Barbary macaque - Knowledge

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time engaged in resting and aggressive behaviour, and foraged and moved significantly less than the wild group. The tourist group spent significantly less time per day feeding on herbs, seeds, and acorns than the wild group. Human food accounted for 26% of the daily feeding records for the tourist group, and 1% for the wild-feeding group. Scientists who collected data on the seasonal activity budget and diet composition of the endangered Barbary macaque group inhabiting a tourist site in Morocco found that activity budgets and diet of the study group varied markedly among seasons and habitats. The percentage of daily time spent in foraging and moving was lowest in spring, and the daily time spent in resting was highest in spring and summer. The time budget devoted to aggressive display was highest in spring than the other three seasons. There is an increase in the daily feeding time spent eating flowers and fruits in summer, seeds, acorns, roots and barks in winter and autumn, herbs in spring and summer, and a clear increase in consumption of the human food in spring. The tourist and the wild groups did not differ in the proportion of daily records devoted to terrestrial feeding, but the tourist group spent a significantly lower percentage of daily records in terrestrial foraging, moving and resting, while performing more terrestrial aggressive displays more than the wild group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of terrestrial feeding records spent eating fruits; but the tourist group had lower daily percentages of terrestrial feeding on leaves, seeds and acorns, roots and barks, and herbs, while it spent higher daily percentages of terrestrial feeding on human food.

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proximity and interactions with tourists can also have significant psychological impacts on the Barbary macaques. Fecal samples and stress-indicating behaviours, such as belly scratching, indicate that the presence of tourists has a negative impact on the macaques. Human activities such as taking photographs cause the animals stress, possibly because the people come too close to the animals and make prolonged eye contact (a sign of aggression in many primates). Macaques that live in areas close to human contact have more parasites and lower overall health than those that live in wilder environments, at least in part due to the unhealthy diets they receive as a result of feeding from humans.

1655:. Since deforestation in Morocco has become a major environmental problem in recent years, research has been conducted to determine the cause of the bark stripping behaviour demonstrated by these macaques. Cedar trees are also vital to this population of Barbary macaques as an area with cedars can support a much higher density of macaques than one without them. A lack of a water source and exclusion of monkeys from water sources are major causes of cedar bark stripping behaviour in Barbary macaques. Density of macaques, however, is less correlated with the behaviour than the other causes considered. 1605: 1501:

as relatedness in determining coalitions. Males avoid conflicting with higher ranking males and will more frequently form coalitions with the higher ranking male in a conflict. Close grouping of males occur when infant Barbary macaques are present. Interactions between males are commonly initiated when a male presents an infant macaque to an adult male who is not caring for an infant, or when an unattached male approaches males who are caring for infants. This behaviour leads to a type of social buffering, which reduces the number of antagonistic interactions among males in a group.

1446: 1169: 102: 1201: 1185: 168: 492: 1597: 314: 1692: 1763:, and illegal capture. In Morocco, tourists interact with Barbary macaques in many regions. Information collected in the interviews with inhabitants in the High Atlas of Morocco indicated that the capture of macaques occurs in these regions. Conflict between local people and wild macaques is one of the greatest challenges to Barbary macaque conservation in Morocco. The main threats to the survival of Barbary macaques in this region have been found to be 126: 1546: 1537:

the calls of other infant macaques as opposed to the calls of their own offspring. More parameters for vocalizations lead to more reliable identification of calls in both infants and in adult macaques so it is not surprising that the same acoustic characteristics that are heard in infant calls are also heard in adult calls.

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periods. Injuries to male macaques peak during the fertile period, which points to male-male competition as an important determinant of male reproductive success. Not allowing a female to mate with other males, however, would be costly to the male, since doing so would not allow him to mate with more

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on the female. Mating is most common during a female's most fertile period. The swelling size of the female reaches a maximum around the time of ovulation, suggesting that size helps a male predict when he should mate. This is further supported by the fact that male ejaculation peaks at the same time

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Barbary macaque females have the ability to recognize their own offspring's calls through a variety of acoustic parameters. Because of this, infant calls do not have to differ dramatically for mothers to be able to recognize their own infant's call. Mothers demonstrate different behaviours on hearing

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Tourists interact with wild monkeys across the globe, and in some situations, tourists may be encouraged to feed, photograph, and touch the monkeys. Although tourism has the potential to bring in money towards conservation goals and provides an incentive for the protection of natural habitats, close

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In the Central High Atlas, the Barbary macaque occurs in relatively small and fragmented areas restricted to the main valleys at elevations of 700–2,400 m (2,300–7,900 ft). In a 2013 study, researchers reported that they found Barbary macaques in relatively small and fragmented habitats in

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and the impact of livestock grazing, but problems of conflict with inhabitants are also increasing due to crop raiding and the illegal capture of macaques. Human–macaque conflict is mainly due to crop raiding. In the High Atlas of Morocco, macaques attract a large number of tourists every year, and

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with closely related kin more often than they do with distantly related kin. These coalitions are not permanent and may change frequently as male ranking within the group changes. Although males are more likely to form coalitions with males who have helped them in the past, this is not as important

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activity. Local farmers regard the Barbary macaque as pest and engage in its extermination. Once common throughout northern Africa and southern Mediterranean Europe, only an estimated 12,000 to 21,000 Barbary macaques are left in Morocco and Algeria. Once, its distribution was much more extensive,

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levels for the individuals that do the grooming. While stress levels do not appear to be reduced in animals that are groomed, grooming more individuals leads to even lower stress levels; this is a benefit that might outweigh the costs to the groomer, which include less time to participate in other

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tail is greatly reduced compared with other macaque species and, if not absent, measures 4–22 mm (0.16–0.87 in). Males may have a more prominent tail, though data is scarce. The average body weight is 9.9–11 kg (22–24 lb) in females and 14.5–16 kg (32–35 lb) in males.

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Several groups of Barbary macaques can be found in tourist sites, where they are affected by the presence of visitors providing food to them. Researchers comparing two such groups in the central High Atlas mountains in 2008 found that the tourist group of Barbary macaques spent significantly more

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for the illegal pet trade; it is also killed in retaliation for raiding crops. Today, no accurate data exists on the location and number of individuals out of their natural habitat. An unknown number of individuals are living in zoological collections, at other institutions, in private hands, in

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The Barbary macaque has a dark pink face with a pale buff to golden brown to grey pelage and a lighter underside. The colour of mature adults changes with ages. In adults and subadults the fur on the back is variegated pale and dark which is due to banding on individual hairs. In spring to early

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care of infants. Male care of infants has been of particular interest to research because high levels of care from males are uncommon in groups where paternity is highly uncertain. Males even act as true alloparents of infant macaques by carrying them and caring for them for hours at a time as

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Macaques in Morocco are frequently used as photo props, despite their protected status. Tourists are encouraged to take photos with the animals for a fee. Macaques are also sold as pets in Morocco and Algeria, and exported to Europe to be used as pets and fighting monkeys, both in physical

1636:. Almost every part of the plant is eaten, including flowers, fruits, seeds, seedlings, leaves, buds, bark, gum, stems, roots, bulbs, and corms. Common prey caught and consumed by Barbary macaques are snails, earthworms, scorpions, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, grasshoppers, termites, 1583:. These multiple matings by females decrease the certainty of paternity of male Barbary macaques and may lead them to care for all infants within the group. For a male to ensure his reproductive success, he must maximize his time spent around the females in the group during their 1620:

opposed to just demonstrating more casual interactions with the infants. The social status of females plays a role in female alloparental interactions with infants. Higher-ranking females have more interactions, whereas younger, lower-ranking females have less access to infants.

