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Berber queen, prophetess, and leader of the non-Muslim response to the advancing Arab armies. Some historians claim Kahina was
Christian, or a follower of the Judaic faith, though few of the Ifran were Christians, even after more than half a millennium of Christianity among the urban populations and
352:
expediated to
Tlemcen in the same year, sacking it and disperising the Banu Ifren into many different tribes it was not until 1066 that the Almoravids led by Ibn Tashfin finished off the tribes by capturing Tlemcen and effectivly ending the Banu Ifren.
210:, and were known as expert cavalrymen. According to Ibn Khaldun, "Ifrinides" or "Ait Ifren" successfully resisted Romans, Vandals and Byzantines who sought to occupy North Africa before the arrival of the Muslim armies. According to
510:
deity, and their name may have an origin in their beliefs. Ifru rites symbolized in caves were held to gain favor or protection for merchants and traders. The myth of this protection is befittingly depicted on Roman coins.
402:
says only persecution without killing. It was described to have been a bloodbath and the women were reduced to slavery while the men were massacred. Sometime in the period 1038–1040 the
Maghrawa tribe retook
397:
was recaptured by Ya'la's grandson Tamīm. Fanatically devoted to religion, he began a persecution of the Jews, and is said to have killed 6000 of their men while confiscating their wealth and women, but
541:
claimed that the "Zenata people say they are
Muslims but they still oppose the Arab army". After 711, the Berbers were systematically converted to Islam and many became devout members of the faith.
1958:
1167:
Ibn
Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale, traduction de William McGuckin de Slane, éd. Paul Geuthner, Paris, 1978, tome 1, pp. 208–209 .
2876:
850:
Aḥmad ibn Khālid al-Salāwī, Kitāb el-istiqça li akhbār doual el-Maghrib el-Aqça : Histoire du Maroc, vol. 30–31, Paris, Librairie orientaliste Paul
Geuthner, 1923, p. 156.
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126:) at the end of the 11th century. The Ifranid dynasty was recognized as the only dynasty that defended the indigenous people of the Maghreb, by the Romans referred to as the
2662:
626:
Compleḿent de l'Encycloped́ie moderne: dictionnaire abreǵe ́ des sciences, des ... – Noel̈ Desverges, Lжon Renier, Edouard
Carteron, Firmin Didot (Firm). – Google Livres
348:
but were defeated nevertheless, and Abu Soda was killed however, their capitultion was not caused by the Arab invasion, as after suffering defeat, Hammadid leader
464:
1605:
361:
During the 11th century, the Banu Ifran contested with the
Maghrawa tribe for the control of the Maghreb al-Aqsa (present-day Morocco) after the fall of the
312:, who killed Ya'la, in battle in 954, the Fatimids struck back and destroyed Ifgan, and for some time afterward the Banu Ifran reverted to being scattered
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the more sedentary tribes. Ibn
Khaldun simply states that the Ifran were Berbers, and says nothing of their religion before the advent of Islam.
447:
The Banu Ifran were influential in al-Andalus (present-day Spain) in the 11th century AD: the Ifran house of Corra ruled the
Andalusian city of
2198:
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1886:
920:
841:"وزارة الأوقاف و الشؤون الإسلامية" (in Arabic). Islamic Morocco. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
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1993:
1952:
1891:
832:ʻAbd al-Laṭīf Aknūsh et Abdelatif Agnouche, Histoire politique du Maroc : pouvoir, légitimités, et institutions, Afrique Orient, 1987
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The Banu Ifran were opposed to the Sunnis of the Arab armies. They eventually converted, but joined the Kharidjite movement within Islam.
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Histoire politique du Maroc: pouvoir, légitimités, et institutions, ʻAbd al-Laṭīf Aknūsh, Abdelatif Agnouche, p.85, Afrique Orient, 1987
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was regarded as a sun goddess, cave goddess and protector of the home. Ifru or Ifran was regarded as a Berber version of Vesta.
