Coral reef - Knowledge

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will allow it to better survive in warmer waters. The second method focuses on identifying what different kinds of zooxanthellae are within the coral and configuring how much of each zooxanthella lives within the coral at a given age. Use of zooxanthellae from the previous method would only boost success rates for this method. However, this method would only be applicable to younger corals, for now, because previous experiments of manipulation zooxanthellae communities at later life stages have all failed. The third method focuses on selective breeding tactics. Once selected, corals would be reared and exposed to simulated stressors in a laboratory. The last method is to genetically modify the zooxanthellae itself. When preferred mutations are acquired, the genetically modified zooxanthellae will be introduced to an aposymbiotic poly and a new coral will be produced. This method is the most laborious of the fourth, but researchers believe this method should be utilized more and holds the most promise in genetic engineering for coral restoration.

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Primary macroalgae succeeded the destroyed reefs and eventually larger, more resilient macroalgae soon took its place as the dominant organism. Parrotfish and other herbivorous fish were few in numbers because of decades of overfishing and bycatch at the time. Historically, the Jamaican coast had 90% coral cover and was reduced to 5% in the 1990s. Eventually, corals were able to recover in areas where sea urchin populations were increasing. Sea urchins were able to feed and multiply and clear off substrates, leaving areas for coral polyps to anchor and mature. However, sea urchin populations are still not recovering as fast as researchers predicted, despite being highly fecundate. It is unknown whether or not the mysterious disease is still present and preventing sea urchin populations from rebounding. Regardless, these areas are slowly recovering with the aid of sea urchin grazing. This event supports an early restoration idea of cultivating and releasing sea urchins into reefs to prevent algal overgrowth.

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varying complexities were laid in the nearby degraded reefs. Large complexity consisted of plots that had both a human-made substrates of both smooth and rough rocks with a surrounding fence, medium consisted of only the human-made substrates, and small had neither the fence or substrates. After one month, researchers found that there was a positive correlation between structure complexity and recruitment rates of larvae. The medium complexity performed the best with larvae favoring rough rocks over smooth rocks. Following one year of their study, researchers visited the site and found that many of the sites were able to support local fisheries. They came to the conclusion that reef restoration could be done cost-effectively and will yield long term benefits given they are protected and maintained.

4292:, or naturally-occurring heat-tolerant varieties of coral symbiotes, may make it possible to grow corals that are more resistant to climate change and other threats. Warming oceans are forcing corals to adapt to unprecedented temperatures. Those that do not have a tolerance for the elevated temperatures experience coral bleaching and eventually mortality. There is already research that looks to create genetically modified corals that can withstand a warming ocean. Madeleine J. H. van Oppen, James K. Oliver, Hollie M. Putnam, and Ruth D. Gates described four different ways that gradually increase in human intervention to genetically modify corals. These methods focus on altering the genetics of the zooxanthellae within coral rather than the alternative. 4132:

a variety of different forms, but still has the same goals of cultivating corals. Consequently, coral farming quickly replaced previously used transplantation methods or the act of physically moving sections or whole colonies of corals into a new area. Transplantation has seen success in the past and decades of experiments have led to a high success and survival rate. However, this method still requires the removal of corals from existing reefs. With the current state of reefs, this kind of method should generally be avoided if possible. Saving healthy corals from eroding substrates or reefs that are doomed to collapse could be a major advantage of utilizing transplantation.

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a gravity wave that moves along density stratification within the ocean. When a water parcel encounters a different density it oscillates and creates internal waves. While internal waves generally have a lower frequency than surface waves, they often form as a single wave that breaks into multiple waves as it hits a slope and moves upward. This vertical breakup of internal waves causes significant diapycnal mixing and turbulence. Internal waves can act as nutrient pumps, bringing plankton and cool nutrient-rich water to the surface.

3345: 3273: 3151: 14450: 3205: 3179: 868:. They resemble the later stages of a fringing reef with its lagoon but differ from the latter mainly in size and origin. Their lagoons can be several kilometres wide and 30 to 70 metres deep. Above all, the offshore outer reef edge formed in open water rather than next to a shoreline. Like an atoll, it is thought that these reefs are formed either as the seabed lowered or sea level rose. Formation takes considerably longer than for a fringing reef, thus barrier reefs are much rarer. 3092: 3137: 1050: 3109: 3516: 3366: 1969: 14457: 4314: 1035: 44: 1844:. Most research has been conducted on clades A–D. Each clade contributes their own benefits as well as less compatible attributes to the survival of their coral hosts. Each photosynthetic organism has a specific level of sensitivity to photodamage to compounds needed for survival, such as proteins. Rates of regeneration and replication determine the organism's ability to survive. Phylotype A is found more in the shallow waters. It is able to produce 2258: 25077: 14919: 14069: 2159: 14057: 4391: 1960: 3165: 1358: 2071: 693: 25147: 2542: 1939: 2670: 2057: 25135: 1366: 806: 2224: 25101: 2684: 4237: 2573: 3542: 12507: 3852: 4377: 2127: 2085: 2099: 13675: 1766: 1818: 25089: 1196: 12157: 1714: 1877: 1378: 2587: 2881:

algae growth. Algae can sometimes out-compete the coral for space. The algae can then smother the coral by decreasing the oxygen supply available to the reef. Decreased oxygen levels can slow down calcification rates, weakening the coral and leaving it more susceptible to disease and degradation. Algae inhabit a large percentage of surveyed coral locations. The algal population consists of

11089: 3312: 3423:; although absent in developed countries, these activities continue in places with few environmental protections or poor regulatory enforcement. Chemicals in sunscreens may awaken latent viral infections in zooxanthellae and impact reproduction. However, concentrating tourism activities via offshore platforms has been shown to limit the spread of coral disease by tourists. 931:, as well as in the open ocean, in fact anywhere where the seabed rises close enough to the surface of the ocean to enable the growth of zooxanthemic, reef-forming corals. Platform reefs are found in the southern Great Barrier Reef, the Swain and Capricorn Group on the continental shelf, about 100–200 km from the coast. Some platform reefs of the northern 4115:, also known as coral farming or coral gardening, is showing promise as a potentially effective tool for restoring coral reefs. The "gardening" process bypasses the early growth stages of corals when they are most at risk of dying. Coral seeds are grown in nurseries, then replanted on the reef. Coral is farmed by coral farmers whose interests range from reef 4365:

and kill nearby corals in an attempt to survive and expand. This new technology is known as "fusion" and has been shown to grow coral heads in just two years instead of the typical 25–75 years. After fusion occurs, the reef will act as a single organism rather than several independent reefs. Currently, there has been no published research into this method.

2001:. Externally fertilized eggs develop during synchronized spawning. Polyps across a reef simultaneously release eggs and sperm into the water en masse. Spawn disperse over a large area. The timing of spawning depends on time of year, water temperature, and tidal and lunar cycles. Spawning is most successful given little variation between high and low 2411:"Coral... seems to proliferate when ocean waters are warm, poor, clear and agitated, a fact which Darwin had already noted when he passed through Tahiti in 1842. This constitutes a fundamental paradox, shown quantitatively by the apparent impossibility of balancing input and output of the nutritive elements which control the coral polyp metabolism. 11093: 967: 595: 4211:) is the same mineral that makes up natural coral reefs. Corals rapidly colonize and grow at accelerated rates on these coated structures. The electrical currents also accelerate the formation and growth of both chemical limestone rock and the skeletons of corals and other shell-bearing organisms, such as oysters. The vicinity of the 2480:, where the temperature makes a rapid change. This keeps the warm surface waters floating above the cooler deeper waters. In most parts of the ocean, there is little exchange between these layers. Organisms that die in aquatic environments generally sink to the bottom, where they decompose, which releases nutrients in the form of 2384:. By the mid-Cretaceous, rudists became the dominant tropical reef-builders, becoming more numerous than scleractinian corals. During this period, ocean temperatures and saline levels—which corals are sensitive to—were higher than it is today, which may have contributed to the success of rudist reefs. 4135:

Coral gardens generally take on the safe forms no matter where you go. It begins with the establishment of a nursery where operators can observe and care for coral fragments. It goes without saying that nurseries should be established in areas that are going to maximize growth and minimize mortality.

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Coral gardens take advantage of a coral's natural ability to fragment and continuing to grow if the fragments are able to anchor themselves onto new substrates. This method was first tested by Baruch Rinkevich in 1995 which found success at the time. By today's standards, coral farming has grown into

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absent sequestration via active follow-up forestry programs. Deforestation can also cause erosion, which flows into the ocean, contributing to ocean acidification. Incentives are used to reduce miles traveled by vehicles, which reduces carbon emissions into the atmosphere, thereby reducing the amount

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such as breakwaters. An estimated 197 million people who live both below 10 m elevation and within 50 km of a reef consequently may receive risk reduction benefits from reefs. Restoring reefs is significantly cheaper than building artificial breakwaters in tropical environments. Expected damages

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invertebrates, and bare rock and sand. The size, shape and relative abundance of these patches change from year to year in response to the various factors that favor one type of patch over another. Growing coral, for example, produces constant change in the fine structure of reefs. On a larger scale,

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Platform reefs are typically situated within atolls, where they adopt the name "patch reefs" and often span a diameter of just a few dozen meters. In instances where platform reefs develop along elongated structures, such as old and weathered barrier reefs, they tend to arrange themselves in a linear

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Since Darwin's identification of the three classical reef formations – the fringing reef around a volcanic island becoming a barrier reef and then an atoll – scientists have identified further reef types. While some sources find only three, Thomas lists "Four major forms of large-scale coral reefs" –

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Reefs are chronically at risk of algal encroachment. Overfishing and excess nutrient supply from onshore can enable algae to outcompete and kill the coral. Increased nutrient levels can be a result of sewage or chemical fertilizer runoff. Runoff can carry nitrogen and phosphorus which promote excess

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Water can pass through coral reefs in various ways, including current rings, surface waves, internal waves and tidal changes. Movement is generally created by tides and wind. As tides interact with varying bathymetry and wind mixes with surface water, internal waves are created. An internal wave is

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nutrients, which happens much less in the open ocean. In coral reefs and lagoons, producers include phytoplankton, as well as seaweed and coralline algae, especially small types called turf algae, which pass nutrients to corals. The phytoplankton form the base of the food chain and are eaten by fish

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living in colonial communities. Other regionally-specific names for these structures include oyster beds and oyster banks. Oyster larvae require a hard substrate or surface to attach on, which includes the shells of old or dead oysters. Thus reefs can build up over time as new larvae settle on older

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level and expand seawards as they grow in size. The final width depends on where the sea bed begins to drop steeply. The surface of the fringe reef generally remains at the same height: just below the waterline. In older fringing reefs, whose outer regions pushed far out into the sea, the inner part

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A fringing reef, also called a shore reef, is directly attached to a shore, or borders it with an intervening narrow, shallow channel or lagoon. It is the most common reef type. Fringing reefs follow coastlines and can extend for many kilometres. They are usually less than 100 metres wide, but

