379:
although this is a second-hand report with no verification. This demanding migration has long puzzled physiologists and naturalists: "there must be a good explanation for why the birds fly to the extreme altitudes... particularly since there are passes through the
Himalaya at lower altitudes, and which are used by other migrating bird species." In fact, bar-headed geese had for a long time not been directly tracked (using GPS or satellite logging technology) flying higher than 6,540 metres (21,460 ft), and it is now believed that they do take the high passes through the mountains. The challenging northward migration from lowland India to breed in the summer on the Tibetan Plateau is undertaken in stages, with the flight across the Himalaya (from sea-level) being undertaken non-stop in as little as seven hours. Surprisingly, despite predictable tail winds that blow up the Himalayas (in the same direction of travel as the geese), bar-headed geese spurn these winds, waiting for them to die down overnight, when they then undertake the greatest rates of climbing flight ever recorded for a bird, and sustain these climbs rates for hours on end, according to research published in 2011.
418:
700:
564:
672:
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the
Himalayas in order to utilize lower-altitude valleys and passes. Only 10 of the tagged geese were ever recorded above this altitude, and only one exceeded 6,500 m (21,300 ft), reaching 7,290 m (23,920 ft). All but one of these high-altitude flights were recorded at night, which along with the early morning, is the most common time of day for geese migration. The colder denser air during these times may be equivalent to an altitude hundreds of meters lower. It is suspected by the authors of these two studies that tales of the geese flying at 8,000 m (26,000 ft) are apocryphal. Bar headed geese have been observed flying at 7,000 metres (23,000 ft).
38:
720:
648:
628:
609:
752:
348:
740:
94:
383:
69:
216:
477:
359:
414:. The modern winter habitat of the species is cultivated fields, where it feeds on barley, rice and wheat, and may damage crops. Birds from Kyrgyzstan have been seen to stopover in western Tibet and southern Tajikistan for 20 to 30 days before migrating farther south. Some birds may show high wintering site fidelity.
390:
The 2011 study found the geese peaking at an altitude of around 6,400 m (21,000 ft). In a 2012 study that tagged 91 geese and tracked their migration routes, it was determined that the geese spent 95% of their time below 5,784 m (18,976 ft), choosing to take a longer route through
458:
are frequent, and almost certainly relate to escapes. However, the species has bred on several occasions in recent years, and around five pairs were recorded in 2002, the most recent available report of the Rare Birds
Breeding Panel. It is possible that, owing to a combination of frequent migration,
492:
muscle fibres in order to sustain flight at high altitudes. Flight is very metabolically costly at high-altitudes because birds need to flap harder in thin air to generate lift. Studies have found that bar-headed geese breathe more deeply and efficiently under low-oxygen conditions, which serves to
378:
The bar-headed goose is one of the world's highest-flying birds, having been heard flying across Mount Makalu – the fifth highest mountain on earth at 8,481 m (27,825 ft) – and apparently seen over Mount
Everest – 8,848 m (29,029 ft) –
369:
The summer habitat is high-altitude lakes where the bird grazes on short grass. The species has been reported as migrating south from Tibet, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia before crossing the
Himalayas. The bird has come to the attention of medical science in recent years as having been an early
531:
Bar-headed geese have a slightly larger wing area for their weight than other geese, which is believed to help them fly at high altitudes. While this decreases the power output required for flight in thin air, birds at high altitude still need to flap harder than lowland birds.
338:
by the black bars on its head. It is also much paler than the other geese in this genus. In flight, its call is a typical goose honking. A mid-sized goose, it measures 71–76 cm (28–30 in) in total length and weighs 1.87–3.2 kg (4.1–7.1 lb).
374:
from crows, foxes, ravens, sea eagles, gulls and others. The total population may, however, be increasing, but it is complex to assess population trends, as this species occurs over more than 2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi).