1765:
1019:
Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'a la conquête français (1830), Volume 1
514:
563:
Lewicki, T. (1960–2007). "Banu Ifran". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
930:
903:
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Histoireg des BerbYres et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique ... – ʻAbd al-Raḥman b. Muḥammad Ibn Khaldчn – Google Livres
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380:
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Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires, France Commission des missions scientifiques et littéraires, France,
1847:
1797:
390:, Temim then expulsed half the population and putting the rest to slavery, he managed to then put his residence there.
2060:
2040:
2025:
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Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique, historique, du département de Constantine, Arnolet, 1878
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572:
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tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early Islamic North Africa. In the 8th century, they established a
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2133:
1986:
1457:
1264:
1232:
980:
2891:
1905:
1871:
1402:
1054:
340:. the Ifrenid emirate fell in 1058, after a Hilalian invasion on western Algeria, in which the Banu Ifren led by
1813:
1156:
1074:
1945:
1866:
794:
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began their rise to power and effectively conquered both the Banu Ifran and their brother-rivals the Maghrawa.
878:
861:
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1268:
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1915:
1714:
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1979:
1939:
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The oldest mentions concerning the Banu Ifran situate the bulk of their people in the western region of
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1658:
1704:
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was the military leader of the Berber troops who were at war against the Christian king and El Mehdi.
336:
tribes on the seaboard. The Banu Ifran had also founded Tadla and Sale where Tamim ibn Ziri built the
2841:
964:
2846:
999:
1965:
1861:
1687:
1675:
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La Berbérie et L'Islam et la France, Eugène Guernier, party 1, édition de l'union française, 1950
496:
195:
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337:
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Recueil des notices et mщmoires de la Sociщtщ archщologique, historique, et ... – Google Livres
230:
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in this region in 765 (over the site of the former Roman city of Pomaria) and established an
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1108:
2126:
1730:
1421:
966:كتاب المغرب في ذكر بلاد افريقية والمغرب: وهو جزء من اجزاء الكتاب المعروف بالمسالك والممالك
706:
Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archélologique de la province de Constantine
281:
8:
2911:
1629:
1410:
1378:
880:
Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société Archéologique de la Province de Constantine
59:
Prior to the 8th century, the Banu Ifran resisted or revolted against foreign occupiers—
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The dynasty of the Ifrinids, Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères, section Banou Ifran
131:
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KITAB EL-ISTIQÇA. TRADUCTION A. GRAULLE. Auteur AHMED BEN KHALED EN-NACIRI ES-SLAOUI
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ISRAEL AGAINST ALL ODDS: Anti-Semitism From Its Beginnings to the Holocaust Years
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by surprise in January 993 and held it for some months until the Maghrawa ruler
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2012:
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1349:
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135:
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Les cultes païens dans l'Empire romain, Jules Toutain, page 416, p635 and p636
324:. Others, led by Hammama, managed to gain control of the Moroccan province of
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223:
88:
45:
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Le passé de l'Afrique du Nord. Écrit par E.F. Gautier. Édition Payot, Paris
1721:
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Relations judéo-musulmanes au Marocperceptions et réalités, Michel Abitbol
238:
60:
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between 547 and 550, the Banu Ifran challenged the Byzantine armies under
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on the Atlantic coast, though this brought them into conflict with the
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119:
115:
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Les cultes paяens dans l'Empire romain – Jules Toutain – Google Livres
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Histoire Des Musulmans D'espagne, Reinhart Pieter et Anne Dozy, p.238
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was the principal spiritual philosophy. Ifri was also the name of a
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in 761 likely made them move further into what is now north-western
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Ibn Khaldun, Histoire des berberes, Traduction Slane, édition Berti
456:
440:
341:
293:
277:
273:
250:
245:). The conquests most likely caused them to move from there to the
211:
203:
111:
99:
92:
246:
158:, the Banu Ifran are named after an ancestor, Ifri, whose name in
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2410:
2405:
2388:
2383:
2363:
2265:
2166:
2156:
2142:
1333:
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969:(in French). Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien-Maisonneuve.