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Barbary macaque females differ from other nonhuman primates in that they often mate with a majority of the males in their social group. While females are active in choosing sexual associations, the mating behaviour of macaque social groups is not entirely determined by

1155:. The youngest known remains of Barbary macaques in Europe are from Hunas, Bavaria, Germany, dated to 85–40,000 years ago. The distribution of Barbary macaques in Europe was likely strongly controlled by climate, only extending into Northern Europe during 2741:

Brauch, Katrin; Pfefferle, Dana; Hodges, Keith; Möhle, Ulrike; Fischer, Julia; Heistermann, Michael (2007). "Female sexual behavior and sexual swelling size as potential cues for males to discern the female fertile phase in free-ranging Barbary macaques

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they are favoured for their potential benefits to tourism. In addition, macaques have some ecological roles; for example, they are the predators of several destructive insects and pests of plants and participate in seed dispersal in many plant species.

1312:. It has been recorded at elevations of 400–2,300 m (1,300–7,500 ft), though it seems to prefer higher elevations. The Moroccan and Algerian populations are around 700 km (430 mi) apart, although the gap was smaller during the 2690:

Möhle, U.; Heistermann, M.; Dittami, J.; Reinberg, V.; Hodges, J. K.; Hodges, J. K. (2005). "Patterns of anogenital swelling size and their endocrine correlates during ovulatory cycles and early pregnancy in free-ranging barbary macaques

429:. The species is of particular interest because males play an atypical role in rearing young. Because of uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising all infants. Generally, Barbary macaques of both sexes and all ages contribute in 1772:

10 sites, and that the species no longer occurred in four localities. This could be attributed to habitat degradation, hunting activities, the impact of livestock grazing, and disturbance by people. As deforestation for agriculture and

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Male Barbary macaques interfere in conflicts and form coalitions with other males, usually with related males rather than with unrelated males. These relationships suggest that males do so in order to indirectly increase their own

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variation in the calls of different social groups. Instead, minor variations in acoustic structure among groups similar to the vocal accommodation seen in humans are the likely cause. However, acoustic characteristics such as

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period is 147 to 192 days, and females usually have only one offspring per pregnancy. Females rear twins in rare instances. Offspring reach maturity at three to four years of age, and may live for 20 years or more.

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Fidalgo, Darío; Rosas, Antonio; Estalrrich, Almudena; García-Tabernero, Antonio; Pastor, Francisco J.; Pineda, Antonio; Huguet, Rosa; Cáceres, Isabel; Ollé, Andreu; Vallverdú, Josep; Saladie, Palmira (June 2023).

530:(129–c.216) dissected the Barbary macaque in the second century CE, presuming the internal structure to be the same as a human. Such was the authority of his work, some mistakes he made were not corrected until 1574:

peaks. Change in female sexual behaviour around the time of ovulation is insufficient to demonstrate to the male that the female is fertile. The swellings, therefore, appear necessary for predicting fertility.

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intervals, while they were restricted to more southerly regions during colder glacial phases. It has been suggested that they disappearance of macaques from Europe may have been caused by human activity.

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The diet of the Barbary macaque consists primarily of plants and insects and they are found in a variety of habitats. Males live to around 25 years old while females may live up to 30 years. Besides

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Von Segesser, F.; Menard, N.; Gaci, B.; Martin, R. D. (1999). "Genetic differentiation within and between isolated Algerian subpopulations of Barbary macaques: evidence from microsatellites".

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El Alami, A.; Van Lavieren, E.; Aboufatima, R.; Chait, A. (2012). "Differences in activity budgets and diet between semiprovisioned and wild-feeding groups of the endangered Barbary macaque (

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Ciani, A. C.; Camperio, A.; Martinoli, L.; Capiluppi, C.; Arahou, M.; Mouna, M. (2001). "Effects of water availability and habitat quality on barkstripping behavior in Barbary macaques".

1398:) forests, but this could reflect the present habitat availability rather than a specific preference for this habitat. In Algeria, the Barbary macaque inhabits mainly Grande and Petite 3695:

El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2014). "Distribution of the endangered Barbary macaque and human-macaque interaction in the tourist region of Ouzoud, central High Atlas of Morocco".

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spreading east through Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, and north to the United Kingdom. Its range is no longer continuous, with only isolated areas of range remaining. By the

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infants. In this way, a strong social bond is formed between males and juveniles, both the male's own offspring and those of others in the troop. This may be a result of

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for the Barbary macaque. During the next 150 years primate taxonomy was subject to great changes and the Barbary macaque was placed in over thirty different

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O'Reagan, H. (2008). "The Iberian Peninsula corridor or cul-de-sac? Mammalian faunal change and possible routes of dispersal in the last 2 million years".

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continues, the remaining forest becomes increasingly fragmented. Consequently, the Barbary macaque is now restricted to small, fragmented relict habitats.

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with males larger than females. The mean head-body length is 55.7 cm (21.9 in) in females and 63.4 cm (25.0 in) in males. The boneless

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activities such as foraging. The mechanism for reducing stress may be explained by the social relationships (and support) that are formed by grooming.

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to the lead female. Unlike other macaques, the males participate in rearing the young. Males may spend a considerable amount of time playing with and

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El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2015). "Roles of tourism in the local people opinion regarding human-macaque conflict in the central High Atlas, Morocco".

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and the only population of wild monkeys in Europe. Barbary macaques were once widely distributed in Europe, as far north as England, from the Early

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may only prey on cubs, since it is morphologically not adapted to hunt primates. The approach of eagles and domestic dogs is known to elicit an

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are varied based on the vocalizations of individuals they associate with, and social situations play a role in the acoustic structure of calls.

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Historically, the Barbary macaque occurred across North Africa from Libya to Morocco. It is the only African primate that survives north of the

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Li, Jing; Han, Kyudong; Xing, Jinchuan; Kim, Heui-Soo; Rogers, Jeffrey; Ryder, Oliver A.; Disotell, Todd; Yue, Bisong; Batzer, Mark A. (2009).

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Barbary macaques were traded or perhaps given as diplomatic gifts as long ago as the Iron Age, as indicated by remains found in such sites as

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to all Asian macaque species. The results of a phylogenetic analysis show that the chromosomes of Barbary macaque resemble those of the

2425:"First presence of Macaca sylvanus at the late Early Pleistocene of Barranc de la Boella (La Mina locality, Francolí Basin, NE Iberia)" 3271:

Kuester, J.; Paul, Andreas (1992). "Influence of male competition and female mate choice on male mating success in Barbary macaques".