504:. This mutation causes a conformational shift in the haemoglobin molecule from the low-oxygen to the high-oxygen affinity form. The left-ventricle of the heart, which is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body via
1342:
Liu, X.-Z.; Li, S.-L.; Jing, H.; Liang, Y.-H.; Hua, Z.-Q.; Lu, G.-Y. (2001). "Avian haemoglobins and structural basis of high affinity for oxygen: Structure of bar-headed goose aquomet haemoglobin".
1166:
Takekawa, J. Y.; Heath, S. R.; Douglas, D. C.; Perry, W. M.; Javed, S.; Newman, S. H.; Suwal, R. N.; Rahmani, A. R.; houdhury, B. C.; et al. (2009). "Geographic
Variation in Bar-headed Geese
1436:
Zhang, J.; Hua, Z; Tame, J.R; Zhang, R; Gu, X. (January 26, 1996). "The crystal structure of a high oxygen affinity species of haemoglobin (bar-headed goose haemoglobin in the oxy form)".
699:
926:
563:
671:
719:
282:, as far south as peninsular India. It lays three to eight eggs at a time in a ground nest. It is known for the extreme altitudes it reaches when migrating across the
1565:
Lee, S.Y.; Scott, G.R.; Milsom, W.K. (2008). "Have wing morphology or flight kinematics evolved for extreme high altitude migration in the bar-headed goose?".
2148:
1030:
Hawkes, L. A.; Balachandran, S.; Batbayar, N.; Butler, P. J.; Frappell, P. B.; Milsom, W. K.; Tseveenmyadag, N.; Newman, S. H.; Scott, G. R. (2011).
417:
1934:
938:
1999:
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578:
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2118:
451:. Intraspecific brood parasitism is noticed with lower rank females attempting to lay their eggs in the nests of higher ranking females.
1895:
1190:
1960:
627:
774:
466:, U.S., but there is no evidence that the population is breeding and it may only persist due to continuing escapes or releases.
2025:
1137:
1965:
995:
Black, C. P.; Tenney, S. M. (1980). "Oxygen
Transport During Progressive Hypoxia in High-altitude and Sea-level Waterfowl".
787:
Javed, S.; Takekawa, J. Y.; Douglas, D. C.; Rahmani, A. R.; Kanai, Y.; Nagendran, M.; Choudhury, B. C.; Sharma, S. (2000).
788:
298:
has no other member indigenous to the Indian region, nor any at all to the
Ethiopian, Australian, or Neotropical regions.
454:
The bar-headed goose is often kept in captivity, as it is considered beautiful and breeds readily. Recorded sightings in
751:
1843:
1659:
497:
of their blood has a higher affinity for oxygen than that of low-altitude geese, which has been attributed to a single
2069:
459:
accidental escapes and deliberate introduction, the species is becoming gradually more established in Great
Britain.
608:
2143:
2077:
1908:
1874:
927:"Highest Flying Bird Found; Can Scale Himalaya: The Bar-headed Goose Can Reach Nearly 21,120 Feet, New Study Shows"
789:"Tracking the spring migration of a bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) across the Himalaya with satellite telemetry"
2004:
1887:
1856:
1379:"Adaptation of bird hemoglobins to high altitudes: demonstration of molecular mechanism by protein engineering"
524:(the main site of oxygen consumption) in the flight muscle of bar-headed geese are significantly closer to the
739:
1986:
37:
1947:
1315:
Milsom, William K.; Scott, Graham (2008). "Respiratory adaptations in the high flying bar-headed goose".
934:
205:
1477:"Molecular evolution of cytochrome C oxidase underlies high-altitude adaptation in the bar-headed goose"
2133:
842:
467:
2082:
528:, decreasing the intracellular diffusion distance of oxygen from the capillaries to the mitochondria.
