Banff National Park

3117: 99: 1622: 3357: 3195: 6700: 258: 3025: 502: 8720: 7489: 3581: 68: 3038: 1649:, which is approximately 13 km (8 mi) in length and 30 km (12 sq mi) in area, is the major outlet of the Columbia Icefield that flows into Banff National Park. Between the years 1893 and 1953, Saskatchewan Glacier had retreated a distance of 1,364 m (4,475 ft), with the rate of retreat between the years 1948 and 1953 averaging 55 m (180 ft) per year. Overall, the glaciers of the Canadian Rockies lost 25 percent of their mass during the 20th century. 3511: 1368: 1076: 2685: 3153: 838: 3260: 664: 380: 45: 8709: 7476: 1242: 3203:

use surrounding a third zone at Banff townsite has deterred the wolves from that area. The wolves are important in controlling elk populations and improve the balance of the ecosystem. A routine park study to monitor the wolves in Banff has now grown into the Southern Rockies Canine Project – the largest wolf research project in North America. The estimated wolf population in Banff National Park and the surrounding areas is now 60–70 animals.

1683:) with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. The climate is influenced by altitude with lower temperatures generally found at higher elevations. Located on the eastern side of the Continental Divide, Banff National Park receives 472 millimetres (18.6 in) of precipitation annually. This is considerably less than in Yoho National Park on the western side of the divide in British Columbia, where 884 mm (34.8 in) is received at 106: 75: 1360: 706: 7502: 3486: 2986: 2755: 1658: 1122: 1595:

the years 1920 and 1985. Another 150 glaciers disappeared between 1985 and 2005, indicating that the retreat and disappearance of glaciers is accelerating. In Banff National Park alone, in 1985 there were 365 glaciers but by 2005, 29 glaciers had disappeared. The total glaciated area dropped from 625 to 500 square kilometres (241 to 193 sq mi) in that time period.

3567: 3286:, but the last bison were killed off in 1850s. In 2017 a small herd of sixteen plains Bison were reintroduced into an eastern section of the park. Elk are not indigenous to Banff, and were introduced in 1917 with 57 elk brought in from Yellowstone National Park. The introduction of elk to Banff, combined with controls on 3209:

were reintroduced to Banff in 2017. The park has an extensive system of grasslands in backcountry valleys that are perfect for the bison. 16 bison were translocated from Elk Island National Park and initially placed under observation for a year in an enclosed pasture within a 1,200 square kilometres

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In the mid-1980s gray wolves recolonized the Bow Valley in Banff National Park. They had been absent for 30 years due to systematic predator control hunting which began in 1850. Wolves filtered back to Banff and recolonized one zone of the Bow Valley in 1985 and another in 1991. A high level of human

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and 616 mm (24.3 in) at Boulder Creek annually. Being influenced by altitude, snowfall is also greater at higher elevations. As such, 234 cm (92 in) of snow falls on average each year in the Banff townsite, while 304 cm (120 in) falls in Lake Louise, which is at a higher

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Winter tourism in Banff began in February 1917, with the first Banff Winter Carnival. It was marketed to a regional middle class audience, and became the centerpiece of local boosters aiming to attract visitors, which were a low priority for the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The carnival featured a

3526:, the minister responsible for Parks Canada, to provide recommendations on how to better manage human use and development, and maintain ecological integrity. While the two-year Banff-Bow Valley Study was underway, development projects were halted, including the expansion of Sunshine Village, and the 3092:

The park was originally considered as a recreational area for visitors offering multiple leisure activities – the original wildlife policy viewed wildlife in Banff only as game or pests up until the 1960s and 1970s. As ecological awareness increased, management procedures expanded with the inclusion

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to challenge Parks Canada in court, for breaches in adhering to the act. In 1994, Parks Canada established revised "Guiding Principles and Operating Policies", which included a mandate for the Banff-Bow Valley Study to draft management recommendations. As with other national parks, Banff is required

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are now researching the glaciers in the park more thoroughly, and have been analyzing the impact that reduced glacier ice may have on water supplies to streams and rivers. Estimates are that 150 glaciers disappeared in the Canadian Rockies (areas both inside and outside Banff National Park) between

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interests, the size of the park was reduced in 1911 to 4,663 km (1,800 sq mi), eliminating many eastern foothills areas from the park. Park boundaries changed several more times up until 1930, when the area of Banff was fixed at 6,697 km (2,586 sq mi), with the passage

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In 1978, expansion of Sunshine Village ski resort was approved, with added parking, hotel expansion, and development of Goat's Eye Mountain. Implementation of this development proposal was delayed through the 1980s, while environmental assessments were conducted. In 1989, Sunshine Village withdrew

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allowed the creation of the first Railway-Bear Conflict Mitigation Symposium in 2010. Initiatives included building wooden pegboards to fence off the sides of tracks and chemically treating grains to deter the bears. After a complete review of the research projects, the development of some of them

3248:, large mats that give a small electric shock to animals that step on them, as a potential deterrent around train tracks. A trial installment of the mats was placed in Banff to test their effectiveness in deterring animals like bears from gaining access to the fenced train tracks inside the park. 3534:

between people and elk. The proposed fencing was also intended to reduce access to this refuge for elk from predators, such as wolves that tended to avoid the townsite. Upon release of the report, Copps immediately moved to accept the proposal to cap the town population. She also ordered a small

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The panel issued over 500 recommendations, including limiting the growth of the Banff townsite, capping the town's population at 10,000, placing quotas for popular hiking trails, and curtailing development in the park. Another recommendation was to fence off the townsite to reduce confrontations

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were removed from Banff National Park between the years 1890 and 1920. The park was designed to appeal to sportsmen, and tourists. The exclusionary policy met the goals of sports hunting, tourism, and game conservation, as well as of those attempting to "civilize" the First Nations of the area.

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With the cap on growth in the town of Banff, Canmore, located just outside the Banff boundary, has been growing rapidly to serve increasing demands of tourists. Major development proposals for Canmore have included the Three Sisters Golf Resorts, proposed in 1992, which has been the subject of

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have been successful in Banff National Park at reducing the number of animals killed on the roads. There is also 82 kilometres (51 mi) of fencing at the edge of the highway in the park to prevent animals from getting onto the roads. Since it was put up, this has reduced collisions between

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which was passed in 1930. Over time, park management policies have increasingly emphasized environmental protection over development. In 1964, a policy statement was issued that reiterated ideals of conservation laid out in the 1930 act. With the controversial bid for the 1972 Winter Olympics,

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A park pass is required for stopping in the park, and permit checks are common during the summer months, especially at Lake Louise and the start of the Icefields Parkway. A permit is not required if travelling straight through the park without stopping. Approximately 5 million people pass

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Southern mountain caribou management previously aimed to identify what was threatening caribou populations and find solutions to mitigate the threats, but the last caribou in the park was found dead in an avalanche in 2009. There was concern over why more had not been done to save the caribou

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and other influences from British Columbia. The mean low temperature during January is −15 °C (5 °F), and the mean high temperature is −5 °C (23 °F) for the town of Banff. However, temperatures can drop below −20 °C (−4.0 °F) with wind chill values dropping below

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was passed, providing continued funding for the public works projects. New projects included construction of a new registration facility at Banff's east gate and construction of an administrative building in Banff. By 1940, the Icefields Parkway reached the Columbia Icefield area of Banff and

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The mountains are formed from sedimentary rocks which were pushed east over newer rock strata, between 80 and 55 million years ago. Over the past few million years, glaciers have at times covered most of the park, but today are found only on the mountain slopes though they include the

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of public participation in many management decisions. Simultaneously, the increase in human construction (such as new highways) on the natural landscape increased the frequency of human–animal conflicts. In 1988 wildlife began to be considered an integral part of the ecosystem.

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region in Scotland. With the construction of a new east gate in 1933, Alberta transferred 0.84 km (0.32 sq mi) to the park. This, along with other minor changes in the park boundaries in 1949, set the area of the park at 6,641 km (2,564 sq mi).

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The Canadian Rockies may have risen up to 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) approximately 70 m.y.a. Once mountain formation ceased, erosion carved the mountains into their present rugged shape. The erosion was first due to water, then was greatly accelerated by the

1173:, and into Yoho National Park in British Columbia. The Banff townsite is the main commercial centre in the national park. The village of Lake Louise is at the junction of the Trans-Canada Highway and the Icefields Parkway, which extends north to the Jasper townsite. 3191:. Park management began monitoring the last five caribou in the park in 2002 and taking actions such as reducing impacts of humans, conducting studies of the population, and investigating the possibility of translocating caribou to increase the Banff population. 3140:

Elk handling facilities are areas of pens with loading and unloading ramps where water and food are provided to the elk. They were created to help reduce herd numbers by increasing wariness and encouraging migratory behaviour, deterring the elk from the town of

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of mature lodgepole pines. Alberta's first known outbreak occurred in 1940, infecting 43 km (17 sq mi) of forest in Banff. A second major outbreak occurred in the late 1970s and early 1980s in Banff and the surrounding Rocky Mountains region.

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Since 1968, when the Banff Springs Hotel was winterized, Banff has been a year-round destination. In the 1950s, the Trans-Canada Highway was constructed, providing another transportation corridor through the Bow Valley, making the park more accessible.

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By 1911, Banff was accessible by automobile from Calgary. Beginning in 1916, the Brewsters offered motorcoach tours of Banff. In 1920, access to Lake Louise by road was available, and the Banff-Windermere Road opened in 1923 to connect Banff with

5347: 3298:, and moose. Beginning in 1985, gray wolves were recolonizing areas in the Bow Valley. However, the wolf population has struggled, with 32 wolf deaths along the Trans-Canada Highway between 1987 and 2000, leaving only 31 wolves in the area. 1618:. Peyto Glacier has lost 70 percent of its volume since record keeping began and has retreated approximately 2,000 m (6,600 ft) since 1880; the glacier is at risk of disappearing entirely within the next 30 to 40 years. 3860:

Fedje, Daryl W.; White, James M.; Wilson, Michael C.; Nelson, D. Erle; Vogel, John S.; Southon, John R. (1995). "Vermilion Lakes Site: Adaptations and Environments in the Canadian Rockies during the Latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene".

1696:−30 °C (−22.0 °F). Weather conditions during summer months are warm, with high temperatures during July averaging 22 °C (72 °F), and daily low temperatures averaging 7 °C (45 °F), leading to a large 545:

Archaeological evidence found at Vermilion Lakes indicates the first human activity in Banff to 10,300 B.P. Prior to European contact, the area that is now Banff National Park was home to many Indigenous Peoples, including the

1561:. The erosion of these almost vertical layers of rock strata in the Sawback Range has resulted in formations that appear like the teeth on a saw blade. Erosion and deposition of higher elevation rock layers has resulted in 3541:

In response to concerns and recommendations raised by the Banff-Bow Valley Study, a number of development plans were curtailed in the 1990s. Plans to add nine holes at the Banff Springs Golf Resort were withdrawn in 1996.

1474:(145–66 m.y.a.) can be found near the east entrance and on Cascade Mountain above the Banff townsite. These sedimentary rocks formed at the bottom of shallow seas between 600 and 175 m.y.a. and were pushed east during the 2993:

Banff National Park is the most visited Alberta tourist destination and one of the most visited national parks in North America, with more than three million tourists annually. Tourism in Banff contributes an estimated

1606:, which both lie on the Banff-Yoho National Park border. Wapta Icefield covers approximately 80 km (31 sq mi) in area. Outlets of Wapta Icefield on the Banff side of the continental divide include Peyto, 828:

during winter. Much early infrastructure and road construction was done by men of various Slavic origins although Ukrainians constituted a majority of those held in Banff. Historical plaques and a statue erected by the

1419:. The Banff townsite is in the Front Ranges. Just outside the park to the east lie the foothills that extend from Canmore at the eastern entrance of the park eastward into the Great Plains. Well west of the park, the 1589:

is one of the longest continuously studied glaciers in the world, with research extending back to the 1970s, most of the glaciers of the Canadian Rockies have only been scientifically evaluated since the late 1990s.

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and continued westward on the railroad. Some visitors participated in mountaineering activities, often hiring local guides. Guides Jim and Bill Brewster founded one of the first outfitters in Banff. From 1906, the

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Elk are a very important species in Banff National Park, partly because they represent a source of food for declining wolves. However they also have harsh impacts on the environment. Large elk populations cause

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With conflicting claims over the discovery of hot springs in Banff, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald decided to set aside a small reserve of 26 square kilometres (10 sq mi) around the hot springs at

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commemorate those interned at Castle Mountain, and at Cave and Basin National Historic Site where an interpretive pavilion dealing with Canada's first national internment operations opened in September 2013.