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The Barbary macaque is gregarious, forming mixed groups of several females and males. Troops can have 10 to 100 individuals and are

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Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

5258: 2024: 3913: 2484:"The Evolutionary History and Palaeo-Ecology of Primate Predation: Macaca sylvanus from Plio-Pleistocene Europe as a Case Study" 2376:"Fossil remains of Macaca sylvanus (Mammalia, Cercopithecidae) from the early Middle Pleistocene locality of Mauer (SW Germany)" 656:, can infer primate phylogenetic relationships. Using this method the phylogenetic relationship of ten species within the genus 2817: 3777: 5302: 2564: 1907: 5263: 2016: 1359:

ordered for more Barbary macaques to be introduced to Gibraltar to reverse population declines. Today, there are around 300

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Deag, J. M (1980). "Interactions between males and unweaned Barbary macaques: testing the agonistic buffering hypothesis".

507: 362: 5505: 5500: 3999: 1516:. Barbary macaques can discriminate calls by individuals in their own group from those by individuals in other groups of 5510: 5416: 5180: 629:

with the exception of chromosomes 1, 4, 9, and 16. It was also discovered that chromosome 18 in the Barbary macaque is

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at all points during a female's reproductive cycle, male Barbary macaques determine a female's most fertile period by

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Wild populations of Barbary macaques have suffered a major decline in recent years to the point of being declared an

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An open mouth display by the Barbary macaque is used most commonly by juvenile macaques as a sign of playfulness.

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The diet of the Barbary macaque consists of a mixture of plants and insect prey. It consumes a large variety of

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noted in the early 17th century that the macaques had been present "from time immemorial". Most likely, the

448:. Although the species is commonly referred to as the "Barbary ape", the Barbary macaque is actually a true 2178: 1320: 534:(1514–1564) proved otherwise over a thousand years later. The Barbary macaque was included in the grouping 1512:

The main purpose of calls in Barbary macaques is to alert other group members to possible dangers such as

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Kuester, J.; Paul, A. (1984). "Female reproductive characteristics in semifree-ranging Barbary macaques (

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Hammerschmidt, K.; Todt, D. (1995). "Individual differences in vocalisations of young Barbary macaques (

5490: 5052: 2906: 2429: 483:. This population appears to be stable or increasing, while the North African population is declining. 3412:"Decline of the endangered Barbary macaque in the cedar forest of the Middle Atlas Mountains, Morocco" 1707:

since 2008. The Barbary macaque is threatened by fragmentation and degradation of forest habitat, and

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Fischer, J.; Hammerschmidt, K.; Todt, D. (1998). "Local variation in Barbary macaque shrill barks".

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its use in 1929. This meant the Barbary macaque was placed in the next oldest genus assigned to it,

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Widdig, A.; Streich, W. J.; Tembrock, G. (2000). "Coalition formation among male Barbary macaques (

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El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2012). "Seasonal variation in activity budget and diet of the endangered

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periods also in England. A Tunisian population was mentioned in the works of ancient Greek writer

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endemic to Sardinia-Corsica during the Early Pleistocene, usually considered to have derived from

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Taub, David Milton (1977). "Geographic distribution and habitat diversity of the Barbary macaque

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Bautista, Jesús; Castillo, Salvador; Paz, Joé Luis; Llamas, Jesús; Ellis, David H. (2018).

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has been resolved, showing the Barbary macaque to be a sister group to all other macaques.

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Fossil evidence indicates that the Barbary macaque occurred in southern Europe during the

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have been found across Europe, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea, dating from the

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El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2013). "Comparison of the terrestriality of Barbary macaques (

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and Norfolk in the British Isles. The species decreased with the arrival of the last

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van Uhm, D. P. (2016). "Monkey business: the illegal trade in Barbary macaques".

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Barbary macaques can cause major damage to the trees in their prime habitat, the

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macaques. Neither genetic variation nor habitat differences are likely causes of

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with seasonal extremes of temperature. In Morocco, most Barbary macaques inhabit

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Like all Old World monkeys, the Barbary macaque has well-developed sitting pads (

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Rathke, E. -M.; Berghänel, A.; Bissonnette, A.; Ostner, J.; Schülke, O. (2017).

5206: 5193: 5032: 4990: 4963: 4945: 4709: 4673: 4610: 4349: 4130: 4070: 3673: 3581: 2327: 1637: 1517: 1437:, indicating the species has become extinct there within the last 2,500 years. 1305: 1301: 1269: 1021: 869: 626: 539: 321:

Native Range in Red (Northeast Africa); Introduced Range in Violet (Gibraltar)

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Kuester, J. (1999). "Male migration in Barbary macaques at Affenberg Salam".

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The nomenclature for man, the chimpanzee, the orang-utan, and the Barbary ape

1958: 1889: 1704: 1641: 1616: 1526: 1419: 1383: 1277: 1129: 634: 555: 453: 299: 135: 59: 5421: 5185: 3828:"Barbary macaques exploited as photo-props in Marrakesh's punishment square" 3284: 3250: 3186:

Fischer, J.; Hammerschmidt, K. (2002). "An overview of the Barbary macaque,

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molars (molars with two ridges); the third molar is elongated. The diploid

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of the Barbary macaque is 42, like other members of the Old World monkey

1238: 644: 34: 3891: 2459: 2113: 2097:"Age-dependent change of coalitionary strategy in male Barbary macaques" 5434: 5224: 5014: 4060: 3396: 3292: 3083:

10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(200001)50:1<37::aid-ajp4>3.3.co;2-v

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Waters, S. S. (2013). "Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys". In

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Wallis, J.; Benrabah, M.E.; Pilot, M.; Majolo, B.; Waters, S. (2020).

548:, a name which he claimed was already in use by the Greeks. Gessner's 5237: 5167: 4520: 4258: 3754: 1835: 1834:

in Ireland, dating to no later than 95 BC; an Iron Age hillfort, the

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of his time prevented his performing any actual dissections of human

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Preuschoft, S. (1992). ""Laughter" and "smile" in Barbary macaques (

1724:, it inhabited the warmer Mediterranean regions of Europe, from the 1712:

quarantine, or waiting to be relocated to appropriate destinations.

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The Barbary macaque is first described in scientific literature by

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Ustun, C. (2004). "Galen and his anatomic eponym: vein of Galen".

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El Alami, A.; Van Lavieren, E.; Aboufatima, R.; Chait, A. (2013).

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The habitat of the Barbary macaque is under threat from increased

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on the part of the females, who may prefer highly parental males.

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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

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in the tourist valley of Ouzoud, Central High Atlas, Morocco".

3305: 3013:"Grooming in Barbary macaques: better to give than to receive?" 3010: 2689: 1793: 1792:

are apparently due to his use of the Barbary macaque, the only

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Shutt, K.; MacLarnon, A.; Heistermann, M.; Semple, S. (2007).