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Where the bottom is rising, fringing reefs can grow around the coast, but coral raised above sea level dies. If the land subsides slowly, the fringing reefs keep pace by growing upwards on a base of older, dead coral, forming a barrier reef enclosing a lagoon between the reef and the land. A barrier

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As an alternative to transplanting coral themselves, juvenile fish can also be encouraged to relocate to existing coral reefs by auditory simulation. In damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef, loudspeakers playing recordings of healthy reef environments were found to attract fish twice as often

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reacts to deep water nutrient sources because their tissues have different concentrations of nutrients dependent upon depth. Aggregations of eggs, larval organisms and plankton on reefs respond to deep water intrusions. Similarly, as internal waves and bores move vertically, surface-dwelling larval

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Deep nutrient-rich water entering coral reefs through isolated events may have significant effects on temperature and nutrient systems. This water movement disrupts the relatively stable thermocline that usually exists between warm shallow water and deeper colder water. Temperature regimes on coral

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The period from release to settlement lasts only a few days, but some planulae can survive afloat for several weeks. During this process, the larvae may use several different cues to find a suitable location for settlement. At long distances sounds from existing reefs are likely important, while at

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Clades B and C are found more frequently in deeper water, which may explain their higher vulnerability to increased temperatures. Terrestrial plants that receive less sunlight because they are found in the undergrowth are analogous to clades B, C, and D. Since clades B through D are found

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are several thousand kilometres from the mainland. Unlike fringing and barrier reefs which extend only seaward, platform reefs grow in all directions. They are variable in size, ranging from a few hundred metres to many kilometres across. Their usual shape is oval to elongated. Parts of these reefs

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successfully generated 25,000 corals within a single year, subsequently transplanting 10,000 of them into the Florida Keys. Shortly after, they discovered that these microfragments fused with other microfragments from the same parent coral. Typically, corals that are not from the same parent fight

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014, Christopher Page, Erinn Muller, and David Vaughan from the International Center for Coral Reef Research & Restoration at Mote Marine Laboratory in Summerland Key, Florida developed a new technology called "microfragmentation", in which they use a specialized diamond band saw to cut corals

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Macroalgae, or better known as seaweed, has to potential to cause reef collapse because they can outcompete many coral species. Macroalgae can overgrow on corals, shade, block recruitment, release biochemicals that can hinder spawning, and potentially form bacteria harmful to corals. Historically,

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Sponges are essential for the functioning of the coral reef system. Algae and corals in coral reefs produce organic material. This is filtered through sponges which convert this organic material into small particles which in turn are absorbed by algae and corals. Sponges are essential to the coral

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offers an example of how coral reefs formed on continental shelves. Sea level was then 120 m (390 ft) lower than in the 21st century. As sea level rose, the water and the corals encroached on what had been hills of the Australian coastal plain. By 13,000 years ago, sea level had risen to

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Hawaiian coral reefs smothered by the spread of invasive algae were managed with a two-prong approach: divers manually removed invasive algae, with the support of super-sucker barges. Grazing pressure on invasive algae needed to be increased to prevent the regrowth of the algae. Researchers found

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The first method is to induce acclimatization of the first generation of corals. The idea is that when adult and offspring corals are exposed to stressors, the zooxanthellae will gain a mutation. This method is based mostly on the chance that the zooxanthellae will acquire the specific trait that

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divers, to a site relatively close to the channel. They observed little if any damage to any of the colonies during transport and no mortality of coral reefs was observed on the transplant site. While attaching the coral to the transplant site, they found that coral placed on hard rock grew well,

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The major benefit of using coral farms is it lowers polyp and juvenile mortality rates. By removing predators and recruitment obstacles, corals are able to mature without much hindrance. However, nurseries cannot stop climate stressors. Warming temperatures or hurricanes can still disrupt or even

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Simply having many structures on the ocean floor is not enough to form coral reefs. Restoration projects must consider the complexity of the substrates they are creating for future reefs. Researchers conducted an experiment near Ticao Island in the Philippines in 2013 where several substrates in

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zone persists right up to the swell-battered reef crest. When you approach the reef edges and atolls from the quasidesert of the open sea, the near absence of living matter suddenly becomes a plethora of life, without transition. So why is there something rather than nothing, and more precisely,

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Healthy tropical coral reefs grow horizontally from 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm (0.39 to 9.84 in) per year; however, they grow only at depths shallower than 150 m (490 ft) because of their need for sunlight, and

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occurred in 1980 and an unknown disease spread across the Caribbean. In the wake of these events, massive damage was caused to both the reefs and sea urchin population across Jamaican's reefs and into the Caribbean Sea. As little as 2% of the original sea urchin population survived the disease.

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are important contributors to reef structure. Although their mineral deposition rates are much slower than corals, they are more tolerant of rough wave-action, and so help to create a protective crust over those parts of the reef subjected to the greatest forces by waves, such as the reef front

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Coral reefs protect shorelines by absorbing wave energy, and many small islands would not exist without reefs. Coral reefs can reduce wave energy by 97%, helping to prevent loss of life and property damage. Coastlines protected by coral reefs are also more stable in terms of erosion than those

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Over 4,000 species of fish inhabit coral reefs. The reasons for this diversity remain unclear. Hypotheses include the "lottery", in which the first (lucky winner) recruit to a territory is typically able to defend it against latecomers, "competition", in which adults compete for territory, and

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The irregular structure characteristic of coral reef bathymetry may enhance mixing and produce pockets of cooler water and variable nutrient content. Arrival of cool, nutrient-rich water from depths due to internal waves and tidal bores has been linked to growth rates of suspension feeders and

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to absorb the UV radiation and allowing them to better adapt to warmer water temperatures. In the event of UV or thermal damage, if and when repair occurs, it will increase the likelihood of survival of the host and symbiont. This leads to the idea that, evolutionarily, clade A is more UV

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The roughness of coral surfaces is key to coral survival in agitated waters. Normally, a boundary layer of still water surrounds a submerged object, which acts as a barrier. Waves breaking on the extremely rough edges of corals disrupt the boundary layer, allowing the corals access to passing

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and reefs. Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years. The age of living reef structure is estimated to be between 6,000 and 8,000 years. Although the Great Barrier Reef formed along a continental shelf, and not around a volcanic island, Darwin's

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Galand, Pierre E.; Ruscheweyh, Hans-Joachim; Salazar, Guillem; Hochart, Corentin; Henry, Nicolas; Hume, Benjamin C. C.; Oliveira, Pedro H.; Perdereau, Aude; Labadie, Karine; Belser, Caroline; Boissin, Emilie; Romac, Sarah; Poulain, Julie; Bourdin, Guillaume; Iwankow, Guillaume (1 June 2023).

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found no significant differences between the MPAs and unprotected sites. Furthermore, in some cases they can generate local conflict, due to a lack of community participation, clashing views of the government and fisheries, effectiveness of the area and funding. In some situations, as in the

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The varying pigments in different species of zooxanthellae give them an overall brown or golden-brown appearance and give brown corals their colors. Other pigments such as reds, blues, greens, etc. come from colored proteins made by the coral animals. Coral that loses a large fraction of its

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Coral reef restoration has grown in prominence over the past several decades because of the unprecedented reef die-offs around the planet. Coral stressors can include pollution, warming ocean temperatures, extreme weather events, and overfishing. With the deterioration of global reefs, fish

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Although corals exist both in temperate and tropical waters, shallow-water reefs form only in a zone extending from approximately 30° N to 30° S of the equator. Tropical corals do not grow at depths of over 50 meters (160 ft). The optimum temperature for most coral reefs is

2434:, published in 1842, Darwin described how coral reefs were found in some tropical areas but not others, with no obvious cause. The largest and strongest corals grew in parts of the reef exposed to the most violent surf and corals were weakened or absent where loose sediment accumulated. 1806:. Because of this relationship, coral reefs grow much faster in clear water, which admits more sunlight. Without their symbionts, coral growth would be too slow to form significant reef structures. Corals get up to 90% of their nutrients from their symbionts. In return, as an example of 2916:

There are several different species of sea sponge. They come in multiple shapes and sizes and all have unique characteristics. Some types of sea sponges include; the tube sponge, vase sponge, yellow sponge, bright red tree sponge, painted tunicate sponge, and the sea squirt sponge.

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reef can encircle an island, and once the island sinks below sea level a roughly circular atoll of growing coral continues to keep up with the sea level, forming a central lagoon. Barrier reefs and atolls do not usually form complete circles but are broken in places by storms. Like

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is the sandy-bottomed flat, which can be behind the main reef, containing chunks of coral. This zone may border a lagoon and serve as a protective area, or it may lie between the reef and the shore, and in this case is a flat, rocky area. Fish tend to prefer it when it is present.

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less-competitive species must be able to survive in poorer habitat, and "predation", in which population size is a function of postsettlement piscivore mortality. Healthy reefs can produce up to 35 tons of fish per square kilometre each year, but damaged reefs produce much less.

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Sea sponges have provided the base for many life saving medications. Scientists began to study them in the 1940s and after a few years, discovered that sea sponges contain properties that can stop viral infections. The first drug developed from sea sponges was released in 1969.

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Dredging covers corals with sand. Coral larvae cannot settle on sand; they can only build on existing reefs or compatible hard surfaces, such as rock or concrete. Because of this, the university decided to relocate some of the coral. They transplanted them with the help of

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Webster, Jody M.; Clague, David A.; Riker-Coleman, Kristin; Gallup, Christina; Braga, Juan C.; Potts, Donald; Moore, James G.; Winterer, Edward L.; Paull, Charles K. (1 January 2004). "Drowning of the −150 m reef off Hawaii: A casualty of global meltwater pulse 1A?".

3926:, MPAs provide revenue to locals. The level of income provided is similar to the income they would have generated without controls. Overall, it appears the MPA's can provide protection to local coral reefs, but that clear management and sufficient funds are required. 986:

away and sinks below sea level. Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level. A ring of reefs results, which enclose a lagoon. Atolls are numerous in the South Pacific, where they usually occur in mid-ocean, for example, in the

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Webster, Jody M.; Braga, Juan Carlos; Clague, David A.; Gallup, Christina; Hein, James R.; Potts, Donald C.; Renema, Willem; Riding, Robert; Riker-Coleman, Kristin; Silver, Eli; Wallace, Laura M. (1 March 2009). "Coral reef evolution on rapidly subsiding margins".

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reef system however, they are quite different from corals. While corals are complex and many celled while sponges are very simple organisms with no tissue. They are alike in that they are both immobile aquatic invertebrates but otherwise are completely different.

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Tropical waters contain few nutrients yet a coral reef can flourish like an "oasis in the desert". This has given rise to the ecosystem conundrum, sometimes called "Darwin's paradox": "How can such high production flourish in such nutrient poor conditions?"

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to increased income. Due to its straight forward process and substantial evidence of the technique having a significant effect on coral reef growth, coral nurseries became the most widespread and arguably the most effective method for coral restoration.