8629: 8364: 1614:. Bow Glacier retreated an estimated 1,100 m (3,600 ft) between the years 1850 and 1953, and since that period, there has been further retreat which has left a newly formed lake at the terminal 5351: 3210:(460 sq mi) reintroduction site near Panther River Valley. After 18 months of acclimation, the herd was released into the reintroduction site and as of August 2021, the herd had grown to 66. 2877:

species with only one species of toad, three species of frog, one salamander species and two species of snakes that have been identified. At least 280 species of birds can be found in Banff including

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The state of grizzly bear populations in Banff is seen as a proxy for ecological integrity. To keep bears away from humans, an electric fence was put up around the summer gondola and parking lot at

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consist of several northwest–southeast trending ranges. Two main mountain ranges are within the park, each consisting of numerous subranges. The western border of the park follows the crest of the

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During the 1980s, Parks Canada moved to privatize many park services such as golf courses, and added user fees for use of other facilities and services to help deal with budget cuts. In 1990, the

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its development proposal, in light of government reservations, and submitted a revised proposal in 1992. This plan was approved by the government, pending environmental review. Subsequently, the

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based management approach that aims to preserve the ecology of the park while still providing for visitors. Management decisions are based on modern scientific ecological information as well as

1207:. Throughout its history, Banff has hosted many annual events, including Banff Indian Days which began in 1889, and the Banff Winter Carnival. Since 1976, The Banff Centre has organized the 3251:

General prohibitions implemented to ensure wildlife respect include the prohibition of feeding, touching, or holding animals in captivity, and the disturbance or destruction of bird nests.

1533:, where rivers and old glacial valleys followed the weaker layers in the rocks as they were relatively easily weathered and eroded. Classic examples are found at the Banff townsite proper: 1289:

The Icefields Parkway is a 230-kilometre-long (140 mi) road connecting Lake Louise to Jasper, Alberta. The Parkway originates at Lake Louise, and extends north up the Bow Valley, past

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Banff, established in 1885, is the main commercial centre in Banff National Park, as well as a centre for cultural activities. Banff is home to several cultural institutions, including the

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Since the 1960s, park accommodations have been open all year, with annual tourism visits to Banff increasing to over 5 million in the 1990s. Millions more pass through the park on the

3502:, which halted the development. CPAWS also put pressure on UNESCO to revoke Banff's World Heritage Site status, over concerns that developments were harming the park's ecological health. 3294:

by Parks Canada beginning in the 1930s, has caused imbalance of the ecosystem. Other species that have been displaced from the Bow Valley include grizzly bears, cougars, lynx, wolverine,

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and the 1988 amendment emphasize ecological integrity, in practice Banff has suffered from inconsistent application of the policies. In 1994, the Banff-Bow Valley Study was mandated by

1223:, the town of Banff had a permanent population of 8,421 as well as 965 non-permanent residents for a total population of 9,386. The Bow River flows through the town of Banff, with the 5431:

Hebblewhite, Mark; Pletscher, Daniel H.; Paquet, Paul C. (2002). "Elk population dynamics in areas with and without predation by recolonizing wolves in Banff National Park, Alberta".

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Hebblewhite, Mark; Pletscher, Daniel H; Paquet, Paul C (2002). "Elk population dynamics in areas with and without predation by recolonizing wolves in Banff National Park, Alberta".

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Struzik, Ed (March 12, 2000). "Wolves losing mountain park turf to humans: Traffic congestion in Jasper and Banff gravely impacting park populations". Edmonton Journal. p. A6.

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Binnema, Theodore; Niemi, Melanie (2006). "'Let the line be drawn now': Wilderness, Conservation, and the Exclusion of Aboriginal People from Banff National Park in Canada".

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Binnema, T.; Niemi, M. (October 1, 2006). "'Let the Line be Drawn Now': Wilderness, Conservation, and the Exclusion of Aboriginal People from Banff National Park in Canada".

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of bears to human presence. If this conditioning is continual the bear will be less likely to continue the undesirable behaviour (crossing into campsites and roads etc.).

3013:" internet meme would stimulate interest in the park. The meme is based on a photograph of a Minnesotan couple visiting the park on the shore of Lake Minnewanka that was " 1113:(CPAWS). In the mid-1990s, the Banff-Bow Valley Study was initiated to find ways to better address environmental concerns, and issues relating to development in the park. 1027:

Since the original Rocky Mountains Park Act, subsequent acts and policies placed greater emphasis on conservation. With public sentiment tending towards environmentalism,

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White, C. A. & W. Fisher (2007). "Ecological restoration in the Canadian Rocky Mountains: developing and implementing the 1997 Banff National Park Management Plan".

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Paquet, Paul C; Callahan, C (1996). Effects of linear developments on winter movements of gray wolves in the Bow River Valley of Banff National Park, Alberta (Report).

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environmental groups became more influential, leading Parks Canada to withdraw its support for the bid. The 1979 Beaver Book was a major new policy, which emphasized

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are fairly common in the Main Ranges, in depressions on the side of many mountains. As with the majority of mountain glaciers around the world, the glaciers in Banff

1075: 874:, to supplement Cave and Basin. Other projects involved road building in the park, tasks around the Banff townsite and construction of a highway connecting Banff and 3375:

and as an impediment to wildlife migration. Grizzly bears are among the species impacted by the highway, which together with other developments in Banff, has caused

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age rock formations. The uppermost section of the peak consists of relatively harder dolomite from the Eldon Formation. Below that lies the less dense shales of the

987:, with plans to hold the Olympics at Lake Louise. The 1972 bid was controversial, as environmental lobby groups strongly opposed the bid, which had sponsorship from 3228:

still pose challenges to conservationists. Many bears have been killed by trains, often because they are attracted to grain spills along the tracks. Transportation

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and land exploitation interests. The park was established on November 25, 1885, as Banff Hot Springs Reserve, in response to conflicting claims over who discovered

1272: 796:, was operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway from 1903 to 1922. In 1926, the town was dismantled, with many buildings moved to the town of Banff and elsewhere. 9274: 2746:. The montane areas in the Bow Valley, which tend to be the preferred habitat for wildlife, have been subjected to significant human development over the years. 574:. Indigenous Peoples utilized the area to hunt, fish, trade, travel, survey and practice culture. Many areas within Banff National Park are still known by their 5976: 2710:. The subalpine ecoregion, which consists mainly of dense forest, comprises 53 percent of Banff's area. 27 percent of the park is located above the 3667: 9677: 8659: 8550: 8298: 3411:

Banff National Park is bisected by two highways that cross the Alberta/British Columbia border while another provides a third access within Alberta. The

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connected Banff and Jasper. Most of the infrastructure present in the national park dates from public work projects enacted during the Great Depression.

6339: 3149:. They also increased elk migration, restored the willow and aspen communities and highlighted the primary role of wolves in elk population management. 3116: 172: 8339: 1645:, in the Columbia Icefield is a hydrological apex of North America, with water flowing via outlet glaciers to the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Oceans. 995:, then the Minister of Environment, the government department responsible for Parks Canada, withdrew support for the bid, which was eventually lost to 5582: 2718:

at alpine regions and some areas covered by glaciers. A small portion (3 percent) of the park, at lower elevations, is in the montane ecoregion.

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the first priority in all park management decisions. The act also required each park to produce a management plan, with greater public participation.

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responded by initiating a two-year study which resulted in management recommendations and new policies that aim to preserve ecological integrity.

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are found, along with hundreds of bird species. Reptiles and amphibians are also found but only a limited number of species have been recorded.

10010: 9951: 8484: 5659: 830: 3399:, since Banff National Park was established have impacted the park's ecosystem. Since 1983, Parks Canada has adopted a strategy that employed 1514:. The pre-existing structure left over from mountain-building strongly guided glacial erosion: mountains in Banff include complex, irregular, 399:, and attracting tourists through extensive advertising. In the early 20th century, roads were built in Banff, at times by war internees from 1525:

Many of the mountain ranges trend northwest to southeast, with sedimentary layering dipping down to the west at 40–60 degrees. This leads to

5099: 10025: 8106: 4503: 1302: 4807: 4213:. The Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund and The Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko. 2012. Archived from 3387:, and six wildlife overpasses, have been constructed at a number of points along the Trans-Canada Highway to help alleviate this problem. 1557:, exhibit sharp, jagged slopes. The Sawback Range, which consists of nearly vertical dipping sedimentary layers, has been eroded by cross 5027: 3775: 493:, the largest uninterrupted glacial mass in the Rockies. Erosion from water and ice have carved the mountains into their current shapes. 6518: 4540: 2862:

were the rarest large mammals in the park, but an avalanche in 2009 may have killed the last five remaining within park boundaries. The

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in 2001. Bear-proof garbage cans, which do not allow bears to access their contents, help to deter them from human sites. The fruit of

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is a ground bird that is often seen in the alpine zones. Rivers and lakes are frequented by over a hundred different species including

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and the Elk Advisory Committee aimed to monitor and control the population to decrease conflicts and aid ecological process recovery.

3071:, the park area and the included communities (other than the town of Banff which is an incorporated municipality) are administered by 9463: 7579: 7305: 7225: 7185: 5681: 5493: 5463: 5221: 6984: 525:

there and who had the right to develop the hot springs for commercial interests. The conservationists prevailed when Prime Minister

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Early on, Banff was popular with wealthy European and American tourists, the former of which arrived in Canada via trans-Atlantic

10030: 9410: 7763: 7539: 7280: 7040: 6609: 5517:"Assessing Potential Habitat and Carrying Capacity for Reintroduction of Plains Bison (Bison bison bison) in Banff National Park" 6340:

Wildlife corridors in the Bow River Valley, Alberta: A strategy for maintaining well-distributed, viable populations of wildlife

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ecoregion. By road, the town of Banff is 128 kilometres (80 mi) west of Calgary and 401 km (249 mi) southwest of

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In 1902, the park was expanded to cover 11,400 km (4,400 sq mi), encompassing areas around Lake Louise, and the

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Hildebrandt, Walter. Historical Analysis of Parks Canada and Banff National Park, 1968–1995 (Report). Banff-Bow Valley Study.

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was extirpated in Banff, but was brought back to the park in 2017, and one free-roaming herd lives within the protected area.

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In the 1990s, development plans for the park, including expansion at Sunshine Village, were under fire with lawsuits filed by

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has been authorized, including grain alteration and the use of cameras to study the behavioural response of bears to trains.

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and other native species of fish in Banff's lakes has also dwindled, with the introduction of non-native species including

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During winter months, temperatures in Banff are moderated, compared to other areas of central and northern Alberta, due to

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bushes is eaten by bears, so the bushes have been removed in some areas where the risk of a bear–human encounter is high.

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is also near the village. Lake Louise is one of the most visited lakes in the world and is framed to the southwest by the

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interspersed. Engelmann spruce are more common in the subalpine regions of Banff, with some areas of lodgepole pine, and

1150: 426:. As Banff has over three million visitors annually, the health of its ecosystem has been threatened. In the mid-1990s, 8539: 8509: 8429: 8409: 8272: 8018: 7973: 7748: 7548: 6814: 6804: 6591: 5197: 5109: 5064: 5037: 5003: 4961: 4881: 4817: 4701: 4513: 1641:, at the northern end of Banff, straddles the Banff and Jasper National Park border and extends into British Columbia. 1388: 1082: 6103: 5856:

Hebblewhite, M.; White, C.; Musiani, M. (2010). "Revisiting extinction in national parks: mountain caribou in Banff".

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Schindler, David W. (2000). "Aquatic problems caused by human activities in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada".

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was amended, making the maintenance of ecological integrity the top priority. The amendment also paved the way for

1403:. The high peaks west of Lake Louise are part of the Bow Range. The eastern border of the park includes all of the 1220: 854: 1672: 1423:

of the Rockies pass through Yoho and Kootenay National Parks. Though the tallest peak entirely within the park is

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are used each time the bear performs an undesirable action. Advice is also given to people to avoid an eventual

2714:, in the alpine ecoregion. The tree line in Banff lies approximately at 2,300 m (7,500 ft), with open 609:, as the route through the Canadian Rockies. Ten years later, on November 7, 1885, the last spike was driven in 9764: 9757: 9692: 9621: 9517: 9299: 8750: 8566: 8479: 8414: 8277: 8154: 7923: 7908: 7873: 7753: 7708: 7095: 6824: 6781: 4165:"Banff National Park:Enemy Aliens, Prisoners of War: Canada's First World War Internment Operations, 1914–1920" 3063: 2902: 2674: 1582: 1310: 1158: 30: 6479: 5726: 4647: 9752: 9717: 8529: 8489: 8384: 8267: 8038: 8013: 7903: 7868: 7803: 7798: 7788: 7658: 7653: 7505: 6839: 6751: 5685: 4210: 3622: 3467: 1697: 1058: 880: 6278: 6202: 6155: 288: 10005: 9956: 9737: 9732: 9636: 9502: 9120: 8596: 8033: 8008: 7988: 7968: 7943: 7733: 7693: 7688: 7622: 7574: 5586: 3612: 3188: 1208: 1154: 6252: 5818:"Managing for grizzly bear security areas in Banff National Park and the Central Canadian Rocky Mountains" 5246: 4477: 9826: 9742: 9626: 9611: 9601: 9150: 8670: 8576: 8504: 8464: 7983: 7958: 7918: 7783: 7773: 7723: 7683: 7648: 7532: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7295: 7255: 7170: 6799: 6657:"Highlights of Minister's Direction for the Banff Bow Valley and Response to the Bow Valley Study Report" 3440: 3428: 3379:

of the landscape. Grizzly bears prefer the montane habitat, which has been most impacted by development.

