72:
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2514:
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20:
2680:. Three hundred of them fired on the first line of a 3,200-yard (2,900 m) wide barrage, beginning three minutes before the infantry moved off and lifting at a rate of 100 yards in five minutes. It was due to pause for an hour at the first objective, then lift at 100 yards per three minutes to the further objectives, but the timing was disrupted by heavy resistance and defensive artillery fire. The operation was later criticised for concentrating on too narrow a front, constrained by the need for enough guns to produce a dense barrage.
2769:
2337:
standing barrage, protecting the newly gained positions from counter-attack while the infantry consolidated. During this time the pace of fire slackened to one round per gun a minute, enabling the guns and the crews a respite before resuming full intensity as the barrage moved on. The heavy and super-heavy artillery fired on German rear areas. Over 700 machine guns participated in the barrage, using indirect fire over the heads of their own troops.
2359:
2383:, the barrage outpaced the infantry, allowing the defenders to recover and emerge from their dug-outs, with disastrous results for the attackers. By the end of World War I it was realised that the important effect of the barrage was to demoralise and suppress the enemy, rather than physical destruction; a short, intense bombardment immediately followed by infantry assault was more effective than the weeks of grinding bombardment used in 1916.
2617:'s planners, but rejected in favour of fierce concentrations on known or suspected targets in turn. Along a 12,000-yard (11,000 m) front, 456 guns were considered insufficient for a true creeping barrage (at Neuve Chapelle there had been one gun for every four yards of front). But creeping and rolling barrages were used in some divisional sectors and in later phases of the Alamein battle. For
2097:. The impact points along the line may be 20 to 30 yards apart, with the total line length of the barrage zone anything from a few hundred to several thousand yards long. Barrages can consist of multiple such lines, usually about 100 yards apart, with the barrage shifting from one line to the next over time, or several lines may be targeted simultaneously.
2485:, enabling them to take a village with little opposition. A report said "Experience has shown that it is far better to risk a few casualties from an occasional short round from our own artillery than to suffer the many casualties which occur when the bombardment is not closely followed up". A creeping barrage was essential to the success of the
2509:
formed a creeping barrage which fired in front of the advancing infantry up to their extreme range while 4.5-inch howitzers fired beyond the barrage, while heavy artillery were employed in counter battery work. The creeping barrage moved at a rate of between 50 yards (46 m), 75 yards (69 m)
2386:
A creeping barrage could maintain the element of surprise, with the guns opening fire only shortly before the assault troops moved off. It was useful when enemy positions had not been thoroughly reconnoitred, as it did not depend on identifying individual targets in advance. On the other hand, it was
2262:
was a development in which the barrage lifted periodically to a target further back, such as a second line of trenches. This was countered by the defenders infiltrating troops and machine guns into no-man's land or the areas between their own trench lines, so it was found necessary to comb the entire
2660:
Divisions. They included a standing barrage to mark the start line in the dark and enable the infantry to form up in the right alignment; a barrage that wheeled left during the advance; and an on-call creeping barrage. Nevertheless, attacks rarely relied solely on a barrage for artillery support: at
2573:
The day of the lengthy large-scale preliminary barrage had largely passed by the end of World War I, at least in
Western nations, with the realisation that best results were achieved by neutralising the enemy rather than attempting his physical destruction, and that short, concentrated bombardments,
2303:
on one's advancing troops; too quickly could mean that the enemy would have too much time to emerge from cover to resume defensive positions and attack the exposed advancing troops. After World War I the
British developed the "quick barrage", a standard barrage pattern that could be ordered by radio
2537:
Back barrages were fired, in which rearmost lines of the barrage reversed direction, and machine gun barrages were introduced. False barrages attempted to deceive the enemy about Allied intentions or to force him to reveal his positions. The creeping barrage was used to great effect in the
Canadian
2203:
attack, with the infantry following the advancing barrage as closely as possible. Its employment in this way recognised the importance of artillery fire in suppressing or neutralizing, rather than destroying, the enemy. It was found that a moving barrage immediately followed by the infantry assault
2409:
in World War II, one benefit of the barrage was that it enabled the infantry to conform their line to the barrage, ensuring that their line of advance was correct. By 1943 the barrage was considered to dissipate firepower and to constrain the infantry into advancing in rigid lines. A barrage could
2370:
It was soon appreciated how important it was for the attacking troops to follow the barrage closely ("leaning on the barrage"), without allowing time for the defenders to recover from the shock of bombardment and emerge from their dug-outs; the French reckoned they should be suffering 10% of their
2336:
The standing barrage was aligned with known German positions, and lifted to the next target when the advance reached within 400 yards (370 m) of it. As each objective was taken by the infantry, the creeping barrage would pause at 150 to 300 yards (140 to 270 m) ahead of them and become a
2316:
was static, and might be defensive, to inhibit the movement of enemy troops and break up attacks. A creeping barrage could be made to stand on a line for a time before it moved on, perhaps waiting for the infantry to form up behind it, or to catch up, or perhaps it would stand on the line of known
2344:
three or four barrages formed a box – or more often three sides of a box – around a position to isolate it. Standing or box barrages were often used for defensive fire tasks, in which the barrage was registered beforehand on a position – agreed with the defending infantry commander – to be called
2550:
for every 15 yards (14 m) of front, and a heavy howitzer for every 50 yards (46 m), with yet more guns in the French sector. The
British barrage advanced 100 yards (91 m) every four minutes, with the infantry following as close as 50 yards (46 m) from the bursting shells. One
2455:
front, the barrage was programmed to lift 50 yards (46 m) every minute. Complications arose however in
British protocols to prevent friendly-fire casualties which at the time dictated that shellfire was to be kept over one hundred yards away from their own uncovered infantry. In many cases
2371:
casualties from their own artillery if they were close enough to the barrage. Ideally the attackers should be into the enemy positions before the defenders had time to recover their composure after the terror of an intense bombardment, emerge from shelters and man their firing positions. On the
2250:
led to the necessity for indirect firing through the use of observers, more sophisticated artillery fire plans and an increasingly scientific approach to gunnery. Gunners had to use increasingly complicated calculations to lay the guns. Individual guns were aimed so that their fall of shot was
2463:
Further, as the
British infantry was slowed far beyond the expected pace of advance across no-man's land, all along the Somme front it proved impossible for the infantry to keep up with the pace of the barrage. However, the tactic was further refined as the Battle of the Somme wore on and by
2551:
battery's programme required 45 lifts. As each objective was reached, the barrage settled 500 yards (460 m) beyond the new position, combing back and forth to disrupt expected German counter-attacks, while some of the artillery moved forward to support the next phase of the advance.
2731:
and began to roll forward. A 300-yard lift was made every 12 minutes, the lifts being signalled to the infantry by yellow smoke shells, and the barrage paused for ½ hour at each defensive line. 2,500 shells were fired per square kilometre per hour until the barrage stopped at 16:30.
2402:(Operation Michael) was still supported by a massive creeping barrage, containing a heavy mix of gas shells. The importance of the barrage was such that traditional infantry tactics, such as reliance on the infantry's own firepower to support its movement, were sometimes forgotten.
2279:) was a barrage that lifted in small increments, usually 50 to 100 yards every few minutes, moving forward slowly, keeping pace with the infantry. British practice evolved to fire at two lines simultaneously. Eventually, three patterns of advancing the barrage developed. In a
2298:
barrage had been perfected and could be made to move in complex ways, the barrage wheeling or even combing back and forth, to catch the defenders re-emerging after the barrage had passed but it was still governed by a timetable. A creeping barrage that was too slow would risk
2840:, imported from the French for "barrier" around 1915, means a coordinated bombardment as a static or moving barrier, as described in this article. The word has also entered general language, where it has come to mean any intense sequence of words or missiles – such as
2687:
in 1945, dummy barrages were used to confuse the enemy, either misleading them as to the line of attack or drawing them out of shelters as the barrage passed, expecting an infantry assault, only to catch them with a renewed barrage or air attacks. On Monte Sole,
2590:
was preceded by a walking barrage. After first passing over the German line, the barrage returned twice more, attempting to catch the defenders returning to their firing positions from their dugouts, or to keep them underground when the real assault went in.
2450:
saw another attempt at a large-scale creeping barrage which had been planned in anticipation of the infantry's anticipated ability to advance relatively unhampered across the battlefield due to a heavy, week-long preparatory bombardment. For example, on
2349:
were supported first by a creeping barrage, then by a box barrage once they were in the enemy trenches, to prevent German reinforcement or counter-attack. It was aided with dummy bombardments on other sections of the line to confuse the enemy.
2529:
was soon added, in some cases later supplemented by smoke shells. The creeping barrage would advance at a rate of 100 yards every one to six minutes, depending on terrain and conditions; although six minutes was found to be too slow. By the
2739:
doctrine in World War II, where the creeping barrage by massed guns was the standard accompaniment to an infantry assault. The Soviet artillery had plenty of guns. Some 7,000 guns and mortars were massed for the counter-attack at the
2652:, more guns were available and the defenders were more concentrated than in the Western Desert. The artillery plan for the British attack at Wadi Akarit in April 1943 involved eight barrages in three phases ahead of the advances of
2171:
barrage). A series of different patterns may be employed as a battle develops, with each barrage lasting only a few minutes or many hours. Barrages are usually integral with larger operations of multiple military formations, from
2585:
in 1917. More sophisticated fire control enabled infantry to call down artillery fire in direct support, or targeting of identified enemy positions. Nevertheless, barrages remained in use. On 31 August 1918 the attack of the
2726:
began at 09:20, building in intensity over the next hour, 500 guns shooting at a line 500 yards deep. The barrage included smoke shells to screen the attackers forming up behind the barrage. From 10.30 the barrage was pure
2476:
in
November 1916. By the later stages of the Battle of the Somme, the British had improved the accuracy of and confidence in their artillery fire and had learned the lessons of keeping infantry close to the barrage: the
3481:. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2 Part II. A. F. Becke (maps). London: HM Stationery Office.
2844:. Nowadays, any form of artillery fire of more than one round may be described as a barrage in general language. Even military historians use it in a non-technical sense, referring to any intense artillery fire.