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Barbary macaques from all age and sex groups participate in

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mountain chain, but there is also an isolated population in

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Stiles, Charles Wardell; Orleman, Mabelle Blanche (1927).

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The Barbary macaque: biology, management and conservation

1375: 1371: 1285: 3931:. Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland: Wordwell. pp. 49–50. 3825: 3179: 3142: 2553:

Handbook of the mammals of the world. Volume 3. Primates

1644:, beetles, butterflies, moths, ants, and even tadpoles. 1472:

The mating season runs from November through March. The

3821: 3819: 2794:"The Curious Case of the Last 'Wild' Monkeys in Europe" 2822:

The Rock of the Gibraltarians – A History of Gibraltar

2206: 2204: 2202: 3226: 3064: 1209:

summer, as the temperatures rise, the adult macaques

3816: 3385:

Journal of Trafficking, Organized Crime and Security

3185: 2589:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. 2279: 2277: 3844: 3651: 3649: 3601: 3599: 3559: 3557: 3519: 3517: 3403: 2389:: 5–13. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023 2199: 585:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

3778:"Law enforcement: an attempt at social dissection" 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3060: 3058: 3056: 2736: 2734: 3826:Nijman, V.; Bergin, D.; van Lavieren, E. (2015). 3610:) in the Central High Atlas Mountains, Morocco". 3232: 3006: 3004: 2290:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 3–10. 2274: 5462: 3892:"Tourists upset Morocco Barbary macaque monkeys" 3715: 3688: 3646: 3596: 3554: 3514: 3409: 3136: 2892: 2482:Meloro, Carlo; Elton, Sarah (14 February 2013). 2407:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2352: 2210: 3257: 3053: 2787: 2785: 2731: 2611: 2255: 2253: 1838:in Luxembourg; and two Roman sites in Britain. 3359:) in northern Morocco: evidences of predation" 3355:) as potential predators of Barbary macaques ( 3097: 3001: 2683: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2363:. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press. 2301: 2299: 2297: 1992: 1990: 1973:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12561A50043570.en 1752:except for Gibraltar around 30,000 years ago. 1600:Closeup of the face of a juvenile in Gibraltar 1386:scrub, and rocky ridges full of vegetation in 1366:It can live in a variety of habitats, such as 1229:) on its rear. Females exhibit an exaggerated 417:, along with a small introduced population in 4000: 3721: 3694: 3655: 3563: 3530:in the central High Atlas Mountains, Morocco" 2538: 2536: 2534: 2308:"Phylogeny of the macaques (Cercopithecidae: 2283: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2052:"Alloparental behaviour in Barbary macaques, 1663:The Barbary macaque's main predators are the 3980:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3845:Bergin, D.; Atoussi, S.; Nijman, V. (2017). 3526:"A survey of the endangered Barbary macaque 3485: 2782: 2358: 2305: 2250: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 1608:A young macaque at the Montagne des Singes, 652:insertions, small pieces of genetic code in 3436: 3270: 2966: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2847: 2845: 2617: 2573: 2481: 2294: 2045: 2043: 2041: 1987: 1255: 1112:, assigned to various subspecies including 4007: 3993: 3834:(July–September ed.). pp. 38–41. 3769: 3376: 3103: 2531: 2180:Systematic Review of the Barbary Macaque, 1449:Female Barbary macaque with young suckling 1213:their thick winter fur. The species shows 312: 124: 100: 3957:images and movies of the Barbary macaque 3545: 3427: 3036: 2674: 2458: 2373: 2335: 2259: 2211:Elton, Sarah; O'Regan, Hannah J. (2014). 2139: 2122: 2112: 2071: 1971: 1233:swelling, which increases in size during 662: 486: 3964: 3920: 2934: 2842: 2820:(1987). "1. Mons Calpe to Djebel Musa". 2791: 2650: 2374:Schreiber, H. Dieter (29 January 2021). 2038: 1996: 1779: 1690: 1603: 1595: 1544: 1444: 1440: 1259: 1237:. It has cheek pouches and high-crowned 1199: 1183: 1167: 505: 490: 3734: 3382: 2972: 2816: 2584: 2025:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 1784:Many of the mistaken ideas about human 1732:and France in the west, east to Italy, 1319:The Barbary macaque also occurs in the 5463: 3910:"Monkeys and tourism – a price to pay" 3775: 3410:van Lavieren, E.; Wich, S. A. (2010). 2542: 2176: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1876: 1483:other Barbary macaques leads to lower 109:Young Barbary macaque with its mother 5067: 5066: 3988: 3740: 3299: 2659:"The Barbary macaque of North Africa" 2049: 1755:The Barbary macaque is threatened by 1748:, going functionally extinct on the 1457:, with their hierarchy determined by 5448:C1FC5985-3C54-41F8-8F13-BA4F9BC1E881 5212:23a30052-d393-44e0-8070-93e11e9c1732 3926: 2975:International Journal of Primatology 2945: 2851: 2656: 2471:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 2009: 1959:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1924: 1870: 1422:forests, and scrub-covered gorges. 1108:(5.3-3.6 million years ago) to the 495:Skull and brain, as illustrated in 13: 5516:Species endangered by habitat loss 3847:"Online trade of Barbary macaques 3130:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00864.x 2893:Elton, S.; O'Regan, H. J. (2014). 2359:Hodges, J. K.; Cortes, J. (2006). 14: 5532: 3949: 501:Histoire naturelle des mammifères 5471:IUCN Red List endangered species 3929:Navan Fort: archaeology and myth 3457:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00582.x 3328:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2001.99019.x 2587:Primate adaptation and evolution 1095: 609:The Barbary macaque is the most 579:. The confusion over the use of 554:was subsequently used as one of 440:, they are the only free-living 166: 32: 3902: 3884: 3838: 3612:American Journal of Primatology 3508:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.007 3479: 3342: 3071:American Journal of Primatology 2928:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.025 2886: 2810: 2697:American Journal of Primatology 2475: 2415: 2367: 2244:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.025 2193:Field Museum of Natural History 1402:, ranges that form part of the 568:in 1758. Linnaeus proposed the 520:in the fourth century BCE work 506: 2826:Fairleigh Dickinson University 2268:Johns Hopkins University Press 2189:Fieldiana: Zoology. New series 2088: 1900:Johns Hopkins University Press 1561:Although Barbary macaques are 1507: 1410:. It lives in mixed cedar and 1163: 814:(southern pig-tailed macaque) 1: 4575:Northern pig-tailed macaque ( 4566:Southern pig-tailed macaque ( 3858:Biodiversity and Conservation 2073:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80874-7 1863: 1788:contained in the writings of 1361:Barbary macaques in Gibraltar 1337:Alonso Hernández del Portillo 461:Barbary macaques in Gibraltar 2451:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103368 1892:; Reeder, D. M (eds.). 