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Page, Robert; Bayley, Suzanne; Cook, J. Douglas; Green, Jeffrey E.; Ritchie, J.R. Brent (October 1996).

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rail line that generally parallels Highway 1 and an airport known as the Banff Park Compound Heliport.

3028:

Mount Rundle and Sulphur Mountain as seen from the reeds along the shore of one of the Vermilion Lakes.

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Banff National Park is in the Rocky Mountains on Alberta's western border with British Columbia in the

1086: 793: 506: 6656: 6634: 5612: 3749: 2818:

tend to be more elusive, sticking primarily to wetland areas and near streams. In the alpine regions,

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Lake Louise, a hamlet 54 km (34 mi) northwest of the town of Banff, is home to the landmark

461:

in higher ones below the treeline, above which is primarily rocks and ice. Mammal species such as the

344:, Banff encompasses 6,641 square kilometres (2,564 sq mi) of mountainous terrain, with many 10015: 10000: 9687: 9380: 9135: 8990: 8935: 8743: 8534: 8499: 8469: 8242: 8003: 7998: 7948: 7938: 7933: 7898: 7888: 7883: 7743: 7728: 7673: 7300: 7270: 7235: 7155: 7015: 6849: 6789: 6008:"Banff bison one year after release: setbacks, triumphs and hope for team tasked with herd's success" 3724: 3617: 3448: 3318: 3171:

Aversive conditioning deters bears by modifying their behaviour. Deterrents such as noise makers and

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are common in the valleys of the park, including around (and sometimes in) the Banff townsite, while

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Banff National Park has numerous large glaciers and icefields, 100 of which can be observed from the

1343:

North of Saskatchewan Crossing, the Icefields Parkway follows the North Saskatchewan River up to the

1329: 645: 598: 5922:

Kinley, T (2009). "Caribou population augmentation feasibility assessment for Banff National Park".

5140: 3551:

contentious debate, with environmental groups arguing that the development would fragment important

776:, which gave Canada rights to explore the land for resources. At the beginning of the 20th century, 9946: 9867: 9796: 9646: 9631: 9090: 9085: 8830: 8556: 8519: 8449: 8424: 8419: 8394: 8348: 8043: 8028: 7978: 7833: 7768: 7758: 7612: 7599: 7569: 7245: 7140: 6794: 3463:, also known as the Bow Valley Parkway, loosely parallels Highway 1 between Banff and Lake Louise. 3237: 2839: 1325: 1318: 1212: 1130: 752: 709: 641: 632: 388: 329: 312: 148: 5777: 5316: 4759: 3096:

The park now has a number of wildlife management strategies that aim to conserve certain species.

1351:

at 2,035 metres (6,677 ft) in elevation, and continues on from there to the Jasper townsite.

899:, with camps at Lake Louise, Stoney Creek, and Healy Creek. These camps were largely populated by 9872: 9857: 9035: 8950: 8905: 8825: 8678: 8374: 8237: 7863: 7417: 7160: 6580:

Adams, Jeff (April 16, 1993). "Twinning Breaks Pledge, Says Expert". Calgary Herald. p. B11.

4110: 3130: 2859: 1260: 769: 678: 636:, enacted on June 23, 1887, the park was expanded to 674 km (260 sq mi) and named 53: 6104:"Bison turn up bones of their ancestors, old wallowing spots in return to Banff 140 years later" 5467: 9902: 9786: 9697: 9492: 9178: 9145: 9125: 9055: 8885: 8544: 8514: 8459: 8399: 8192: 7713: 7525: 7285: 7020: 6531: 5515:

Steenweg, Robin; Hebblewhite, Mark; Gummer, David; Low, Brian; Hunt, Bill (February 24, 2016).

4734: 3538:

to be removed, along with a buffalo paddock, and cadet camp, that inhibited wildlife movement.

3225: 2922: 2658: 1142: 892: 649: 361: 4240: 3801:

Banff : Canada's first national park : a history and a memory of Rocky Mountain Park

3782: 8940: 8930: 8910: 8439: 8369: 8068: 6527: 4536: 3376: 3126: 3105: 2910: 2835: 2771: 1621: 1483: 1293:, which is the largest natural lake in the park. Other scenic lakes near the parkway include 1103: 916:

large ice palace, which in 1917 was built by World War I internees. Carnival events included

691: 530: 518: 466: 5711: 4446: 4267: 3668:"Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Parks Canada attendance 2022_23 - Open Government Portal" 3282:, among other human activities. Bison once lived in the valleys of Banff and were hunted by 529:

set aside the hot springs as a small protected reserve, which was later expanded to include

10035: 9882: 9801: 9791: 9552: 9487: 9375: 9100: 9080: 9040: 9025: 8591: 8586: 8444: 8252: 8232: 8101: 7617: 7145: 7110: 6423:

Barnett, Vicki (March 10, 1996). "Native fish stocks drastically down in central Rockies".

6386: 5865: 5641: 5528: 5373: 5261: 4387: 3456: 3412: 3396: 3356: 3161: 2969: 2964: 1646: 1245: 1236: 1170: 1162: 1036: 1016: 1004: 984: 976: 964: 917: 849: 788:

in Banff. For a brief period, a mine operated at Anthracite but was shut down in 1904. The

423: 416: 412: 337: 152: 129: 6569:

Fuller, Patty (February 14, 1994). "No ray of light for Sunshine Village". Alberta Report.

6032: 5611:. Species at Risk Public Registry, Government of Canada. September 8, 2017. Archived from 4307:"'We Want Pictures so Kodak as You Go': Promoting Winter Recreation in Banff in the 1920s" 3367:

The Trans-Canada Highway, passing through Banff, has been problematic, posing hazards for

3194: 8: 9938: 9806: 8915: 8404: 8287: 8086: 7556: 7433: 7375: 7215: 6969: 6678:

Barnett, Vicki (July 26, 1992). "Stakes are high for resort". Calgary Herald. p. A8.

6174:"Wildlife Crossing Structures and Fencing — Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative" 3346: 3338: 3274:

Since the 19th century, humans have impacted Banff's environment through introduction of

3184: 2944: 2767: 2731: 1550: 1252: 1046: 888: 667: 657: 653: 396: 392: 270: 6819: 6390: 5869: 5532: 5265: 3435:

north of Lake Louise is known as the Icefields Parkway whereas the portion southwest of

2972:

have caused a number of large-scale infestations in Banff National Park, feeding on the

9931: 9616: 9542: 9497: 9259: 9130: 9045: 8956: 8810: 8606: 8227: 8187: 8121: 7828: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7060: 7035: 6897: 6402: 5889: 5640:. Sustainable Resource Development, Government of Alberta. January 2004. Archived from 5559: 5516: 5287: 4328: 4193: 3886: 3878: 3460: 3444: 3432: 3424: 3275: 3218: 3055: 2940: 2914: 2803: 2650: 1642: 1459: 1333: 1294: 1284: 1264: 1146: 1138: 602: 365: 357: 6699: 4696:(Special Publication (Book 300) ed.). Geological Society of London. p. 291. 2897:, all of which are predatory species. Additionally, commonly seen species such as the 1061:, for the mountain landscapes containing mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, 257: 9926: 9567: 9355: 9345: 9224: 8995: 8652: 7449: 7315: 7220: 7210: 7135: 6952: 6917: 6870: 6458: 6310: 5881: 5877: 5796: 5564: 5546: 5279: 5193: 5105: 5060: 5033: 4999: 4957: 4927: 4877: 4850: 4813: 4786: 4697: 4509: 4332: 4273: 4246: 4090: 3998: 3960: 3924: 3890: 3840: 3804: 3552: 3416: 3380: 3283: 3232:

provide openings for plants which are also utilised by bears. A partnership between

3229: 3152: 3146: 3024: 2999: 2906: 2811: 2799: 2603: 2556: 1676: 1665: 1638: 1630: 1626: 1574: 1546: 1428: 1344: 871: 789: 713: 534: 526: 490: 434: 408: 6406: 6058: 5893: 5728:

The Banff-Bow Valley : environmental conflict, wildlife management and movement

5430: 4050: 3133:. In 1999, the implementation of the Banff National Park Elk Management Strategy by 9972: 9852: 9831: 9390: 9360: 9030: 8840: 8790: 8766: 8640: 8131: 7479: 7441: 7310: 7150: 7085: 7080: 7025: 7010: 6927: 6887: 6865: 6394: 6306:

Banff, Canada's First National Park: a history and a memory of Rocky Mountains park

5946: 5873: 5736: 5554: 5536: 5440: 5291: 5269: 5163:"Climate Change & Banff National Park: Implications for Tourism and Recreation" 4318: 4025: 3952: 3916: 3870: 3572: 3474: 3342: 3145:. These measures allowed more predator–prey interactions thanks to the creation of 3010: 2723: 1599: 1530: 1487: 1475: 1439: 1376: 1166: 1012: 941: 867: 729: 699: 594: 501: 458: 404: 160: 5815: 4622: 4455: 992: 9877: 9547: 9522: 9425: 9329: 9160: 9075: 9020: 9000: 8880: 8870: 8835: 8815: 8805: 8247: 8177: 8159: 8096: 7637: 7425: 7290: 7260: 7250: 7240: 7205: 7175: 7105: 7055: 6875: 5541: 4137: 3436: 3400: 3334: 3263: 2886: 1538: 1511: 1451: 1054: 960: 937: 875: 841: 817: 809: 785: 675: 606: 579: 575: 547: 6336: 3037: 9847: 9562: 9557: 9537: 9527: 9385: 9365: 9324: 9314: 9214: 9199: 9065: 8925: 8920: 8875: 8212: 8111: 7813: 7115: 7070: 7050: 7045: 6932: 6922: 6424: 6398: 6337:

Paquet, P.C.; Gibeau, M.L.; Herrero, S.; Jorgenson, J. & J. Green. (1994).

3330: 3326: 3142: 2863: 2719: 2707: 1603: 1578: 1503: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1255:

at the edge of Lake Louise. Located 15 km (9.3 mi) from Lake Louise,

1182: 1099: 1090: 863: 725: 623: 517:

Throughout its history, Banff National Park has been shaped by tension between

510: 454: 450: 369: 144: 5274: 4195:

Park Prisoners, The Untold Story of Western Canada's National Parks, 1915–1946

4029: 3920: 3510: 1367: 9994: 9977: 9892: 9370: 9304: 9294: 9279: 9239: 9209: 9165: 9115: 9005: 8985: 8969: 8945: 8900: 8860: 8855: 8724: 8197: 8146: 8091: 7517: 7493: 7275: 7190: 7120: 6958: 6911: 5550: 5283: 4687: 4242:

Ecology & Wonder in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site

4002: 3928: 3595: 3586: 3310: 3172: 3014: 2894: 2851: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2743: 2739: 2684: 2201: 1586: 1491: 1412: 1392: 1348: 1306: 945: 813: 583: 482: 478: 474: 187: 174: 34: 6077:"Canada reintroduces bison to Banff national park after more than a century" 837: 9811: 9512: 9309: 9289: 9264: 9110: 9105: 9070: 9050: 8850: 8820: 8317: 8292: 8182: 7125: 6964: 6947: 6942: 6440:

The Carnivore Way: Coexisting with and Conserving North America's Predators

6203:"Bears and the railway: Wildlife stories of the year – Canadian Geographic" 5885: 5568: 3523: 3259: 3233: 3206: 3134: 3097: 3046: 2882: 2827: 2763: 1692: 1661: 1591: 1534: 1424: 1404: 1337: 1328:

flows east from Saskatchewan Crossing, out of Banff, into what is known as

1256: 1192: 1188: 1028: 988: 904: 896: 859: 663: 462: 427: 379: 231: 49: 6705: 3956: 1537:

is a classic dip slope mountain. Just to the north of the Banff townsite,

1391:. The Main Ranges in Banff National Park include from north to south, the 1321:. Bow Summit is the highest elevation crossed by a public road in Canada. 590:

served as an important cultural and spiritual site for the Stoney Nakoda.