1750:
544:
of Indian mythology. Another interpretation suggests that the bar-headed goose is likely to be the
93:
2138:
1723:
2056:
332:
The bird is pale grey and is easily distinguished from any of the other grey geese of the genus
1939:
1768:
1685:
1640:
678:
600:
585:
570:
428:
1978:
2123:
2051:
1602:"Kinematics of hovering hummingbird flight along simulated and natural elevational gradients"
188:
2043:
2064:
1817:
1773:
1732:
1390:
1047:
969:
505:
489:
423:
370:
victim of the H5N1 virus, HPAI (highly pathogenic avian influenza), at
Qinghai. It suffers
20:
1674:
1149:
8:
819:
513:
58:
46:
1518:"Evolution of muscle phenotype for extreme high altitude flight in the bar-headed goose"
1394:
1235:
Weigmann, C.; Lamprecht, J. (1991). "Intraspecific Nest Parasitism in Bar-headed Geese,
1051:
973:
1542:
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1256:
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Hawkes et al. (2011) The Trans-Himalayan flights of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus)
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2012:
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1991:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1328:
1040:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
517:
501:
484:
The main physiological challenge of bar-headed geese is extracting oxygen from
395:
50:
1355:
1213:
1170:: Connectivity of Wintering Areas and Breeding Grounds Across a Broad Front".
2112:
1973:
1848:
1708:
874:
828:
455:
334:
78:
73:
1516:
Scott, G.R.; Egginton, S.; Richards, J.G.; Milsom, W.K. (October 22, 2009).
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1952:
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1533:
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Hawkes, L. A.; Balachandran, S.; Batbayar, N.; et al. (October 2012).
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541:
521:
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165:
145:
19:"Eulabeia" redirects here. For the Greek mythological personification, see
1475:; Egginton, S.; Scott, A.L.; Richards, J.G.; Milsom, W.K. (January 2011).
1457:
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1016:
1921:
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2017:
1900:
1189:
Koppen, U; Yakovlev, A. P.; Barth, R.; Kaatz, M.; Berthold, P. (2010).
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411:
403:
279:
1618:
1601:
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in bar-headed geese than in lowland birds, maintaining oxygenation of
1830:
890:
868:(in German). Dresden Expedition der Vollständigsten Naturgeschichte.
686:
658:
436:
399:
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283:
105:
1926:
1679:
1095:"The Paradox of Extreme High-altitude Migration in Bar-headed Geese
1835:
1809:
1702:
1654:
KN Dave (2005), Birds in Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarsidass,
706:
540:
The bar-headed goose has been suggested as being the model for the
476:
358:
215:
155:
125:
1276:"The physiology and biomechanics of avian flight at high altitude"
462:
The bar-headed goose has escaped or been deliberately released in
2030:
1822:
1745:
463:
1435:
1029:
1377:
Jessen, T.; Weber, R.E.; Fermi, G.; Tame, J. (August 1, 1991).
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in colonies of thousands near mountain lakes and winters in
808:
786:
761:
730:
135:
1092:
1599:
1191:"Seasonal Migrations of Four Individual Bar-headed Geese
1165:
1153:
960:
Swan, L. W. (1961). "The Ecology of the High Himalayas".
1188:
817:
548:
in ancient and medieval Sanskrit literature, whereas
1273:
1032:"The Trans-Himalayan Flights of Bar-headed Geese (
843:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679893A131908564.en
1234:
493:increase oxygen uptake from the environment. The
312:in 1852, though John Boyd's taxonomy treats both
2110:
1195:from Kyrgyzstan Followed by Satellite Telemetry"
1150:Bar-headed geese: Highest bird migration tracked
362:Bar-headed goose wing flapping in Hadinaru lake
1600:Altshuler, D.L.; Dudley, R. (September 2003).
1564:
1341:
1274:Altshuler, D.; Dudley, R. (6 January 2006).
866:Die vollständigste Naturgeschichte der Vögel
471:
1314:
994:
863:
214:
67:
36:
2149:Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist)
1617:
1567:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C
1541:
1492:
1412:
1402:
1317:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C
1291:
1122:
1069:
1059:
873:
841:
386:Swimming at Sylvan Heights Waterfowl Park
725:Bar-headed goose with Canada geese near
475:
416:
381:
357:
346:
2111:
1642:The Goose in Indian Literature and Art
920:
918:
775:Tsomoriri Wetland Conservation Reserve
1684:
1683:
535:
1888:e966bc2c-36bf-4a68-b139-8a51b60c8361
1645:(Leiden, 1962) by J. Ph. Vogel, p. 2
959:
924:
888:
2119:IUCN Red List least concern species
1280:Integrative and Comparative Biology
915:
882:
829:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
302:placed the bar-headed goose in the
13:
1522:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1103:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
864:Reichenbach, H. G. Ludwig (1852).