1658: 1591: 666:Phylogeny of ten species of 604: 7: 5521:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4359:Greater spot-nosed monkey ( 2760:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.06.001 1848:Djebel Babor Nature Reserve 1841: 1815:and teacher of physicians. 599:Bernard Germain de Lacépède 16:Species of Old World monkey 10: 5537: 5506:Endangered biota of Europe 5501:Endangered fauna of Africa 4431:Lesser spot-nosed monkey ( 3697:African Journal of Ecology 3674:10.1515/mammalia-2013-0061 3582:10.1515/mammalia-2011-0054 3488:Quaternary Science Reviews 2907:Quaternary Science Reviews 2430:Journal of Human Evolution 2328:10.1016/j.gene.2009.05.013 2224:Quaternary Science Reviews 2191:. Vol. 113. Chicago: 1686: 1496:. Furthermore, males form 1321:British Overseas Territory 1188:Skull photographed at the 1172:Head of individual at the 746:(Celebes crested macaque) 5511:Mammals described in 1758 5391: 5075: 5049: 5012: 4973:Golden-bellied mangabey ( 4924: 4900: 4823: 4799: 4758: 4647:Celebes crested macaque ( 4528: 4519: 4321: 4271: 4185: 4143: 4102: 4078: 4069: 4031: 4015:Extant species of family 3870:10.1007/s10531-017-1434-5 3547:10.1017/s0030605311001463 3429:10.1017/s0030605309990172 2676:10.1017/S0030605300015581 2585:Fleagle, John G. (2013). 2260:McDermott, W. C. (1938). 1819:marketplaces and online. 1695:19th century illustration 1549:Barbary macaques mating ( 1540: 1343:introduced macaques from 1141:, England, dating to the 1018: 1000: 993: 986: 968: 961: 916: 898: 891: 884: 866: 859: 852: 807: 789: 782: 775: 739: 732: 725: 718: 711: 693: 686: 641:Polymerase chain reaction 583:became so great that the 452:. Its name refers to the 346:É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 332: 325: 320: 311: 288: 281: 163:Scientific classification 161: 144: 122: 113: 108: 99: 23: 4787:Black crested mangabey ( 4386:Campbell's mona monkey ( 4173:Blue Nile patas monkey ( 2312:) based on Alu elements" 1347:to Gibraltar during the 1264:Barbary macaques at the 1256:Distribution and habitat 463:is the only one outside 5486:Mammals of North Africa 4778:Grey-cheeked mangabey ( 4746:White-cheeked macaque ( 4683:Formosan rock macaque ( 4440:White-throated guenon ( 4232:Bale Mountains vervet ( 4155:Southern patas monkey ( 3977:Encyclopædia Britannica 3851:in Algeria and Morocco" 3285:10.1163/156853992x00606 3251:10.1163/156853995x00621 2987:10.1023/A:1020536317646 2960:10.1163/156853980x00564 2547:; Rylands, Anthony B.; 2545:Mittermeier, Russell A. 1858:Celebes crested macaque 1623: 1327:at the southern tip of 923:(stump-tailed macaque) 5000:White-naped mangabey ( 4665:Stump-tailed macaque ( 4584:Pagai Island macaque ( 4090:Allen's swamp monkey ( 3157:10.1006/anbe.1998.0796 3029:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0052 1853:Trentham Monkey Forest 1811:, even in his role as 1740:, and as far north as 1696: 1612: 1601: 1558: 1450: 1335:. Gibraltar historian 1273: 1205: 1197: 1181: 975:(crab-eating macaque) 796:(lion-tailed macaque) 621:analyses show it is a 513: 503: 487:Taxonomy and phylogeny 459:The population of the 401:species native to the 5350:Paleobiology Database 4982:Tana River mangabey ( 4656:Crab-eating macaque ( 4557:Lion-tailed macaque ( 4404:Crested mona monkey ( 4281:(Terrestrial guenons) 4164:Common patas monkey ( 3724:Revue de Primatologie 3190:, vocal repertoire". 2792:Nosowitz, D. (2019). 2748:Hormones and Behavior 2263:The apes in antiquity 2177:Fooden, Jack (2007). 2050:Small, M. F. (1990). 1997:Linnaeus, C. (1758). 1966:: e.T12561A50043570. 1796:available to him, in 1780:Human use and tourism 1694: 1607: 1599: 1548: 1448: 1441:Behaviour and ecology 1388:Mediterranean climate 1280:. It lives mainly in 1263: 1203: 1187: 1171: 511: 494: 456:of Northwest Africa. 30:Early Pliocene–Recent 5207:Fauna Europaea (new) 4494:De Brazza's monkey ( 4422:Dent's mona monkey ( 4413:Wolf's mona monkey ( 4395:Lowe's mona monkey ( 3782:The Yale Law Journal 3494:(23–24): 2136–2144. 3308:Conservation Biology 2657:Taub, D. M. (1978). 2559:. pp. 550–639. 1152:Homo heidelbergensis 512:3d model of skeleton 4955:Collared mangabey ( 4768:(Crested mangabeys) 4737:Arunachal macaque ( 4638:Gorontalo macaque ( 4476:Red-tailed monkey ( 4467:Moustached guenon ( 4309:Sun-tailed monkey ( 4019:(Old World monkeys) 3971:"Barbary Ape" 3776:Arnold, T. (1932). 3500:2008QSRv...27.2136O 3320:2001ConBi..15..259C 3192:Folia Primatologica 3122:1992Ethol..91..220P 2920:2014QSRv...96..117E 2859:Folia Primatologica 2828:Press. p. 28. 2624:Folia Primatologica 2489:Folia Primatologica 2443:2023JHumE.17903368F 2236:2014QSRv...96..117E 2114:10.5194/pb-4-1-2017 1765:habitat destruction 1746:Last Glacial Period 1408:Chréa National Park 1308:mountain region in 1296:mountain ranges in 1227:ischial callosities 1147:53 degrees latitude 1007:(Japanese macaque) 643:studies have found 116:Conservation status 5481:Primates of Africa 4861:Hamadryas baboon ( 4692:Japanese macaque ( 4458:Red-eared guenon ( 4449:Sclater's guenon ( 4331:(Arboreal guenons) 4291:L'Hoest's monkey ( 4122:Angolan talapoin ( 2270:. pp. 88–100. 1890:Wilson, D. E. 1878:Groves, C. P. 1701:endangered species 1697: 1613: 1602: 1559: 1451: 1274: 1206: 1198: 1182: 1143:Middle Pleistocene 905:(Tibetan macaque) 562:when he published 545:Historia Animalium 523:History of Animals 514: 504: 5491:Mammals of Europe 5458: 5457: 5337:Open Tree of Life 5069:Taxon identifiers 5060: 5059: 5045: 5044: 4939: 4836: 4771: 4728:Tibetan macaque ( 4620:Tonkean macaque ( 4593:Siberut macaque ( 4548:Barbary macaque ( 4541: 4515: 4514: 4485:Hamlyn's monkey ( 4334: 4300:Preuss's monkey ( 4284: 4241:Tantalus monkey ( 4198: 4115: 4020: 3959:(Macaca sylvanus) 3927:Lynn, C. (2003). 3916:on 25 March 2015. 3709:10.1111/aje.12191 3624:10.1002/ajp.21989 3445:Molecular Ecology 3366:Go-South Bulletin 3353:Aquila chrysaetos 3204:10.1159/000060417 2872:10.1159/000155781 2746:) of Gibraltar". 2709:10.1002/ajp.20161 2695:) of Gibraltar". 2636:10.1159/000156173 2566:978-84-96553-89-7 2502:10.1159/000343494 1909:978-0-8018-8221-0 1750:Iberian Peninsula 1357:Winston Churchill 1333:Iberian Peninsula 1243:chromosome number 1215:sexual dimorphism 1122:M. s. florentina. 