9656: 9350: 9319: 9269: 9249: 9234: 9010: 8963: 8865: 8202: 8076: 6892: 6693: 5244: 3322: 3306: 3245: 3183:

population. The primary reason for their decline is thought to have been

3176: 2775: 1607: 1554: 1478:. Mountain building in Banff National Park ended approximately 55 m.y.a. 1463: 1380: 1314: 1290: 1204: 921: 805: 781: 733: 686: 522: 400: 242: 4365: 368:

to the southeast. The main commercial centre of the park is the town of

44: 9816: 9532: 9244: 9219: 9194: 8795: 8785: 8780: 6974: 6937: 5740: 3499: 3350: 3314: 3302: 3279: 3165: 2898: 2878: 2688: 2154: 1684: 1471: 1400: 1298: 1241: 1137:. Jasper National Park borders Banff National Park to the north, while 1106:, giving local residents more say regarding any proposed developments. 1015:, located just outside the eastern gates of Banff National Park on the 949: 900: 756: 4416: 3882: 3641: 9897: 9284: 9204: 8895: 8800: 3473:

Other transportation facilities within Banff National Park include a

3420: 3384: 3291: 3101: 3006:

through Banff annually on the Trans-Canada Highway without stopping.

2874: 2807: 2779: 2711: 2703: 2695: 1526: 1515: 1455: 1447: 1396: 1224: 1219:

and federal authority in regards to planning and development. In its

1069:

beds. With this designation came added obligations for conservation.

968: 933: 721: 555: 470: 446: 438: 373: 353: 349: 301: 6228:"'Electro-mats' used to deter wildlife away from Banff train tracks" 5950: 5660:"Banff National Park records highest number of visitors in 15 years" 5444: 4323: 4306: 1031:

issued major new policy in 1979, which emphasized conservation. The

8735: 6903: 6480:"Let it burn! Why Canada's National Parks use fire to prevent fire" 5855: 5381:

Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world

3874: 3535: 3368: 3361: 2847: 2843: 1542: 1519: 1467: 1165:

passes through Banff National Park, from the eastern boundary near

1134: 980: 929: 773: 559: 3530:

of the Trans-Canada Highway between Castle Junction and Sunshine.

1499: 1359: 9862: 9821: 6881: 6737: 5816:

Gibeau, M. L.; Herrero, S.; McLellan, B. N.; Woods, J. G (2001).

4269:

Summits & Icefields: Alpine Ski Tours in the Canadian Rockies

4214: 3372: 2934: 2870: 2783: 2699: 1757: 1615: 1507: 1000: 996: 972: 925: 747:. The act, which took effect May 30, 1930, also renamed the park 737: 705: 567: 563: 551: 442: 345: 341: 3485: 3009:

In 2009, Banff Lake Louise Tourism hoped the appearance of the "

2985: 660:

to attract tourists and increase the number of rail passengers.

8141: 5247:"Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification" 5222:"Going, Going, Gone, Climate Change and Global Glacier Decline" 4015: 3419:) bisects the park in an east–west direction, connecting it to 3287: 2973: 2890: 2795: 2787: 2754: 2727: 2715: 1657: 1495: 1470:

periods (600–145 m.y.a.). However, rocks as young as the lower

1066: 1062: 1043: 5909:

Mountain Area Research & Management: Integrated Approaches

4562: 3427:

bisects the park in a north–south direction, connecting it to

5141:"Glaciers of the Canadian Rockies, Professional Paper 1386-J" 3803:(2nd ed.). Banff, Alta.: Summerthought Pub. p. 60. 3295: 2930: 2918: 1562: 1558: 1443: 1121: 948:

ski area was also developed during the 1930s, with the first

5514: 1565:

deposits at the lowest elevations of many of the mountains.

1529:

landforms, with generally steeper east and north faces, and

1435:

border is slightly higher at 3,618 m (11,870 ft).

870:. In Banff, workers constructed a new bathhouse and pool at 5245:

Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007).

3527: 2926: 777: 571: 5936: 3244:

In 2011, Parks Canada began to study the effectiveness of

6302: 5609:"Species Profile – Caribou Southern Mountain population" 5101:

Cold Matters: The State and Fate of Canada's Fresh Water

3659: 1494:, with examples of all classic glacial forms, including 1336:

follows the North Saskatchewan River, past the man-made

983:, France. Once again, Banff launched a bid to host the 6033:"Bison Bellows: Banff National Park's Newest Wildlife" 5466:. United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from 5350:. Environment Canada. January 19, 2011. Archived from 4211:"Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund" 3859: 1301:, both north of Hector Lake. The Parkway then crosses 391:

was instrumental in Banff's early years, building the

356:

forest, and alpine landscapes. Provincial forests and

6592:"Banff-Bow Valley Study, Technical Report, chapter 1" 5906: 5778:"Parks Canada – Banff National Park – faune-wildlife" 5682:"Scene-stealing squirrel crashes Banff tourist photo" 4454:(Report). Banff-Bow Valley Task Force. Archived from 4286: 3781:. Canadian Geographic. pp. 34–42. Archived from 3431:

to the south and Jasper to the north. The portion of

2951:) that is found in the hot springs of Banff, and the 597:

to Canada on July 20, 1871, Canada agreed to build a

6584: 6345:

A report to the Bow River Valley Corridor Task Force

4449:

Banff-Bow Valley: At the Crossroads – Summary Report

3562: 3278:, controls on other species, and development in the 1549:

and the lowest exposed cliffs are limestones of the

644:, and the third established in North America, after 6376: 4906:

Banff National Park, How Nature Carved Its Splendor

4735:"The Story of the Mountains in Banff National Park" 4668: 2722:forests dominate the montane region of Banff, with 1347:. The Parkway crosses into Jasper National Park at 616: 601:. Construction of the railroad began in 1875, with 6610:"Popularity Brings a Huge Canadian Park to Crisis" 6338: 5930: 5160: 4192: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3642:"Protected Planet | Banff National Park Of Canada" 2921:are frequently found in the lower elevations. The 1267:in the 1969–1979 ("Scenes of Canada") series. The 9454:Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site 5138: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 3403:, which helps to mimic effects of natural fires. 1161:, is located to the south and east of Banff. The 1051:Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site 9992: 5424: 3129:, human–animal conflicts and destabilization of 2858:are the more commonly observed smaller mammals. 2758:Elk bulls on a winter morning near Two Jack Lake 1700:range owing to the relative dryness of the air. 1305:(2,088 m (6,850 ft)), and follows the 1007:, the cross-country ski events were held at the 6418: 6416: 4304: 3996: 3973: 3773: 1522:, castellate, dogtooth, and sawback mountains. 694:organized climbs, hikes and camps in the park. 7547: 6677: 6422: 5963: 4976: 4671:Map of the Columbia Icefield Area, 2nd edition 4431: 4080: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 3466:The closest airport with long-haul flights is 831:Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association 340:, 110–180 kilometres (68–112 mi) west of 8751: 8333: 7533: 6721: 6568: 5957: 5400: 5398: 5219: 5029:50 Roadside Panoramas in the Canadian Rockies 4970: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3769: 3767: 975:. Canada narrowly lost a second bid, for the 8347: 6413: 5801:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5776:Canada, Parks Canada Agency, Government of. 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4917: 4915: 4686: 4610: 4608: 4606: 3906: 3608:List of historic places in Alberta's Rockies 3599:, a documentary on bear problems in the park 799: 736:rivers. Bowing to pressure from grazing and 6735: 6579: 6365: 5189:Becoming Water: Glaciers in a Warming World 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 4903: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4265: 4245:. Athabasca University Press. p. 136. 4234: 4232: 4065: 4041: 4039: 4009: 3451:Highway) connects the Icefields Parkway at 3395:Parks Canada management practices, notably 3222:wildlife and vehicles by over 80 per cent. 3120:Historical image of bison in Banff in 1900s 3111: 2869:Due to the harsh winters, the park has few 1035:was amended in 1988, which made preserving 755:station, which in turn was named after the 105: 74: 9952:Alberta–British Columbia foothills forests 8758: 8744: 8340: 8326: 8263:Scandia Eastern Irrigation District Museum 7540: 7526: 6728: 6714: 6698: 6520:Provincial Highways 1 – 216 Progress Chart 6298: 6296: 6200: 5735:(Thesis). University of British Columbia. 5395: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 4812:. Summerthought Publishing. pp. 2–8. 4135: 4087:A Brief History of Canada's National Parks 3837:A Brief History of Canada's National Parks 3817: 3764: 3693:"The Mountain Guide – Banff National Park" 256: 9464:Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park 7580:Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park 6437: 6370: 6127: 5558: 5540: 5298: 5273: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 4940: 4921: 4912: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4603: 4497: 4495: 4345: 4322: 4186: 4184: 4182: 3833:"Chapter 1: The Early Years (Up to 1900)" 3505: 2762:The park has 56 recorded mammal species. 1568: 959:Canada launched several bids to host the 652:. The Canadian Pacific Railway built the 157:Nearest town outside Banff National Park: 8365:Akami−Uapishkᵘ−KakKasuak−Mealy Mountains 8165:Canadian Grain Elevator Discovery Center 6559:16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020. 6511: 6477: 6220: 6130:"Banff bison herd feeling right at home" 5657: 5374:"Klimatafel von Banff, Alberta / Kanada" 5168:. University of Waterloo. Archived from 5104:. Rocky Mountain Books. pp. 58–70. 5080: 4682: 4680: 4465: 4238: 4229: 4159: 4157: 4129: 4036: 3951:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3947:Mason, Courtney W. (December 31, 2014). 3509: 3484: 3355: 3258: 3193: 3151: 3115: 3036: 3023: 2984: 2958: 2753: 2683: 1656: 1620: 1598:The largest glaciated areas include the 1366: 1358: 1240: 1120: 836: 704: 662: 500: 378: 9411:Category:Rivers of the Canadian Rockies 6607: 6293: 6245: 5635:"Mountain Pine Beetle Management Guide" 5583:"Species at risk – Banff Springs Snail" 5458: 5456: 5454: 5331: 5025: 4998:. Summerthought Publishing. p. 5. 4869: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4780: 3830: 2937:which spend their summers in the park. 1407:consisting of from north to south, the 1053:, together with the other national and 533:and other areas extending north to the 9993: 9406:List of rivers of the Canadian Rockies 6455:Wildfire Hazards, Risks, and Disasters 6101: 6059:"Bison return to Canada's oldest park" 6005: 5974: 5921: 5724: 5185: 5125: 5097: 5052: 4991: 4805: 4799: 4732: 4717: 4501: 4492: 4397:from the original on September 9, 2006 4292: 4190: 4179: 4083:"Expansion in the West (1900 to 1981)" 3942: 3940: 3938: 3902: 3900: 3798: 3349:, once only found in Banff, is now an 3087: 3082: 2834:are widespread. Other mammals such as 1340:, and through David Thompson Country. 10011:National parks of the Rocky Mountains 8739: 8321: 7521: 6709: 6635:"Banff National Park Management Plan" 6452: 6196: 6194: 5851: 5849: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5098:Robert, Sandford (February 1, 2012). 4897: 4873:The 11,000ers of the Canadian Rockies 4785:. Rocky Mountain Books. p. 139. 4783:The 11,000ers of the Canadian Rockies 4677: 4537:"Banff National Park Management Plan" 4259: 4154: 3946: 3496:Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society 3423:to the west and Calgary to the east. 3156:Bear-proof garbage can at Lake Louise 3067:to have a Park Management Plan. On a 3041:Entry station for Banff National Park 3032: 1438:The Canadian Rockies are composed of 1201:Cave and Basin National Historic Site 1111:Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society 1009:Canmore Nordic Centre Provincial Park 963:in Banff, with the first bid for the 540: 207:6,641 km (2,564 sq mi) 8765: 8127:University of Alberta Botanic Garden 6608:DePalma, Anthony (January 5, 1997). 6546: 6128:Glasnovic, Jamey (January 7, 2021). 5975:Walker, Roberta (October 16, 2014). 5585:. Environment Canada. Archived from 5451: 5348:"Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000" 5238: 5192:. Rocky Mountain Books. p. 69. 5032:. Rocky Mountain Books. p. 61. 4951: 4844: 4833: 4690:; Prosser, Colin (August 15, 2008). 4585:"1969–1979 Series, Scenes of Canada" 3774:Savage, Candace (July–August 2000). 3698:. Parks Canada. 2006. Archived from 3514:Bow River winding through Banff town 1278: 10026:Protected areas established in 1885 9573:Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station 7501: 6453:Paton, Douglas (October 20, 2014). 6438:Eisenberg, Cristina (May 1, 2014). 6102:Rieger, Sarah (February 11, 2020). 5406:"Ecoregions of Banff National Park" 5383:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst 5366: 4995:Banff: Canada's First National Park 4876:. Rocky Mountain Books. p. 8. 4847:Canadian Rockies Geology Road Tours 4809:Banff: Canada's First National Park 4339: 3935: 3897: 3459:to the northeast. Within the park, 2802:are the primary predatory mammals. 1263:. This scene is on the back of the 1211:. In 1990, Banff incorporated as a 1151:Bow Valley Wildland Provincial Park 967:, which were eventually awarded to 712:advertising brochure, highlighting 141:Located within Banff National Park: 13: 8273:Spruce Grove Grain Elevator Museum 6478:Bhardwaj, Michael (January 2003). 6253:"No-Crossing Zones – Conservation" 6191: 5846: 5775: 5754: 5658:Derworiz, Colette (June 9, 2015). 5161:Scott, D. & Jones, B. (2005). 4870:Corbett, Bill (January 15, 2009). 4117:from the original on July 12, 2006 3665: 3390: 3077:Improvement District No. 9 (Banff) 3045:Banff National Park is managed by 1427:at 3,612 metres (11,850 ft), 944:, was developed by the Brewsters. 360:are neighbours to the west, while 14: 10047: 6685: 6309:. Summerthought. pp. 17–19. 6303:Luxton, Eleanor Georgina (1979). 6006:Condon, Olivia (August 3, 2019). 5186:Demuth, Mike (October 15, 2012). 5026:Birrell, Dave (January 5, 2000). 4992:Luxton, Eleanor (April 1, 2008). 4806:Luxton, Eleanor (April 1, 2008). 4589:Bank Note Series, 1935 to present 4543:from the original on May 14, 2006 3406: 1433:Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park 1169:, through the towns of Banff and 910: 9578:First Oil Well in Western Canada 8718: 8708: 8707: 7500: 7487: 7475: 7474: 6671: 6649: 6627: 6601: 6573: 6562: 6497: 6471: 5878:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01343.x 5056:Parkways of the Canadian Rockies 5053:Patton, Brian (April 15, 2008). 4954:Handbook of the Canadian Rockies 4924:Handbook of the Canadian Rockies 4650:. Parks Canada. February 6, 2017 3603:List of national parks of Canada 3579: 3565: 2694:Banff National Park spans three 1332:Country, and onto Edmonton. The 1074: 855:Unemployment and Farm Relief Act 617:Rocky Mountains Park established 605:chosen, over the more northerly 407:-era public works projects. The 104: 97: 73: 66: 43: 16:National park in Alberta, Canada 8107:North Saskatchewan River Valley 6815:Indian reserves and settlements 6659:. Parks Canada. October 7, 1996 6446: 6442:. Island Press. pp. 26–28. 6431: 6359: 6330: 6271: 6166: 6148: 6121: 6095: 6069: 6051: 6025: 5999: 5968: 5915: 5900: 5809: 5718: 5710:. Town of Banff. Archived from 5700: 5674: 5651: 5627: 5601: 5575: 5508: 5482: 5464:"Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks" 5213: 5179: 5154: 5046: 5019: 4985: 4979:Geology of the Canadian Rockies 4863: 4774: 4752: 4662: 4640: 4577: 4555: 4529: 4409: 4380: 4358: 4298: 4203: 4103: 3325:are rare native species, while 3254: 1259:provides a scenic vista of the 1065:and limestone caves as well as 1022: 611:Craigellachie, British Columbia 453:. The forests are dominated by 223:4,130,081 (in 2022–23) 10031:History of the Rocky Mountains 9518:Jasper Park Information Centre 8278:St. Albert Grain Elevator Park 8155:Alberta Central Railway Museum 7909:Peter Lougheed Provincial Park 6637:. Parks Canada. April 17, 1997 6505:2013 Alberta Official Road Map 5492:. Parks Canada. Archived from 5408:. Parks Canada. Archived from 4693:The History of Geoconservation 4621:. Parks Canada. Archived from 4502:Samuel, Alan (November 1988). 4348:Making Banff a Year-Round Park 4139:Bankhead: The Twenty Year Town 3853: 3792: 3748:. Parks Canada. Archived from 3738: 3709: 3685: 3634: 3480: 3269: 3064:non-governmental organizations 2903:American three-toed woodpecker 2770:inhabit the forested regions. 2675:Ecology of the Rocky Mountains 1553:. Dogtooth mountains, such as 1371:Two Jack Lake and Mount Rundle 1313:, where it converges with the 1230: 1215:, though still subject to the 1159:Peter Lougheed Provincial Park 1042:In 1984, Banff was declared a 816:were sent to Banff to work in 763: 626:as a public park known as the 1: 10021:1885 establishments in Canada 8268:South Peace Centennial Museum 7590:Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi 7565:Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks 6279:"Plains bison reintroduction" 5317:"Banff National Park Weather" 5059:. Summerthought. p. 78. 4760:"Banff National Park Weather" 4740:. Geological Survey of Canada 4354:. Alberta Historical Society. 3746:"Highway Mitigation Research" 3628: 3623:List of waterfalls of Alberta 3468:Calgary International Airport 3213: 2679: 2344:Average snowfall cm (inches) 2274:Average rainfall mm (inches) 1673:Köppen climate classification 1197:Buffalo Nations Luxton Museum 1059:Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks 881:Public Works Construction Act 282:Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks 113:Banff National Park (Alberta) 9957:North Central Rockies forest 7642:wildlands & wildernesses 7575:Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump 6507:(Map). Travel Alberta. 2013. 6281:. Parks Canada. June 6, 2017 6083:. Reuters. February 13, 2017 5924:Sylvan Consulting, Invermere 5542:10.1371/journal.pone.0150065 4669:Gem Trek Publishing (1999). 4142:. Coal Association of Canada 3613:List of mountains of Alberta 1633:at the northern end of Banff 1486:2.5 million years ago. 1209:Banff Mountain Film Festival 1155:Spray Valley Provincial Park 1116: 895:were set up in Banff during 364:is located to the south and 7: 9683:Dune Za Keyih (Frog-Gataga) 9172:Unnamed Alberta–BC mountain 5939:Canadian Journal of Zoology 5433:Canadian Journal of Zoology 3799:Luxton, Eleanor G. (2008). 3776:"A Highway Runs Through It" 3558: 3453:Saskatchewan River Crossing 2749: 2414:Average precipitation days 2013:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1873:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1462:in Banff range in age from 1269:Lake Louise Mountain Resort 293:Natural: (vii), (viii) 10: 10052: 9459:Waterton Biosphere Reserve 8551:South Okanagan—Similkameen 8218:Heritage Acres Farm Museum 8208:Galt Historic Railway Park 7585:Wood Buffalo National Park 7549:Protected areas in Alberta 6399:10.1579/0044-7447-29.7.401 6037:U.S. National Park Service 5725:Laurie, Dickmeyer (2009). 5139:Ommanney C. S. L. (2002). 4539:. Parks Canada. May 2004. 4388:"Advisory Body Evaluation" 4047:"About Brewster – History" 3545: 2980: 2962: 2672: 2668: 2656: 2648: 1706: 1652: 1354: 1282: 1234: 1227:on the outskirts of town. 1180: 1125:Map of Banff National Park 936:. In the 1930s, the first 716:and Banff scenery, c. 1917 640:. This was Canada's first 496: 433:Banff National Park has a 271:UNESCO World Heritage Site 9965: 9911: 9840: 9779: 9665: 9586: 9472: 9446: 9440:Parks and protected areas 9439: 9418: 9399: 9338: 9187: 8978: 8773: 8687: 8669: 8617:Marine Conservation Areas 8615: 8355: 8306:Provincial historic sites 8243:Remington Carriage Museum 8140: 8067: 7636: 7598: 7555: 7469: 7406: 7374: 7324: 6994: 6983: 6848: 6780: 6744: 6207:www.canadiangeographic.ca 5827:: 121–129. Archived from 5275:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 5150:. U.S. Geological Survey. 5148:Glaciers of North America 4952:Gadd, Ben (May 1, 1996). 4417:"Incorporation Agreement" 4352:Winter Sports in the West 4239:Sandford, Robert (2010). 4199:. Fifth House Publishers. 