733:, as a model for all Australian indigenous societies, the horde being defined as a group of parental families whose married males all belonged to the one patrilineal clan. 'Horde' from the outset bore stereotypical connotations of Australian Aboriginal societies as primitive, closed, rigid and simple, and came to be discarded not only for its implication of 'swarming savages' but also because it suggested a fixed tribal-territorial entity which compromised the actual field data, the field data allowing for a far more fluid concept of the group.
657:
665:
779:. The best hunters would have their abilities recognized, but such recognition did not lead to the assumption of authority, as pretensions to control others would be met by disobedience. Judgments determined by collective discussion among the elders were formulated in terms of custom, as opposed to the law-governed and coercive agency of a specialized body, as occurred with the rise of the more
740:
reformulated
Radcliffe Brown's highly restrictive definition, by proposing the idea of a band society at the hunter-gatherer level which could be patrilineal, matrilineal or a composite of both. Over time, 'band' has tended to replace the earlier word 'horde' as more extensive comparative work on
741:
hunter-gatherer societies shows they are not classifiable as simply closed patrilineal groups, and better approached in terms of a notion of a flexible, non-exclusive social band, having bilateral relations for marriage and other purposes with similar groups in a circumscribed territory.
853:. Tribes are also more permanent than bands; a band can cease to exist if only a small group splits off or dies. Many tribes are subdivided into bands. On occasion hordes or bands with common backgrounds and interests could unite as a tribal aggregate in order to wage war, as with the
728:
in the mid-1880s to describe a geographically or locally defined division within a larger tribal aggregation, the latter being defined in terms of social divisions categorized in terms of descent. Their idea was then developed by
1438:
857:, or they might convene for collective religious ceremonies, such as initiation rites or to feast together seasonally on an abundant resource as was common in Australian aboriginal societies. Among the
700:. The general consensus of modern anthropology sees the average number of members of a social band at the simplest level of foraging societies with generally a maximum size of 30 to 50 people.
598:
885:
Band societies historically were found throughout the world, in a variety of climates, but generally, as civilisations arose, were restricted to sparsely populated areas,
748:
invalidated
Radcliffe-Brown's theory of the horde, demonstrating that the empirical evidence from Aboriginal societies contradicted Radcliffe-Brown's generalisations.
284:
1402:
Peterson, Nicolas (March 2006). "'I Can't Follow You on This Horde-Clan
Business at All': Donald Thomson, Radcliffe-Brown and a Final Note on the Horde".
643:
1558:
301:
712:
foraging societies. The three were respectively 'horde,' 'band', and 'tribe'. The term 'horde', formed on the basis of a
Turkish/Tatar word
571:
289:
804:
Each horde was independent and autonomous, regulating its social life by a camp-council, generally under the direction of a headman.
591:
1533:
1506:
1392:
1364:
1336:
1262:
1235:
1117:
858:
752:
332:
636:
17:
794:
defined the horde as a fundamental unit of
Australian social organizations according to the following five criteria:
565:
841:
in that tribes are generally larger, consisting of many families. Tribes have more social institutions, such as a
1568:
967:, a term with various meanings, including a band, a collection of related bands, or a more hierarchical chiefdom.
629:
427:
266:
850:
137:
767:
Bands have a loose organization. They can split up (in spring/summer) or group (in winter camps), as the
1473:
The
Cambridge History of the British Empire: South Africa, Rhodesia, and the High Commission territories
1476:
1384:
1254:
1553:
254:
1356:
1227:
1217:
708:'Band' was one of a set of three terms employed by early modern ethnography to analyse aspects of
1525:
1498:
873:, some tribes are made up of official bands that live in specific locations, such as the various
866:
555:
318:
1433:
1290:
930:
846:
717:
545:
122:
53:
44:
1517:
1492:
1246:
901:
around the globe there are few true band societies left. Some historical examples include the
1468:
942:
791:
730:
721:
619:
407:
1378:
1350:
1213:
1374:
1298:
412:
387:
142:
8:
886:
615:
1563:
1455:
1421:
1417:
1315:
550:
452:
382:
171:
108:
58:
1291:"On Human Egalitarianism: An Evolutionary Product of Machiavellian Status Escalation?"