1093: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1070: 1069: 1061: 1060: 1052: 1051: 1043: 1042: 1034: 1033: 1025:(rhesus macaque) 950: 949: 941: 940: 932: 931: 873:(bonnet macaque) 841: 840: 832: 831: 823: 822: 764: 763: 755: 754: 699:(Barbary macaque) 613:macaque species. 542:in his 1551 work 481:Rock of Gibraltar 431:alloparental care 393:), also known as 381: 380: 376: 369:Pithecus pygmaeus 366: 356: 349: 339: 156: 139: 5528: 5451: 5450: 5438: 5437: 5425: 5424: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5384: 5383: 5371: 5370: 5358: 5357: 5345: 5344: 5332: 5331: 5319: 5318: 5306: 5305: 5293: 5292: 5280: 5279: 5267: 5266: 5254: 5253: 5241: 5240: 5228: 5227: 5215: 5214: 5202: 5201: 5189: 5188: 5176: 5175: 5163: 5162: 5150: 5149: 5137: 5136: 5124: 5123: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5064: 5063: 4991:Sanje mangabey ( 4964:Agile mangabey ( 4946:Sooty mangabey ( 4938: 4937: 4931: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4710:Bonnet macaque ( 4674:Rhesus macaque ( 4629:Heck's macaque ( 4611:Booted macaque ( 4540: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4442:C. erythrogaster 4350:Roloway monkey ( 4333: 4332: 4328: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4234:C. djamdjamensis 4197: 4196: 4195:(Vervet monkeys) 4192: 4131:Gabon talapoin ( 4114: 4113: 4109: 4076: 4075: 4018: 4017:Cercopithecidae 4009: 4002: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3943: 3942: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3912:. Archived from 3906: 3900: 3899: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3855: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3755:10.1002/ca.20013 3743:Clinical Anatomy 3738: 3732: 3731: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3363: 3351:"Golden eagles ( 3346: 3340: 3339: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3279:(3/4): 192–216. 3268: 3255: 3254: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3145:Animal Behaviour 3140: 3134: 3133: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3062: 3051: 3050: 3040: 3008: 2999: 2998: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2943: 2932: 2931: 2903: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2804: 2789: 2780: 2779: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2582: 2571: 2570: 2540: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2496:(3–6): 216–235. 2479: 2473: 2472: 2462: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2406: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2380: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2339: 2303: 2292: 2291: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2221: 2208: 2197: 2196: 2184:(Linnaeus, 1758) 2174: 2137: 2136: 2126: 2116: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2075: 2060:Animal Behaviour 2047: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1999:"Simia sylvanus" 1994: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1975: 1945: 1922: 1921: 1898:(3rd ed.). 1874: 1726:Balearic Islands 1567:sexual swellings 1396:Cedrus atlantica 1266:Ziama Mansouriah 1190:Museum Wiesbaden 1180:, Czech Republic 1110:Late Pleistocene 1100:Barbary macaque 996: 995: 989: 988: 964: 963: 894: 893: 887: 886: 862: 861: 855: 854: 785: 784: 778: 777: 735: 734: 728: 727: 721: 720: 714: 713: 689: 688: 676: 675: 663: 532:Andreas Vesalius 510: 477:Late Pleistocene 371: 361: 354: 344: 337: 316: 294: 274:M. sylvanus 171: 170: 150: 133: 128: 127: 104: 94: 31: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5446: 5441: 5433: 5428: 5420: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5387: 5379: 5374: 5366: 5361: 5353: 5348: 5340: 5335: 5327: 5324:Observation.org 5322: 5314: 5309: 5301: 5296: 5288: 5283: 5275: 5270: 5262: 5257: 5249: 5244: 5236: 5231: 5223: 5218: 5210: 5205: 5197: 5192: 5184: 5179: 5171: 5166: 5158: 5153: 5145: 5140: 5132: 5127: 5121:Macaca_sylvanus 5119: 5114: 5107:Macaca sylvanus 5105: 5104: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5077:Macaca sylvanus 5071: 5061: 5056: 5041: 5008: 4975:C. chrysogaster 4935: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4920: 4896: 4879:Chacma baboon ( 4870:Guinea baboon ( 4854:P. cynocephalus 4852:Yellow baboon ( 4832: 4831: 4829: 4819: 4795: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4754: 4719:Assam macaque ( 4701:Toque macaque ( 4658:M. fascicularis 4537: 4536: 4534: 4511: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4317: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4267: 4250:Vervet monkey ( 4194: 4193: 4191: 4181: 4139: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4098: 4092:A. nigroviridis 4065: 4027: 4024:Cercopithecinae 4013: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3939: 3925: 3921: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3853: 3849:Macaca sylvanus 3843: 3839: 3824: 3817: 3774: 3770: 3739: 3735: 3720: 3716: 3693: 3689: 3658:Macaca sylvanus 3654: 3647: 3608:Macaca sylvanus 3604: 3597: 3566:Macaca sylvanus 3562: 3555: 3528:Macaca sylvanus 3522: 3515: 3484: 3480: 3441: 3437: 3408: 3404: 3381: 3377: 3361: 3357:Macaca sylvanus 3347: 3343: 3304: 3300: 3269: 3258: 3235:Macaca sylvanus 3231: 3227: 3188:Macaca sylvanus 3184: 3180: 3141: 3137: 3106:Macaca sylvanus 3102: 3098: 3067:Macaca sylvanus 3063: 3054: 3017:Biology Letters 3009: 3002: 2971: 2967: 2944: 2935: 2901: 2897:Macaca sylvanus 2891: 2887: 2854:Macaca sylvanus 2850: 2843: 2836: 2818:Jackson, W.G.F. 2815: 2811: 2802: 2800: 2790: 2783: 2744:Macaca sylvanus 2739: 2732: 2693:Macaca sylvanus 2688: 2684: 2655: 2651: 2620:Macaca sylvanus 2616: 2612: 2597: 2583: 2574: 2567: 2541: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2480: 2476: 2420: 2416: 2400: 2399: 2392: 2390: 2378: 2372: 2368: 2357: 2353: 2304: 2295: 2282: 2275: 2258: 2251: 2219: 2215:Macaca sylvanus 2209: 2200: 2182:Macaca sylvanus 2175: 2140: 2101:Primate Biology 2093: 2089: 2054:Macaca sylvanus 2048: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2019:Macaca sylvanus 2015: 2014: 2010: 1995: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1952:Macaca sylvanus 1946: 1925: 1910: 1902:. p. 164. 