528:, where its acidity is valued in blended wines for the 'freshness' it imparts. Barbera is found in the northwestern part of Italy, particularly in Monferrato, and to a lesser extent further south. Nearly half of all grapevine plantings in Piedmont are Barbera. It likes the same conditions as Nebbiolo, but the latter is more profitable, fetching nearly twice the price, so is grown on the best sites. The earlier-ripening Barbera is grown on the cooler lower slopes below the Nebbiolo, and other secondary locations. This explains why relatively little Barbera is grown around
2478:
2186:
606:
some of the grape's high acidity. The wines of
Barbera d'Asti tend to be bright in color and elegant while Barbera d'Alba tends to have a deep color with more intense, powerful fruit. In the Alba region many of the best vineyard sites are dedicated to Nebbiolo with Barbera relegated to a secondary location, which limits the quality and quantities of the wines labeled with the Barbera d'Alba DOC. In the Monferrato DOC, Barbera is blended with up to 15%
509:
442:
64:
622:
557:
267:
564:
As of 2010, there were 20,524 hectares (50,720 acres) of
Barbera planted, making it the sixth most widely planted red grape variety in Italy. At its highpoint in the late 20th century, there were over 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres) planted but the fallout from the "Methanol scandal" of the 1980s and
547:
Nizza (also
Barbera d'Asti Superiore Nizza before 2014) is a DOCG designation whose zone of production is limited to the comuni (municipalities) of Agliano Terme, Belveglio, Bruno, Calamandrana, Castel Boglione, Castelnuovo Belbo, Castelnuovo Calcea, Castel Rocchero, Cortiglione, Incisa Scapaccino,
617:
Since 2000, it has been possible to produce
Barbera d'Asti Superiore, for which the wine must have an alcoholic strength of at least 12.5% by volume, and be aged for at least 14 months, 6 months of which stored in oak or chestnut barrels. Many superior producers refine it in small oak barriques to
342:
to their wines, killing over 30 people and causing many more to lose their sight. The bad press and publicity saw a steady decline in
Barbera sales and plantings, allowing the grape to be eclipsed by the Montepulciano grape as Italy's second most widely planted red grape variety in the late 1990s.
605:
is considered among locals to be the "heart" of
Barbera in Piedmont. In 2001, the town of Nizza was officially recognized as a sub-region within the greater Barbera d'Asti DOC. Being one of the warmest areas in Asti, Nizza has the potential to produce the ripest Barbera with sugar levels to match
1037:
throughout Italy and worldwide. These include Barber a Raspo, Barbera a
Peduncolo, Barbera Amaro, Barbera Crna, Barbera Forte, Barbera Mercantile, Barbera Nera, Barbera Nostrana, Barbera Riccia, Barbera Rissa, Barbera Rosa, Barbera Vera, Barberone, Barbexinis, Besgano, Cosses Barbusen, Gaietto,
903:
color, pink rim, pronounced acidity, and normally rather modest levels of tannins. The acidity of
Barbera makes it a valued plant in warm climate regions where acidification is usually needed. The color of Barbera makes it a value blending grape and it was historically used in the Barolo &
449:
Winemakers working with
Barbera have a variety of ways to deal with the grape's high acidity and moderate astringency. The most common has been through blending with varieties lacking those components and creating a softer and potentially more balanced wine as a result.
429:. The different clones can be identified by the size and shape of their grape clusters with the smaller cluster clones producing the highest quality wine. In recent years, viticulturists have been working with clonal selection to increase Barbera's resistance to the
258:, and are not recommended for cellaring. Wines with a better balance between acid and fruit, often with the addition of oak and having a high alcohol content are more capable of cellaring; these wines often result from reduced-yield viticultural methods.
828:, and that it should theoretically find a successful home in many Australian wine regions. Australian wine producers have found some success with Barbera in Victoria. Mount Broke Wines of Broke, is one of the few in New South Wales, Australia.