771:, depending on the season, or member families can disperse to join other bands. Their
1529:
1502:
1404:
1388:
1360:
1352:
The People of
Denendeh: Ethnohistory of the Indians of Canada's Northwest Territories
1332:
1258:
1247:"Living Dangerously:The contradictory foundations of value in Canadian Inuit society"
1231:
1223:
1113:
938:
772:
377:
362:
357:
1319:
1447:
1413:
1307:
922:
522:
512:
492:
482:
970:
914:
780:
709:
693:
560:
517:
472:
457:
402:
152:
84:
79:
31:
1439:
The
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1436:(July–December 1918). "Notes on the Social Organization of Australian Tribes".
926:
737:
507:
497:
487:
432:
225:
1289:
Erdal, David; Whiten, Andrew; Boehm, Christopher; Knauft, Bruce (April 1994).
1547:
1488:
862:
725:
502:
437:
397:
392:
372:
260:
220:
215:
201:
191:
186:
89:
1273:
1143:
1141:
810:
A unified horde identity was affirmed in all relations with external tribes.
973:, in Canada, the basic unit of government for those peoples subject to the
898:
842:
819:
756:
477:
467:
462:
422:
417:
367:
147:
1138:
906:
776:
447:
442:
1425:
1484:
1459:
975:
910:
854:
823:
339:
132:
127:
822:
defined bands as small, mobile, and fluid social formations with weak
1518:"The co-evolation of human intersubjectivity, morality, and language"
1346:
874:
751:
The word "band" is also used in North
America, for example among the
745:
689:
527:
196:
99:
1451:
798:
It denotes people who customarily share the same camp and lifestyle.
1311:
961:, hierarchical political organizations in non-industrial societies.
958:
946:
902:
664:
656:
181:
1153:
685:
103:
934:
894:
890:
870:
1029:
1017:
964:
918:
838:
768:
176:
94:
716:(meaning 'camp'), was inducted from its use in the works of
831:
697:
1189:
827:
1053:
755:. With African hunter-gatherers, for instance among the
1520:. In Dor, Daniel; Knight, Chris; Lewis, Jerome (eds.).
1494:
Hobson-Jobson: The
Definitive Glossary of British India
1380:
The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum
1288:
1177:
1147:
1126:
1089:
1274:"Residential Group Compositions among the Alyawarra"
1165:
1077:
993:
1065:
703:
668:
Sphere of the band societies changing with the time
660:
Territories with band society 4000 year BP (yellow)
1041:
783:that arose upon the establishment of agriculture.
1214:"Anthropology and the Peasant Mode of Production"
801:It is the primary landowner of a given territory.
1545:
1005:
1432:
1249:. In Leacock, Eleanor; Lee, Richard B. (eds.).
1159:
1023:
786:
1278:Mathematical Anthropology and Cultural Theory
1219:Anthropology and Social Change in Rural Areas
637:
1211:
1195:
1483:
1035:
644:
630:
572:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
1466:
1401:
1183:
1095:
807:Children pertained to the father's horde
663:
655:
1110:The Hadza: Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania
1107:
688:. A band generally consists of a small
592:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
14:
1546:
1515:
1271:
1251:Politics and History in Band Societies
1244:
1132:
1059:
999:
248:Societies without hierarchical leaders
1559:Anthropological categories of peoples
1373:
1326:
1171:
1083:
1071:
753:indigenous peoples of the Great Basin
1345:
1112:. Berkeley: Univ. California Press.
1047:
1011:
826:that do not generate surpluses, pay
759:, the term "camp" tends to be used.
1216:. In Berdichewsky, Bernardo (ed.).
24:
1471:. In Walker, Eric Anderson (ed.).
1418:10.1002/j.1834-4461.2006.tb03030.x
762:
25:
1580:
566:Political economy in anthropology
897:. With the spread of the modern
704:Origins of usage in anthropology
684:, is the simplest form of human
1491:(2013). Teltscher, Kate (ed.).
1272:Denham, Woodrow W. (May 2014).
1212:Berdichewsky, Bernardo (1979).
1101:
1522:The Social Origins of Language
1327:Fried, Morton Herbert (1975).
428:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
27:Simplest form of human society
13:
1:
837:Bands are distinguished from
599:Journal of Legal Anthropology
267:The Art of Not Being Governed
987:
787:Definitions and distinctions
7:
952:
880:
10:
1585:
1477:Cambridge University Press
1385:Cambridge University Press
1255:Cambridge University Press
1204:
909:in the United States, the
605:Journal of Law and Society
325:Colonialism and resistance
29:
875:bands of the Ojibwa tribe
279:Non-western state systems
255:African Political Systems
1469:"The Native Inhabitants"
1357:University of Iowa Press
1245:Briggs, Jean L. (1982).