1884:Macaca sylvanus 1875: 1871: 1866: 1844: 1782: 1689: 1661: 1626: 1594: 1572:sexual swelling 1563:sexually active 1543: 1510: 1443: 1414:forests, humid 1258: 1166: 1098: 1089: 1080: 1071: 1062: 1053: 1044: 1035: 972:M. fascicularis 951: 942: 933: 842: 833: 824: 765: 756: 697:Macaca sylvanus 607: 597:, described by 570:scientific name 565:Systema Naturae 558:' four primate 489: 465:Northern Africa 403:Atlas Mountains 390:Macaca sylvanus 385:Barbary macaque 367: 357: 350: 342:Inuus ecaudatus 340: 307: 296: 292:Macaca sylvanus 290: 277: 250:Cercopithecidae 165: 157: 140: 129: 125: 118: 95: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 37: 29: 28: 25: 24:Barbary macaque 17: 12: 11: 5: 5534: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5439: 5426: 5413: 5397: 5395: 5393:Simia sylvanus 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5372: 5359: 5346: 5333: 5320: 5307: 5294: 5281: 5268: 5255: 5242: 5229: 5216: 5203: 5194:Fauna Europaea 5190: 5177: 5164: 5151: 5138: 5125: 5112: 5097: 5081: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5058: 5057: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5035:M. leucophaeus 5030: 5020: 5018: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4888:Kinda baboon ( 4885: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4843:Olive baboon ( 4839: 4837: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4602:Moor macaque ( 4599: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4505:C. lomamiensis 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4356: 4347: 4341:Diana monkey ( 4337: 4335: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4256: 4252:C. pygerythrus 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4214:Green monkey ( 4211: 4205:Dryas monkey ( 4201: 4199: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4175:E. poliophaeus 4170: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4081:Allenopithecus 4073: 4071:Cercopithecini 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4012: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3968:, ed. (1911). 3966:Chisholm, Hugh 3962: 3951: 3950:External links 3948: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3919: 3901: 3883: 3864:(2): 531–534. 3837: 3815: 3794:10.2307/791414 3768: 3749:(6): 454–457. 3733: 3714: 3703:(3): 375–377. 3687: 3668:(4): 539–542. 3645: 3618:(3): 210–216. 3595: 3553: 3540:(3): 451–456. 3513: 3478: 3451:(3): 433–442. 3435: 3422:(1): 133–138. 3402: 3375: 3341: 3314:(1): 259–265. 3298: 3256: 3245:(5): 381–399. 3225: 3178: 3151:(3): 623–629. 3135: 3116:(3): 220–236. 3096: 3052: 3023:(3): 231–233. 3000: 2965: 2933: 2885: 2866:(2): 108–133. 2841: 2834: 2809: 2781: 2754:(3): 375–383. 2730: 2703:(4): 351–368. 2682: 2669:(3): 245–253. 2649: 2630:(2–3): 69–83. 2610: 2595: 2572: 2565: 2549:Wilson, Don E. 2530: 2474: 2414: 2366: 2351: 2322:(2): 242–249. 2293: 2273: 2249: 2198: 2138: 2087: 2066:(2): 297–306. 2037: 2008: 1986: 1923: 1908: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1843: 1840: 1781: 1778: 1688: 1685: 1660: 1657: 1638:water striders 1625: 1622: 1593: 1590: 1542: 1539: 1509: 1506: 1442: 1439: 1306:Petite Kabylie 1270:Jijel Province 1257: 1254: 1204:Hands and feet 1165: 1162: 1118:M. s. pliocena 1114:M. s. sylvanus 1106:Early Pliocene 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 999: 994: 992: 987: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 967: 962: 960: 957: 956: 953: 952: 948: 947: 944: 943: 939: 938: 935: 934: 930: 929: 926: 925: 915: 912: 911: 908: 907: 897: 892: 890: 885: 883: 880: 879: 876: 875: 865: 860: 858: 853: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 839: 838: 835: 834: 830: 829: 826: 825: 821: 820: 817: 816: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 788: 783: 781: 776: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 762: 761: 758: 757: 753: 752: 749: 748: 738: 733: 731: 726: 724: 719: 717: 712: 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 692: 687: 685: 674: 671: 670: 627:rhesus macaque 606: 603: 573:Simia sylvanus 540:Conrad Gessner 488: 485: 379: 378: 359:Simia pithecus 355:Linnaeus, 1766 338:Linnaeus, 1758 335:Simia sylvanus 330: 329: 323: 322: 318: 317: 309: 308: 297: 286: 285: 279: 278: 271: 269: 265: 264: 257: 253: 252: 247: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 159: 158: 145: 142: 141: 123: 120: 119: 114: 111: 110: 106: 105: 97: 96: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 38: 33: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5533: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4934:(White-eyelid 4929: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4903:Theropithecus 4899: 4893: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4748:M. leucogenys 4744: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4721:M. assamensis 4717: 4715: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4640:M. nigrescens 4636: 4634: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4568:M. nemestrina 4564: 4562: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4460:C. erythrotis 4456: 4454: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4433:C. petaurista 4429: 4427: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4377:Mona monkey ( 4375: 4373: 4371: 4368:Blue monkey ( 4366: 4364: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4326: 4325: 4324:Cercopithecus 4320: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4276: 4275: 4274:Allochrocebus 4270: 4264: 4262: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4157:E. baumstarki 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3940: 3938:9781869857677 3934: 3930: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3820: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3650: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3558: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3007: 3005: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2981:(1): 85–106. 2980: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2848: 2846: 2837: 2835:0-8386-3237-8 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2799: 2798:Atlas Obscura 2795: 2788: 2786: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2596:9780123786326 2592: 2588: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2557:Lynx Edicions 2555:. Barcelona: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2418: 2410: 2404: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2280: 2278: 2269: 2266:. Baltimore: 2265: 2264: 2256: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1728:and mainland 1727: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1705:IUCN Red List 1702: 1693: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1642:scale insects 1639: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1618: 1611: 1606: 1598: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1581:female choice 1576: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1447: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:thermophilous 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1284:areas of the 1283: 1279: 1278:Sahara Desert 1271: 1267: 1262: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126:insular dwarf 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1096:Fossil record 1084: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1066: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1048: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1005: 