503:
492:
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in Andalusia from 1023 to 1039 and from 1039 to 1054. The son of
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383:
317:
262:
254:
174:
80:
64:
53:
1157:
The FalashasA Short History of the Ethiopian Jews, David Kessler
408:
329:
328:. Later, led by Abu al-Kamāl, they established a new capital at
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234:
199:
103:
76:
42:
2525:
2213:
1777:
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Constantine, Société Archéologique de la Province de (1865).
448:
436:
325:
313:
242:
139:
84:
894:
Lugan, Bernard; Fournel, Bernadette; Fournel, André (2018).
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or Nour of the house of Corra became lord of Ronda and then
2186:
301:
186:
127:
2111:
198:. The Banu Ifran were one of the four major tribes of the
98:
In the 10th century they founded a dynasty opposed to the
83:
invaders. In the eighth century they mobilized around the
2877:
States and territories disestablished in the 11th century
789:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–43.
404:
394:
366:
2020:. 2nd edition, Anubar Ediciones, Valencia, 1964. Vol. 1
2670:
963:
Bakrī, Abū ʻUbayd ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz (1965).
896:
Atlas historique de l'Afrique: des origines à nos jours
272:
In the 10th century the Ifranids were enemies with the
949:
Villes et tribus du Maroc: documents et renseignements
320:
neighbours. Some settled in regions of Spain, such as
2872:
States and territories established in the 8th century
2035:
vol. 24, p. 3657–3659 (Édisud, Aix-en-Provence,
1033:
Christopher H. K. Persaud Christian Publishing House,
356:
2016:. Annotated Spanish translation: A. Huici Miranda,
893:
946:indigènes, Morocco Direction des affaires (1920).
709:(in French). Alessi et Arnolet. 1874. p. 131.
663:Études sur la civilisation de l'Espagne musulmane
2833:
373:returned from Spain and reconquered the region.
994:
992:
787:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
2656:
2127:
1987:
819:, Ya'la died assassinated by a member of the
308:. Under the leadership of their able general
562:
989:
876:
726:(in Latin). impensis E. Weberi. p. 90.
668:Studies on the Civilization of Muslim Spain
659:
421:
304:and constructed a new capital, Ifgan, near
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2649:
2134:
2120:
1994:
1980:
1047:
694:Encyclopédie berbère 24 (2001): 3657-3659.
75:. In the seventh century, they sided with
2072:Ibn Khaldoun Les prolégomènes El Mokadima
945:
784:
2887:11th-century disestablishments in Africa
754:
670:]. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 154.
483:
431:
185:
169:
1130:
1106:
859:
719:
2834:
918:
780:
778:
723:Corpus scriptorum historiae byzantinae
565:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
558:
556:
554:
114:. The Banu Ifran were defeated by the
2644:
2115:
985:(in French). Société asiatique. 1859.
962:
233:, they were located in the region of
79:in her resistance against the Muslim
2882:8th-century establishments in Africa
2031:C. Agabi (2001), article "Ifren" in
316:in perpetual competition with their
1959:List of people on stamps of Algeria
1009:Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères
775:
761:. Peeters Publishers. p. 200.
551:
467:ruled Ronda from 1054 to 1057, and
249:region, and an Abbasid invasion of
30:
13:
1036:
866:(in French). Imprimerie impériale.
745:Monographie de l'aurès, Delartigue
520:Dihya, usually referred to as the
284:, although they themselves became
14:
2923:
919:Naylor, Phillip C. (7 May 2015).
357:Banu Ifran in the Maghreb al-Aqsa
2075:Gisèle Halimi. Title: La Kahina.
1221:
922:Historical Dictionary of Algeria
720:Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1836).
292:, they surged east and attacked
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863:Les prolégomènes d'Ibn Khaldoun
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803:
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479:
376:In 1029, the Banu Ifran led by
276:, aligning themselves with the
142:in Andalusia and governed from
1946:List of wars involving Algeria
898:. Monaco: Éditions du Rocher.
713:
697:
684:
653:
641:
617:
605:
581:
91:against the Arab Umayyads and
50:kingdom in the central Maghreb
1:
1192:
1021:Ernest Mercier Ernest Leroux,
177:, a capital of the Banu Ifran
925:. Rowman & Littlefield.
282:Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba
149:
118:and the invading Arabs (the
7:
2852:Medieval history of Algeria
2141:
1940:Military history of Algeria
474:
407:, forcing Tamīm to flee to
10:
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2902:Former countries in Africa
2897:11th century in al-Andalus
425:
414:Soon after that time, the
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2100:
2093:
2081:
1953:Postal history of Algeria
1892:Insurgency in the Maghreb
1715:Sétif and Guelma massacre
1044:list of leaders in arabic
952:(in French). H. Champion.
785:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
755:Lipiński, Edward (2004).
680:– via Google Books.
365:. Ya'la's son Yaddū took
134:, the Ifranids founded a
544:
422:Banu Ifran in Al-Andalus
296:in 945. Another leader,
2867:Dynasties in al-Andalus
1966:History of North Africa
1766:Independence referendum
1705:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
1107:Toutain, Jules (1920).
196:Mauretania Caesariensis
146:for several centuries.
71:—of their territory in
2892:1066 disestablishments
2055:, French translation (
1248:Iberomaurusian Culture
736:Corripus, la Johannide
499:
444:
344:collaborated with the
218:, during the reign of
191:
178:
2177:Koidamousii/Ucutumani
1872:High Council of State
1652:(19th–20th centuries)
1613:Emirate of Beni Abbas
1600:(16th–19th centuries)
1304:Archeology of Algeria
1137:Encyclopédie berbère
860:Khaldūn, Ibn (1868).
487:
465:Nour bin Badis Hallal
435:
393:In May or June 1033,
350:Buluggin ibn Muhammad
231:Arab-Muslim conquests
206:confederation in the
189:
173:
2862:History of Andalusia
2033:Encyclopédie Berbère
1422:Early African Church
1403:Prefecture of Africa
1387:Kingdom of the Aurès
1131:Moderan, Y. (2005).
758:Itineraria Phoenicia
660:Rachel Arié (199O).
495:(136), representing
338:Great Mosque of Sale
261:founded the city of
106:, the Umayyads, the
1630:Barbary Slave Trade
1411:Exarchate of Africa
1379:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
815:. But according to
471:from 1057 to 1065.
229:At the time of the
2857:History of Seville
2623:Kabyle nationalism
1935:Outline of Algeria
1843:Algerian Civil War
1642:Second Barbary War
1598:Regency of Algiers
500:
445:
192:
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130:. In 11th century
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2672:Islamic dynasties
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2110:
2109:
2104:Almoravid dynasty
2101:Succeeded by
2004:
2003:
1916:COVID-19 pandemic
1637:First Barbary War
1606:Ottoman governors
1466:Umayyad Caliphate
1395:Kingdom of Altava
982:Journal asiatique
932:978-0-8108-7919-5
905:978-2-268-09644-5
768:978-90-429-1344-8
502:Among the Ifran,
298:Yala ibn Mohammed
274:Fatimid Caliphate
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2082:Preceded by
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1814:1965 coup d'état
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160:Berber languages
56:as its capital.
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1787:
1710:Operation Torch
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1683:Emir Abdelkader
1659:French conquest
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1618:Emirate of Kuku
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1476:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1366:(146 BC–590 AD)
1365:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1319:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1258:
1256:Capsian culture
1250:
1242:
1240:Aterian Culture
1235:
1213:
1206:
1195:
1190:
1189:
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979:
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827:
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769:
753:
749:
744:
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735:
731:
718:
714:
703:
702:
698:
692:"Ifren (Beni)."