14:
2160:
1668:
982:10.1038/scientificamerican1061-68
1344:Acta Crystallographica Section D
750:
738:
718:
698:
670:
646:
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402:to spend the winter in parts of
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1634:
1606:Journal of Experimental Biology
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1558:
1509:
1481:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1464:
1429:
1370:
1335:
1308:
1267:
1228:
1182:
1159:
818:BirdLife International (2018).
1143:
1086:
1023:
988:
953:
857:
552:generally refers to the swan.
327:
1:
1253:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80905-4
796:Global Environmental Research
780:
520:. Compared to lowland birds,
1438:Journal of Molecular Biology
1009:10.1016/0034-5687(80)90046-8
7:
935:National Geographic Society
925:Than, Ker (June 10, 2011).
768:
488:air and transporting it to
289:
10:
2165:
1579:10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.05.009
1329:10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.10.047
555:
342:
18:
1692:
1356:10.1107/S0907444901004243
1214:10.1007/s10336-010-0492-1
836:: e.T22679893A131908564.
508:, has significantly more
472:Physiology and morphology
229:
222:
213:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
44:
35:
30:
931:National Geographic News
875:10.5962/bhl.title.102901
569:Preening and resting at
447:They nest mainly on the
2144:Birds described in 1790
1404:10.1073/pnas.88.15.6519
1061:10.1073/pnas.1017295108
1534:10.1098/rspb.2009.0947
1450:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0040
1202:Journal of Ornithology
1115:10.1098/rspb.2012.2114
997:Respiration Physiology
933:. Washington, DC, US:
705:Bar-headed geese near
679:Keoladeo National Park
601:Keoladeo National Park
586:Keoladeo National Park
571:Keoladeo National Park
481:
444:
429:Keoladeo National Park
387:
366:
355:
2052:Paleobiology Database
1494:10.1093/molbev/msq205
479:
420:
394:The bar-headed goose
385:
361:
350:
294:The grey goose genus
1883:Fauna Europaea (new)
514:cardiac muscle cells
506:systemic circulation
424:Plegadis falcinellus
21:Eulabeia (mythology)
1395:1991PNAS...88.6519J
1052:2011PNAS..108.9516H
974:1961SciAm.205d..68S
962:Scientific American
941:on February 1, 2013
889:Boyd, John (2007).
745:In Karnataka, India
410:to as far south as
59:Conservation status
1293:10.1093/icb/icj008
1109:(1750): 20122114.
536:Cultural depiction
482:
445:
388:
367:
356:
300:Ludwig Reichenbach
2134:Birds of Mongolia
2106:
2105:
2039:Open Tree of Life
1686:Taxon identifiers
1619:10.1242/jeb.00540
1528:(1673): 3645–53.
1046:(23): 9516–9519.
733:, U.S., July 2015
421:With glossy ibis
258:
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82:
31:Bar-headed goose
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937:. Archived from
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902:Taxonomy in Flux
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320:as subgenera of
262:bar-headed goose
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47:St. James's Park
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449:Tibetan Plateau
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274:that breeds in
245:Eulabeia indica
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180:A. indicus
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16:Species of bird
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2139:Birds of Tibet
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1870:Fauna Europaea
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1669:External links
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1660:978-8120818422
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767:
766:
765:
756:
749:
747:
744:
737:
735:
724:
717:
715:
704:
697:
695:
676:
669:
667:
653:Flying off at
652:
645:
643:
633:Flying off at
632:
625:
623:
613:
606:
604:
598:
591:
589:
583:
576:
574:
568:
561:
557:
554:
537:
534:
518:cardiac output
502:point mutation
473:
470:
344:
341:
329:
326:
316:and the genus
291:
288:
256:
255:
227:
226:
220:
219:
211:
210:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
51:Central London
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2161:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2097:
2096:Anser-indicus
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:Anser_indicus
1734:
1730:
1725:
1724:Anser indicus
1719:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1694:Anser indicus
1691:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1487:(1): 351–63.