849:
In the United States, there are 4,693 hectares (11,600 acres) of plantings mostly in
California, where Barbera is one of the most successful of the Piemontese grapes to be adopted in the state. It is widely planted in the
886:
notes and limited complexity and aging potential. In addition to Washington, in the Umpqua AVA of Oregon plantings of Barbara is proving successful, as well as plantings in central and southern Arizona.
928:
355:
and other methods. Excessive yields can diminish the fruit quality in the grape and accentuate Barbera's natural acidity and sharpness. In Piedmont, the vine was prized for its yields and ability to
484:
picked up from the oak, was found to increase the richness of Barbera. At the time, his recommendation met some resistance from the tradition-minded Barbera producers, but the success of the "
2523:
500:
time, contributed to the production of softer wines. Lower yields and harvesting riper grapes with more fruit and sugar have been found to be a better balance for Barbera's high acidity.
907:
The use of oak for fermentation or maturation can have a pronounced influence on the flavor and profile of Barbera. Barrel-influenced Barberas tend to be rounder and richer, with more
1395:. Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity (IBV) of the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE), Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179 Bonn, Germany. Archived from
858:. In recent years, the fashion of Italian grapes has caused more California winemakers to look into producing high-quality varietal Barbera. Plantings in the cooler regions of
488:" which introduced new oak barrel treatment to Sangiovese caused many producers to reconsider. In addition to the subtle oxygenation and spice notes, oak imparts to the wine
939:
region used Barbera as one of the parent vines for many of his crosses. Along with Nebbiolo di Dronero (originally thought to be Nebbiolo but later discovered to be an old
367:
to give their best sites over to the more difficult-to-cultivate Nebbiolo and still produce quality wine with Barbera that could be consumed earlier while the Nebbiolo
735:
Although Barbera plantings of over 12,500 hectares (31,000 acres) existed as of 2010 outside Italy, it is rarely found in Europe except for small plantings in
960:
979:
1420:
915:
and cherry notes. While some producers delay harvest in order to increase sugar levels as a balance to Barbera's acidity, over-ripeness can lead to
719:
430:
1276:
987:
548:
Moasca, Mombaruzzo, Mombercelli, Nizza Monferrato, Rocchetta Palafea, San Marzano Oliveto, Vaglio Serra and Vinchio within the province of Asti.
971:
899:, fruity wines to more powerful, intense examples that need cellaring. Some characteristics of the variety are more consistent—namely its deep
270:
An 18th-century engraving of the city of Casal Monferrato in whose cathedral archive the earliest known planting of Barbera is documented
956:
952:
995:
964:
754:
The influence of Italian immigrants has led to a scattering of Barbera plantings in South America, notably in Argentina, Brazil, and
788:
in the 1960s, and as of 2010 accounted for 103 hectares (250 acres) of planting land. It has been grown for about 25 years in the
618:
obtain a rounder taste. The superior has the following sub-zones indicated on the label: Nizza, Tinella, or Colli Astiani (Asti).