998: 997: 991: 990: 984: 983: 980: 979: 976: 974: 973: 966: 965: 959: 958: 955: 954: 946: 945: 937: 936: 928: 927: 924: 922: 921: 914: 913: 910: 909: 906: 904: 903: 896: 895: 889: 888: 882: 881: 878: 877: 874: 872: 871: 864: 863: 857: 856: 850: 849: 846: 845: 837: 836: 828: 827: 819: 818: 815: 813: 812: 811:M. nemestrina 805: 804: 801: 800: 797: 795: 794: 787: 786: 780: 779: 773: 772: 769: 768: 760: 759: 751: 750: 747: 745: 744: 737: 736: 730: 729: 723: 722: 716: 715: 709: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 698: 691: 690: 683: 682: 678: 677: 673: 672: 669: 665: 664: 661: 659: 655: 651: 650: 647: 642: 638: 636: 635:chromosome 13 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 602: 600: 596: 595: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 571: 567: 566: 561: 557: 556:Carl Linnaeus 553: 552: 547: 546: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 524: 519: 509: 502: 498: 493: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 454:Barbary Coast 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 425:of the genus 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 391: 386: 377: 374: 370: 364: 360: 353: 347: 343: 336: 331: 328: 324: 319: 315: 310: 305: 301: 295: 293: 287: 284: 283:Binomial name 280: 276: 275: 270: 267: 266: 263: 262: 258: 255: 254: 251: 248: 245: 244: 241: 238: 235: 234: 231: 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 169: 164: 160: 154: 148: 143: 137: 132: 121: 117: 112: 107: 103: 98: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 41: 36: 22: 19: 5392: 5076: 5051: 5034: 5025: 5013: 5002:C. lunulatus 5001: 4992: 4984:C. galeritus 4983: 4974: 4965: 4957:C. torquatus 4956: 4947: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4880: 4871: 4863:P. hamadryas 4862: 4853: 4844: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4789:L. aterrimus 4788: 4779: 4759: 4747: 4738: 4730:M. thibetana 4729: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4684: 4675: 4667:M. arctoides 4666: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4547: 4529: 4504: 4496:C. neglectus 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4388:C. campbelli 4387: 4378: 4369: 4361:C. nictitans 4360: 4351: 4342: 4322: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4272: 4261:C. cynosuros 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4186: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4146:Erythrocebus 4144: 4133:M. ogouensis 4132: 4123: 4103: 4091: 4079: 3975: 3958: 3928: 3922: 3914:the original 3904: 3886: 3861: 3857: 3848: 3840: 3831: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3391:(1): 36–49. 3388: 3384: 3378: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3276: 3272: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3198:(1): 32–45. 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3077:(1): 37–51. 3074: 3070: 3066: 3020: 3016: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2954:(1): 54–80. 2951: 2947: 2911: 2905: 2896: 2888: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2821: 2812: 2801:. Retrieved 2797: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2586: 2552: 2521:. Retrieved 2493: 2487: 2477: 2460:10261/308760 2434: 2428: 2417: 2403:cite journal 2391:. Retrieved 2386: 2382: 2369: 2360: 2354: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2286: 2262: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2183: 2179: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2030:22 September 2028:. Retrieved 2018: 2011: 2002: 1977:. Retrieved 1963: 1957: 1951: 1894: 1883: 1872: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1783: 1770: 1757:habitat loss 1754: 1714: 1698: 1677:golden eagle 1665:domestic dog 1662: 1646: 1627: 1617:alloparental 1614: 1577: 1570:that female 1560: 1535: 1511: 1503: 1490: 1479: 1471: 1452: 1431:interglacial 1424: 1395: 1365: 1353:World War II 1345:North Africa 1318: 1275: 1224: 1207: 1157:interglacial 1150: 1134: 1128: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1099: 1020: 1019: 1002: 1001: 970: 969: 920:M. arctoides 918: 917: 902:M. thibetana 900: 899: 868: 867: 809: 808: 791: 790: 741: 740: 696: 695: 694: 679: 667: 657: 649: 645: 639: 623:sister group 615:Phylogenetic 608: 592: 580: 572: 563: 549: 543: 535: 521: 515: 500: 458: 435: 426: 423:type species 421:. It is the 394: 389: 388: 384: 382: 368: 358: 351: 341: 334: 333: 291: 289: 273: 272: 260: 236:Infraorder: 18: 5233:iNaturalist 5101:Wikispecies 4802:Rungwecebus 4780:L. albigena 4685:M. cyclopis 4622:M. tonkeana 4613:M. ochreata 4586:M. pagensis 4550:M. sylvanus 4478:C. ascanius 4451:C. sclateri 4406:C. pogonias 4259:Malbrouck ( 4243:C. tantalus 4225:C. aethiops 4188:Chlorocebus 4124:M. talapoin 4112:(Talapoins) 4105:Miopithecus 4022:(subfamily 3788:(1): 1–24. 3576:: 245–250. 3397:1874/358227 2914:: 117–130. 2622:L. 1758)". 2230:: 117–130. 1832:Emain Macha 1798:dissections 1774:overgrazing 1761:overgrazing 1722:Pleistocene 1651:forests in 1649:Atlas cedar 1634:angiosperms 1630:gymnosperms 1518:conspecific 1508:Alarm calls 1467:selectivity 1455:matriarchal 1429:and during 1427:Pleistocene 1392:Atlas cedar 1349:Middle Ages 1239:bilophodont 1164:Description 1135:M. sylvanus 637:in humans. 395:Barbary ape 373:Reichenbach 352:Simia inuus 240:Simiiformes 5465:Categories 5408:Q109647596 5024:Mandrill ( 5015:Mandrillus 4936:mangabeys) 4927:Cercocebus 4881:P. ursinus 4813:R. kipunji 4761:Lophocebus 4739:M. munzala 4712:M. radiata 4694:M. fuscata 4676:M. mulatta 4577:M. leonina 4559:M. silenus 4538:(Macaques) 4487:C. hamlyni 4352:C. roloway 4311:A. solatus 4302:A. preussi 4293:A. lhoesti 4216:C. sabaeus 4061:Haplorhini 4059:Suborder: 3372:: 172–179. 2899:in Europe" 2803:2022-04-03 2437:: 103368. 2217:in Europe" 2107:(1): 1–7. 1979:17 January 1864:References 1794:anthropoid 1683:response. 1681:alarm call 1498:coalitions 1416:Portuguese 1404:Tell Atlas 1380:grasslands 1294:High Atlas 1282:fragmented 1231:anogenital 1174:Prague Zoo 1022:M. mulatta 1004:M. fuscata 870:M. radiata 793:M. silenus 631:homologous 589:suppressed 433:of young. 230:Haplorhini 226:Suborder: 149:Appendix I 131:Endangered 5026:M. sphinx 4993:C. sanjei 4966:C. agilis 4914:T. gelada 4890:P. kindae 4845:P. anubis 4833:(Baboons) 4811:Kipunji ( 4703:M. sinica 4595:M. siberu 4521:Papionini 4469:C. cephus 4035:Kingdom: 3955:ARKive - 3810:150797237 3273:Behaviour 3239:Behaviour 2948:Behaviour 2605:820107187 2510:0015-5713 2383:Carolinea 1882:"Species 1836:Titelberg 1813:physician 1800:. Strong 1659:Predators 1592:Parenting 1588:females. 1514:predators 1474:gestation 1435:Herodotus 1378:forests, 1351:. 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