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:Schulte, P.M.
1471:Scott, G.R.;
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:(3): 484–93.
1443:
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:Anser indicus
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1193:Anser indicus
1185:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Anser Indicus
1162:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1097:Anser indicus
1089:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:Anser indicus
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
903:
896:
894:
885:
876:
871:
867:
860:
844:
839:
835:
831:
830:
825:
823:
822:Anser indicus
814:
812:
807:
802:(2): 195–205.
801:
797:
790:
785:
784:
776:
773:
772:
763:
759:
758:Anser indicus
753:
748:
741:
736:
732:
728:
721:
716:
712:
708:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
644:
640:
636:
629:
624:
620:
616:
610:
605:
602:
595:
590:
587:
580:
575:
572:
565:
560:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
533:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
496:
491:
487:
478:
469:
468:
465:
460:
457:
456:Great Britain
452:
450:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:
419:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
384:
380:
376:
373:
365:
360:
354:
349:
340:
337:
336:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:
305:
301:
297:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:
267:Anser indicus
263:
254:
251:
246:
240:
239:
233:
228:
225:
221:
217:
212:
207:
201:
199:
198:Anser indicus
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2124:Anser (bird)
1693:
1650:
1641:
1636:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1484:
1480:
1466:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1286:(1): 62–71.
1283:
1279:
1269:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1152:
1145:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1025:
1000:
996:
990:
968:(4): 68–78.
965:
961:
955:
945:February 15,
943:. Retrieved
939:the original
930:
905:. Retrieved
901:
892:
884:
865:
859:
847:. Retrieved
833:
827:
821:
799:
795:
757:
549:
545:
539:
530:
522:mitochondria
516:and thereby
483:
461:
453:
446:
422:
393:
389:
377:
368:
353:Chilika Lake
333:
331:
321:
317:
313:
309:
295:
293:
276:Central Asia
266:
265:
261:
259:
244:
236:
232:Anser indica
231:
230:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
146:Anseriformes
25:
1922:iNaturalist
1718:Wikispecies
849:12 November
711:West Bengal
510:capillaries
495:haemoglobin
480:Head detail
328:Description
250:Reichenbach
2113:Categories
2091:Xeno-canto
1323:(4): 460.
1178:: 100–123.
781:References
727:Cincinnati
526:sarcolemma
499:amino acid
412:Tamil Nadu
404:South Asia
280:South Asia
907:30 August
687:Rajasthan
683:Bharatpur
659:Rajasthan
655:Bharatpur
635:Bharatpur
615:Bharatpur
437:Rajasthan
433:Bharatpur
400:Himalayas
398:over the
372:predation
304:monotypic
284:Himalayas
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
1979:22679893
1940:10189255
1823:45510531
1774:22679893
1769:BirdLife
1758:BioLib:
1703:Wikidata
1628:12909695
1587:18635402
1552:19640884