2412:
565:
the lack of a driving worldwide market caused those numbers to decline. In the Piedmont region, Barbera is widely grown in the
1379:
1312:
1260:
147:
246:
and with notes of blackberry and black cherries in wines made of more ripe grapes. Many producers employ the use of toasted
2234:
222:
wines are produced within a sub-zone of the Barbera d'Asti production area. When young, the wines offer a very intense
2508:
1496:
1345:
1213:
1164:
1105:
492:
wood tannins which give structure to the wine without adding as much astringent bite as the tannins derived from the
2518:
1471:
1052:
785:
1785:
895:
As with many grapes that are widely planted, there is a wide range of quality and variety of Barbera wines from
1952:
116:
363:
even on vineyard sites with less than ideal exposure. This allowed the Piedmontese winemakers in regions like
2513:
2438:
1392:
763:
418:
379:
has been picked. In recent times, winemakers have been experimenting with harvesting Barbera later at higher
2443:
851:
469:
2363:
2330:
2159:
1280:
1001:
Despite similarities in names, Barbera has no close genetic relationship with the Campanian wine grape
758:. In Argentina, it is widely grown with 1,061 hectares (2,620 acres) planted as of 2010, mostly in the
2453:
2343:
532:, where the wines are entitled to the appellation Barbera d'Alba. Thus the best-known Barbera is the
493:
206:, robust red wines with intense fruit and enhanced tannic content. The best-known appellation is the
1177:
2448:
2227:
2169:
2098:
1990:
1591:
1574:
839:
835:
24:
1225:
665:. As in Lombardy, Barbera is often softened by blending with the lighter Croatina as it is in the
2338:
1711:
1547:
867:
820:, includes Barbera in maturity group 5, which means that it will ripen at about the same time as
2201:
2124:
1569:
813:
793:
351:
The Barbera vine is very vigorous and capable of producing high yields if not kept in check by
1117:
2139:
1908:
1552:
710:
473:
176:
1372:
Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours
1790:
1542:
831:
254:
notes. The lightest versions are generally known for flavors and aromas of fresh fruit and
8:
2368:
2320:
2220:
1464:
944:
879:
650:
461:
380:
375:
for Barbera usually takes place in late September-early October, usually two weeks after
32:
1770:
1302:
2358:
1863:
1002:
911:
and spice notes. Wines made with older or more-neutral oak tend to retain more vibrant
871:
590:
521:
307:
247:
1242:
834:
producers have begun widespread plantings of the grape in the warm climate regions of
2312:
2259:
1843:
1581:
1375:
1341:
1308:
1256:
1209:
1160:
1101:
1047:
875:
537:
497:
311:
287:
211:
203:
140:
1780:
303:
153:
2103:
2030:
1893:
1795:
1248:
781:
777:
602:
582:
574:
541:
477:
334:. In 1985, the Piedmont region was rocked by a scandal involving Barbera producers
315:
279:
20:
629:
Outside Piedmont, Barbera is found throughout Italy, often as a component in mass
282:, Italy, where it has been known since the thirteenth century. Documents from the
2458:
2279:
2196:
1982:
1810:
1745:
1688:
1651:
1531:
801:
748:
653:. Southeast of Piedmont, Barbera is found in Emilia-Romagna in the hills between
569:
region and the Asti and Monferrato regions. While there is no officially defined
299:
215:
122:
639:
in Oltrepò Pavese with wines that range from slightly spritzy to semi-sparkling
2348:
2297:
2251:
2108:
2080:
2055:
1976:
1965:
1960:
1858:
1825:
1641:
1619:
1586:
1562:
1457:
1022:
1018:
1006:
983:
821:
809:
755:
740:
724:
631:
566:
525:
481:
422:
391:
372:
327:
290:
between 1246 and 1277 detail leasing agreements of vineyard lands planted with
171:
that, as of 2000, was the third most-planted red grape variety in Italy (after
126:
86:
2353:
2502:
2477:
2378:
2287:
2185:
2093:
2088:
1765:
1557:
1010:
912:
863:
770:
736:
697:. Barbera was an important grape in re-establishing the wine industry of the
594:
578:
485:
457:
414:
323:
295:
184:
180:
168:
409:
soils can help limit the vigor and yields. The grape rarely thrives in very
2164:
1755:
1693:
1683:
1636:
1014:
900:
805:
759:
706:
417:. Like many grape varieties with a long history, the Barbera vine has seen
356:
231:
223:
165:
1913:
27:. Several terms redirect here: for another grape known as Pignatello, see
2482:
2433:
2396:
2190:
2045:
2035:
1933:
1698:
1629:
1488:
940:
936:
896:
859:
797:
426:
368:
255:
250:, which provides for increased complexity, aging potential, and hints of
243:
188:
1815:
1252:
421:
arise with different clones of the variety found in Piedmont, Lombardy,
2386:
2302:
2292:
2243:
2149:
2144:
2129:
2065:
2060:
2025:
1923:
1918:
1878:
1805:
1750:
1740:
1722:
1678:
1666:
1656:
1614:
1440:
1430:
932:
883:
666:
611:
395:
335:
275:
219:
172:
136:
1735:
2264:
2154:
2134:
2070:
2050:
2040:
2000:
1938:
1820:
1760:
1661:
1506:
1244:
Which Winegrape Varieties are Grown Where? A Global Empirical Picture
1180:. The State Library of South Australia, GPO Box 419, Adelaide SA 5001
948:
870:, producers have been experimenting with plantings of Barbera in the
744:
714:
694:
670:
641:
598:
529:
454:
364:
331:
283:
239:
28:
904:
Barberesco region to add color to the natural light Nebbiolo grape.