2345:
down in the event of an enemy attack on his positions. A box barrage could also be used to prevent the enemy from reinforcing a position to be attacked. In a trench raid of March 1917, the 1st
Battalion
2291:
barrage, the fire on the line nearest to their own troops moved to the first unengaged line behind then after a set interval the fire on the second line would move in turn to the next one behind that.
2390:
The World War I barrage with programmed lifts had the effect of confining the infantry advance to the artillery schedule, and of requiring the use of linear tactics, restricting infantry manoeuvre.
2542:
where the men had been extensively trained to move forward in the 'Vimy Glide' - a 100-yard per three minute pace which kept the infantry directly behind the barrage. The opening attack of the
2108:, will fire continuously at a steady rate at its assigned point for an assigned time before moving onto the next target, following the barrage's detailed timetable. Barrages typically use
2818:
was preceded by a moving concentration from supporting artillery, firing some 100 yards ahead of the advancing
Marines. Later phases of the attack used a pepperpot fire, including
2603:, but was no longer the dominant artillery plan. In the absence of the huge set-piece infantry assaults of World War I, barrages were on a smaller scale. For the opening of the
2251:
co-ordinated with others to form a pattern; in the case of a barrage, the pattern was a line. The term “barrage” was first used in World War I in
English in the orders for the
3452:"Artillery in World War II—The field artillery organisation, tactics, gunnery methods and regiments of the Royal Artillery and the artilleries of British Commonwealth"
2460:
was narrower than the allowable 'safe' distance and as such the barrage did not protect the men as they went 'over the top' and advanced towards the German trenches.
3509:
an excellent summary of artillery tactics, mainly World War II, including details of the fire pattern sizes used by different guns and units making up the barrage
2136:. Barrages are in contrast with concentrated artillery fire, which has a single specific target such as a known enemy position or structure, and in contrast with
2614:
2722:
barrage: other weapons – mortars, machine guns, tanks, anti-tank guns, anti-aircraft guns and rockets – supplementing the field guns. The true barrage of the
2581:
Attacks by tanks do not need the same form of artillery support, and the single barrage along the entire front of the advance had even been abandoned by the
2574:
including creeping barrages, were more effective in neutralising the enemy than extended bombardment. Once open warfare returned after the breaking of the
2744:, and huge bombardments remained standard for the rest of the war. During the Soviet advances in 1944–45, the tactic was used extensively throughout the
2534:
in 1917, the creeping barrage was huge and complex, with five or six lines of fire covering a depth of 2,000 yards (1,800 m) ahead of the infantry.
3136:
Kułacz, S. (2022) „Generał Tadeusz Rozwadowski pod Gorlicami – prawda i mit”, Klio - Czasopismo Poświęcone Dziejom Polski i Powszechnym, 62(2), s. 110
2199:
were the key to breaking into defensive positions. By late 1916 the creeping barrage was the standard means of applying artillery fire to support an
2481:(BEF) circulated an aerial observer's report commending a "most perfect wall of fire" followed up within 50 yards (46 m) by the infantry of
3506:
2625:
sector was preceded by a creeping barrage of 192 guns along a 4,000-yard (3,700 m) front, firing on three lines. There was almost one
2618:
3466:
2562:
developed a form of double creeping barrage, with the first line of the barrage consisting of gas shells. His ideas were applied on the
2822:
anti-tank missiles. However, neither of these were true barrages with fire aimed at successive lines to a strict timetable. The term
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2192:
2608:
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detailed account of barrage techniques on a site devoted to technicalities of British artillery. Retrieved on 19 November 2007.
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barrage two or more lines were fired on simultaneously and then the fire moved as block to the next lines to be engaged. In a
3231:
3017:
2653:
3531:'s communique including references to several tactical uses of barrages by US and German forces Retrieved on 6 November 2007
2147:
Barrages may be used defensively or offensively, and have a variety of patterns. Defensive ones are often static (such as a
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and particularly from late 1915 onwards when the British realized that the suppressive effects of artillery to provide
1998:
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Wadi Akarit pre-arranged concentrations on likely targets were called down by observers in the course of the assault.
2085:) aimed at a series of points along a line. In addition to attacking any enemy in the kill zone, a barrage intends to
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was covered by a barrage of shrapnel and HE on a colossal scale, fired by over 3,000 British guns and howitzers: one
1452:
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as a method of fire control was not included in the 1965 ABCA artillery agreement nor its successor NATO STANAG.
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2235:. It was a response to Boer defensive positions, notably at Tugela Heights and effective long range rifle fire.
2125:
1875:
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Sons of the Reich: The History of II SS Panzer Corps in Normandy, Arnhem, the Ardennes and on the Eastern Front
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in September 1918 the British fired far fewer creeping barrages, using more lifts and concentrations instead.
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September 1916 the creeping barrage became a standard tactic for infantry attacks, and soon spread to the
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wasteful of ammunition and guns, as much of the fire would inevitably fall on ground containing no enemy.
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fired probably its heaviest barrage of the war, 75,000 shells in a half-hour to clear the advance of the
2604:
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severely churn up the ground, especially in soft going, and impede the progress of the attacking troops.