1503:20685719
1364:11375496
1302:21672723
1261:53184374
1222:24457113
1172:Wildfowl
1138:Abstract
1133:23118436
1080:21628594
893:Anserini
769:See also
707:Hetampur
396:migrates
314:Eulabeia
310:Eulabeia
290:Taxonomy
224:Synonyms
156:Anatidae
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
2083:1037301
2031:1037301
1901:2498035
1746:Avibase
1709:Q191125
1543:2817306
1458:8568892
1423:1862080
1391:Bibcode
1124:3574432
1071:3111297
1048:Bibcode
1017:7375742
970:Bibcode
760:eggs -
713:, India
556:Gallery
490:aerobic
486:hypoxic
464:Florida
343:Ecology
270:) is a
252:, 1852)
208:, 1790)
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
2057:403973
2044:190897
1966:175034
1857:EURING
1849:100612
1836:ANSEIN
1810:bahgoo
1784:bahgoo
1658:
1626:
1585:
1550:
1540:
1501:
1456:
1421:
1411:
1362:
1300:
1259:
1220:
1131:
1121:
1078:
1068:
1015:
546:Kadamb
406:(from
364:Mysore
238:lapsus
206:Latham
2129:Geese
2078:WoRMS
1953:94089
1935:IRMNG
1875:96480
1844:EUNIS
1805:eBird
1797:5V9X5
1781:BOW:
1414:52117
1257:S2CID
1218:S2CID
1198:(PDF)
898:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
691:India
663:India
639:India
619:India
550:Hamsa
542:Hamsa
441:India
408:Assam
335:Anser
322:Anser
307:genus
296:Anser
272:goose
167:Anser
2070:1824
2026:OBIS
2005:8846
2000:NCBI
1974:IUCN
1961:ITIS
1927:7008
1914:2035
1909:GISD
1896:GBIF
1862:1620
1831:EPPO
1761:8437
1656:ISBN
1624:PMID
1583:PMID
1548:PMID
1499:PMID
1454:PMID
1419:PMID
1360:PMID
1298:PMID
1129:PMID
1076:PMID
1013:PMID
947:2013
909:2016
851:2021
834:2018
762:MHNT
731:Ohio
318:Chen
260:The
136:Aves
2065:TSA
2018:124
1987:NBN
1948:ISC
1818:EoL
1792:CoL
1733:ADW
1614:doi
1610:206
1575:doi
1571:148
1538:PMC
1530:doi
1526:276
1489:doi
1446:doi
1442:255
1409:PMC
1399:doi
1352:doi
1325:doi
1321:148
1288:doi
1249:doi
1239:".
1210:doi
1206:151
1154:BBC
1119:PMC
1111:doi
1107:280
1066:PMC
1056:doi
1044:108
1005:doi
978:doi
966:205
870:doi
838:doi
677:At
599:At
584:At
427:at
351:At
45:At
2115::
2093::
2080::
2067::
2054::
2041::
2028::
2015::
2002::
1989::
1976::
1963::
1950::
1937::
1924::
1911::
1898::
1885::
1872::
1859::
1846::
1833::
1820::
1807::
1794::
1771::
1748::
1735::
1720::
1705::
1622:.
1608:.
1604:.
1581:.
1569:.
1546:.
1536:.
1524:.
1520:.
1497:.
1485:28
1483:.
1479:.
1452:.
1440:.
1417:.
1407:.
1397:.
1387:88
1385:.
1381:.
1358:.
1348:57
1346:.
1319:.
1296:.
1284:46
1282:.
1278:.
1255:.
1245:41
1243:.
1216:.
1204:.
1200:.
1176:59
1174:.
1127:.
1117:.
1105:.
1101:.
1074:.
1064:.
1054:.
1042:.
1038:.
1036:)"
1011:.
1001:39
999:.
976:.
964:.
929:.
917:^
900:.
832:.
826:.
810:^
798:.
794:.
729:,
709:,
689:,
685:,
681:,
661:,
657:,
637:,
617:,
439:,
435:,
431:,
324:.
286:.
49:,
1630:.
1616::
1589:.
1577::
1554:.
1532::
1505:.
1491::
1460:.
1448::
1425:.
1401::
1393::
1366:.
1354::
1331:.
1327::
1304:.
1290::
1263:.
1251::
1224:.
1212::
1140:.
1135:.
1113::
1099:"
1082:.
1058::
1050::
1019:.
1007::
984:.
980::
972::
949:.
911:.
895:"
891:"
878:.
872::
853:.
840::
824:"
820:"
800:4
693:.
665:.
641:.
621:.
443:.
264:(
248:(
241:)
235:(
204:(
81:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