2010:
2005:
1995:
1888:
1868:
1835:
1800:
1646:
1609:
1521:
1516:
1501:
1327:
Higgs, Darby, Emerging Varietal Wines of Australia, Booksurge, 2005
975:
855:
702:
678:
674:
654:
646:
636:
625:
A Cabernet Sauvignon/Barbera blend from the Langhe DOC in Piedmont.
513:
508:
489:
441:
410:
376:
360:
339:
235:
227:
199:
1730:
1396:
796:, with later plantings in a number of wine regions, including the
63:
2463:
2269:
2020:
1873:
1775:
1511:
1118:"Wine Varietals Guide - Types of Grapes | Wine of the Month Club"
1034:
658:
586:
387:, these producers may even harvest their Barbera after Nebbiolo.
384:
352:
251:
1624:
882:. So far these very young vines have produced fruity wines with
2428:
2391:
2015:
1903:
1898:
991:
916:
825:
789:
698:
682:
621:
607:
556:
1307:(Revised ed.). Tanunda, South Australia: Trivinum Press.
540:. The Barbera del Monferrato DOC – which tends to be somewhat
2212:
1928:
1883:
1853:
843:
662:
465:
460:
recommended that Barbera producers use small oak barrels for
266:
109:
47:
649:
and as part of a larger blend component in the red wines of
310:
brought Barbera to the Americas where the vine took root in
2524:
Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato
1480:
1436:
908:
533:
406:
402:
399:
207:
195:
520:
Northwest Italy is the viticultural home for Barbera, but
472:
to soften the wine. The added oxygen would also limit the
298:, Pierre Viala, speculates that Barbera originated in the
319:
1240:
1449:
274:
Barbera is believed to have originated in the hills of
685:, the grape is used in various blends under the names
476:
quality of Barbera and the occurrence of off-odors of
383:
to produce heavier, more fruit-forward wines. In some
1374:
pgs 24, 87-88, 333, 471, 729 and 852 Allen Lane 2012
713:. Today it is a permitted variety to be blended with
1100:
Third Edition pg 62-63 Oxford University Press 2006
322:
evidence suggest that Barbera may be related to the
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
210:(Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita)
1338:Washington Wines and Wineries: The Essential Guide
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
854:, where it is a blend component in mass-produced
2500:
1134:
1038:Lombardesca, Perricone, Pignatello and Ughetta.
1025:of Barbera but rather its own distinct variety.
720:Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita
635:blends. In the Lombardy region, it is seen as a
922:
294:or Barbera, as it was known then. However, one
1390:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1065:
2228:
1465:
1330:
709:due to its high yields and easy adaption to
645:. Elsewhere in Lombardy, it is blended with
614:and Dolcetto and can be slightly sparkling.
183:and is known for deep color, full body, low
31:; for another grape known as Barberone, see
1359:
1191:
866:have produced some successful examples. In
681:in the wine known as Barbera Sarda, and in
306:. In the 19th and 20th centuries, waves of
2235:
2221:
1472:
1458:
1370:J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz
1340:p. 62 University of California Press 2007
1300:
1033:Barbera is known under a variety of local
1017:has shown that the white Piedmont variety
464:and maturation in order to add subtle oak
62:
929:Instituto Sperimentale per la Viticoltura
496:of the grape. This, coupled with reduced
394:but tends to thrive most in less fertile
1435:
1241:Anderson, K. & Aryal, N. R. (2013).