2003:
1190:
987:
858:
396:
2442:, but in fact infantry assault was simply preceded by a four-hour shelling of the Russian defences. The
3293:, New Zealand Historical Publications Branch, Wellington, 1966, pp402-404, extract available online at
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barrage) while offensive ones are moved in coordination with the advancing friendly troops (such as
2121:
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3068:
3067:, New Zealand Historical Publications Branch, Wellington, 1966, p 403, extract available online at
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2718:, the push to the Rhine, the fire of 1,050 field and heavy guns was supplemented by 850 barrels of
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later proved more effective than advancing in rigid lines, and the infiltration phase of German
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and later, but only as one of a variety of artillery tactics made possible by improvements in
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Artillery usually fired over open sights at visible targets, until the Second Boer War when
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is widely - and technically incorrectly - used in the popular media for any artillery fire.
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At first, British creeping barrages consisted only of shrapnel shells but an equal mix of
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started to be used. The largest unit accustomed to firing at a single target was the
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2167:, or further into enemy back area to isolate certain enemy positions (such as a
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for every 20 yards of front, plus two medium regiments thickening the barrage.
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Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War
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enemy defences, to do more damage and sap enemy morale. The fireplan for the
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Battle Tactics of the Western Front: British Army's Art of Attack, 1916-18
2231:, one of several tactical innovations instituted under command of General
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The German 1918 Offensives: A Case Study of The Operational Level of War
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The German 1918 Offensives: A Case Study of The Operational Level of War
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to defend its outposts, in which artillery laid down a box barrage in a
2104:, or even (rarely) a single gun. Typically each gun in a barrage, using
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attacks could not use a creeping barrage; but the opening phase of the
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capping 8-inch (200 mm) shells with '106' (instantaneous) fuzes.
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A large and detailed site on Royal Artillery methods in World War II
2788:, UN forces employed on-call, pre-registered defensive fires called
2430:
It is sometimes claimed that creeping barrage was first used during
3366:"Battles of the Falklands Conflict:Mount Harriet - 11/12 June 1982"
2501:. Six months later, it was used with devastating effect during the
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could be far more effective than weeks of preliminary bombardment.
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Illustration of a complex walking barrage, used during defence of
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immediately ahead of the advance, while the other field guns and
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https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Arti-c12-1.html
3069:
https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Arti-c12-1.html
2191:. It came to prominence in World War I, notably its use by the
1432:
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2283:
barrage, the shell-fire moved from one line to the next. In a
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2180:, requiring days to weeks of preparation and exact planning.
903:
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fired a standing barrage some 700 yards (640 m) ahead.
3337:. Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors, 2002, pp 19-20
179:
174:
3519:
2nd New Zealand Divisional Artillery: Planning Supercharge
3034:
Steady The Buffs!: A Regiment, a Region, and the Great War
3278:
The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
3101:
3099:
2493:
in April, 1917. The creeping barrage was used during the
52:
3118:, commanding 4th Indian Division, cited by Bidwell, p 58
2676:
on 23 May 1944, 810 guns were amassed for the attack of
2796:
pattern around the outpost. It was still in use in the
3096:
3280:, Ed. Anne C. Venzon, Garland Publishing, 1999, p 645
2304:
without advance plotting of the fire plan on a map.
2517:Planning map for an Allied creeping barrage at the
3469:Reuters, 29 April 2007. Example of misuse of term
2434:in the battle of Gorlice in May 1915 (part of the
2246:(i.e. an artillery battalion), normally 18 guns.
3536:
3515:glossary of Vietnam era US artillery terminology
2683:In the assault crossing of the Senio during the
2215:, target location and communications. The term
2321:on 7 June 1917 called for most of the British
2050:
2640:in action near Tilly-sur-Seulles during the
2307:
2227:The moving barrage was developed during the
3440:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1979,
3147:The Silent General: Horne of the First Army
3084:, Taylor & Francis, 2005, p 44, 70, 140
2607:, for example, a barrage was considered by
2353:
2918:. Vietnam Veterans Home Page. 1999-09-01.
2829:
2057:
2043:
3221:
3007:
2263:area of the advance with artillery fire.
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2767:
2664:Nevertheless, it remained in use in the
2631:
2621:on 1–2 November 1942, the attack in the
2512:
2417:
2357:
2140:which targets enemies within the direct
1016:List of military strategies and concepts
18:
3507:Historical Artillery and Mortar Tactics
3501:British Artillery in WWII Fire Planning
3467:US Launches Barrage in Southern Baghdad
2763:
3537:
2780:The barrage continued in use into the
2594:
2510:and 100 yards (91 m) per minute.
2366:on the Chemin des Dames (31 July 1917)
23:A German artillery barrage falling on
3476:
2922:from the original on 14 February 2008
2413:
2163:barrages). They may target along the
3525:New York Times extracts 19 July 1918
3427:
3291:2nd New Zealand Divisional Artillery
3224:Passchendaele—The Sacrificial Ground
3065:2nd New Zealand Divisional Artillery
3010:Passchendaele—The Sacrificial Ground
2100:A barrage may involve a few or many
2750:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive
2468:, enabling the French recapture of
2266:
13:
3521:detailed account of a barrage plan
3250:, Taylor & Francis, 2005, p 56
3222:Steel, Nigel; Hart, Peter (2001).