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About six million tons of fish are taken each year from coral reefs. Well-managed reefs have an average annual yield of 15 tons of seafood per square kilometre. Southeast Asia's coral reef fisheries alone yield about $ 2.4 billion annually from seafood.

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environment which inhibits the growth of competitive filamentous and fleshy algae. The increased growth rates fully depend on the accretion activity. Under the influence of the electric field, corals display an increased growth rate, size and density.

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algae growth was controlled by herbivorous fish and sea urchins. Parrotfish are a prime example of reef caretakers. Consequently, these two species can be considered as keystone species for reef environments because of their role in protecting reefs.

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list four main reef types that can be clearly illustrated – the fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll, and "bank or platform reef"—and notes that many other structures exist which do not conform easily to strict definitions, including the "patch reef".

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to tourism, fisheries and coastline protection. The global economic value of coral reefs has been estimated to be between US$ 29.8 billion and $ 375 billion per year. About 500 million people benefit from ecosystem services provided by coral reefs.

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principles apply. Development stopped at the barrier reef stage, since Australia is not about to submerge. It formed the world's largest barrier reef, 300–1,000 m (980–3,280 ft) from shore, stretching for 2,000 km (1,200 mi).

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is the shallow sea floor surrounding a reef. This zone occurs next to reefs on continental shelves. Reefs around tropical islands and atolls drop abruptly to great depths and do not have such a floor. Usually sandy, the floor often supports

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event causes some reefs with heat-sensitive corals to bleach, with especially widespread bleachings in 1998 and 2010. However, reefs that experience a severe bleaching event become resistant to future heat-induced bleaching, due to rapid

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Efforts to expand the size and number of coral reefs generally involve supplying substrate to allow more corals to find a home. Substrate materials include discarded vehicle tires, scuttled ships, subway cars and formed concrete, such as

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at deeper depths, they require an elevated light absorption rate to be able to synthesize as much energy. With elevated absorption rates at UV wavelengths, these phylotypes are more prone to coral bleaching versus the shallow clade A.

12136: 948:. In old platform reefs, the inner part can be so heavily eroded that it forms a pseudo-atoll. These can be distinguished from real atolls only by detailed investigation, possibly including core drilling. Some platform reefs of the 4052:

contribute to ocean acidification, which in turn damages coral reefs. To help combat ocean acidification, several countries have put laws in place to reduce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Many land use laws aim to reduce

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26–27 °C (79–81 °F), and few reefs exist in waters below 18 °C (64 °F). When the net production by reef building corals no longer keeps pace with relative sea level and the reef structure permanently drowns a

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Corals reproduce both sexually and asexually. An individual polyp uses both reproductive modes within its lifetime. Corals reproduce sexually by either internal or external fertilization. The reproductive cells are found on the

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Kwiatkowski, Lester; Cox, Peter M.; Economou, Theo; Halloran, Paul R.; Mumby, Peter J.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Carilli, Jessica; Guzman, Hector M. (May 2013). "Caribbean coral growth influenced by anthropogenic aerosol emissions".

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Reefs grow as polyps and other organisms deposit calcium carbonate, the basis of coral, as a skeletal structure beneath and around themselves, pushing the coral head's top upwards and outwards. Waves, grazing fish (such as

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Costanza, Robert; Ralph d'Arge; Rudolf de Groot; Stephen Farber; Monica Grasso; Bruce Hannon; Karin Limburg; Shahid Naeem; Robert V. O'Neill; Jose Paruelo; Robert G. Raskin; Paul Sutton; Marjan van den Belt (15 May 1997).

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Technology is becoming more popular in the coral farming process. Teams from the Reef Restoration and Adaptation Program (RRAP) have trialled coral counting technology utilizing a prototype robotic camera. The camera uses

3241:(WRI) developed and published tools for calculating the value of coral reef-related tourism, shoreline protection and fisheries, partnering with five Caribbean countries. As of April 2011, published working papers covered 10896: 2511:, so they are found only relatively near the surface, but they also need nutrients. Phytoplankton rapidly use nutrients in the surface waters, and in the tropics, these nutrients are not usually replaced because of the 4355:

had grown nearly twice its size. Under conventional means, both corals would have required decades to reach the same size. It is suspected that if predation events had not occurred near the beginning of the experiment

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Coral reef ecosystems contain distinct zones that host different kinds of habitats. Usually, three major zones are recognized: the fore reef, reef crest, and the back reef (frequently referred to as the reef lagoon).

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short distances chemical compounds become important. The larvae are vulnerable to predation and environmental conditions. The lucky few planulae that successfully attach to substrate then compete for food and space.

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nurseries, biodiversity, coastal development and livelihood, and natural beauty are under threat. Fortunately, researchers have taken it upon themselves to develop a new field, coral restoration, in the 1970s–1980s

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from flooding would double, and costs from frequent storms would triple without the topmost meter of reefs. For 100-year storm events, flood damages would increase by 91% to $ US 272 billion without the top meter.

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are a more or less circular or continuous barrier reef that extends all the way around a lagoon without a central island. They are usually formed from fringing reefs around volcanic islands. Over time, the island

12131: 2005:. The less water movement, the better the chance for fertilization. The release of eggs or planula usually occurs at night and is sometimes in phase with the lunar cycle (three to six days after a full moon). 3257:. The WRI was "making sure that the study results support improved coastal policies and management planning". The Belize study estimated the value of reef and mangrove services at $ 395–559 million annually. 401:. The annual global economic value of coral reefs has been estimated at anywhere from US$ 30–375 billion (1997 and 2003 estimates) to US$ 2.7 trillion (a 2020 estimate) to US$ 9.9 trillion (a 2014 estimate). 311:, shallow coral reefs form some of Earth's most diverse ecosystems. They occupy less than 0.1% of the world's ocean area, about half the area of France, yet they provide a home for at least 25% of all marine 1634:

coral reef area, the second-largest in Southeast Asia, is estimated at 26,000 square kilometres. 915 reef fish species and more than 400 scleractinian coral species, 12 of which are endemic are found there.

1134:– community of species of corals; vertical growth limited by average tidal height; growth morphologies offer a low-resolution record of patterns of sea level change; fossilized remains can be dated using 9199:

Conklin, Eric J.; Smith, Jennifer E. (1 November 2005). "Abundance and Spread of the Invasive Red Algae, Kappaphycus spp., in Kane'ohe Bay, Hawai'i and an Experimental Assessment of Management Options".

3470:. Corals with Clade C zooxanthellae are generally vulnerable to heat-induced bleaching, whereas corals with the hardier Clade A or D are generally resistant, as are tougher coral genera like 2602:

organisms are carried toward the shore. This has significant biological importance to cascading effects of food chains in coral reef ecosystems and may provide yet another key to unlocking the paradox.

663:

As the name implies, coral reefs are made up of coral skeletons from mostly intact coral colonies. As other chemical elements present in corals become incorporated into the calcium carbonate deposits,

6399:

Sowers, Derek C.; Mayer, Larry A.; Masetti, Giuseppe; Cordes, Erik; Gasbarro, Ryan; Lobecker, Elizabeth; Cantwell, Kasey; Candio, Samuel; Hoy, Shannon; Malik, Mashkoor; et al. (12 January 2024).

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Barkley, Hannah C.; Cohen, Anne L.; Mollica, Nathaniel R.; Brainard, Russell E.; Rivera, Hanny E.; DeCarlo, Thomas M.; Lohmann, George P.; Drenkard, Elizabeth J.; Alpert, Alice E. (8 November 2018).

3972:, which is critical for coral to adapt to new climates. A variety of conservation methods applied across marine and terrestrial threatened ecosystems makes coral adaption more likely and effective. 17468: 2476:. Further, the sun shines year-round in the tropics, warming the surface layer, making it less dense than subsurface layers. The warmer water is separated from deeper, cooler water by a stable 6248:

G. Flood, The ‘Darwin Point’ of Pacific Ocean atolls and guyots: a reappraisal, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 175, Issues 1–4, 2001, Pages 147–152, ISSN 0031-0182,

8329:

Furnas, M. J.; Mitchell, A. W. (1996). "Nutrient inputs into the central Great Barrier Reef (Australia) from subsurface intrusions of Coral Sea waters: A two-dimensional displacement model".

1092:. Can be considered as a type of platform reef or as features of fringing reefs, atolls and barrier reefs. The patches may be surrounded by a ring of reduced seagrass cover referred to as a 21225: 22101: 10908: 7123: 3949:. The report shows that healthier reefs in the Caribbean are those with large, healthy populations of parrotfish. These occur in countries that protect parrotfish and other species, like 18873: 560: 21949: 18629: 17509: 5599: 24978: 21239: 18868: 10515:

Guest, James R.; Baird, Andrew H.; Maynard, Jeffrey A.; Muttaqin, Efin; Edwards, Alasdair J.; Campbell, Stuart J.; Yewdall, Katie; Affendi, Yang Amri; Chou, Loke Ming (9 March 2012).

9323:

Li, Min; Fry, B.G.; Kini, R. Manjunatha (1 January 2005). "Eggs-Only Diet: Its Implications for the Toxin Profile Changes and Ecology of the Marbled Sea Snake (Aipysurus eydouxii)".

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The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836

9839:

Bradbury, R. H.; Hammond, L. S.; Moran, P. J.; Reichelt, R. E. (7 March 1985). "Coral reef communities and the crown-of-thorns starfish: Evidence for qualitatively stable cycles".

7771:

Ezer, T.; Heyman W.; Houser C.; Kjerfve B. (2011). "Modeling and observations of high-frequency flow variability and internal waves at a Caribbean reef spawning aggregation site".

6657:"Long-term changes to Mackay Whitsunday water quality and connectivity between terrestrial, mangrove and coral reef ecosystems: Clues from coral proxies and remote sensing records" 20172: 13506: 2183:

are the most prodigious reef-builders. However many other organisms living in the reef community contribute skeletal calcium carbonate in the same manner as corals. These include

920: 11147:

Cinner, Joshua E.; Marnane, Michael J.; McClanahan, Tim R. (2005). "Conservation and community benefits from traditional coral reef management at Ahus Island, Papua New Guinea".

7469: 1986:, membranes that radiate inward from the layer of tissue that lines the stomach cavity. Some mature adult corals are hermaphroditic; others are exclusively male or female. A few 857: 13998: 3875: 292:

that support and protect the coral. Most reefs grow best in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated water. Coral reefs first appeared 485 million years ago, at the dawn of the

11115: 1446:

have adapted to temperatures of 13 °C (55 °F) in winter and 38 °C (100 °F) in summer. 37 species of scleractinian corals inhabit such an environment around

20098: 10308:

Cooley, S., D. Schoeman, L. Bopp, P. Boyd, S. Donner, D.Y. Ghebrehiwet, S.-I. Ito, W. Kiessling, P. Martinetto, E. Ojea, M.-F. Racault, B. Rost, and M. Skern-Mauritzen, 2022:

2565:

nutrients. Turbulent water thereby promotes reef growth. Without the access to nutrients brought by rough coral surfaces, even the most effective recycling would not suffice.