1122:The International Wine of the Month Club
970:Barbera is also a parent variety behind
620:
555:
507:
440:
265:
2413:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1393:"Vitis International Variety Catalogue"
947:), Dalmasso crossed Barbera to produce
927:Grape breeder Giovanni Dalmasso at the
480:that would occur in some examples. The
2501:
2216:
1453:
1434:
390:Barbera can adapt to a wide range of
1384:
234:. In the lightest versions notes of
1169:
13:
1391:Maul, E.; Eibach, R. (June 1999).
1175:
769:There are some small plantings in
544:(frizzante) – is rarely exported.
14:
2535:
1497:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1414:
1226:"Barbera Renaissance in Piemonte"
1159:pg 145-147 Mitchell Beazley 1986
2476:
2184:
1247:. University of Adelaide Press.
766:, and used mostly for blending.
730:
202:and allow for the production of
121:Montferrat (Italy), California,
1356:Amaranth Ridge, Oakland, Oregon
1350:
1321:
1178:"Grapes and Wines of the World"
1053:List of Italian grape varieties
816:. John Gladstones, in his book
786:University of California, Davis
503:
2242:
1294:
1279:. Casa Valduga. Archived from
1269:
1234:
1218:
1110:
524:spread it through much of the
468:flavors and limited levels of
445:A Barbera d'Alba from Piedmont
346:
1:
2439:Glossary of viticulture terms
1058:
436:
419:mutation and clonal variation
292:"de bonis vitibus barbexinis"
198:still exist in many regional
98:
2444:Glossary of winemaking terms
1425:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1098:The Oxford Companion to Wine
923:Relationship to other grapes
743:, and the coastal region of
218:region: the highest-quality
7:
1304:Viticulture and Environment
1041:
1028:
818:Viticulture and Environment
677:, the grape is used around
669:region for the DOC wine of
318:among other places. Recent
10:
2540:
2364:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1208:p. 41 Harcourt Books 2001
727:though it is rarely used.
261:
23:, and for other uses, see
18:
2472:
2454:History of the wine press
2421:
2405:
2377:
2344:Sparkling wine production
2329:
2311:
2278:
2250:
2178:
2117:
2079:
1974:
1951:
1834:
1721:
1709:
1602:
1530:
1487:
1447:
1301:Gladstones, John (2016).
1157:Vines, Grapes & Wines
560:A landscape in Monferrato
453:In the 1970s, the French
146:
132:
115:
105:
93:
81:
73:
68:Cluster of Barbera grapes
61:
45:
40:
2509:Red wine grape varieties
2449:Wine tasting descriptors
2170:Wine tasting descriptors
2099:Phenolic content in wine
1991:Alternative wine closure
1575:Great French Wine Blight
1479:
890:
551:
25:Barbera (disambiguation)
2519:Wine grapes of Piedmont
2339:Malolactic fermentation
359:two weeks earlier than
1206:Encyclopedia of Grapes
626:
561:
517:
446:
271:
19:For other grapes, see
2140:Wine and food pairing
1229:Wine Business Monthly
711:mechanical harvesting
624:
581:between the towns of
559:
511:
444:
269:
2514:Wine grapes of Italy
1791:Muscat of Alexandria
998:(also with Merlot).
880:Columbia Valley AVAs
577:, the region of the
179:). It produces good
2369:Yeast in winemaking
2321:Carbonic maceration
1253:10.20851/winegrapes
187:and high levels of
74:Color of berry skin
33:Pascale di Cagliari
2359:Traditional method
2160:Wine personalities
1864:Cabernet Sauvignon
1231:, December 1, 2003
1176:Radden, Rosemary.