3008:Steel, Nigel; Hart, Peter (2001).
14:
3566:
3494:
3036:, Oxford University Press, 1996,
2705:15th (Scottish) Infantry Division
2294:By late 1917, the technique of a
2183:The barrage was developed by the
3226:. Cassel. pp. 84 & 94.
3185:Falls 1930 Vol. 2 pp. 480–1, 485
2331:4.5-inch (110 mm) howitzers
70:
3473:. Retrieved on 24 October 2007.
3358:
3349:
3340:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3283:
3271:
3262:
3253:
3240:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3108:
3087:
3074:
3057:
3048:
3039:
2599:The barrage remained in use in
3026:
3001:
2976:
2967:
2942:
2933:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2325:to fire a creeping barrage of
2222:
1:
3390:
3158:Griffith, pp 65–66 & 143
2916:"Artillery Terms and Tactics"
2519:First Battle of Passchendaele
3372:. 2004-10-01. Archived from
3297:Retrieved on 27 October 2007
3167:Falls 1930 Vol. 2, pp. 323–6
3071:Retrieved on 27 October 2007
2754:Battle of the Seelow Heights
2499:Sinai and Palestine Campaign
2487:Canadian Expeditionary Force
2483:50th (Northumbrian) Division
2207:Barrages remained in use in
7:
3513:Artillery Terms and Tactics
3430:Barrage: the Guns in Action
3415:McClellandStewart, 1995–97.
3413:Where the Hell are the Guns
3012:. Cassel. pp. 45, 54.
2847:
2605:second Battle of El Alamein
2479:British Expeditionary Force
2193:British Expeditionary Force
1514:Military–industrial complex
988:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
3571:
3194:Griffith, pp 141 & 146
2424:Australian Heavy Artillery
2375:, and in the later French
3398:Artillery Tactics 1939-45
3203:Griffith, pp 85 & 144
2308:Standing and box barrages
1578:Loss-of-strength gradient
430:Combat information center
3419:Griffith, Paddy (1996).
3259:Griffith, pp 141 and 147
2884:
2786:Battle of Pork Chop Hill
2735:The barrage remained in
2685:final offensive in Italy
2668:. In the assault on the
2658:51st (Highland) Infantry
2623:2nd New Zealand Division
2503:Battle of Megiddo (1918)
2497:on 12 March 1918 in the
2436:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
2354:Advantages and drawbacks
2253:Battle of Neuve Chapelle
2132:), or potentially other
1896:Military science fiction
1381:Technology and equipment
797:List of military tactics
2830:General use of the word
2674:Battle of Monte Cassino
2568:German spring offensive
2544:Battle of Passchendaele
2400:German spring offensive
1964:Wartime sexual violence
1720:Full-spectrum dominance
1531:Supply-chain management
3403:Blackburn, George G.,
2842:a barrage of questions
2835:
2777:
2645:
2522:
2427:
2373:First day of the Somme
2367:
1876:Awards and decorations
1849:Peace through strength
1824:Low-intensity conflict
1458:Conscientious objector
1331:Area of responsibility
40:
33:Second Battle of Ypres
31:, probably during the
3477:Falls, Cyril (1930).
2771:
2635:
2619:Operation Supercharge
2516:
2507:Royal Horse Artillery
2421:
2361:
2323:18-pounder field guns
2110:high-explosive shells
463:Torpedo data computer
453:Ship gun fire-control
22:
3428:Hogg, Ian V (1971).
3405:The Guns of Normandy
3176:Falls 1930 pp. 470–1
3149:, Helion, 2007, p 86
2764:Korean War and after
2742:battle of Stalingrad
2540:Battle of Vimy Ridge
2495:action of Tell 'Asur
2392:Infiltration tactics
2089:enemy movements and
2077:is massed sustained
1994:Military occupations
1829:Military engineering
1731:Unrestricted Warfare
1588:Force multiplication
481:Military manoeuvrers
35:in 1915, during the
3545:Artillery operation
3409:The Guns of Victory
3396:Bidwell, Shelford,
3333:Reynolds, Michael,
2716:Operation Veritable
2714:For the opening of
2654:50th (Northumbrian)
2650:fighting in Tunisia
2595:Use in World War II
2448:battle of the Somme
2440:Tadeusz Rozwadowski
2405:In the featureless
2102:artillery batteries
1680:Penal military unit
1665:Rules of engagement
1341:Command and control
961:Operations research
425:Director (military)
415:Fire-control system
165:Command and control
46:Part of a series on
3436:Pakenham, Thomas,
3376:on 16 January 2008
2988:members.tripod.com
2954:members.tripod.com
2778:
2701:Battle of Normandy
2646:
2642:Battle of Normandy
2615:Bernard Montgomery
2612:Lieutenant-General
2588:U.S. 32nd Division
2523:
2489:in the capture of
2428:
2414:Use in World War I
2368:
2319:Battle of Messines
2112:, but may also be
1789:Counter-insurgency
1710:Command of the sea
1655:Jewish laws on war
1630:Geneva Conventions
1166:Divide and conquer
956:Military operation
921:Tactical objective
420:Fire-control radar
397:Electronic-warfare
41:
3233:978-1-4072-1467-2
3019:978-1-4072-1467-2
2807:, the assault of
2724:British XXX Corps
2711:on 26 June 1944.