982:
30:Not to be confused with
1526:Oxford University Press
1516:Zatrev, Jordan (2014).
1499:Oxford University Press
1108:Marlowe, F. W. (2010).
1036:Yule & Burnell 2013
816:The Notion of the Tribe
775:structure is generally
680:, or in older usage, a
304:and the State in Africa
1569:Political anthropology
1434:Radcliffe-Brown, A. R.
931:indigenous Australians
830:or support a standing
669:
661:
546:Circumscription theory
333:Europe and the People
302:Technology, Tradition,
929:, and many groups of
792:A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
731:A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
722:Alfred William Howitt
676:, sometimes called a
667:
659:
620:cultural anthropology
408:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
261:Papuan Big man system
1528:. pp. 249–266.
1467:Schapera, I (1963).
1331:. Cummings Pub. Co.
1299:Current Anthropology
1257:. pp. 109–132.
1160:Radcliffe-Brown 1918
1024:Radcliffe-Brown 1918
887:tropical rainforests
692:, no larger than an
413:Wolfgang Fikentscher
388:Henri J. M. Claessen
143:Pantribal sodalities
1329:The Notion of Tribe
1162:, pp. 222–223.
1150:, pp. 176–177.
1062:, pp. 115–116.
1038:, pp. 382–383.
814:In his 1975 study,
556:Left–right paradigm
18:Band (anthropology)
670:
662:
551:Legal anthropology
453:Thomas Blom Hansen
383:Robert L. Carneiro
172:Segmentary lineage
109:Leveling mechanism
59:legal anthropology
1535:978-0-191-64312-5
1508:978-0-199-60113-4
1479:. pp. 21–49.
1394:978-1-107-02487-8
1366:978-0-877-45735-0
1338:978-0-846-51548-7
1264:978-0-521-28412-7
1237:978-3-110-80773-8
1224:Walter de Gruyter
1196:Berdichewsky 1979
1148:Erdal et al. 1994
1119:978-0-520-25342-1
939:Central Australia
781:complex societies
654:
653:
378:Jeremy Boissevain
363:Georges Balandier
358:E. Adamson Hoebel
16:(Redirected from
1576:
1554:Hunter-gatherers
1539:
1512:
1480:
1463:
1429:
1398:
1375:Kelly, Robert L.
1370:
1342:
1323:
1295:
1285:
1268:
1241:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1086:, pp. 2ff..
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
971:Band governments
923:Ituri Rainforest
859:Native Americans
646:
639:
632:
540:Related articles
523:Douglas R. White
513:Jonathan Spencer
493:Marshall Sahlins
483:Sally Falk Moore
39:
38:
21:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1509:
1475:. Vol. 8.
1452:10.2307/2843422
1395:
1367:
1339:
1293:
1265:
1238:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:, pp. 8–9.
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1074:, pp. 7–8.
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:, pp. 3–4.
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
985:
955:
915:Southern Africa
883:
789:
765:
763:Characteristics
710:hunter-gatherer
706:
694:extended family
650:
610:
609:
586:
578:
577:
561:State formation
541:
533:
532:
518:Bjorn Thomassen
473:Elizabeth Mertz
458:Ted C. Lewellen
403:Pierre Clastres
353:
352:Major theorists
345:
344:
335:Without History
334:
303:
239:
231:
230:
153:Paramount chief
85:Achieved status
80:Ascribed status
72:Status and rank
68:
57:
35:
32:Band government
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1513:
1507:
1489:Burnell, A. C.
1481:
1464:
1430:
1399:
1393:
1371:
1365:
1343:
1337:
1324:
1312:10.1086/204255
1306:(2): 175–183.
1286:
1269:
1263:
1242:
1236:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1137:
1135:, p. 111.
1125:
1118:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1026:, p. 222.
1016:
1004:
1002:, p. 260.
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
968:
962:
954:
951:
935:Pitjantjatjara
933:, such as the
927:Central Africa
882:
879:
812:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
788:
785:
764:
761:
738:Julian Steward
718:J. F. McLennan
705:
702:
652:
651:
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531:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
508:Aidan Southall
505:
500:
498:James C. Scott
495:
490:
488:Rodney Needham
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
433:Ernest Gellner
430:
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226:Ritual warfare
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208:Law and custom
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125:
119:
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75:
73:
69:
67:Basic concepts
66:
65:
62:
61:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1581:
1570:
1567:
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1220:
1215:
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1209:
1197:
1192:
1186:, p. 23.