844:. Fringing reef lagoons can become over 100 metres wide and several metres deep. Like the fringing reef itself, they run parallel to the coast. The fringing reefs of the 827: 6484: 25310: 21325: 7744:

Leichter, J.; Helmuth B.; Fischer A. (2006). "Variation beneath the surface: Quantifying complex thermal environments on coral reefs in the Caribbean, Bahamas and Florida".

10370:

Clapham ME and Payne (2011). "Acidification, anoxia, and extinction: A multiple logistic regression analysis of extinction selectivity during the Middle and Late Permian".

10314:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

8234: 4136:

Floating offshore coral trees or even aquariums are possible locations where corals can grow. After a location has been determined, collection and cultivation can occur.

583:

base, the remains of the original volcano. Subsequent research supported this hypothesis. Darwin's theory followed from his understanding that coral polyps thrive in the

8705:

Gratwicke, B.; Speight, M. R. (2005). "The relationship between fish species richness, abundance and habitat complexity in a range of shallow tropical marine habitats".

2728:. This level of variety in the environment benefits many coral reef animals, which, for example, may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding. 1456:

inhabits greater depths and colder temperatures at much higher latitudes, as far north as Norway. Although deep water corals can form reefs, little is known about them.

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strategies, including reducing carbon footprint. A public awareness plan provides education on the "rainforests of the sea" and how people can reduce carbon emissions.

20072: 6656: 2523:

Around coral reefs, lagoons fill in with material eroded from the reef and the island. They become havens for marine life, providing protection from waves and storms.

22498: 22133: 21937: 21872: 18617: 17504: 9005: 1283:, as shown in the adjacent diagram. This means the water is often agitated. These are the precise condition under which corals flourish. The light is sufficient for 21846: 12126: 4754:

Danovaro, Roberto; Bongiorni, Lucia; Corinaldesi, Cinzia; Giovannelli, Donato; Damiani, Elisabetta; Astolfi, Paola; Greci, Lucedio; Pusceddu, Antonio (April 2008).

2984:

A number of invertebrates, collectively called "cryptofauna", inhabit the coral skeletal substrate itself, either boring into the skeletons (through the process of

24670: 22151: 21973: 17726: 12371: 11010: 9558: 9142:"Survivorship and feeding preferences among size classes of outplanted sea urchins, Tripneustes gratilla, and possible use as biocontrol for invasive alien algae" 4066:

in the ocean. State and federal governments also regulate land activities that affect coastal erosion. High-end satellite technology can monitor reef conditions.

24675: 4037:, have followed a generations-old practice of restricting fishing in six areas of their reef lagoon. Their cultural traditions allow line fishing, but no net or 404:

Though the shallow water tropical coral reefs are best known, there are also deeper water reef-forming corals, which live in colder water and in temperate seas.

22539: 21943: 18623: 4499:

Lee, Jeong-Hyun; Chen, Jitao; Chough, Sung Kwun (1 June 2015). "The middle–late Cambrian reef transition and related geological events: A review and new view".

3260:

Bermuda's coral reefs provide economic benefits to the Island worth on average $ 722 million per year, based on six key ecosystem services, according to Sarkis

2538:

that pass near. Zooplankton provide the polyp with nitrogen, and the polyp shares some of the nitrogen with the zooxanthellae, which also require this element.

2312:

still create deep-water mineral-structures without corals, although the structures are not recognizable from the surface like tropical reefs. They are the only

15048: 13501: 12337: 3234:

The economic cost over a 25-year period of destroying one square kilometre of coral reef has been estimated to be somewhere between $ 137,000 and $ 1,200,000.

18920: 6434:, Ultra Marine: In far eastern Indonesia, the Raja Ampat islands embrace a phenomenal coral wilderness, by David Doubilet, National Geographic, September 2007 4638: 4022:, and is the subject of much legislation, including a biodiversity action plan. Australia compiled a Coral Reef Resilience Action Plan. This plan consists of 21211: 19880: 18297: 2819:

the main exception. A few species feed directly on corals, while others graze on algae on the reef. Reef biomass is positively related to species diversity.

591:. Where the level of the underlying earth allows, the corals grow around the coast to form fringing reefs, and can eventually grow to become a barrier reef. 11190: 10676:

Maynard, J. A.; Anthony, K. R. N.; Marshall, P. A.; Masiri, I. (1 August 2008). "Major bleaching events can lead to increased thermal tolerance in corals".

7218:? In: M. Lynch and E.C. Krome (eds.) Understanding the estuary: advances in Chesapeake Bay research, Chesapeake Research Consortium, Solomons MD pp.536–546. 6546: 1068:– short reef resembling a fringing reef, but more sloped; extending out and downward from a point or peninsular shore. The initial stage of a fringing reef. 21741: 17921: 11349:

Horoszowski-Fridman YB, Izhaki I, Rinkevich B (2011). "Engineering of coral reef larval supply through transplantation of nursery-farmed gravid colonies".

8487: 5225: 4256:

operates a Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program to help relocate and restore coral reefs in Hawaii. A boat channel from the island of Oahu to the

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and learning algorithms to detect and count individual coral babies and track their growth and health in real time. This technology, with research led by

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Microstructure and early diagenesis of recent reef building scleractinian corals, Heron reef, Great Barrier Reef: implications for paleoclimate analysis

5261: 2140: 512: 24808: 22544: 8548:

Pineda, J. (1994). "Internal tidal bores in the nearshore: Warm-water fronts, seaward gravity currents and the onshore transport of neustonic larvae".

8364:

Leichter, J.; Miller S. (1999). "Predicting high-frequency upwelling: Spatial and temporal patterns of temperature anomalies on a Florida coral reef".

7856: 6236:

Grigg, R.W. (2011). Darwin Point. In: Hopley, D. (eds) Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht.

3898:(MPAs) are areas designated because they provide various kinds of protection to ocean and/or estuarine areas. They are intended to promote responsible 3456:

In 2011, two researchers suggested that "extant marine invertebrates face the same synergistic effects of multiple stressors" that occurred during the

11225: 22291: 20202: 5424: 2534:

Corals also absorb nutrients, including inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, directly from water. Many corals extend their tentacles at night to catch

1074:– isolated, flat-topped reef larger than a patch reef and usually on mid-shelf regions and linear or semi-circular in shape; a type of platform reef. 936:

can reach the surface and form sandbanks and small islands around which may form fringing reefs. A lagoon may form In the middle of a platform reef.

21919: 7620: 4276:

No environmental effects were seen from the transplantation process, recreational activities were not decreased, and no scenic areas were affected.

25300: 21967: 20162: 18635: 8506:"Nutrient and growth dynamics of Halimeda tuna on Conch Reef, Florida Keys: Possible influence of internal tides on nutrient status and physiology" 7080:

Gleason, D. F.; Danilowicz, B. S.; Nolan, C. J. (2009). "Reef waters stimulate substratum exploration in planulae from brooding Caribbean corals".

5334: 11420: 10439: 21764: 21265: 19377: 18334: 17916: 13531: 12743: 9647: 9417:

McClenachan, Loren; Jackson, Jeremy BC; Newman, Marah JH (1 August 2006). "Conservation implications of historic sea turtle nesting beach loss".

9253: 7127: 5140: 4012: 3339: 10658: 6345: 1230:. The reefs surrounding islands form when islands subside into the ocean, and atolls form when an island subsides below the surface of the sea. 354:

Shallow tropical coral reefs have declined by 50% since 1950, partly because they are sensitive to water conditions. They are under threat from

25305: 25272: 24826: 22230: 22175: 22169: 22157: 22027: 22021: 22009: 21997: 19476: 12376: 11583:

Rinkevich, Baruch (1995). "Restoration Strategies for Coral Reefs Damaged by Recreational Activities: The Use of Sexual and Asexual Recruits".

6431: 5861: 4726: 4305:

that native collector urchins were reasonable candidate grazers for algae biocontrol, to extirpate the remaining invasive algae from the reef.

1907:, breaking down coral skeletons into fragments that settle into spaces in the reef structure or form sandy bottoms in associated reef lagoons. 1373:. Most corals live within this boundary. Note the cooler waters caused by upwelling on the southwest coast of Africa and off the coast of Peru. 219: 7717:

Wolanski, E.; Pickard, G. L. (1983). "Upwelling by internal tides and kelvin waves at the continental shelf break on the Great Barrier Reef".

4826: 25008: 24759: 21807: 21246: 12609: 8750:"Habitat Availability and Heterogeneity and the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool as Predictors of Marine Species Richness in the Tropical Indo-Pacific" 6889:

Häfker, N. Sören; Andreatta, Gabriele; Manzotti, Alessandro; Falciatore, Angela; Raible, Florian; Tessmar-Raible, Kristin (16 January 2023).

6698: 2430: 471: 421: 7259:"Vermetid reefs and their use as palaeobathymetric markers: New insights from the Late Miocene of the Mediterranean (Southern Italy, Crete)" 4664: 24908: 24784: 24720: 21753: 19382: 18256: 13023: 8636: 779:

and sea surface salinity conditions during the growth of the coral. This technique is often used by climate scientists to infer a region's

506:

as the island and ocean floor subside. As the subsidence continues, the fringing reef becomes a barrier reef and ultimately an atoll reef.

10005:

Caras, Tamir; Pasternak, Zohar (1 October 2009). "Long-term environmental impact of coral mining at the Wakatobi marine park, Indonesia".

8891: 5288: 347:. Coral reefs flourish in ocean waters that provide few nutrients. They are most commonly found at shallow depths in tropical waters, but 25326: 25295: 24883: 24376: 22588: 22163: 22015: 21907: 21204: 20110: 20077: 20066: 18681: 14955: 14105: 13371: 11975:

McClanahan, T.R.; Kaunda-Arara, B. (August 1996). "Fishery Recovery in a Coral-reef Marine Park and Its Effect on the Adjacent Fishery".

10989: 8286:

Szmant, A. M.; Forrester, A. (1996). "Water column and sediment nitrogen and phosphorus distribution patterns in the Florida Keys, USA".

6292:

Vajed Samiei, J.; Dab K.; Ghezellou P.; Shirvani A. (2013). "Some Scleractinian Corals (Class: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf".

2965:, can play a pivotal part in preventing algae from overrunning reefs. Researchers are investigating the use of native collector urchins, 1864:

Clade D has been observed to be high temperature-tolerant, and has a higher rate of survival than clades B and C during modern

1207:

The three zones are physically and ecologically interconnected. Reef life and oceanic processes create opportunities for the exchange of

12315: 11298: 11041:

Walsworth, T.E.; Schindler, D.E.; Colton, M.A.; Webster, M.S.; Palumbi, S.R.; Mumby, P.J.; Essington, T.E.; Pinsky, M.L. (1 July 2019).

5105: 3906:. MPAs can also encompass social and biological objectives, including reef restoration, aesthetics, biodiversity and economic benefits. 1810:, the corals shelter the zooxanthellae, averaging one million for every cubic centimetre of coral, and provide a constant supply of the 24968: 24751: 22549: 22268: 21470: 19331: 13116: 12304: 9140:

Westbrook, Charley E.; Ringang, Rory R.; Cantero, Sean Michael A.; Toonen, Robert J.; Team, HDAR & TNC Urchin (15 September 2015).