689:
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623:
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582:
575:
561:
552:
547:
535:
482:
477:
430:
424:
371:Ziri ibn Atiyya
363:Idrisid dynasty
359:
208:Aurès Mountains
184:
168:
152:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2925:
2915:
2914:
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2899:
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2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2804:(1666–present)
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
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2615:
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2608:
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2598:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2548:
2546:
2545:Related topics
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
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2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
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2196:
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2159:
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2139:
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2124:
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2102:
2099:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2044:
2029:
2018:Rawd el-Qirtas
2013:Rawd al-Qirtas
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1950:
1937:
1931:
1929:Related topics
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1911:Hirak Movement
1908:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1817:
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1811:
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1801:
1796:
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1758:
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1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:Mokrani Revolt
1690:
1688:Fatma N'Soumer
1685:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1650:French Algeria
1645:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:(1235–1556 AD)
1575:
1573:(1229–1574 AD)
1567:
1565:(1215–1465 AD)
1559:
1557:(1121–1269 AD)
1551:
1549:(1040–1147 AD)
1543:
1541:(1014–1152 AD)
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
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1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1371:Vandal Kingdom
1368:
1355:
1350:Jugurthine War
1347:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
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1217:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1149:
1123:
1099:
1090:
1066:
1057:
1046:
1035:
1023:
1011:
1002:
988:
972:
955:
938:
931:
911:
904:
886:
869:
852:
843:
834:
825:
812:Rawd al-Qirtas
802:
795:
774:
767:
747:
738:
729:
712:
696:
683:
676:
652:
640:
616:
604:
580:
573:
549:
548:
546:
543:
534:
531:
481:
478:
476:
473:
428:Taifa of Ronda
423:
420:
358:
355:
280:tribe and the
257:. Their chief
183:
180:
167:
164:
151:
148:
136:Taifa of Ronda
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2924:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
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2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
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2839:
2837:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
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2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2611:United States
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
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2558:
2555:
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2227:
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2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
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2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:2-7053-3638-9
2058:
2054:
2053:
2052:Kitab el Ibar
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:2-85744-201-7
2038:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:84-7013-007-2
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Peace Charter
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Civil Concord
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Berber Spring
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:FFS rebellion
1807:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Évian Accords
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
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1723:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
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1691:
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1677:
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1672:
1669:
1668:
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1631:
1628:
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1623:
1622:
1619:
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1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1533:(973–1152 AD)
1531:
1528:
1525:(970–1068 AD)
1523:
1520:
1517:(909–1171 AD)
1515:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1477:(742–1066 AD)
1475:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1458:Arab conquest
1456:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1153:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1094:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1006:
1000:
995:
993:
984:
983:
976:
968:
967:
959:
951:
950:
942:
934:
928:
924:
923:
915:
907:
901:
897:
890:
882:
881:
873:
865:
864:
856:
847:
838:
829:
822:
818:
814:
813:
806:
798:
792:
788:
781:
779:
770:
764:
760:
759:
751:
742:
733:
725:
724:
716:
708:
707:
700:
693:
687:
679:
677:90-04-09116-5
673:
669:
665:
664:
656:
650:
644:
628:
627:
620:
614:
608:
592:
591:
584:
576:
574:9789004161214
570:
566:
559:
557:
555:
550:
542:
540:
530:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
509:
505:
498:
494:
490:
486:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
439:was built by
438:
434:
429:
419:
417:
412:
410:
406:
401:
396:
391:
389:
385:
382:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:(present-day
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
224:John Troglita
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
188:
182:Early history
176:
172:
163:
161:
157:
154:According to
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
28:
24:
19:
2717:
2576:Arab-Berbers
2557:Latin script
2422:
2094:
2050:
2032:
2017:
2011:
1898:
1897:
1882:Black Spring
1832:
1831:
1802:
1722:Algerian War
1720:
1719:
1676:Pacification
1648:
1647:
1596:
1593:Modern times
1509:(800–909 AD)
1501:(789–828 AD)
1493:(776–909 AD)
1485:(771–793 AD)
1469:(703–744 AD)
1461:(647–709 AD)
1414:(585–698 AD)
1406:(534–585 AD)
1398:(578–708 AD)
1390:(484–703 AD)
1382:(477–578 AD)
1374:(435–534 AD)
1353:(111–106 BC)
1345:(264–146 BC)
1263:Rock art in
1181:
1172:
1163:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1109:
1102:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1075:
1069:
1060:
1049:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1005:
981:
975:
965:
958:
948:
941:
921:
914:
895:
889:
883:(in French).
