p. 199 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4414: 4408:Căzan, p. 198 4405: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4312: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4222: 4221:Note politice 4218: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4011: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3867:9789735953263 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3694:Donat, p. 113 3691: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2902:Căzan, p. 199 2899: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2685: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2657: 2648: 2644: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2531:double-headed 2526: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485:Mareș Băjescu 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:administrație 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2096:Bosnia Eyalet 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057:Râmnicu Sărat 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001:Theresiopolis 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:Daniel Chirot 1955: 1948: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1560: 1559:per family. 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1518:in Romanian, 1517: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1496:Germanization 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1422:Karl von Tige 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:Țara Loviștei 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1068:Dacian senate 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 988: 987:Jan Wandelaar 984: 983: 979: 978:double-headed 975: 974: 969: 964: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 866: 859: 854: 850: 844: 839: 836: 835: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 814:Parâng Massif 810: 806: 805:Budjak Tatars 802: 798: 794: 793:Sublime Porte 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 738: 733: 730: 729: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 665: 663: 659: 655: 652: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612:Catholicizing 609: 605: 601: 597: 596:native boyars 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 573:Germanization 570: 569: 562: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536:preceding war 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 464: 455: 452: 450:Today part of 448: 432: 430: 427: 426: 418: 416: 413: 412: 409: 403: 400: 393: 392: 389: 386: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 358: 354: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 332: 326: 323: 320: 314: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 292: 286: 283:November 1737 282: 279: 273: 270:27 April 1729 269: 263: 259: 253: 249: 246: 240: 236: 233: 229: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 204: 200: 194: 190: 184: 180: 174: 171: 168: 162: 158: 154: 152: 151: 146: 145: 140: 137: 133: 129: 125: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 96: 90: 85: 75: 67: 61: 53: 48: 45: 40: 35: 29: 22: 19: 4995: 4988: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4950: 4929: 4922: 4904: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4822: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4746: 4736: 4719: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4687: 4668: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4628: 4620: 4611: 4601: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4534: 4529: 4521: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4427: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4389: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4310: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4279: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4220: 4212: 4204: 4199: 