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and accesses into islands and bays, all of which can damage marine ecosystems if not done sustainably. Other localized threats include

22145: 21955: 10152:"Using coral disease prevalence to assess the effects of concentrating tourism activities on offshore reefs in a tropical marine park" 7315: 7168:

Kuznetsov, Vitaly (1 December 1990). "The evolution of reef structures through time: Importance of tectonic and biological controls".

5814: 4477: 4264:

was overcrowded with coral reefs. Many areas of coral reef patches in the channel had been damaged from past dredging in the channel.

25105: 24132: 21780: 21759: 21342: 21275: 20092: 17946: 11384:

Pomeroy RS, Parks JE, Balboa CM (2006). "Farming the reef: is aquaculture a solution for reducing fishing pressure on coral reefs?".

11122: 3882: 3460:, and that genera "with poorly buffered respiratory physiology and calcareous shells", such as corals, were particularly vulnerable. 2008: 1182:– formed when a coral reef on a volcanic island subsides; tops of seamounts are rounded and guyots are flat; flat tops of guyots, or 13346: 12137:

UNEP, 2007. National Reports on Coral Reefs in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 11.

12018:

Sammarco, Paul W. (1980). "Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: Grazing, competition, and biological disturbance".

10457:"Species-specific interactions between algal endosymbionts and coral hosts define their bleaching response to heat and light stress" 25711: 24038: 21747: 21081: 20217: 18763: 15053: 11712: 9614: 6493: 5994: 4317:

Students from Nā Pua No‘eau remove invasive algae from Kāne‘ohe Bay. Programs could be created to remove algae from Caribbean reefs

4019: 2822:

The same hideouts in a reef may be regularly inhabited by different species at different times of day. Nighttime predators such as

1746:, arranged in diverse shapes. Polyps are usually tiny, but they can range in size from a pinhead to 12 inches (30 cm) across. 1436: 10207: 10098: 8203: 7651: 7420: 6663: 6662:. Centre for Marine Studies. Synthesis of research from an ARC Linkage Grant (2004–2007). University of Queensland. Archived from 5562: 3378:

Since their emergence 485 million years ago, coral reefs have faced many threats, including disease, predation, invasive species,

2569:

reefs in the Bahamas and Florida are highly variable with temporal scales of minutes to seasons and spatial scales across depths.

2495:

Plants form the base of the food chain and need sunlight and nutrients to grow. In the ocean, these plants are mainly microscopic

442:. Reefs that rose too slowly could become drowned, without sufficient light. Coral reefs are also found in the deep sea away from 24511: 24137: 22224: 22095: 21590: 20999: 20674: 20577: 20242: 20104: 15910: 13521: 13306: 3790: 680:

can add to the reef's ability to withstand damage from storms and other threats. Such mixtures are visible in structures such as

9374:

Voris, Harold K. (1 January 1966). "Fish Eggs as the Apparent Sole Food Item for a Genus of Sea Snake, Emydocephalus (Krefft)".

9270: 2561:

they consume about 60% of the phytoplankton that drifts by. Sponges eventually excrete nutrients in a form that corals can use.

1993:

Internally fertilized eggs develop in the polyp for a period ranging from days to weeks. Subsequent development produces a tiny

1826:

zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be

1612:, comprising a 6.4 million acre reef that stretches from Miami to Charleston, S. C. Its discovery was announced in January 2024. 438:. Most coral reefs are less than 10,000 years old. As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising 25716: 25023: 20147: 18818: 17896: 16885: 16395: 16169: 15970: 12688: 3028:. Each seabird species has specific sites on the atoll where they nest. Altogether, 17 species of seabirds live on Midway. The 1930:. These shapes can depend on the life history of the coral, like light exposure and wave action, and events such as breakages. 646:. As sea level rise continued, water topped most of the continental islands. The corals could then overgrow the hills, forming 11626: 4257: 4168:

Deep sea corals at the Wagner Seamount. These corals are well adapted to deep water conditions where substrates are plentiful.

3204: 25262: 24601: 22583: 22529: 22385: 21801: 20648: 17836: 16400: 12840: 10073: 9926: 9823: 9307: 9121: 8930: 8671: 8619: 7493: 7309: 7152: 6577: 6276: 6144: 5845: 5409: 5376: 4709: 3331: 3284:

are part of the mesoamerican coral reef system. Due to this, the authorities have made huge investments for its preservation.

2423:

where do the necessary nutrients for the functioning of this extraordinary coral reef machine come from?" — Francis Rougerie

550:

As the subsidence continues, the fringing reef becomes a larger barrier reef further from the shore with a bigger and deeper

12285: 7377:"Cross-continental shelf trends in coral δ15N on the Great Barrier Reef: further consideration of the reef nutrient paradox" 25726: 24859: 24190: 22593: 22554: 22206: 22121: 22063: 21979: 21913: 21878: 20060: 18701: 18599: 18319: 17514: 16731: 16671: 16647: 13536: 10405:

Payne JL, Clapham ME (2012). "End-Permian Mass Extinction in the Oceans: An Ancient Analog for the Twenty-First Century?".

9012: 7234: 5059: 1102:– long, narrow, possibly winding reef, usually associated with an atoll lagoon. Also called a shelf-edge reef or sill reef. 17354: 9786: 4544: 3178: 2716:

meadows in between: the reefs protect the mangroves and seagrass from strong currents and waves that would damage them or

1534:—largest, comprising over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,600 kilometers (1,600 mi) off 1339:

is an entirely enclosed region, which creates an area less affected by wave action and often contains small reef patches.

1218:

Most coral reefs exist in waters less than 50 m deep. Some inhabit tropical continental shelves where cool, nutrient-rich

25044: 25018: 24259: 21991: 21823: 20679: 19853: 19353: 17721: 16535: 16305: 13634: 13496: 9088: 4149: 4004: 3929:

The Caribbean Coral Reefs – Status Report 1970–2012, states that coral decline may be reduced or even reversed. For this

1821:

Close up of polyps arrayed on a coral, waving their tentacles. There can be thousands of polyps on a single coral branch.

24170: 11918:"Recovery of Diadema antillarum reduces macroalgal cover and increases abundance of juvenile corals on a Caribbean reef" 11021: 6486:

The Importance of Fine-scale Environmental Heterogeneity in Determining Levels of Genotypic Diversity and Local Adaption

3909:

The effectiveness of MPAs is still debated. For example, a study investigating the success of a small number of MPAs in

2590:

Most coral polyps are nocturnal feeders. Here, in the dark, polyps have extended their tentacles to feed on zooplankton.

2243:

facing the open ocean. They also strengthen the reef structure by depositing limestone in sheets over the reef surface.

25093: 24821: 24550: 24422: 21775: 18691: 18502: 18246: 17906: 17078: 14801: 12763: 9566: 9455: 7932: 5730: 5025: 212: 12293: 4850: 1972: 1794:. These organisms live within the polyps' tissues and provide organic nutrients that nourish the polyp in the form of 25236: 24973: 20167: 20002: 19028: 18823: 18641: 17881: 17816: 17687: 16890: 16010: 15622: 15185: 13526: 12778: 12199: 7342: 6851: 5672: 5612: 5585: 3437:

causes more frequent and more severe storms, also cchanges ocean circulation patterns, which can destroy coral reefs.

2492:(K). These nutrients are necessary for plant growth, but in the tropics, they do not directly return to the surface. 1395:

Coral reefs are estimated to cover 284,300 km (109,800 sq mi), just under 0.1% of the oceans' surface area. The

21091: 8151:

Wolanski, E.; Hamner W. (1988). "Topographically controlled fronts in the ocean and their biological significance".

25185: 25113: 24844: 24175: 22514: 22408: 22003: 20587: 19751: 19628: 19208: 18492: 17831: 17494: 16933: 13161: 13016: 12883: 12723: 12413: 11526:"Ecological solutions to reef degradation: optimizing coral reef restoration in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic" 4650: 2720:

the sediments in which they are rooted, while the mangroves and sea grass protect the coral from large influxes of

1541: 1342:

However, the topography of coral reefs is constantly changing. Each reef is made up of irregular patches of algae,

876: 17781: 12171: 10309: 6227:

Achituv, Y. and Dubinsky, Z. 1990. Evolution and Zoogeography of Coral Reefs Ecosystems of the World. Vol. 25:1–8.

4108:

Coral trees cultivating juvenile corals. Corals can be out-planted onto reefs, sold for profit, or other purposes.

3453:

to mitigate the impact. Volcanic and human-made aerosol pollution can modulate regional sea surface temperatures.

1314:

is the zone above the reef floor or the reef drop-off. This zone is often the reef's most diverse area. Coral and

25618: 25352: 24928: 24695: 22273: 20849: 20054: 20048: 17886: 17682: 14948: 14806: 14098: 12814: 10074:"Magnuson-Stevens Act: A unique charge for sustainable seafood | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" 8448: 1772:, the microscopic algae that lives inside coral, gives it colour and provides it with food through photosynthesis 1415:) account for 91.9% of this total. Southeast Asia accounts for 32.3% of that figure, while the Pacific including 20326: 10924:"Factors influencing resource users and managers' perceptions towards marine protected area management in Kenya" 7021:

Vermeij, Mark J. A.; Marhaver, Kristen L.; Huijbers, Chantal M.; Nagelkerken, Ivan; Simpson, Stephen D. (2010).

6543: 5079: 25665: 23455: 22519: 22470: 22454: 22363: 22236: 21812: 21735: 21571: 20865: 20629: 19786: 19746: 19645: 19365: 18768: 18284: 18117: 18085: 17891: 17499: 17254: 16473: 16139: 15784: 15733: 15473: 14899: 14791: 14449: 13988: 11202: 10517:"Contrasting Patterns of Coral Bleaching Susceptibility in 2010 Suggest an Adaptive Response to Thermal Stress" 6717: 5232: 4624: 4339:

into 1 cm fragments instead of 6 cm to advance the growth of brain, boulder, and star corals. Corals

4289: 3923: 2044: 2032: 1318:

algae provide complex habitats and areas that offer protection, such as cracks and crevices. Invertebrates and

766:

existed; one of the valves formed the main conical structure and the other, much smaller valve acted as a cap.

607:, a rapidly subsiding bottom can overwhelm coral growth, killing the coral and the reef, due to what is called 10316:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 379–550, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.005. 10244:

McCulloch, Malcolm T.; D'Olivo, Juan Pablo; Falter, James; Holcomb, Michael; Trotter, Julie A. (30 May 2017).

10125: 8113:

Sandstrom, H.; Elliott J. (1984). "Internal tide and solitons on the Scotian shelf: A nutrient pump at work".

6211: 5875:

Scoffin TP, Dixon JE (1983). "The distribution and structure of coral reefs: one hundred years since Darwin".