1185:
1184:Schapera 1963
1180:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1098:, p. 16.
1097:
1096:Peterson 2006
1092:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1037:
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878:
876:
872:
868:
867:First Nations
864:
863:United States
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
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734:
732:
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726:Lorimer Fison
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503:Elman Service
501:
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438:David Graeber
436:
434:
431:
429:
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414:
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409:
406:
404:
401:
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398:John Comaroff
396:
394:
393:Jean Comaroff
391:
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384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
373:Fredrik Barth
371:
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311:Legal systems
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221:Legal culture
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216:Customary law
214:
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202:Theatre state
200:
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187:Petty kingdom
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90:Social status
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60:
55:
52:
51:
48:
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41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1521:
1493:
1472:
1443:
1437:
1412:(1): 16–26.
1409:
1403:
1379:
1351:
1328:
1303:
1297:
1281:
1277:
1250:
1218:
1198:, p. 5.
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1128:
1109:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1014:, p. 2.
1007:
995:
974:
899:nation-state
884:
836:
820:Morton Fried
815:
813:
790:
766:
750:
743:
735:
713:
707:
681:
677:
674:band society
673:
671:
604:
597:
590:
570:
478:Sidney Mintz
468:Ralph Linton
463:Edmund Leach
423:Morton Fried
418:Meyer Fortes
368:F. G. Bailey
300:
265:
253:
238:Case studies
197:Ethnic group
167:Band society
166:
42:
36:
1485:Yule, Henry
1446:: 222–253.
1284:(1): 1–132.
1226:. pp.
1133:Briggs 1982
1060:Denham 2014
1000:Zatrev 2014
907:Great Basin
777:egalitarian
448:Ulf Hannerz
443:Lesley Gill
1548:Categories
1347:Helm, June
1172:Fried 1975
1084:Kelly 2013
1072:Kelly 2013
976:Indian Act
911:San people
824:leadership
340:Cargo cult
243:Acephelous
133:Matriarchy
128:Patriarchy
115:Leadership
1564:Ethnology
1048:Helm 2000
1012:Helm 2000
988:Citations
746:Les Hiatt
744:In 1962,
736:In 1936,
690:kin group
528:Eric Wolf
100:Age grade
54:Political
1426:40332006
1377:(2013).
1349:(2000).
1320:53652577
959:Chiefdom
953:See also
947:Tasmania
941:and the
903:Shoshone
881:Examples
865:and the
585:Journals
182:Chiefdom
159:Polities
45:a series
43:Part of
1460:2843422
1405:Oceania
1205:Sources
921:of the
905:of the
895:deserts
891:tundras
861:of the
847:big man
686:society
290:Mandala
123:Big man
104:Age set
1532:
1505:
1458:
1424:
1391:
1363:
1335:
1318:
1261:
1234:
1116:
943:Palawa
917:, the
871:Canada
851:elders
839:tribes
616:Social
285:Negara
1456:JSTOR
1422:JSTOR
1316:S2CID
1294:(PDF)
983:Notes
965:Tribe
945:from
937:from
919:Mbuti
849:, or
843:chief
828:taxes
773:power
769:Inuit
757:Hadza
682:horde
274:State
177:Tribe
148:Chief
138:Elder
95:Caste
1530:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1228:5–39
1114:ISBN
893:and
832:army
724:and
714:úrdú
698:clan
678:camp
618:and
319:Kapu
1448:doi
1414:doi
1308:doi
925:in
913:of
869:of
855:San
720:by
696:or
56:and
1550::
1524:.
1501:.
1497:.
1487:;
1454:.
1444:48
1442:.
1420:.
1410:76
1408:.
1387:.
1383:.
1359:.
1355:.
1314:.
1304:35
1302:.
1296:.
1280:.
1276:.
1253:.
1230:.
1222:.
1140:^
949:.
889:,
877:.
845:,
834:.
818:,
672:A
47:on
1538:.
1511:.
1462:.
1450::
1428:.
1416::
1397:.
1369:.
1341:.
1322:.
1310::
1282:6
1267:.
1240:.
1122:.
645:e
638:t
631:v
102:/
34:.
20:)
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