4184: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4134:David, p. 68 4130: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4077:Aksan, p. 69 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4041:Aksan, p. 68 4037: 4028: 4023:Lazăr, p. 83 4019: 4010: 4001: 3993: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3965:Aksan, p. 68 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3920:Aksan, p. 68 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3872:Academia.edu 3870:– via 3853: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3505:Lazăr, p. 82 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3352:Aksan, p. 84 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3235:Gaga, p. 123 3231: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3145:Aksan, p. 68 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2683: 2678: 2670: 2665: 2656: 2651:Lazăr, p. 81 2647: 2631: 2615: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2540:roll of arms 2533: 2527: 2518: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2464: 2462: 2452:gold panning 2432: 2430: 2425: 2412:(notably at 2403: 2400:Reichsthaler 2399: 2389: 2385: 2378:mercantilism 2375: 2366: 2342:Via Carolina 2341: 2333: 2322: 2315:outside the 2313:Via Carolina 2312: 2302: 2298: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2269:("arrest"), 2266: 2262: 2248: 2223: 2180: 2165:, including 2136: 2128:Napoleon III 2115: 2104: 2092:Adriatic Sea 2084:buffer state 2073: 2030: 2020: 2013: 1996: 1993:Karansebesch 1977: 1962: 1930: 1887:Grand Vizier 1885:During May, 1884: 1877: 1869: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1834: 1830: 1819: 1815:Bila Tserkva 1810: 1795: 1774: 1763: 1733: 1727: 1713: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1593: 1584: 1574: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1545:contrebuțion 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1402: 1396: 1388: 1378: 1370: 1366: 1363:homesteading 1360: 1356:contrebuțion 1355: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1338:Contrebuțion 1337: 1329: 1319: 1313: 1295: 1292:contrebuțion 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1272:contrebuțion 1271: 1267: 1261: 1258:Reichsthaler 1257: 1253: 1250:contrebuțion 1249: 1241: 1231: 1229:of Craiova. 1224: 1210: 1206: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1131:Hermannstadt 1126:Reichsthaler 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1079: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1049: 1028:Grand Vizier 1025: 1014: 1003:War Councils 994: 992: 980: 971: 966:Allegory of 945:Transylvania 929: 901: 885: 863: 853:Radu Popescu 832: 830: 781:Ottoman Army 766: 735: 726: 698: 676: 644: 628: 620:Transylvania 585: 566: 515: 514:; Romanian: 511: 507: 503: 491: 466: 462: 460: 370:Succeeded by 369: 364: 309:Subdivisions 250:21 July 1718 148: 142: 122:• 1739 18: 4821:Ion Donat, 4625:Irineu Popa 3858:Cluj-Napoca 2552:Reichsadler 2542:created by 2535:Reichsadler 2511: [ 2508:Irineu Popa 2350:Călimănești 2334:Via Trajani 2295:post riders 2279:comisar(iu) 2120:Crimean War 2069:Mustafa III 2005:Stár Bišnov 1770:Ocnele Mari 1756: [ 1745: [ 1625:Franciscans 1557:Rheingulden 1549:Rheingulden 1541:Rheingulden 1535:. In 1727, 1524:freie Leute 1405:Dolj County 1352:Rheingulden 1348:Rheingulden 1343:Rheingulden 1306:Herman Moll 1174: [ 1084: [ 1060:Roman Dacia 982:Reichsadler 874:Vulcan Pass 856: [ 841: [ 809:enslavement 797:Phanariotes 715:Radu Paisie 600:Austrophile 581:colonialism 559: [ 365:Preceded by 5007:Categories 4729:References 2441:free trade 2329:Roman road 2244:Sacraments 2191:covered up 1929:Oltenian ( 1899:Constantin 1803:Russophile 1665:Ispravnici 1649:Chiprovtsi 1637:Paulicians 1450:Brâncoveni 1369:; German: 1358:revenue. 