3725:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3618:List of trails in Alberta 3319:westslope cutthroat trout 3073:Alberta Municipal Affairs 3019:Columbian ground squirrel 2856:Columbian ground squirrel 2601: 2554: 2507: 2460: 2413: 2343: 2273: 2199: 2152: 2082: 2012: 1942: 1872: 1802: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1093:and the surrounding areas 952:installed there in 1948. 800:Internment and work camps 628:Banff Hot Springs Reserve 599:transcontinental railroad 513:and the surrounding areas 338:Alberta's Rocky Mountains 332:, established in 1885 as 319: 307: 297: 287: 277: 268: 264: 237: 227: 219: 211: 203: 166: 136: 125: 60: 42: 28: 23: 9947:Alberta Mountain forests 9748:Northern Rocky Mountains 8349:National Parks of Canada 7570:Dinosaur Provincial Park 7460:Regional Municipality of 6553:Canada Flight Supplement 6457:. Elsevier. p. 46. 6201:Bortolotti, Dan (2011). 5708:"Improvement District 9" 5490:"Caribou 101 – A Primer" 4508:. Dundurn. p. 339. 4368:. Fairmont Banff Springs 4305:Wheeler, Lauren (2009). 4272:. Rocky Mountain Books. 3441:Banff-Windermere Parkway 3383:, including a series of 3238:Canadian Pacific Railway 3112:Large species management 2998:billion annually to the 1541:is composed of numerous 1326:North Saskatchewan River 1319:North Saskatchewan River 1176: 1131:Alberta Mountain forests 1085:View from the summit of 979:, which were awarded to 753:Canadian Pacific Railway 710:Canadian Pacific Railway 633:Rocky Mountains Park Act 505:View from the summit of 457:at lower elevations and 389:Canadian Pacific Railway 9558:Abbot Pass Refuge Cabin 9175:(formerly Mount Pétain) 8299:National historic sites 8238:Prairie Elevator Museum 8169:Canadian Tractor Museum 7764:Dry Island Buffalo Jump 5254:Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci 4977:Langshaw, Rick (1989). 4081:Lothian, W. F. (1987). 4030:10.1093/envhis/11.4.724 3921:10.1093/envhis/11.4.724 3831:Lothian, W. F. (1987). 3131:biological interactions 1707:Climate data for Banff 1458:. The vast majority of 1261:Valley of the Ten Peaks 893:conscientious objectors 820:. The main camp was at 650:Mackinac National Parks 54:Valley of the Ten Peaks 9912:Ecozone and ecoregions 8630:Gwaii Haanas and Haida 8435:Gwaii Haanas and Haida 6532:Alberta Transportation 4781:Corbett, Bill (2004). 4733:Belyea, Helen (1960). 3949:Spirits of the Rockies 3788:on September 28, 2011. 3515: 3506:Banff-Bow Valley Study 3498:(CPAWS) filed a court 3490: 3364: 3266: 3199: 3189:predator–prey dynamics 3157: 3127:vegetation degradation 3121: 3042: 3029: 2990: 2923:white-tailed ptarmigan 2759: 2691: 2659:Deutscher Wetterdienst 1668: 1634: 1569:Glaciers and icefields 1372: 1364: 1334:David Thompson Highway 1273:Mount Victoria Glacier 1248: 1143:Kootenay National Park 1126: 991:. Bowing to pressure, 845: 717: 671: 593:With the admission of 514: 384: 383:Lower Consolation Lake 362:Kootenay National Park 9703:Height of the Rockies 8647:Saguenay-St. Lawrence 8390:Cape Breton Highlands 7964:Sir Winston Churchill 7699:Canmore Nordic Centre 6762:Census agglomerations 6528:Government of Alberta 5589:on September 13, 2005 5496:on September 17, 2017 5470:on September 30, 2007 5412:on September 14, 2017 4461:on November 29, 2003. 4191:Waiser, Bill (1995). 4111:"Banff Townsite Area" 4018:Environmental History 3957:10.3138/9781442619913 3909:Environmental History 3513: 3488: 3359: 3262: 3197: 3155: 3119: 3106:traditional knowledge 3040: 3027: 2989:Skiing at Lake Louise 2988: 2970:Mountain pine beetles 2959:Mountain pine beetles 2943:in Banff include the 2757: 2687: 1660: 1624: 1484:Quaternary glaciation 1387:), which is also the 1370: 1362: 1311:Saskatchewan Crossing 1244: 1124: 999:, Japan. When nearby 844:internment camp, 1915 840: 708: 692:Alpine Club of Canada 666: 504: 382: 9553:Twin Falls Tea House 8510:Prince Edward Island 8410:Georgian Bay Islands 8102:Muttart Conservatory 7854:Lois Hole Centennial 7557:World Heritage Sites 5858:Conservation Biology 5175:on October 23, 2010. 4908:. Hurtig Publishers. 4904:Baird, D.M. (1977). 4266:Scott, Chic (2003). 3457:Rocky Mountain House 3413:Trans-Canada Highway 2965:Mountain pine beetle 1803:Record high °C (°F) 1647:Saskatchewan Glacier 1237:Lake Louise, Alberta 1163:Trans-Canada Highway 1037:ecological integrity 1017:Trans-Canada Highway 1005:1988 Winter Olympics 985:1972 Winter Olympics 977:1968 Winter Olympics 965:1964 Winter Olympics 918:cross-country skiing 850:Government of Canada 638:Rocky Mountains Park 424:Trans-Canada Highway 417:Jasper National Park 334:Rocky Mountains Park 10006:Banff National Park 8288:Warner elevator row 8173:Cold Lake Air Force 8117:Oldman River Valley 8087:Edmonton Valley Zoo 8029:Willmore Wilderness 7914:Pierre Grey's Lakes 6484:Canadian Geographic 6391:2000Ambio..29..401S 6065:. February 6, 2017. 5981:Canadian Geographic 5870:2010ConBi..24..341H 5834:on December 3, 2010 5733:open.library.ubc.ca 5533:2016PLoSO..1150065S 5266:2007HESS...11.1633P 5220:WWF International. 4648:"Icefields Parkway" 4616:"Icefields Parkway" 4563:"Banff Census 2014" 4505:Treasures Of Canada 4136:Gadd, Benn (1989). 4053:on December 6, 2006 3721:Banff National Park 3555:in the Bow Valley. 3347:Banff longnose dace 3339:Banff longnose dace 3088:Previous management 3083:Wildlife management 2945:Banff Springs snail 2508:Average snowy days 2461:Average rainy days 2083:Record low °C (°F) 1943:Daily mean °C (°F) 1551:Cathedral Formation 1460:geologic formations 1383:(also known as the 1253:Chateau Lake Louise 1141:is to the west and 1047:World Heritage Site 889:Alternative service 824:, and was moved to 772:of the area signed 749:Banff National Park 668:Banff Springs Hotel 654:Banff Springs Hotel 630:in 1885. Under the 397:Chateau Lake Louise 393:Banff Springs Hotel 328:is Canada's oldest 326:Banff National Park 228:Governing body 184: / 116:Show map of Alberta 84:Banff National Park 24:Banff National Park 9932:Montane Cordillera 9543:Kicking Horse Pass 8957:Continental Ranges 8671:National Landmarks 8660:Tallurutiup Imanga 8475:Mingan Archipelago 8228:Krause Milling Co. 8188:Fort Edmonton Park 8122:Pearce Estate Park 8019:William A. Switzer 7974:Strathcona Science 7829:Kananaskis Country 7131:Lesser Slave River 6830:Population centres 6772:School authorities 6614:The New York Times 6162:. August 10, 2021. 6136:. Great West Media 6039:. October 27, 2016 5741:10.14288/1.0070842 5615:on August 23, 2017 4922:Gadd, Ben (1992). 4845:Gadd, Ben (2008). 4346:Yeo, Bill (1990). 3863:American Antiquity 3553:wildlife corridors 3520:National Parks Act 3516: 3491: 3381:Wildlife crossings 3365: 3301:The population of 3276:non-native species 3267: 3219:Wildlife crossings 3200: 3158: 3122: 3060:National Parks Act 3051:National Parks Act 3043: 3033:General management 3030: 2991: 2941:Endangered species 2915:mountain chickadee 2911:Clark's nutcracker 2760: 2692: 2651:Environment Canada 1669: 1635: 1389:continental divide 1373: 1365: 1285:Alberta Highway 93 1265:Canadian $ 20 bill 1249: 1217:National Parks Act 1147:Kananaskis Country 1139:Yoho National Park 1127: 1033:National Parks Act 846: 808:, immigrants from 744:National Parks Act 718: 672: 658:Lake Louise Chalet 603:Kicking Horse Pass 541:Indigenous peoples 515: 385: 366:Kananaskis Country 358:Yoho National Park 88:Show map of Canada 9986: 9985: 9927:Boreal Cordillera 9797:Fortress Mountain 9775: 9774: 9728:Mount Assiniboine 9678:Close To The Edge 9673:Akamina-Kishinena 9568:Banff Park Museum 9356:Columbia Icefield 8951:Winston Churchill 8733: 8732: 8725:Canada portal 8653:Strait of Georgia 8572:Torngat Mountains 8315: 8314: 8283:Ukrainian Village 8054:Wyndham-Carseland 7839:Lesser Slave Lake 7704:Caribou Mountains 7515: 7514: 7494:Canada portal 7461: 7453: 7445: 7437: 7429: 7428:, Municipality of 7421: 7402: 7401: 7356:24 (Wood Buffalo) 6918:Fort Saskatchewan 6835:Designated places 6820:Metis settlements 6464:978-0-12-409601-1 6316:978-0-9782375-4-7 5987:on April 16, 2016 5688:. August 13, 2009 5647:on June 25, 2006. 4933:978-0-9692631-1-1 4478:"How to get here" 4279:978-1-894765-46-6 4252:978-1-897425-58-9 4217:on March 25, 2014 4096:978-0-662-15217-0 3966:978-1-4426-1991-3 3846:978-0-662-15217-0 3810:978-0-9782375-4-7 3705:on June 15, 2006. 3284:indigenous people 2949:Physella johnsoni 2907:mountain bluebird 2812:white-tailed deer 2665: 2664: 2661:(sun, 1948–1970) 1677:subarctic climate 1675:, the park has a 1666:Columbia Icefield 1639:Columbia Icefield 1631:Athabasca Glacier 1627:Columbia Icefield 1575:Icefields Parkway 1547:Stephen Formation 1490:dominate Banff's 1488:Glacial landforms 1429:Mount Assiniboine 1345:Columbia Icefield 1279:Icefields Parkway 1149:, which includes 1145:is to the south. 872:Upper Hot Springs 714:Mount Assiniboine 535:Columbia Icefield 527:John A. Macdonald 491:Columbia Icefield 435:subarctic climate 409:Icefields Parkway 323: 322: 137:Nearest town 132:, Alberta, Canada 130:Alberta's Rockies 10043: 10016:Canadian Rockies 10001:IUCN Category II 9973:Geography portal 9832:Sunshine Village 9768: 9708:Hole-in-the-Wall 9444: 9443: 9391:Waputik Icefield 9275:North Kananaskis 8767:Canadian Rockies 8760: 8753: 8746: 8737: 8736: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8711: 8710: 8702:Park and Reserve 8641:Magdalen Islands 8567:Thousand Islands 8480:Mount Revelstoke 8342: 8335: 8328: 8319: 8318: 8082:Devonian Gardens 8049:Writing-on-Stone 7954:Saskatoon Island 7664:Big Hill Springs 7638:Provincial parks 7542: 7535: 7528: 7519: 7518: 7504: 7503: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7478: 7477: 7459: 7451: 7443: 7435: 7427: 7419: 7161:Northern Sunrise 6992: 6991: 6757:Census divisions 6736:Subdivisions of 6730: 6723: 6716: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6696: 6694:Official website 6680: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6555:. Effective 0901 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6525: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6342: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6300: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6259:. March 14, 2014 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6198: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5983:. Archived from 5972: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5833: 5822: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5773: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5714:on July 6, 2011. 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5662:. Calgary Herald 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5639: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5562: 5544: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5460: 5449: 5448: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5402: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5378: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5344: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5313: 5296: 5295: 5277: 5260:(5): 1633–1644. 5251: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5167: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5145: 5136: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5095: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4981:. Summerthought. 4974: 4968: 4967: 4949: 4938: 4937: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4842: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4739: 4730: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4627: 4620: 4612: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4591:. Bank of Canada 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4474: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4453: 4444: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4393:. UNESCO. 1992. 4392: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4326: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4188: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4113:. Parks Canada. 4107: 4101: 4100: 4089:. Parks Canada. 4078: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4049:. Archived from 4043: 4034: 4033: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3994: 3971: 3970: 3944: 3933: 3932: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3839:. Parks Canada. 3828: 3815: 3814: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3752:on March 1, 2007 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3646:Protected Planet 3638: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3573:Geography portal 3570: 3569: 3568: 3475:Canadian Pacific 3439:is known as the 3401:prescribed burns 3397:fire suppression 3069:provincial level 3011:Crasher Squirrel 2997: 2953:Woodland caribou 2724:Engelmann spruce 2511: 2464: 2417: 1704: 1703: 1612:Vulture Glaciers 1531:trellis drainage 1512:U-shaped valleys 1476:Laramide orogeny 1440:sedimentary rock 1377:Canadian Rockies 1087:Sulphur Mountain 1078: 1055:provincial parks 1013:Canmore, Alberta 942:Sunshine Village 868:Great Depression 862:projects in the 818:internment camps 794:Cascade Mountain 751:, named for the 700:British Columbia 595:British Columbia 507:Sulphur Mountain 459:Engelmann spruce 415:, connecting to 405:Great Depression 260: 255: 252: 250: 248: 246: 244: 215:25 November 1885 199: 198: 196: 195: 194: 189: 185: 182: 181: 180: 177: 117: 108: 107: 101: 89: 77: 76: 70: 47: 21: 20: 10051: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10041: 10040: 9991: 9990: 9987: 9982: 9961: 9907: 9836: 9787:Castle Mountain 9771: 9762: 9666:Provincial (BC) 9661: 9587:Provincial (AB) 9582: 9548:Skoki Ski Lodge 9523:Yellowhead Pass 9468: 9435: 9426:Mountain Stoney 9414: 9395: 9334: 9183: 8974: 8931:Tower of London 8886:Queen Elizabeth 8769: 8764: 8734: 8729: 8719: 8717: 8683: 8665: 8611: 8530:Riding Mountain 8385:Bruce Peninsula 8351: 8346: 8316: 8311: 8178:Ellis Bird Farm 8160:Atlas Coal Mine 8145: 8136: 8097:Mill Woods Park 8063: 7929:Queen Elizabeth 7824:Kinbrook Island 7794:Gooseberry Lake 7719:Castle Wildland 7641: 7632: 7594: 7551: 7546: 7516: 7511: 7488: 7486: 7465: 7420:Municipality of 7418:Crowsnest Pass, 7409: 7398: 7370: 7351:13 (Elk Island) 7327: 7320: 7271:Vermilion River 7156:Northern Lights 6997: 6986: 6979: 6856: 6844: 6805:Summer villages 6776: 6740: 6734: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6660: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6640: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6606: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6563: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6451: 6447: 6436: 6432: 6421: 6414: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6301: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6262: 6260: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6199: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6014: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5958: 5951:10.1139/z02-058 5935: 5931: 5920: 5916: 5905: 5901: 5854: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5784: 5774: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5723: 5719: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5527:(2): e0150065. 