879:
872:
862:
855:
846:
837:
828:
810:
809:So says the
805:
786:
757:
750:
741:
732:
722:
715:
705:
699:
686:
667:
662:
655:
649:Book on line
643:
631:. Retrieved
625:
619:
613:book on line
607:
595:. Retrieved
589:
583:
564:
536:
533:During Islam
519:
513:
501:
480:Before Islam
446:
413:
392:
375:
360:
271:
269:based here.
239:Tripolitania
228:
215:
193:
153:
97:
58:
38:
34:
22:
20:
18:
16:Ethnic group
2822:(1837–1969)
2816:(1711–1835)
2814:Karamanlids
2810:(1705–1957)
2798:(1549–1659)
2792:(1472–1554)
2786:(1269–1465)
2780:(1235–1556)
2774:(1229–1574)
2768:(1147–1269)
2762:(1059–1158)
2760:Khurasanids
2756:(1040–1147)
2750:(1008–1152)
2730:Sulaymanids
2700:Muhallabids
2606:Netherlands
2481:Berber Jews
2047:Ibn Khaldun
2008:Ibn Abi Zar
1906:Arab Spring
1783:Oujda Group
1773:Pieds-noirs
1756:1961 putsch
1751:1958 crisis
1731:Nationalism
1724:(1954–1962)
1482:Muhallabids
1451:Middle Ages
1337:(202–46 BC)
1259:(10,000 BC)
1251:(20,000 BC)
1243:(80,000 BC)
1212:History of
817:Ibn Khaldun
539:Ibn Khaldun
400:Ibn Khaldun
220:Justinian I
156:Ibn Khaldun
138:in 1039 at
124:Banu Sulaym
35:Banu Yafran
2912:Kharijites
2836:Categories
2754:Almoravids
2744:(973–1148)
2720:(790–1066)
2690:(710–1019)
2423:Banu Ifran
2319:Barghawata
2229:Mauretania
2209:Marmaridae
2172:Garamantes
2098:950- 1066
1826:1988 riots
1671:Resistance
1546:Almoravids
1359:Mauretania
1342:Punic Wars
1233:Prehistory
1193:References
796:0521337674
690:Agabi, C.
524:, was the
426:See also:
416:Almoravids
388:Barghawata
334:Barghawata
286:Kharijites
120:Banu Hilal
116:Almoravids
69:Byzantines
23:Banu Ifran
2820:Senussids
2808:Husaynids
2790:Wattasids
2778:Zayyanids
2748:Hammadids
2738:(909–973)
2732:(814–922)
2726:(800–909)
2724:Aghlabids
2714:(788–985)
2708:(777–909)
2706:Rustamids
2702:(771–793)
2696:(757–976)
2694:Midrarids
2618:Berberism
2496:Mozabites
2329:Fendelawa
2256:Masaesyli
2246:Nasamones
2241:Musulamii
2224:Makanitae
2219:Bakouatae
2162:Banioubae
1853:Massacres
1803:1960s–80s
1578:Ziyyanids
1538:Hammadids
1522:Maghrawas
1506:Aghlabids
1490:Rustamids
1324:Phoenicia
1317:Antiquity
1302:Related:
1290:Madghacen
821:Fatimides
567:. Brill.
469:Abu Nacer
386:from the
381:conquered
346:Hammadids
300:captured
290:Abu Yazid
288:. Led by
259:Abu Qurra
150:Etymology
112:Maghraoua
108:Hammadids
89:revolting
41:, were a
2802:'Alawids
2784:Marinids
2766:Almohads
2736:Fatimids
2718:Ifranids
2712:Idrisids
2688:Salihids
2564:Religion
2506:Riffians
2491:Matmatas
2466:Ghomaras
2461:Chenouas
2433:Maghrawa
2354:Guanches
2287:Medieval
2261:Massylii
2236:Meshwesh
2204:Machlyes
2182:Leuathae
2085:Rustamid
1848:Timeline
1562:Marinids
1554:Almohads
1514:Fatimids
1498:Idrisids
1474:Ifranids
1437:Gemellae
1427:Partenia
1203:a series
1201:Part of
1133:"Kahena"
475:Religion
457:Abu Nour
443:in 1014
441:Abu Nour
342:Abu Soda
294:Kairouan
278:Maghrawa
251:Ifriqiya
226:to war.