5130: 24360: 24226: 24180: 23947: 23745: 22559: 22139: 22045: 20547: 20237: 20232: 20037: 19937: 19863: 19736: 19138: 19128: 18647: 17936: 17931: 17821: 17711: 17699: 17677: 16637: 16412: 16159: 15170: 14661: 14588: 14493: 14456: 12738: 12270: 12132:

UNEP. 2007. Coral Reefs Demonstration Sites in the South China Sea. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 5.

11323: 9430: 7815: 6598:"Enhanced photoprotection pathways in symbiotic dinoflagellates of shallow-water corals and other cnidarians" 5265: 3965: 205: 11272: 8074:"Upwelling as a source of nutrients for the Great Barrier Reef ecosystems: A solution to Darwin's question?" 4156:

events and will provide researchers with control that is not currently possible when mass producing corals.

3945:

should be minimised. Measures to achieve this could include restricting coastal settlement, development and

3734: 3711: 3699: 3441:

also affects corals by decreasing calcification rates and increasing dissolution rates, although corals can

3429:

emissions present a broader threat through sea temperature rise and sea level rise, resulting in widespread

2971:, for their potential as biocontrol agents to mitigate the spread of invasive algae species on coral reefs. 25331: 25139: 24923: 24918: 24746: 24027: 23850: 23765: 23670: 23395: 22616: 22524: 22380: 21841: 21770: 21448: 20841: 20833: 20191: 19427: 19218: 18926: 18251: 17901: 17866: 17826: 17652: 17031: 15617: 14008: 13993: 12663: 12279: 9037:

Vroom, Peter S.; Page, Kimberly N.; Kenyon, Jean C.; Brainard, Russell E. (2006). "Algae-Dominated Reefs".

8748:

Fontaneto, Diego; Sanciangco, Jonnell C.; Carpenter, Kent E.; Etnoyer, Peter J.; Moretzsohn, Fabio (2013).

4261: 3122: 1658: 1308:

in the water nearby. The drop-off zone applies mainly to the reefs surrounding oceanic islands and atolls.

17: 25194: 7258: 7228: 3190: 25572: 25257: 24998: 24444: 24212: 23565: 23400: 23174: 22728: 22368: 22218: 22187: 22057: 21961: 21884: 21817: 21721: 21460: 21408: 20857: 20567: 19957: 19822: 19771: 18788: 18394: 17994: 17489: 17284: 16842: 16588: 16094: 14985: 14518: 14003: 13009: 12768: 12728: 7628: 5705: 5340: 3372:– inventing the first time-lapse camera to record bleaching events as they happen (Netflix, full episode) 3032:

is the rarest, with fewer than 2,200 surviving after excessive feather hunting in the late 19th century.

1845: 880: 480: 22636: 16333: 7257:

Vescogni, Alessandro; Bosellini, Francesca R.; Reuter, Markus; Brachert, Thomas C. (19 September 2008).

3501:

events from 1960 to 2016, found that the reef recovered from almost complete death after severe events.

25577: 25267: 25127: 25120: 25081: 25013: 24579: 24519: 24195: 24085: 23655: 23625: 23305: 22392: 22039: 20922: 20351: 19932: 18913: 18497: 17979: 17941: 17871: 17043: 16990: 15483: 14941: 14922: 14091: 13311: 12384: 12257: 11459: 10732:"Corals escape bleaching in regions that recently and historically experienced frequent thermal stress" 9640: 8550: 5855: 3450: 3020:

supports nearly three million seabirds, including two-thirds (1.5 million) of the global population of

2112: 1559: 1233:

Alternatively, Moyle and Cech distinguish six zones, though most reefs possess only some of the zones.

12245: 10970: 9250: 4104: 3390:. Recent human activities present new threats. From 2009 to 2018, coral reefs worldwide declined 14%. 2414:

Recent oceanographic research has brought to light the reality of this paradox by confirming that the

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Ferse, S.C.A. (2010). "Poor Performance of Corals Transplanted onto Substrates of Short Durability".

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where the water is agitated, but can only live within a limited depth range, starting just below low

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van Oppen, Madeleine J. H.; Oliver, James K.; Putnam, Hollie M.; Gates, Ruth D. (24 February 2015).

6057:

Smithers, S.G.; Woodroffe, C.D. (2000). "Microatolls as sea-level indicators on a mid-ocean atoll".

4325:

Before the 1980s, Jamaica's reefs were thriving and well cared for, however, this all changed after

3136: 3108: 3091: 2872:

Coral reefs also have a very high degree of microorganism diversity compared to other environments.

2158: 848:

are "some of the best developed in the world" and occur along all its shores except off sandy bays.

498:

under the oceans formed the atolls. Darwin set out a sequence of three stages in atoll formation. A

25706: 25597: 25151: 24564: 24459: 22996: 22788: 22181: 21492: 21352: 21281:

ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers

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Taylor, J. (1992). "The energetics of breaking events in a resonantly forced internal wave field".

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in red. Coral reefs are not found in coastal areas where colder and nutrient-rich upwellings occur.

769:

Measurements of the oxygen isotopic composition of the aragonitic skeleton of coral reefs, such as

57: 17204: 8404:

Leichter, J.; Stewart H.; Miller S. (2003). "Episodic nutrient transport to Florida coral reefs".

6689: 6401:"Mapping and Geomorphic Characterization of the Vast Cold-Water Coral Mounds of the Blake Plateau" 2293:

were the world's first reef-building organisms, and sponges were the only reef-builders until the

598:

A fringing reef can take ten thousand years to form, and an atoll can take up to 30 million years.

25582: 24953: 24764: 24484: 24350: 24127: 23595: 23425: 22838: 22803: 22449: 21443: 21420: 21197: 21136: 20989: 20939: 20446: 20441: 20406: 20277: 20212: 20007: 19982: 19962: 19817: 19402: 19341: 19303: 19101: 18878: 18783: 18487: 18442: 18422: 18412: 18212: 18021: 17736: 17249: 17209: 17025: 16490: 16456: 16365: 16285: 16184: 15900: 15745: 15600: 15297: 15224: 15192: 15015: 15010: 14287: 13773: 13584: 13478: 13206: 13196: 12708: 10246:"Coral calcification in a changing World and the interactive dynamics of pH and DIC upregulation" 8687: 5033: 4676: 4280:

as equivalent patches where no sound was played, and also increased species biodiversity by 50%.

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and individual fish sizes are significantly larger than in places where fishing is unrestricted.

776: 115: 8644: 3289:

without. Reefs can attenuate waves as well as or better than artificial structures designed for

2531:

and crustaceans. Recycling reduces the nutrient inputs needed overall to support the community.

2472:

One reason for the unusual clarity of tropical waters is their nutrient deficiency and drifting

1347:

tropical storms may knock out large sections of reef and cause boulders on sandy areas to move.

1236: 792:

the fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll and table reef based on Stoddart, D.R. (1969). Spalding

24557: 24527: 24355: 24236: 23916: 23555: 23239: 23214: 22818: 22651: 22051: 20739: 20557: 20456: 20396: 19942: 19791: 19623: 19618: 19556: 19069: 19064: 19045: 18974: 18893: 18798: 18778: 18676: 18568: 18129: 18112: 18100: 18073: 17806: 17672: 16583: 16370: 15843: 15568: 15401: 15244: 15197: 15152: 15132: 14748: 14503: 13599: 13589: 13291: 13276: 12850: 12703: 12160: 11224:

Kelly, RP; Foley, MM; Fisher, WS; Feely, RA; Halpern, BS; Waldbusser, GG; Caldwell, MR (2011).

9006:"THE EFFECTS OF TERRESTRIAL RUNOFF OF SEDIMENTS, NUTRIENTS AND OTHER POLLUTANTS ON CORAL REEFS" 8899: 5904:"Guide to the geology of reefs of the Capricorn and Bunker groups, Great Barrier Reef province" 5292: 4361: 3457: 3281: 3097: 3029: 3025: 2364: 1583:—includes 6,000-year-old fringing reefs located along a 2,000 km (1,240 mi) coastline 1460: 884: 642:

60 m (200 ft) lower than at present, and many hills of the coastal plains had become

124: 21111: 8659: 8609: 7678:"Pulsed delivery of subthermocline water to Conch Reef (Florida Keys) by internal tidal bores" 6019: 5188: 2988:) or living in pre-existing voids and crevices. Animals boring into the rock include sponges, 2696:

Coral reefs form some of the world's most productive ecosystems, providing complex and varied

2441:

Coral reefs support over one-quarter of all marine species. This diversity results in complex

1322:

algae provide much of the food for other organisms. A common feature on this forereef zone is

25731: 25567: 25003: 24685: 24680: 24439: 24427: 24274: 23988: 23355: 23310: 23094: 22768: 22434: 22263: 22127: 21925: 20912: 20897: 20592: 20582: 20515: 20510: 20366: 20361: 20346: 20308: 20227: 20222: 19561: 19544: 19412: 19407: 19326: 18931: 18838: 18593: 18407: 18095: 18090: 18016: 17911: 17801: 17731: 17592: 17587: 17199: 17072: 16605: 16380: 16204: 16055: 16030: 15980: 15813: 15801: 15789: 15634: 15249: 15239: 15207: 14894: 14018: 13945: 13880: 13745: 13720: 13695: 13579: 13326: 13106: 12845: 12809: 12773: 12615: 12603: 12581: 12312: 10232: 7330: 6458:"Coral reef that 'shouldn't exist' thrives off B.C.'s coast in Pacific Ocean, biologist says" 4639:"Saving rainforests of the sea: An analysis of international efforts to conserve coral reefs" 4428: 4422: 4410: 4123: 4116: 3895: 3815: 3510: 3487: 2355: 908: 363: 19927: 12301: 10840:"A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral-Reef Management" 10781:"Potential and limits for rapid genetic adaptation to warming in a Great Barrier Reef coral" 8251:

Wolanski, E.; Delesalle B. (1993). "Upwelling by internal waves, Tahiti, French Polynesia".

6567: 5809: 5532: 5313: 3934: 25701: 25680: 25660: 25602: 25562: 25557: 25178: 25049: 25039: 24963: 24898: 24331: 24241: 24202: 24157: 24073: 24068: 23535: 23530: 23420: 23295: 22986: 22951: 22439: 22033: 21297: 21074: 21014: 20902: 20755: 20401: 20042: 19967: 19848: 19549: 19509: 19283: 19153: 19113: 18729: 18686: 18671: 18437: 18432: 18190: 18048: 18043: 17876: 17851: 17811: 17194: 17179: 17067: 16827: 16786: 16761: 16610: 16510: 16480: 16119: 16025: 15915: 15760: 15661: 15639: 15612: 15466: 15396: 15324: 15117: 14723: 14676: 14631: 14616: 13753: 13715: 13046: 12955: 12893: 12698: 12406: 12081: 12027: 11984: 11857: 11752: 11670: 11592: 11485: 11435: 11393: 11358: 11240: 11156: 10935: 10851: 10685: 10528: 10414: 10379: 10336: 10257: 10163: 10014: 9969: 9891: 9848: 9742: 9685: 9480: 9383: 9332: 9209: 8829: 8761: 8714: 8517: 8463: 8413: 8373: 8338: 8295: 8260: 8218: 8160: 8122: 8085: 8038: 8003: 7960: 7893: 7830: 7780: 7689: 7565: 7518: 7509:

Hatcher, Bruce Gordon (1 May 1988). "Coral reef primary productivity: A beggar's banquet".