1221:home guard 1195:Ispravnici 1153:Ispravnici 1106:Secretariu 1102:Consiliari 913:Charles VI 826:Brâncoveni 592:Charles VI 135:Government 109:Population 4787:469825245 2575:Caimacami 2450:used for 2275:comandant 2037:Joseph II 1856:Slujitori 1841:Dâmbovița 1782:Jidoștița 1753:Polovragi 1729:Staretses 1697:boiernași 1676:Mehedinți 1672:boiernași 1617:Hungarian 1565:boiernași 1507:fassiones 1431:fassiones 1226:Dorobanți 1207:Slujitori 1184:Pârcălabi 1156:(one per 1076:Vlach law 951:from the 939:, namely 925:Câmpulung 921:Mărgineni 898:Bucharest 886:Postelnic 878:Târgu Jiu 876:and into 728:Postelnic 695:Olt River 683:Wallachia 647:Joseph II 538:with the 528:Wallachia 518:), was a 510:; Latin: 506:(German: 472:‹See Tfd› 415:Wallachia 388:Wallachia 342:Mehedinți 104:(Craiova) 50:1718–1739 4989:Buridava 4979:Buridava 4936:, 2013. 4911:, 2021. 4829:, 1996. 4781:, 1977. 4761:Banatica 4675:, 2014. 4358:Frâncu, 2632:Caimacam 2616:Caimacam 2561:Zgripțor 2424:(called 2405:kuruşlar 2299:Călărași 2231:Piarists 2189:(it was 2076:Bukovina 1985:Coriolan 1963:Scholar 1849:Perișani 1734:domnești 1688:Pârcălab 1686:and its 1657:Costești 1500:Vorspann 1426:de facto 1417:Romanați 1409:Maglavit 1280:Vorspann 1268:Vorspann 1097:Romanian 1021:Dutchman 917:Muntenia 789:Moldavia 752:and his 725:and his 520:Romanian 484:Romanian 346:Romanați 322:Counties 4898:, 1938. 4606:, p. 21 2521:showed 2473:Cumania 2459:Symbols 2426:narturi 2418:Cerneți 2396:bullion 2386:Kreuzer 2336:, from 2303:Vornici 2287:deputat 2271:colonel 2227:Jesuits 2049:Prahova 1981:Lugosch 1879:hajduks 1843:or the 1837:Nemirov 1822:Babadag 1786:Cerneți 1778:Orevița 1742:Tismana 1684:moșneni 1680:Caraula 1641:Nikopol 1605:Vornici 1600:Vornici 1591:lands. 1585:Vornici 1581:Rumelia 1553:megieși 1537:moșneni 1533:megieși 1529:moșneni 1516:megieși 1512:moșneni 1475:Praeses 1413:Rojiște 1330:Vornici 1263:Kreuzer 1199:larceny 1171:Pârgari 1147:Vornici 1093:statute 1052:Craiova 1035:thalweg 973:labarum 937:Voivode 910:Emperor 894:Pitești 783:out of 668:History 532:Oltenia 454:Romania 289:• 276:• 243:• 102:Krajowa 98:Capital 4957: 4940: 4915: 4884:", in 4833: 4785: 4753: 4679: 4396: 4360:passim 4191: 4095: 3864: 2487:had a 2448:slaves 2445:Rudari 2437:guilds 2338:Trajan 2253:as an 2213:, the 2055:, and 1997:Bufeni 1931:Bufeni 1909:Legacy 1861:Kapucu 1811:Vornic 1765:ktitor 1692:mowing 1653:Budjak 1589:fallow 1484:Prezes 1470:Präses 1466:Prezes 1375:corvée 1371:Rumoni 1367:rumâni 1328:. The 1326:Vâlcea 1288:alessi 1212:hajduk 1190:Vătafi 1165:Județi 1159:Plassa 989:(1719) 949:Greeks 865:Serdar 849:Orșova 834:Spătar 744:. The 699:Alutus 691:Danube 658:guilds 548:Serbia 502:) and 476:German 350:Vâlcea 155: 150:Prezes 112: 2640:Notes 2515:] 2500:' 2493:grapă 2414:Tâmna 2362:Vidin 2297:, or 2283:copie 2267:arest 2065:Putna 2061:Bacău 2053:Buzău 1845:Argeș 1760:] 1749:] 1738:Cozia 1645:Islaz 1491:' 1448:, in 1379:dijmă 1284:aleși 1260:(120 1236:with 1178:] 1088:] 1056:Dacia 999:Aulic 860:] 845:] 563:] 496:Latin 4955:ISBN 4938:ISBN 4913:ISBN 4831:ISBN 4783:OCLC 4751:ISBN 4677:ISBN 4394:ISBN 4189:ISBN 4093:ISBN 3862:ISBN 2572:and 2570:Bani 2519:Bans 2481:Bans 2477:Bans 2416:and 2391:pare 2137:The 2094:and 2063:and 2039:and 2003:and 1987:and 1901:and 1740:and 1531:and 1411:and 1324:and 1322:Gorj 1314:Aust 1187:and 1168:and 1001:and 923:and 737:Bans 579:and 546:and 461:The 338:Gorj 334:Dolj 66:Flag 2548:Ban 2497:Ban 2305:. 2229:or 2021:Ban 1751:to 1603:as 1543:in 1514:or 1488:Ban 1468:or 1462:Ban 1397:Ban 1354:in 1286:or 1252:or 1242:bir 1201:or 1142:Ban 1121:Ban 1117:Ban 1113:Ban 902:Ban 642:. 568:Ban 465:or 144:Ban 5009:: 4949:, 4877:, 4219:, 3852:. 2513:ro 2491:(" 2384:, 2364:. 2273:, 2051:, 1758:ro 1747:ro 1718:, 1452:, 1176:ro 1086:ro 927:. 868:, 858:ro 843:ro 799:; 764:. 664:. 626:. 583:. 561:ro 498:: 486:: 482:; 478:: 348:, 344:, 340:, 336:, 147:/ 3874:. 697:( 494:( 469:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index