2583:battle of Cambrai
2560:Georg BruchmĂĽller
2558:, German Colonel
2377:Nivelle Offensive
2067:
2066:
1959:Horses in warfare
1906:Anti-war movement
1809:Gunboat diplomacy
1799:Disaster response
1747:Philosophy of war
1742:Principles of war
1715:Deterrence theory
1660:Right of conquest
1583:Lanchester's laws
1351:Principles of war
1041:Counter-offensive
1021:Military campaign
926:Target saturation
849:Counterinsurgency
458:Gun data computer
392:Close air support
354:Aircraft carriers
3562:
3550:Military tactics
3490:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3433:
3424:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3347:
3346:Hogg, pp 144-148
3344:
3338:
3331:
3325:
3324:Hogg, pp 114-117
3322:
3316:
3315:Hogg, pp 108-109
3313:
3307:
3306:Bidwell, pp54-58
3304:
3298:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3078:
3072:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2794:horseshoe-shaped
2758:Battle of Berlin
2678:I Canadian Corps
2666:Italian Campaign
2505:when 18-pdr and
2474:Battle of Verdun
2381:Chemin des Dames
2314:standing barrage
2273:creeping barrage
2267:Creeping barrage
2059:
2052:
2045:
1814:Humanitarian aid
1752:Security dilemma
1573:Power projection
1356:Economy of force
1336:Chain of command
1051:Defence in depth
1036:Commerce raiding
854:Defeat in detail
170:Defense ministry
74:
65:
64:
55:
43:
42:
16:Artillery tactic
3570:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3535:
3534:
3497:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3393:
3388:
3379:
3377:
3370:Royal Air Force
3364:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
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3288:
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3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
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3189:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:Hogg, pp 32–147
3126:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3093:Griffith, p 67
3092:
3088:
3079:
3075:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2984:"Fire Planning"
2982:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2950:"Fire Planning"
2948:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:Pakenahm, p 345
2895:
2891:
2887:
2879:Barrage balloon
2869:Saturation fire
2850:
2832:
2766:
2709:Operation Epsom
2597:
2576:Hindenburg Line
2538:success at the
2532:Battle of Arras
2416:
2356:
2310:
2275:(also called a
2269:
2260:lifting barrage
2225:
2189:Second Boer War
2134:chemical agents
2095:line of barrage
2063:
2034:
2033:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1834:Multilateralism
1819:Law enforcement
1779:
1769:
1768:
1737:Just war theory
1695:
1685:
1684:
1635:Geneva Protocol
1605:
1595:
1594:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1326:
1316:
1315:
1281:
1271:
1270:
1201:Network-centric
1121:
1111:
1110:
1013:
1003:
1002:
951:
941:
940:
889:Rapid dominance
794:
784:
783:
739:Electromagnetic
648:
638:
637:
624:
577:
525:
501:
491:
490:
486:Combat training
467:
444:
410:Combat systems:
406:
368:
364:Auxiliary ships
330:
290:
232:
155:
145:
144:
84:
58:
57:
56:
51:
37:First World War
17:
12:
11:
5:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3496:
3495:External links
3493:
3492:
3491:
3474:
3464:
3448:
3434:
3425:
3416:
3401:
3400:, Almark, 1976
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3357:
3355:Hogg, pp 87-92
3348:
3339:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3282:
3270:
3268:Hogg, pp 32-33
3261:
3252:
3239:
3232:
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
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3086:
3073:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3025:
3018:
3000:
2975:
2966:
2941:
2939:Hogg, pp 25-26
2932:
2907:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2874:Time On Target
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2831:
2828:
2765:
2762:
2729:high explosive
2694:South Africans
2690:U.S. artillery
2596:
2593:
2415:
2412:
2407:Western Desert
2355:
2352:
2309:
2306:
2277:moving barrage
2268:
2265:
2248:Trench warfare
2233:Redvers Buller
2224:
2221:
2213:predicted fire
2071:military usage
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Military terms
1996:
1991:
1985:
1980:
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1961:
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1946:
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1757:Tripwire force
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1279:Administrative
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1208:
1206:New generation
1203:
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1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:Fleet in being
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
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1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1119:Grand strategy
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1116:
1113:
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1109:
1108:
1106:Scorched earth
1103:
1098:
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1083:
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1073:
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1028:
1023:
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1008:
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1004:
1001:
1000:
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978:Deep operation
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779:Unconventional
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725:Disinformation
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476:Basic training
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3446:0-297-77395-X
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3336:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3303:
3296:
3292:
3289:Murphy, W E,
3286:
3279:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3249:
3246:D T Zabecki,
3243:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3117:
3116:Francis Tuker
3111:
3102:
3100:
3090:
3083:
3080:D T Zabecki,
3077:
3070:
3066:
3063:Murphy, W E,
3060:
3051:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2989:
2985:
2979:
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2816:Mount Harriet
2813:
2812:Royal Marines
2810:
2806:
2805:Falklands War
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:Eastern Front
2743:
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2721:
2717:
2712:
2710:
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2613:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:Western Front
2561:
2557:
2556:Eastern Front
2552:
2549:
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2541:
2535:
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2528:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2500:
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2492:
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2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2458:no man's land
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2438:) by General
2437:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2397:
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2388:
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2382:
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2351:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2301:friendly fire
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:indirect fire
2236:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:covering fire
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2142:line of sight