7435: 7391: 7270: 7177: 7089: 7034: 6967: 6902: 6766: 6609: 6327: 6171: 6066: 5976: 5500: 5450: 5199: 5163: 4990: 4918: 4573: 4508: 4469: 4347:

were outplanted off the Florida's shores in several microfragment arrays. After two years,

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is reached. One such point exists at the northwestern end of the Hawaiian Archipelago; see

634:

on which they rest, and the history of the change in sea level relative to that substrate.

12227: 9608:"Coastal Capital: Belize: The Economic Contribution of Belize's Coral Reefs and Mangroves" 9540: 9523: 6160:

Connell, Joseph H. (24 March 1978). "Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs".

5152: 4564:

Spalding MD, Grenfell AM (1997). "New estimates of global and regional coral reef areas".

2070: 1549: 835:

some are hundreds of metres wide. Fringing reefs are initially formed on the shore at the

8: 25721: 25633: 25474: 25290: 24893: 24572: 24269: 24112: 24107: 23921: 23881: 23835: 23740: 23525: 23234: 22666: 22534: 22353: 21931: 21631: 21576: 21562: 21465: 20964: 20907: 20886: 20734: 20520: 20426: 20421: 19781: 19582: 19250: 19196: 19079: 18888: 18773: 18611: 18583: 18476: 18399: 18174: 18122: 18011: 17861: 17647: 17617: 17537: 17425: 17420: 17244: 17219: 16975: 16822: 16716: 16711: 16209: 15995: 15870: 15853: 15848: 15806: 15716: 15180: 14827: 14621: 14185: 13975: 13629: 13438: 13396: 13166: 13126: 12873: 12668: 12643: 12127:

UNEP. 2004. Coral Reefs in the South China Sea. UNEP/GEF/SCS Technical Publication No. 2.

12120: 9607: 9562: 7376: 6915: 6890: 5961: 4090: 4023: 3438: 3142: 3128: 3073: 2465:. Coral reefs typically produce 5–10 grams of carbon per square meter per day (gC·m·day) 2396:, are sessile and cement themselves to the substrate, contributing to the reef building. 1983: 1807: 1343: 631: 427: 383: 22696: 21141: 21029: 20979: 12085: 12031: 11996: 11988: 11861: 11756: 11674: 11596: 11489: 11439: 11397: 11362: 11244: 11168: 11160: 10939: 10855: 10689: 10587:"Repeat bleaching of a central Pacific coral reef over the past six decades (1960–2016)" 10532: 10426: 10418: 10383: 10340: 10261: 10167: 10018: 9973: 9895: 9852: 9746: 9689: 9484: 9387: 9336: 9213: 8868: 8833: 8817: 8765: 8718: 8521: 8467: 8417: 8377: 8342: 8299: 8264: 8222: 8164: 8126: 8089: 8042: 8007: 7964: 7897: 7834: 7784: 7693: 7569: 7522: 7439: 7395: 7274: 7181: 7093: 7038: 6971: 6906: 6770: 6734: 6613: 6175: 6070: 5980: 5504: 5454: 5203: 5167: 4994: 4922: 4577: 4512: 4057:

emissions by limiting deforestation. Deforestation can release significant amounts of CO

2056: 1776:

Coral polyps do not photosynthesize, but have a symbiotic relationship with microscopic

1569:

Barrier Reef—third largest, following the east coast of Andros Island, Bahamas, between

25501: 25491: 24948: 24794: 24536: 24449: 24321: 24309: 24185: 23630: 23209: 23139: 22976: 22941: 22926: 22898: 22858: 22848: 22493: 22444: 22413: 22075: 21866: 21641: 21626: 21542: 21190: 21004: 20932: 20804: 20552: 20376: 20152: 20087: 20012: 19977: 19972: 19952: 19892: 19832: 19731: 19613: 19397: 19230: 19106: 18843: 18379: 18107: 18068: 18006: 17741: 17484: 17374: 17299: 17229: 17116: 16938: 16817: 16632: 16622: 16424: 16219: 15823: 15234: 15202: 15074: 14796: 14783: 14636: 14596: 14307: 14210: 13895: 13890: 13758: 13700: 13594: 13443: 13361: 13246: 13226: 13136: 13079: 12819: 12804: 12753: 12693: 12327:

Active Florida environmental non-profit focusing on coral reef education and protection

11783: 11740: 11694: 11604: 11560: 11525: 11501: 11421:"Management of coral reefs: We have gone wrong when neglecting active reef restoration" 11264: 11172: 11121:. Townsville, Australia: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. 2007. Archived from 11040: 10951: 10877: 10815: 10780: 10756: 10731: 10709: 10619: 10586: 10559: 10516: 10489: 10456: 10286: 10245: 10189: 10102: 10048: 9907: 9763: 9730: 9706: 9673: 9588: 9524:"The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities" 9504: 9399: 9356: 9233: 9176: 9141: 8982: 8947: 8792: 8749: 8479: 8429: 8311: 8184: 8054: 7976: 7796: 7451: 7193: 7105: 7057: 7022: 6998: 6955: 6936: 6817: 6782: 6632: 6597: 5888: 5645: 5641: 5524: 5466: 5006: 4934: 4780: 4755: 4589: 4269: 4200: 4000: 3856: 3785: 3760: 3414: 3349: 3290: 3254: 3227: 3164: 3068: 2961: 2895: 1697:

is located in the Finlayson Channel, in the inside passage of British Columbia, Canada.

1638: 1587: 1531: 1223: 1165: 1135: 872: 638: 398: 394: 359: 355: 17289: 10897:"Marine protected areas as biological successes and social failures in Southeast Asia" 10779:

Matz, Mikhail V.; Treml, Eric A.; Aglyamova, Galina V.; Bay, Line K. (19 April 2018).

9860: 9274: 8385: 6078: 5486:"El Nino/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the past millennium" 2996:. Those settling on the reef include many other species, particularly crustaceans and 1946:

and attached to the ocean floor. But unlike plants, corals do not make their own food.

1287:

by the symbiotic zooxanthellae, and agitated water brings plankton to feed the coral.

1240:

Water in the reef surface zone is often agitated. This diagram represents a reef on a

1226:. Others are found in the deep ocean surrounding islands or as atolls, such as in the 25670: 25592: 25521: 25511: 25434: 25146: 24587: 24381: 24314: 24304: 24147: 24142: 24097: 24080: 23978: 23825: 23805: 23650: 23620: 23510: 23470: 23450: 23440: 23390: 23375: 23350: 23280: 23204: 23129: 23079: 22878: 22843: 22773: 22718: 22358: 22314: 22212: 21684: 21679: 21621: 21557: 21535: 21510: 21425: 21086: 20959: 20949: 19947: 19655: 19650: 19592: 19539: 19422: 19417: 19288: 19245: 19148: 19018: 18989: 18951: 18898: 18605: 18548: 18543: 18274: 18236: 18134: 18053: 17597: 17582: 17463: 17394: 17369: 17324: 16980: 16868: 16832: 16691: 16642: 16562: 16451: 16385: 16295: 16199: 16089: 16045: 16000: 15990: 15975: 15892: 15656: 15573: 15112: 14995: 14975: 14964: 14852: 14758: 14671: 14377: 14215: 14205: 14165: 14130: 14114: 13905: 13783: 13730: 13649: 13316: 13281: 13221: 13181: 13151: 13121: 13032: 12824: 12673: 12365: 12099: 12043: 12039: 12000: 11957: 11952: 11939: 11917: 11893: 11888: 11875: 11845: 11807: 11788: 11770: 11698: 11686: 11608: 11565: 11547: 11497: 11451: 11268: 11256: 11198: 10869: 10820: 10802: 10761: 10701: 10624: 10606: 10564: 10546: 10494: 10476: 10352: 10291: 10273: 10181: 10176: 10151: 10030: 9987: 9982: 9957: 9864: 9819: 9768: 9711: 9496: 9451: 9348: 9303: 9225: 9181: 9163: 9117: 8987: 8969: 8926: 8873: 8855: 8797: 8779: 8730: 8726: 8667: 8615: 8350: 8272: 8230: 8176: 8058: 7980: 7928: 7583: 7553: 7534: 7530: 7489: 7338: 7305: 7197: 7148: 7062: 7003: 6985: 6940: 6928: 6920: 6637: 6573: 6309: 6272: 6187: 6162: 6140: 6132: 6039: 5841: 5668: 5608: 5581: 5516: 5470: 5418: 5405: 5372: 4903: 4785: 4705: 4620: 4524: 4416: 4112: 3984: 3976: 3969: 3903: 3736: 3212: 2866: 2655: 2613: 2549:

and pigmented proteins (reds, blues, greens, etc.) produced by the corals themselves.

2466: 2462: 2200: 1739: 1304:

is, for its first 50 m, habitat for reef fish who find shelter on the cliff face and

1241: 928: 443: 435: 256: 173: 101: 23891: 23775: 23770: 22921: 22893: 22873: 22778: 17314: 15930: 11505: 11447: 11176: 10955: 10881: 10838:

McClanahan, Timothy; Marnane, Michael; Cinner, Joshua E.; Kiene, William E. (2006).

10713: 10193: 10026: 9911: 9508: 9471:

Meylan, Anne (22 January 1988). "Spongivory in Hawksbill Turtles: A Diet of Glass".