5513: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5452: 5445:10.1139/z02-058 5429: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5404: 5403: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5354:on May 17, 2013 5346: 5345: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5315: 5314: 5299: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5143: 5137: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5096: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4990: 4986: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4956:. Corax Press. 4950: 4941: 4934: 4926:. Corax Press. 4920: 4913: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4849:. Corax Press. 4843: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4685: 4678: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4628:on May 29, 2015 4625: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4565:. Town of Banff 4561: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4500: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4466: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4419:. Town of Banff 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4366:"Hotel History" 4364: 4363: 4359: 4344: 4340: 4324:10.21971/P7HC7D 4303: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4237: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4189: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4079: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4037: 4014: 4010: 3995: 3974: 3967: 3945: 3936: 3905: 3898: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3829: 3818: 3811: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3778: 3772: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3717:"Human History" 3715: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3666:Canada, Parks. 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3548: 3508: 3483: 3437:Castle Junction 3409: 3393: 3391:Fire management 3371:due to vehicle 3351:extinct species 3335:Pacific lamprey 3272: 3264:Lake Minnewanka 3257: 3216: 3114: 3090: 3085: 3058:. In 1988, the 3035: 2995: 2983: 2967: 2961: 2887:red-tailed hawk 2752: 2682: 2677: 2671: 2666: 2510:(≥ 0.2 cm) 2509: 2463:(≥ 0.2 mm) 2462: 2416:(≥ 0.2 mm) 2415: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1655: 1604:Wapta Icefields 1579:cirque glaciers 1571: 1539:Castle Mountain 1504:hanging valleys 1417:Sundance Ranges 1363:Castle Mountain 1357: 1287: 1281: 1239: 1233: 1213:town of Alberta 1185: 1179: 1119: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1084: 1079: 1025: 961:Winter Olympics 913: 858:which provided 842:Castle Mountain 822:Castle Mountain 810:Austria-Hungary 802: 786:Lake Minnewanka 766: 619: 607:Yellowhead Pass 580:Lake Minnewanka 543: 519:conservationist 499: 273: 241: 192: 190: 186: 183: 178: 175: 173: 171: 170: 159: 155: 151: 149:Castle Junction 147: 143: 121: 120: 119: 118: 115: 114: 111: 110: 109: 92: 91: 90: 87: 86: 80: 79: 78: 56: 38: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10049: 10039: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9858:Crowsnest Pass 9855: 9850: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9783: 9781: 9777: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9765:Muskwa-Kechika 9760: 9758:Stone Mountain 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9693:Graham-Laurier 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9669: 9667: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9653:Historic Sites 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9622:Peter Lougheed 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9590: 9588: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9563:Cave and Basin 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9538:Kootenae House 9535: 9530: 9528:Athabasca Pass 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9509:Historic Sites 9506: 9505: 9503:Waterton Lakes 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9476: 9474: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9450: 9448: 9441: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9431:Mountain Metis 9428: 9422: 9420: 9416: 9415: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9191: 9189: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8941:Victoria Cross 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8763: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8740: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8715: 8704: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8675: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8644: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8621: 8619: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8597:Waterton Lakes 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8361: 8359: 8357:National Parks 8353: 8352: 8345: 8344: 8337: 8330: 8322: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8302: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8213:Glenbow Museum 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8147:historic sites 8138: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8073: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7924:Police Outpost 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7874:Moonshine Lake 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7814:Hay-Zama Lakes 7811: 7809:Hilliard's Bay 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7754:Dillberry Lake 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7709:Carson-Pegasus 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7623:Waterton Lakes 7620: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7602: 7600:National parks 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7561: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7545: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7522: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7497: 7483: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7455: 7447: 7439: 7431: 7423: 7414: 7412: 7410:municipalities 7404: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7096:Grande Prairie 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6989: 6987:municipalities 6981: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6923:Grande Prairie 6920: 6915: 6908: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6862: 6860: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6767:Municipalities 6764: 6759: 6754: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6733: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6687: 6686:External links 6684: 6682: 6681: 6670: 6648: 6626: 6600: 6583: 6572: 6561: 6545: 6510: 6496: 6470: 6463: 6445: 6430: 6425:Calgary Herald 6412: 6385:(7): 401–407. 6369: 6358: 6329: 6315: 6292: 6270: 6244: 6219: 6190: 6165: 6147: 6120: 6094: 6068: 6050: 6024: 6012:Calgary Herald 5998: 5977:"The wolf man" 5967: 5956: 5945:(5): 789–799. 5929: 5914: 5899: 5864:(1): 341–344. 5845: 5808: 5753: 5717: 5699: 5673: 5650: 5626: 5600: 5574: 5507: 5481: 5450: 5439:(5): 789–799. 5423: 5394: 5365: 5330: 5319:. Parks Canada 5297: 5237: 5212: 5199:978-1926855721 5198: 5178: 5153: 5124: 5111:978-1927330197 5110: 5079: 5066:978-0978237523 5065: 5045: 5039:978-0921102656 5038: 5018: 5005:978-0978237547 5004: 4984: 4969: 4963:978-0969263111 4962: 4939: 4932: 4911: 4896: 4883:978-1897522400 4882: 4862: 4855: 4832: 4819:978-0978237547 4818: 4798: 4791: 4773: 4762:. Parks Canada 4751: 4716: 4703:978-1862392540 4702: 4688:Burek, Cynthia 4676: 4661: 4639: 4602: 4576: 4554: 4528: 4515:978-0888666420 4514: 4491: 4480:. Parks Canada 4464: 4430: 4408: 4379: 4357: 4338: 4311:Past Imperfect 4297: 4295:, p. 145. 4285: 4278: 4258: 4251: 4228: 4202: 4178: 4167:. Parks Canada 4153: 4128: 4102: 4095: 4064: 4035: 4008: 3972: 3965: 3934: 3915:(4): 724–750. 3896: 3875:10.2307/282077 3852: 3845: 3816: 3809: 3791: 3763: 3737: 3708: 3684: 3672:open.canada.ca 3658: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3576: 3560: 3557: 3547: 3544: 3507: 3504: 3489:Banff townsite 3482: 3479: 3449:David Thompson 3408: 3407:Transportation 3405: 3392: 3389: 3331:White sturgeon 3327:chinook salmon 3271: 3268: 3256: 3253: 3215: 3212: 3173:rubber bullets 3113: 3110: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3034: 3031: 2982: 2979: 2963:Main article: 2960: 2957: 2864:American bison 2751: 2748: 2720:Lodgepole pine 2681: 2678: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2604:sunshine hours 2599: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2557:sunshine hours 2552: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1654: 1651: 1583:are retreating 1570: 1567: 1421:Western Ranges 1356: 1353: 1330:David Thompson 1283:Main article: 1280: 1277: 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1203:, and several 1183:Banff, Alberta 1181:Main article: 1178: 1175: 1118: 1115: 1081: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1057:that form the 1024: 1021: 912: 911:Winter tourism 909: 878:. In 1934, the 864:national parks 826:Cave and Basin 801: 798: 765: 762: 624:Cave and Basin 618: 615: 588:Cave and Basin 578:names such as 542: 539: 498: 495: 455:Lodgepole pine 419:in the north. 403:, and through 321: 320: 317: 316: 309: 305: 304: 299: 295: 294: 291: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 188:51.5°N 116.0°W 168: 164: 163: 138: 134: 133: 127: 123: 122: 112: 103: 102: 96: 95: 94: 93: 81: 72: 71: 65: 64: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 48: 40: 39: 29: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10048: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9989: 9979: 9978:Canada portal 9976: 9974: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9904: 9903:Waterton Park 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9893:Tumbler Ridge 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9817:Mount Norquay 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9778: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9753:Pine Le Moray 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9718:Kikomun Creek 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9447:International 9445: 9442: 9438: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9260:Kicking Horse 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9186: 9180: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9151:Three Sisters 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8971: 8970:Muskwa Ranges 8968: 8966: 8965: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8756: 8754: 8749: 8747: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8726: 8716: 8714: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8638: 8636: 8635:Lake Superior 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8577:Tuktut Nogait 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8562:Thaidene Nëné 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8552: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8505:Prince Albert 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8485:Nááts'ihch'oh 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8465:Kouchibouguac 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8343: 8338: 8336: 8331: 8329: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8258:Royal Tyrrell 8256: 8254: 8253:Royal Alberta 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8233:Pioneer Acres 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8223:Heritage Park 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8198:Fort Whoop-Up 8196: 8194: 8193:Fort Victoria 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8092:Edworthy Park 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8059:Young's Point 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8039:Winagami Lake 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8014:Whitney Lakes 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7904:Pembina River 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7869:Miquelon Lake 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7804:Gregoire Lake 7802: 7800: 7799:Greene Valley 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7789:Glenbow Ranch 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7749:Cypress Hills 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7659:Beauvais Lake 7657: 7655: 7654:Antelope Hill 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7543: 7538: 7536: 7531: 7529: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7508: 7507: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7462: 7458:Wood Buffalo, 7456: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7440: 7438: 7432: 7430: 7424: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7405: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7376:Special areas 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7361:25 (Willmore) 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7186:Pincher Creek 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7146:Mountain View 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7111:Lac Ste. Anne 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6959:Sherwood Park 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6912:Fort McMurray 6909: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6857:service areas 6851: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6731: 6726: 6724: 6719: 6717: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6701: 6695: 6690: 6689: 6674: 6658: 6652: 6636: 6630: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6593: 6587: 6576: 6565: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6534:). March 2012 6533: 6529: 6522: 6521: 6514: 6506: 6500: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6449: 6441: 6434: 6427:. p. D1. 6426: 6419: 6417: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6362: 6346: 6341: 6333: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6299: 6297: 6285:September 13, 6280: 6274: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6195: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5850: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5661: 5654: 5643: 5636: 5630: 5619:September 16, 5614: 5610: 5604: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5500:September 16, 5495: 5491: 5485: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5416:September 13, 5411: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5382: 5375: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5223: 5216: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5182: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5113: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5022: 5007: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4988: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4916: 4907: 4900: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4866: 4858: 4856:9780969263128 4852: 4848: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4802: 4794: 4792:9781894765435 4788: 4784: 4777: 4761: 4755: 4736: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4672: 4665: 4654:September 13, 4649: 4643: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4564: 4558: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4498: 4496: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4423:September 13, 4418: 4412: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4367: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4233: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4140: 4132: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4031: 4027: 4024:(4): 724–50. 