1003:Barbera del Sannio
784:imported from the
764:San Juan provinces
705:regions following
627:
591:Castelnuovo Calcea
562:
522:Italian immigrants
518:
512:Barbera wine from
494:phenolic compounds
447:
308:Italian immigrants
272:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2260:Late harvest wine
2210:
2209:
1947:
1946:
1844:Alicante Bouschet
1592:Judgment of Paris
1380:978-1-846-14446-2
1314:978-0-9945016-1-5
1262:978-1-922064-67-7
1155:Robinson, Jancis
1096:J. Robinson (ed)
980:Incrocio Terezi I
288:Casale Monferrato
159:
158:
2531:
2481:
2480:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2189:
2188:
2104:Proteins in wine
1771:Grüner Veltliner
1719:
1718:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1432:
1431:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:on 11 April 2007
1388:
1382:
1368:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1202:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1173:
1167:
1153:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1114:
1108:
1094:
868:Washington State
776:Barbera came to
583:Nizza Monferrato
575:Chianti Classico
478:hydrogen sulfide
66:
55:
50:
38:
37:
21:Barbera (grapes)
16:Variety of grape
2539:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2483:Wine portal
2475:
2468:
2459:History of wine
2417:
2401:
2373:
2325:
2307:
2288:Deacidification
2274:
2246:
2241:
2211:
2206:
2191:Wine portal
2183:
2174:
2113:
2075:
1980:
1970:
1943:
1830:
1811:Sauvignon blanc
1746:Cayetana blanca
1714:
1712:grape varieties
1705:
1598:
1526:
1483:
1478:
1443:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1389:
1385:
1369:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1239:
1235:
1223:
1219:
1203:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1154:
1135:
1126:
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1116:
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810:Adelaide Hills
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177:Montepulciano
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169:grape variety
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133:Notable wines
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2331:Fermentation
2182:
2165:Wine tasting
1848:
1786:Muscat blanc
1756:Chenin blanc
1553:Ancient Rome
1424:
1401:. Retrieved
1397:the original
1386:
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1285:. Retrieved
1281:the original
1271:
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1182:. Retrieved
1171:
1156:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:
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1097:
1032:
1015:DNA analysis
1000:
969:
926:
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872:Red Mountain
848:
830:
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806:McLaren Vale
775:
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734:
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707:World War II
690:
686:
651:Franciacorta
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616:
570:
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519:
504:Wine regions
462:fermentation
452:
448:
415:saline soils
389:
381:sugar levels
350:
291:
273:
256:dried fruits
232:blackberries
194:Century-old
193:
166:Italian wine
161:
160:
85:
52:
2434:Wine bottle
2406:Other steps
2397:Wine cellar
2354:Süssreserve
2046:Wine cellar
2036:Wine bottle
1977:accessories
1975:Packaging,
1934:Tempranillo
1563:Noah's wine
1543:Phoenicians
1489:Viticulture
1336:P. Gregutt
1224:F. Ziliani
961:San Michele
941:French wine
937:Veneto wine
876:Walla Walla
812:regions in
798:King Valley
567:Alba Langhe
470:oxygenation
427:Mezzogiorno
347:Viticulture
278:in central
248:oak barrels
244:blueberries
240:raspberries
94:Also called
2503:Categories
2313:Maceration
2303:Wine press
2293:Destemming
2244:Winemaking
2150:Wine fraud
2145:Wine fault
2130:Oenophilia
2066:Wine label
2061:Wine glass
2026:Port tongs
1924:Sangiovese
1919:Pinot noir
1879:Douce noir
1806:Rkatsiteli
1751:Chardonnay
1741:Catarratto
1715:by acreage
1689:Biodynamic
1652:Aromatized
1441:winemaking
1403:2007-04-18
1287:2007-04-18
1204:Oz Clarke
1184:2007-04-18
1127:2018-06-29
1059:References
933:Conegliano
884:strawberry
840:Wellington
836:Malmesbury
792:region of
693:made near
691:Pignatello
667:Val Tidone
612:Grignolino
498:maceration
437:Winemaking
398:soils and
396:calcareous
312:California
302:region of
276:Monferrato
220:Nizza DOCG
204:long-aging
173:Sangiovese
2265:Noble rot
2155:Winemaker
2135:Sommelier
2071:Wine rack
2051:Wine cork
2041:Wine cave
2031:Screw cap
2001:Corkscrew
1966:New World
1961:Old World
1939:Zinfandel
1914:Mourvèdre
1821:Trebbiano
1761:Colombard
1662:Noble rot
1642:Fortified
1620:Sparkling
1587:New World
1421:‘Barbera’
1021:is not a
949:Albarossa
919:flavors.