216:Iohannis
212:Corippus
204:Gaetulia
128:Africani
122:and the
110:and the
100:Fatimids
93:Abbasids
39:Ifranids
31:بنو يفرن
2796:Sa'dids
2772:Hafsids
2676:Maghreb
2591:Belgium
2536:Zayanes
2531:Tuaregs
2501:Nafusis
2486:Kabyles
2471:Hawwara
2456:Chaouis
2451:Brabers
2411:Lamtuna
2406:Sanhaja
2401:Nafzawa
2396:Matmata
2389:Hintata
2384:Masmuda
2379:Madyuna
2364:Hawwara
2359:Haskura
2344:Ghiatta
2339:Gazoula
2334:Ghumara
2314:Bahlula
2304:Awregha
2294:Adjissa
2266:Numidia
2251:Numidae
2167:Gaetuli
2157:Bavares
2150:Ancient
2143:Berbers
1570:Hafsids
1334:Numidia
1277:Ahaggar
1273:Tassili
1214:Algeria
1142:5 March
1116:16 June
1083:16 June
823:in 958.
633:16 June
597:16 June
504:animism
493:Hadrian
461:Seville
384:Tamesna
318:Sanhaja
306:Mascara
267:emirate
263:Tlemcen
255:Algeria
214:in his
175:Tlemcen
166:History
144:Cordoba
87:dogma,
81:Umayyad
65:Vandals
54:Tlemcen
52:, with
2907:Zenata
2742:Zirids
2678:region
2601:France
2596:Canada
2552:Script
2526:Teknas
2516:Shilha
2476:Jerbis
2444:Modern
2428:Jarawa
2418:Zanata
2374:Luwata
2369:Kutama
2349:Godala
2309:Azdeja
2299:Awerba
2278:Psylli
2059:
2039:
2024:
1833:1990s–
1778:Harkis
1530:Zirids
1363:Africa
1357:Roman
1295:Jedars
1285:Roknia
1269:Djelfa
1205:on the
1079:. 1878
929:
902:
793:
765:
674:
629:. 1857
593:. 1856
571:
526:Jarawa
522:Kahina
508:Berber
497:Africa
453:Yeddas
322:Málaga
314:nomads
310:Jawhar
235:Yafran
200:Zenata
132:Iberia
104:Zirids
102:, the
77:Kahina
73:Africa
67:, and
61:Romans
46:Berber
43:Zenata
27:Arabic
2569:Islam
2521:Siwis
2324:Fazaz
2214:Mauri
2199:Macae
2192:Libya
1835:2000s
666:[
545:Notes
449:Ronda
437:Ronda
378:Temim
326:Tadla
247:Aurès
243:Libya
140:Ronda
85:Sufri
37:) or
2628:flag
2187:Libu
2087:and
2057:ISBN
2037:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1746:GPRA
1736:RCUA
1361:and
1275:and
1265:Oran
1144:2024
1118:2013
1085:2013
927:ISBN
900:ISBN
791:ISBN
763:ISBN
672:ISBN
635:2013
599:2013
569:ISBN
515:Ifru
409:Salé
330:Salé
302:Oran
21:The
2674:in
1867:GIA
1862:FIS
1741:FLN
491:of
405:Fes
395:Fes
367:Fes
237:in
202:or
2838::
2049:,
2010:,
1271:,
1267:,
1135:.
991:^
777:^
553:^
489:As
451:.
411:.
95:.
63:,
33:,
29::
2664:e
2657:t
2650:v
2135:e
2128:t
2121:v
2063:)
2043:)
2028:.
1995:e
1988:t
1981:v
1962:)
1956:(
1949:)
1943:(
1146:.
1120:.
1087:.
935:.
908:.
799:.
771:.
637:.
601:.
577:.
25:(
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