4023: 4019: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869:(1): 81–108. 3868: 3864: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3596:Bears and Man 3593: 3592: 3588: 3587:Canada portal 3577: 3574: 3563: 3556: 3554: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3377:fragmentation 3374: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3345:locally. The 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311:rainbow trout 3308: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3211: 3208: 3207:Plains bisons 3204: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3039: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 3001: 2987: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883:golden eagles 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852:snowshoe hare 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2824:bighorn sheep 2821: 2820:mountain goat 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764:Grizzly bears 2756: 2747: 2745: 2744:subalpine fir 2741: 2740:Douglas maple 2737: 2734:, occasional 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555:Mean monthly 2553: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2203: 2202:precipitation 2198: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1693:Chinook winds 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1592:Glaciologists 1588: 1587:Peyto Glacier 1584: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:geomorphology 1489: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1431:on the Banff- 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1369: 1361: 1352: 1350: 1349:Sunwapta Pass 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:Mistaya River 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:art galleries 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1123: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1100:town of Banff 1092: 1088: 1083: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993:Jean Chrétien 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 953: 951: 947: 946:Mount Norquay 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 883: 882: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856: 851: 848:In 1931, the 843: 839: 835: 832: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770:First Nations 768:In 1877, the 761: 758: 754: 750: 746: 745: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 715: 711: 707: 703: 701: 695: 693: 688: 683: 680: 677: 676:Stoney Nakoda 669: 665: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 642:national park 639: 635: 634: 629: 625: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 584:Waputik Range 581: 577: 576:Stoney Nakoda 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548:Stoney Nakoda 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 512: 508: 503: 494: 492: 486: 484: 480: 479:bighorn sheep 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 411:extends from 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 336:. Located in 335: 331: 330:national park 327: 318: 314: 310: 306: 303: 300: 296: 292: 290: 286: 283: 280: 276: 272: 267: 263: 259: 254: 240: 236: 233: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 197: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 135: 131: 128: 124: 100: 85: 69: 59: 55: 51: 46: 41: 36: 35:national park 32: 31:IUCN category 27: 22: 19: 9988: 9812:Marmot Basin 9763: 9738:Mount Robson 9733:Mount Fernie 9637:Spray Valley 9513:Jasper House 9482: 9409: 9376:Saskatchewan 9170: 9136:Stanley Peak 9121:Saskatchewan 9046:Edith Cavell 8962: 8955: 8916:South Jasper 8691: 8658: 8651: 8639: 8602:Wood Buffalo 8582:Ukkusiksalik 8549: 8540:Sable Island 8525:Quttinirpaaq 8430:Gulf Islands 8379: 8304: 8297: 8183:Fort Calgary 8034:Willow Creek 8009:Wabamun Lake 7989:Thunder Lake 7969:Spray Valley 7944:Rochon Sands 7734:Crimson Lake 7694:Calling Lake 7689:Brown-Lowery 7628:Wood Buffalo 7607: 7499: 7485: 7473: 7434:Lac La Biche 7336:4 (Waterton) 7306:Willow Creek 7231:Spirit River 7216:Saddle Hills 6965:Spruce Grove 6957: 6948:Medicine Hat 6943:Lloydminster 6910: 6902: 6880: 6853: 6745:Subdivisions 6673: 6661:. Retrieved 6651: 6639:. Retrieved 6629: 6617:. Retrieved 6613: 6603: 6586: 6575: 6564: 6552: 6548: 6538:November 27, 6536:. Retrieved 6519: 6513: 6504: 6499: 6487:. Retrieved 6483: 6473: 6454: 6448: 6439: 6433: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6361: 6349:. Retrieved 6344: 6332: 6320:. Retrieved 6305: 6283:. Retrieved 6273: 6261:. Retrieved 6257:Conservation 6256: 6247: 6235:. Retrieved 6231: 6222: 6210:. Retrieved 6206: 6181:. Retrieved 6177: 6168: 6160:Parks Canada 6159: 6156:"Bison Blog" 6150: 6138:. Retrieved 6134:RMOToday.com 6133: 6123: 6113:December 15, 6111:. Retrieved 6107: 6097: 6085:. Retrieved 6081:the Guardian 6080: 6071: 6062: 6053: 6041:. Retrieved 6036: 6027: 6015:. Retrieved 6011: 6001: 5989:. Retrieved 5985:the original 5980: 5970: 5959: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5923: 5917: 5908: 5902: 5861: 5857: 5836:. Retrieved 5829:the original 5824: 5811: 5785:. Retrieved 5782:www.pc.gc.ca 5781: 5744:. Retrieved 5732: 5727: 5720: 5712:the original 5702: 5690:. Retrieved 5676: 5664:. Retrieved 5653: 5642:the original 5629: 5617:. Retrieved 5613:the original 5603: 5591:. Retrieved 5587:the original 5577: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5498:. Retrieved 5494:the original 5484: 5472:. Retrieved 5468:the original 5436: 5432: 5426: 5414:. Retrieved 5410:the original 5385:. Retrieved 5380: 5368: 5356:. Retrieved 5352:the original 5321:. Retrieved 5257: 5253: 5240: 5228:. Retrieved 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5188: 5181: 5170:the original 5156: 5147: 5115:. Retrieved 5100: 5070:. Retrieved 5055: 5048: 5028: 5021: 5011:February 24, 5009:. Retrieved 4994: 4987: 4978: 4972: 4953: 4923: 4905: 4899: 4889:February 24, 4887:. Retrieved 4872: 4865: 4846: 4825:February 24, 4823:. Retrieved 4808: 4801: 4782: 4776: 4766:February 24, 4764:. Retrieved 4754: 4744:February 17, 4742:. Retrieved 4709:February 17, 4707:. Retrieved 4692: 4670: 4664: 4652:. Retrieved 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4623:the original 4593:. Retrieved 4588: 4579: 4569:November 15, 4567:. Retrieved 4557: 4545:. Retrieved 4531: 4521:February 17, 4519:. Retrieved 4504: 4484:February 17, 4482:. Retrieved 4456:the original 4421:. Retrieved 4411: 4401:September 1, 4399:. Retrieved 4382: 4370:. Retrieved 4360: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4288: 4268: 4261: 4241: 4221:November 15, 4219:. Retrieved 4215:the original 4205: 4194: 4169:. Retrieved 4144:. Retrieved 4138: 4131: 4119:. Retrieved 4105: 4086: 4055:. Retrieved 4051:the original 4021: 4017: 4011: 3948: 3912: 3908: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3836: 3800: 3794: 3783:the original 3756:September 1, 3754:. Retrieved 3750:the original 3740: 3728:. Retrieved 3720: 3711: 3700:the original 3687: 3675:. Retrieved 3671: 3661: 3649:. Retrieved 3645: 3636: 3594: 3549: 3540: 3532: 3524:Sheila Copps 3519: 3517: 3492: 3472: 3465: 3410: 3394: 3366: 3300: 3273: 3255:Human impact 3250: 3246:electro-mats 3243: 3234:Parks Canada 3226:Train tracks 3224: 3217: 3205: 3201: 3187:and altered 3185:habitat loss 3181: 3170: 3166:Buffaloberry 3159: 3139: 3135:Parks Canada 3123: 3098:Parks Canada 3095: 3091: 3076: 3059: 3056:conservation 3050: 3049:, under the 3047:Parks Canada 3044: 3008: 3004: 2992: 2968: 2948: 2939: 2868: 2761: 2698:, including 2693: 2204:mm (inches) 1756:Record high 1690: 1680: 1670: 1662:Parker Ridge 1636: 1597: 1572: 1535:Mount Rundle 1524: 1480: 1442:, including 1437: 1425:Mount Forbes 1405:Front Ranges 1384: 1374: 1342: 1338:Abraham Lake 1323: 1288: 1257:Moraine Lake 1250: 1216: 1193:Whyte Museum 1189:Banff Centre 1186: 1128: 1108: 1104:incorporated 1097: 1041: 1032: 1029:Parks Canada 1026: 1023:Conservation 989:Imperial Oil 958: 954: 938:downhill ski 914: 905:Saskatchewan 897:World War II 887: 879: 860:public works 853: 852:enacted the 847: 803: 767: 748: 742: 719: 696: 687:luxury liner 684: 679:First Nation 673: 637: 631: 627: 620: 592: 544: 516: 487: 463:grizzly bear 441:, including 432: 428:Parks Canada 421: 386: 333: 325: 324: 232:Parks Canada 193:51.5; -116.0 156: 140: 83: 82:Location of 50:Moraine Lake 18: 10036:Bison herds 9883:Lake Louise 9841:Communities 9827:Powder King 9802:Lake Louise 9780:Ski resorts 9743:Muncho Lake 9657:Frank Slide 9627:Sheep River 9612:Ghost River 9607:Elbow-Sheep 9602:Bragg Creek 9101:Resplendent 9026:Castleguard 8996:Assiniboine 8964:Hart Ranges 8846:Livingstone 8625:Fathom Five 8500:Point Pelee 8495:Pacific Rim 8470:La Mauricie 8203:Frank Slide 8132:Sylvan Lake 8077:Calgary Zoo 8069:Urban parks 7984:Sylvan Lake 7959:Sheep River 7919:Pigeon Lake 7849:Little Fish 7784:Garner Lake 7774:Eagle Point 7724:Chain Lakes 7684:Bragg Creek 7649:Aspen Beach 7506:WikiProject 7408:Specialized 7346:12 (Jasper) 7326:Improvement 7226:Smoky River 7166:Opportunity 7061:Clear Hills 7036:Birch Hills 6893:Chestermere 6825:Ghost towns 6782:Communities 6663:October 31, 6641:October 31, 6619:October 31, 6489:October 31, 6351:October 21, 6322:October 21, 6263:January 23, 6237:January 23, 6043:November 7, 6017:November 7, 5387:January 23, 5358:January 23, 4595:October 31, 4372:October 21, 4293:Waiser 1995 4146:October 21, 3651:October 13, 3481:Development 3385:underpasses 3341:are likely 3323:Chiselmouth 3307:brook trout 3270:Environment 3177:habituation 3162:Lake Louise 2800:timber wolf 2792:river otter 2768:black bears 2736:Douglas-fir 2602:Mean daily 2153:Record low 1664:, near the 1555:Mount Louis 1464:Precambrian 1401:Blue Ranges 1385:Park Ranges 1381:Main Ranges 1299:Peyto Lakes 1291:Hector Lake 1246:Lake Louise 1231:Lake Louise 1221:2014 census 1171:Lake Louise 1003:hosted the 922:ski jumping 866:during the 806:World War I 764:Coal mining 646:Yellowstone 572:Plains Cree 531:Lake Louise 523:hot springs 437:with three 413:Lake Louise 401:World War I 308:Inscription 212:Established 191: / 167:Coordinates 153:Lake Louise 9995:Categories 9941:ecoregions 9807:Little Mac 9642:White Goat 9617:Kananaskis 9597:Bow Valley 9533:Howse Pass 9330:Yellowhead 9255:Kananaskis 9031:Clemenceau 8841:Kananaskis 8791:Beaverfoot 8557:Terra Nova 8520:Qausuittuq 8450:Kejimkujik 8425:Gros Morne 8420:Grasslands 8395:Elk Island 8024:Williamson 7994:Tillebrook 7879:Moose Lake 7844:Little Bow 7819:Jarvis Bay 7779:Fish Creek 7739:Cross Lake 7679:Bow Valley 7669:Big Island 7613:Elk Island 7450:Strathcona 7366:Kananaskis 7316:Yellowhead 7296:Wetaskiwin 7281:Wainwright 7221:Smoky Lake 7211:Rocky View 7171:Paintearth 7136:Lethbridge 7091:Forty Mile 7066:Clearwater 7041:Bonnyville 6975:Wetaskiwin 6970:St. Albert 6938:Lethbridge 6840:Localities 5911:: 217–244. 5692:August 28, 3629:References 3518:While the 3500:injunction 3461:Highway 1A 3445:Highway 11 3433:Highway 93 3425:Highway 93 3343:extirpated 3315:Lake trout 3303:bull trout 3280:Bow Valley 3214:Strategies 2899:Canada jay 2738:and a few 2696:ecoregions 2689:Peyto Lake 2680:Ecoregions 2673:See also: 2657:Source 2: 2649:Source 1: 2155:wind chill 1688:altitude. 1685:Wapta Lake 1671:Under the 1516:anticlinal 1472:Cretaceous 1303:Bow Summit 1089:, showing 950:chair lift 901:Mennonites 891:camps for 757:Banffshire 730:Kananaskis 509:, showing 439:ecoregions 354:coniferous 350:ice fields 311:1984 (8th 52:, and the 9898:Valemount 9688:Elk Lakes 9346:Athabasca 9325:White Man 9315:Vermilion 9215:Crowsnest 9200:Athabasca 9131:Snow Dome 9076:Kitchener 9001:Athabasca 8991:Andromeda 8979:Mountains 8936:Vermilion 8881:President 8871:Morrissey 8836:High Rock 8831:Foothills 8816:Fairholme 8806:Crowsnest 8375:Auyuittuq 8112:Nose Hill 8004:Vermilion 7999:Two Lakes 7949:Rock Lake 7939:Red Lodge 7934:Ram Falls 7899:Park Lake 7889:Obed Lake 7884:Notikewin 7859:Long Lake 7744:Crow Lake 7729:Cold Lake 7674:Big Knife 7442:Mackenzie 7341:9 (Banff) 7328:districts 7311:Woodlands 7301:Wheatland 7266:Two Hills 7201:Ranchland 7101:Greenview 7086:Foothills 7081:Flagstaff 7026:Big Lakes 7011:Athabasca 6998:districts 6996:Municipal 6907:(capital) 6898:Cold Lake 6212:March 22, 6087:April 12, 5593:August 2, 5551:1932-6203 5284:1027-5606 4632:March 30, 4333:129298278 4057:August 3, 4003:639616565 3929:1084-5453 3891:163803566 3429:Cranbrook 3421:Vancouver 3417:Highway 1 3360:Wildlife 3230:corridors 3198:Gray wolf 3147:corridors 3102:ecosystem 2875:amphibian 2840:porcupine 2808:mule deer 2780:wolverine 2712:tree line 2704:subalpine 1643:Snow Dome 1527:dip slope 1520:synclinal 1456:limestone 1448:sandstone 1225:Bow Falls 1117:Geography 969:Innsbruck 934:skijoring 792:mine, at 556:Tsuut'ina 471:wolverine 447:subalpine 374:Bow River 372:, in the 298:Reference 9969:See also 9921:ecozones 9888:Sparwood 9723:Kwadacha 9647:Willmore 9632:Siffleur 9493:Kootenay 9473:National 9361:Crowfoot 9339:Glaciers 9305:Sunwapta 9295:Sinclair 9280:Palliser 9240:Highwood 9230:Fortress 9210:Carcajou 9066:Hungabee 9036:Columbia 8926:Terminal 8921:Sundance 8906:Sentinel 8876:Palliser 8826:Flathead 8713:Category 8692:Proposed 8545:Sirmilik 8515:Pukaskwa 8460:Kootenay 8400:Forillon 8248:Reynolds 8044:Woolford 7979:Sundance 7834:Lakeland 7769:Dunvegan 7759:Dinosaur 7480:Category 7291:Westlock 7261:Thorhild 7251:Sturgeon 7246:Stettler 7241:Starland 7236:St. Paul 7206:Red Deer 7176:Parkland 7106:Kneehill 7076:Fairview 7056:Cardston 7016:Barrhead 6953:Red Deer 6904:Edmonton 6871:Beaumont 6800:Villages 6407:85749410 6347:(Report) 6232:CBC News 6183:April 1, 6108:CBC News 6063:BBC News 5991:April 1, 5894:10895275 5886:19843126 5838:April 1, 5797:cite web 5787:March 8, 5746:March 8, 5666:March 6, 5569:26910226 5521:PLOS ONE 5474:July 12, 5230:July 12, 5205:April 6, 5117:April 6, 5072:April 6, 4547:June 20, 4541:Archived 4395:Archived 4317:: 6–35. 4121:June 13, 4115:Archived 3559:See also 3536:airstrip 3528:twinning 3369:wildlife 3362:overpass 3100:uses an 2848:chipmunk 2844:squirrel 2750:Wildlife 2597:1,740.4 2339:(11.66) 2269:(18.59) 2200:Average 2148:(−60.2) 2143:(−54.9) 2138:(−41.1) 2103:(−17.0) 2098:(−41.1) 2088:(−60.2) 1585:. While 1577:. 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