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:indirect fire
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
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1987:
1986:
1983:
1978:
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1967:
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1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
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1902:
1899:
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1889:
1887:
1886:Warrior caste
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:Show of force
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Peacebuilding
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
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1701:
1700:Air supremacy
1698:
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1666:
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1653:
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1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Islamic rules
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Court-martial
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1599:
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1534:
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1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:Arms industry
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
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1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
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1234:
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1227:
1224:
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1219:
1217:
1214:
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1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
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1177:
1174:
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1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
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1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Broken-backed
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1102:
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1079:
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1074:
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1024:
1022:
1019:
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1007:
1006:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
973:Expeditionary
971:
969:
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964:
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950:
945:
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937:
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877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
844:Counterattack
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
798:
793:
788:
787:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
769:Psychological
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
705:Combined arms
703:
701:
698:
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686:
685:
684:
681:
679:
676:
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669:
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634:
631:
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609:
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602:
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594:
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584:
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582:
579:
578:
570:
567:
566:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
544:Fortification
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
526:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
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503:
500:
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487:
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421:
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395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
362:
360:
359:Landing craft
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
327:
324:
322:
319:
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314:
310:
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297:
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279:
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274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
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249:
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244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
229:
225:
224:Standing army
222:
220:
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211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
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188:
186:
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168:
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161:
158:
157:
154:
149:
148:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
122:
119:
117:
116:pike and shot
114:
113:
112:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
83:
78:
77:
73:
69:
68:
62:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
3478:
3470:
3455:. Retrieved
3438:The Boer War
3437:
3432:. Macdonald.
3429:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3378:. Retrieved
3374:the original
3360:
3351:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3223:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3110:
3089:
3081:
3076:
3064:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3033:
3032:M Connelly,
3028:
3009:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2987:
2978:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2953:
2944:
2935:
2924:. Retrieved
2910:
2901:
2892:
2841:
2833:
2823:
2803:In the 1982
2802:
2789:
2779:
2748:such as the
2734:
2719:
2713:
2698:
2682:
2663:
2647:
2638:4.5 inch gun
2601:World War II
2598:
2580:
2572:
2553:
2536:
2524:
2462:
2429:
2404:
2396:stormtrooper
2389:
2385:
2369:
2364:Trommelfeuer
2363:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2313:
2311:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2259:
2257:
2237:
2226:
2216:
2209:World War II
2206:
2185:British Army
2182:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2144:of the gun.
2122:illumination
2099:
2093:across that
2074:
2068:
1969:Fifth column
1949:War resister
1944:Women in war
1839:Peacekeeping
1784:Arms control
1729:
1418:Mobilization
1413:Conscription
1371:Intelligence
1324:Organization
965:
894:Encirclement
774:Radiological
710:Conventional
667:
564:Subterranean
471:Development:
470:
447:
409:
371:
334:Naval units:
333:
326:Signal corps
293:
256:Intelligence
236:Specialties:
235:
160:Organization
111:Early modern
27:trenches at
2993:19 November
2973:Hogg, p. 30
2959:19 November
2809:42 Commando
2798:Vietnam War
2699:During the
2672:during the
2670:Hitler Line
2466:French Army
2432:World War I
2422:Men of the
2342:box barrage
2223:Development
2138:direct fire
2130:World War I
2091:deny access
1954:War studies
1777:Non-warfare
1705:Appeasement
1670:Martial law
1509:War economy
1448:Transgender
1401:Recruitment
1161:Containment
1046:Culminating
1026:Anti-access
949:Operational
869:Envelopment
812:Air assault
693:Air cavalry
653:Air defence
633:Information
534:Cold-region
499:Battlespace
448:Historical:
294:Land units:
200:Space force
195:Coast guard
128:Late modern
89:Prehistoric
3539:Categories
3527:reporting
3391:References
3380:2008-01-20
3212:Hogg, p 28
3145:Don Farr,
3105:Hogg, p 66
3054:Hogg, p 26
3045:Hogg, p 21
2926:2008-01-01
2905:Hogg, p 13
2790:flash fire
2782:Korean War
2776:, Vietnam.