856:jug wines
778:Australia
745:Primorska
715:Aglianico
695:Agrigento
687:Perricone
671:Gutturnio
642:frizzante
603:Rocchetta
599:Belveglio
542:sparkling
526:New World
474:reductive
455:enologist
336:illegally
332:Mourvedre
316:Argentina
284:cathedral
200:vineyards
164:is a red
127:Argentina
123:Australia
29:Perricone
2280:Pressing
2202:Glossary
2118:Industry
2011:Jug wine
2006:Decanter
1996:Box wine
1894:Isabella
1889:Grenache
1869:Carignan
1816:Sémillon
1801:Riesling
1796:Palomino
1539:Ancient
1522:Vineyard
1517:Veraison
1502:Oenology
1277:"Duetto"
1042:See also
1035:synonyms
1029:Synonyms
1013:. Also,
976:Croatina
957:Nebbiera
953:Cornarea
808:and the
802:Victoria
782:cuttings
749:Slovenia
703:Campania
679:Cagliari
675:Sardinia
655:Piacenza
647:Croatina
637:varietal
571:Classico
514:Piedmont
490:ligneous
425:and the
411:alkaline
385:vintages
377:Dolcetto
361:Nebbiolo
340:methanol
300:Lombardy
280:Piemonte
236:cherries
228:cherries
216:Piedmont
2464:Terroir
2422:Related
2270:Vintage
2252:Harvest
2197:Outline
2021:Muselet
1983:storage
1874:Cinsaut
1849:Barbera
1776:Macabeo
1736:Aligoté
1694:Organic
1684:Natural
1637:Dessert
1582:Georgia
1532:History
1512:Terroir
1507:Species
1427:(1999).
1005:or the
996:Prodest
965:Soperga
935:in the
917:raisiny
760:Mendoza
756:Uruguay
741:Romania
725:Taurasi
717:in the
659:Bologna
595:Agliano
587:Vinchio
373:Harvest
353:pruning
338:adding
328:Spanish
262:History
252:vanilla
214:in the
189:acidity
185:tannins
162:Barbera
82:Species
41:Barbera
2429:Winery
2392:Solera
2016:Kvevri
1904:Merlot
1899:Malbec
1699:Kosher
1675:Other
1630:Orange
1603:Styles
1570:France
1378:
1344:
1311:
1259:
1212:
1163:
1104:
1009:grape
994:) and
992:Merlot
990:(with
982:(with
945:Chatus
913:aromas
878:, and
864:Sonoma
826:Merlot
822:Shiraz
790:Mudgee
771:Israel
737:Greece
699:Apulia
683:Sicily
661:, and
608:Freisa
516:region
324:French
181:yields
150:number
106:Origin
2379:Aging
1929:Syrah
1884:Gamay
1854:Bobal
1766:Glera
1731:Airén
1723:White
1679:Table
1667:Straw
1657:Fruit
1615:White
1558:China
1437:Wines
988:Nigra
891:Wines
844:Paarl
780:with
673:. In
663:Parma
552:Italy
466:spice
407:Sandy
357:ripen
330:vine
224:aroma
196:vines
137:Nizza
110:Italy
54:Vitis
48:Grape
1981:and
1710:Top
1625:Rosé
1481:Wine
1439:and
1376:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1102:ISBN
972:Ervi
963:and
909:plum
901:ruby
862:and
860:Napa
842:and
824:and
762:and
701:and
601:and
534:DOCG
530:Alba
403:loam
400:clay
369:ages
365:Alba
314:and
242:and
230:and
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