2756:, and the
2720:pepper-pot
2627:25-pounder
2548:18-pounder
2491:Vimy Ridge
2165:front line
2126:poison gas
2014:War crimes
2004:Operations
1911:Foot drill
1881:Battle cry
1794:deterrence
1453:Harassment
1428:Specialism
1251:Technology
1246:Succession
1191:Liberation
1126:Asymmetric
1061:Empty fort
967:Blitzkrieg
936:Withdrawal
899:Investment
678:Camouflage
673:Biological
611:Underwater
586:Amphibious
505:Aerospace
372:Air units:
349:Submarines
138:fourth-gen
133:industrial
121:napoleonic
3487:256950972
3457:2 January
2864:Fusillade
2854:Broadside
2834:The word
2784:. At the
2570:of 1918.
2470:Fort Vaux
2444:first day
2347:the Buffs
2255:in 1915.
2174:divisions
2079:artillery
1901:War novel
1804:Grey-zone
1764:War games
1725:Overmatch
1675:War crime
1625:Desertion
1615:Ceasefire
1610:Armistice
1497:Logistics
1475:Mercenary
1463:Volunteer
1394:Personnel
1366:Engineers
1311:Sociology
1266:World war
1261:Total war
1241:Strategic
1231:Religious
1216:Political
1211:Perpetual
1186:Irregular
1101:Offensive
1076:Defensive
1071:Deception
1031:Attrition
879:Guerrilla
874:Formation
817:Airbridge
749:Loitering
663:Artillery
316:Artillery
251:Engineers
214:Irregular
185:Air force
3529:Pershing
3114:Maj-Gen
2920:Archived
2848:See also
2774:Khe Sanh
2636:British
2453:XV Corps
2327:shrapnel
2296:creeping
2281:creeping
2229:Boer War
2201:infantry
2153:creeping
2149:standing
2114:shrapnel
2087:suppress
2083:shelling
1916:War song
1891:War film
1524:Materiel
1443:Children
1423:Training
1361:Medicine
1346:Doctrine
1301:Training
1236:Resource
1221:Princely
1171:Economic
1156:Conquest
1151:Colonial
1146:Cold war
1131:Blockade
1011:Strategy
983:Maneuver
744:Infantry
700:Chemical
554:Mountain
514:Airborne
377:Fighters
344:Warships
299:Infantry
241:Rifleman
205:Reserves
153:Military
3471:barrage
3423:. Yale.
2837:barrage
2824:Barrage
2648:By the
2644:, 1944.
2609:British
2566:in the
2554:On the
2472:at the
2446:of the
2379:on the
2362:German
2289:rolling
2244:brigade
2217:barrage
2187:in the
2157:rolling
2075:barrage
2029:Writers
2024:Weapons
1989:Battles
1938:Related
1926:Wargame
1921:Uniform
1869:Culture
1650:Perfidy
1645:Justice
1566:Science
1551:Outpost
1504:History
1484:Warrior
1480:Soldier
1468:foreign
1406:counter
1306:Service
1256:Theater
1196:Limited
1176:Endemic
1091:Nuclear
859:Foxhole
834:Cavalry
822:Airdrop
807:Airlift
792:Tactics
764:Nuclear
754:Missile
683:Cavalry
668:Barrage
646:Weapons
606:Surface
387:Command
382:Bombers
339:Frogman
309:Cavalry
266:Medical
228:Militia
210:Regular
190:Marines
104:castles
94:Ancient
82:History
61:outline
3485:
3444:
3411:, and
3230:
3016:
2752:, the
2737:Soviet
2178:armies
2081:fire (
2009:Sieges
1693:Theory
1433:Morale
1291:Policy
1286:Branch
1066:Mosaic
1056:Fabian
998:Covert
931:Trench
916:Screen
839:Charge
829:Battle
802:Aerial
720:Denial
688:Horses
616:Seabed
569:Tunnel
549:Jungle
539:Desert
509:Aerial
276:Diving
271:Police
25:Allied
2885:Notes
2859:Salvo
2820:Milan
2340:In a
2285:block
2161:block
2159:, or
2118:smoke
1982:Lists
1438:Women
1376:Ranks
1296:Staff
1226:Proxy
1141:Class
1096:Naval
1081:Depth
911:Swarm
904:Siege
884:Naval
864:Drone
759:Music
734:Robot
730:Drone
715:Cyber
658:Armor
628:Cyber
601:Green
596:Brown
559:Urban
519:Space
440:Radar
435:Sonar
304:Armor
286:Pilot
281:Comms
261:Recon
246:Staff
219:Ranks
29:Ypres
3483:OCLC
3459:2010
3442:ISBN
3228:ISBN
3014:ISBN
2995:2007
2961:2007
2656:and
2128:(in
2073:, a
2019:Wars
1536:Base
1086:Goal
993:Raid
591:Blue
529:Land
180:Navy
175:Army
2814:on
2707:in
2176:to
2169:box
2069:In
1603:Law
1546:FOB
1541:MOB
581:Sea
53:War
3541::
3407:,
3368:.
3098:^
2986:.
2952:.
2800:.
2760:.
2696:.
2527:HE
2312:A
2271:A
2258:A
2155:,
2124:,
2120:,
2116:,
1482:/
732:/
226:/
212:/
3489:.
3461:.
3383:.
3236:.
3022:.
2997:.
2963:.
2929:.
2521:.
2058:e
2051:t
2044:v
63:)
59:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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