9360: 9237: 8483: 8433: 8315: 8188: 7800: 7455: 7109: 5649: 5175: 5010: 5002: 4827:"Urban runoff and coastal water quality being researched for effects on coral reefs" 4593: 4520: 1590:—largest continental US reef and the third-largest coral barrier reef, extends from 1483:

and strong cold coastal currents that reduce water temperatures in these areas (the

479:

set out his theory of the formation of atoll reefs, an idea he conceived during the

27:

Outcrop of rock in the sea formed by the growth and deposit of stony coral skeletons

25531: 24943: 24662: 24633: 24625: 24063: 23700: 23675: 23640: 23610: 23600: 23520: 23415: 23385: 23320: 23290: 23194: 23179: 23064: 22946: 22863: 22828: 22758: 22661: 22375: 21651: 21646: 21636: 21616: 21530: 21515: 21413: 21126: 20954: 20917: 20760: 20371: 20356: 19902: 19897: 19466: 19392: 19387: 19348: 19336: 19273: 19268: 19033: 18833: 18563: 18553: 18302: 17796: 17622: 17560: 17389: 17294: 16985: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16338: 16265: 16179: 16174: 15935: 15794: 15779: 15683: 15605: 15478: 15376: 15037: 14847: 14681: 14656: 14651: 14626: 14576: 14402: 14262: 14180: 14145: 14013: 13705: 13609: 13561: 13473: 13366: 13064: 12985: 12960: 12576: 12533: 12457: 12089: 12035: 11992: 11947: 11929: 11883: 11865: 11819: 11808:"A fresh look at macroalgal-coral interactions: are macroalgae a threat to corals?" 11778: 11760: 11678: 11600: 11555: 11537: 11493: 11443: 11401: 11366: 11248: 11164: 11043:"Management for network diversity speeds evolutionary adaptation to climate change" 10943: 10859: 10810: 10792: 10751: 10743: 10693: 10614: 10598: 10554: 10536: 10484: 10468: 10422: 10387: 10344: 10281: 10265: 10171: 10022: 9977: 9899: 9856: 9811: 9758: 9750: 9701: 9693: 9674:"The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation" 9535: 9488: 9426: 9391: 9340: 9217: 9171: 9153: 9046: 8977: 8959: 8863: 8845: 8837: 8787: 8769: 8722: 8590: 8578: 8559: 8525: 8471: 8421: 8381: 8346: 8303: 8268: 8226: 8168: 8130: 8093: 8046: 8011: 7968: 7901: 7846: 7838: 7788: 7753: 7726: 7697: 7573: 7526: 7443: 7399: 7278: 7210:

Newell, R.I.E. 1988. Ecological changes in Chesapeake Bay: are they the results of

7185: 7097: 7052: 7042: 6993: 6975: 6954:

Lin, Che-Hung; Takahashi, Shunichi; Mulla, Aziz J.; Nozawa, Yoko (24 August 2021).

6910: 6859: 6809: 6786: 6774: 6627: 6617: 6412: 6301: 6179: 6092: 6074: 6031: 5984: 5884: 5637: 5528: 5508: 5458: 5397: 5207: 5171: 4998: 4926: 4775: 4767: 4581: 4516: 4404: 4182: 4164: 4073:

puts pressure on state governments to monitor and limit run-off of polluted water.

4034: 3918: 3410: 3387: 3272: 3196: 3021: 2967: 2862: 2196: 2084: 1750: 1735: 1701: 1690:. Bermuda coral species represent a subset of those found in the greater Caribbean. 1686:. The presence of coral reefs at this high latitude is due to the proximity of the 1609: 1488: 1484: 1453: 1199:

The three major zones of a coral reef: the fore reef, reef crest, and the back reef

1000: 996: 988: 643: 348: 293: 245: 17776: 16104: 12094: 12069: 11682: 6183: 4978: 4938: 4906: 4288:

Another possibility for coral restoration is gene therapy: inoculating coral with

2545:

The colour of corals depends on the combination of brown shades provided by their

2126: 2098: 2012:

The emergence of complex rhythms from solar and lunar cycles in marine ecosystems.

966: 594: 25506: 25496: 25399: 25171: 25163: 24434: 24264: 24058: 23855: 23845: 23830: 23725: 23720: 23665: 23645: 23585: 23570: 23560: 23475: 23465: 23460: 23435: 23430: 23405: 23380: 23335: 23265: 23244: 23059: 23039: 22903: 22823: 22656: 21552: 21477: 21054: 21019: 20969: 20814: 20799: 20765: 20669: 20500: 20431: 20416: 20336: 19997: 19858: 19597: 19491: 19486: 19454: 19201: 19191: 19173: 18903: 18518: 18167: 18058: 17969: 17841: 17756: 17716: 17657: 17637: 17349: 17339: 17239: 17214: 17164: 17159: 17154: 17055: 17019: 16807: 16657: 16468: 16446: 16390: 16375: 16348: 16040: 15950: 15750: 15020: 14884: 14666: 14611: 14478: 14387: 14382: 14267: 14150: 13983: 13950: 13811: 13763: 13639: 13614: 13423: 13376: 13301: 13146: 13131: 12980: 12950: 12799: 12653: 12598: 12399: 12319: 12308: 12297: 12286:

Science and Management of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand

12274: 12261: 12249: 12203: 11405: 10797: 10541: 9522:

Doney, Scott C.; Busch, D. Shallin; Cooley, Sarah R.; Kroeker, Kristy J. (2020).

9492: 9445: 9297: 9257: 9111: 8774: 8172: 7922: 7882:"Breaking internal waves on a Florida (USA) coral reef: a plankton pump at work?" 7483: 7359: 7297: 7282: 7142: 7047: 6834: 6721: 6550: 6266: 6215: 6126: 5903: 5818: 5628:

Stoddart, D. R. (November 1969). "Ecology and morphology of recent coral reefs".

5366: 5320: 5137: 4872: 4699: 4548: 4326: 4153: 4145: 4086: 4070: 3835: 3810: 3713: 3701: 3498: 3430: 3394: 3335: 2935: 2886: 2644: 2624: 2620: 2508: 2373:

is a species of flat oyster that had also formed large reefs in South Australia.

2302: 2239: 2227: 2212: 2184: 1865: 1827: 1743: 1721: 1646: 1574: 1566: 1295: 892: 864:

Barrier reefs are separated from a mainland or island shore by a deep channel or

759: 733: 725: 701: 668: 519: 503: 487: 463: 371: 267: 252: 193: 129: 86: 81: 71: 20789: 20391: 17259: 12351: 12070:"Microfragmenting for the successful restoration of slow growing massive corals" 11370: 9815: 9641:"Total Economic Value of Bermuda's Coral Reefs. Valuation of ecosystem Services" 6956:"Moonrise timing is key for synchronized spawning in coral Dipsastraea speciosa" 6800:

Jackson, Jeremy B. C. (1 July 1991). "Adaptation and Diversity of Reef Corals".

6249: 5401: 5053: 5051: 3941:. Direct human pressure on coral reefs should also be reduced and the inflow of 2330: 1757:(above 70 m), the depth to which sufficient sunlight penetrates the water. 25547: 25526: 25516: 24789: 24289: 24048: 23983: 23957: 23911: 23820: 23815: 23790: 23730: 23710: 23695: 23685: 23545: 23515: 23445: 23219: 23089: 23084: 23034: 22971: 22833: 22813: 22723: 22686: 22676: 22671: 21390: 21101: 21034: 21024: 20784: 20461: 20451: 20411: 20017: 19992: 19987: 19922: 19912: 19796: 19308: 19235: 19123: 18808: 18362: 18144: 17989: 17364: 17319: 17309: 17138: 17106: 17049: 16791: 16781: 16766: 16736: 16681: 16547: 16310: 16154: 15880: 15858: 15838: 15772: 15701: 15649: 15418: 15391: 15346: 15175: 14277: 14272: 14235: 14175: 14155: 13847: 13801: 13796: 13768: 13735: 13604: 13463: 13391: 13381: 13231: 13176: 13094: 13089: 13084: 12965: 12733: 12678: 12482: 12355: 12341: 9958:"An index to assess the risk to stony corals from bottom trawling on seamounts" 9791: 9754: 9260:. The.honoluluadvertiser.com (January 17, 2005). Retrieved on November 1, 2011. 9065: 8850: 8841: 8594: 7757: 7211: 6443: 6237: 4541: 4382: 4030: 3988: 3434: 3426: 3344: 3064: 2760: 2697: 2504: 2360: 2334: 2305:

are much slower-growing than corals and their contribution is (usually) minor.

2218: 2076: 2062: 1923: 1811: 1781: 1492: 1408: 1284: 1157: 1015: 971: 743: 681: 620: 604: 476: 447: 387: 35: 22981: 17184: 12380: 12330: 11846:"Sea urchin recovery from mass mortality: New hope for Caribbean coral reefs?" 11823: 11659:"Structural complexity enhancement as a potential coral-reef restoration tool" 10990:"From despair to repair: Dramatic decline of Caribbean corals can be reversed" 10947: 10864: 10839: 10697: 10643: 10602: 9344: 9221: 8530: 8505: 8425: 8050: 7972: 7792: 7702: 7677: 7101: 6864: 6757:

Chappell, John (17 July 1980). "Coral morphology, diversity and reef growth".

6305: 1108:– a part of a reef which is above water at low tide but submerged at high tide 25695: 25444: 25394: 25357: 25241: 25054: 24736: 24728: 24609: 24284: 24207: 24117: 23942: 23840: 23810: 23795: 23785: 23760: 23750: 23690: 23635: 23615: 23605: 23575: 23550: 23495: 23480: 23340: 23285: 23229: 23199: 23184: 23149: 23109: 23069: 23049: 23044: 22991: 22888: 22868: 22798: 22793: 22753: 21482: 21430: 21318: 21311: 21116: 21106: 20794: 20562: 20525: 20492: 20331: 19534: 19529: 19514: 19096: 19086: 18828: 18752: 18696: 18324: 18182: 18160: 18063: 18038: 18033: 18001: 17384: 17334: 17274: 17269: 17234: 17174: 17169: 17037: 17011: 16953: 16858: 16746: 16280: 15905: 15767: 15696: 15678: 15673: 15644: 15451: 15386: 15371: 15274: 15254: 15107: 15089: 14889: 14872: 14822: 14763: 14738: 14601: 14528: 14200: 14061: 13955: 13920: 13821: 13816: 13791: 13321: 13286: 13261: 13111: 13074: 12918: 12638: 12588: 12477: 12452: 12190: 12103: 12068:

Page, Christopher A.; Muller, Erinn M.; Vaughan, David E. (1 November 2018).

12047: 12004: 11943: 11879: 11774: 11690: 11612: 11551: 10806: 10705: 10610: 10550: 10480: 10455:

Abrego, D.; Ulstrup, K. E; Willis, B. L; van Oppen, M. J.H (7 October 2008).

10356: 10277: 10034: 9991: 9868: 9416: 9229: 9167: 8973: 8859: 8783: 8734: 8563: 7948: 7656: 7587: 7554:"Phytoplankton motility and the competition for nutrients in the thermocline" 7421:"The endo-upwelling concept: from geothermal convection to reef construction" 6989: 6924: 6518: 6417: 6400: 6386: 6136: 6043: 5945: 5048: 4528: 4396: 4360:

would have grown at least ten times its original size. By using this method,

4038: 3992: 3830: 3820: 3780: 3765: 3559: 3494: 3402: 3316: 2792: 2764: 2701: 2651: 2605: 2554: 2546: 2496: 2446: 2369: 2287: 2231: 2146: 1791: 1769: 1694: 1673: 1660: 1605: 1512: 1390: 1280: 1261: 1153: 1119: 821: 751: 713: 627: 612: 535: 499: 495: 417: 367: 183: 66: 16726: 16144: 15985: 11765: 11252: 9589:"Coastal Capital: Economic Valuation of Coastal Ecosystems in the Caribbean" 8134: 8015: 7470:"Element cycling on tropical coral reefs: the cryptic carbon shunt revealed" 6980: 6622: 6035: 5484:

Cobb, K.; Charles, Christopher D.; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence (2003).

4853:. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. July 1998. Archived from 1562:—second longest double barrier reef, covering 1,500 kilometers (930 mi) 1168:

and Belize Barrier Reef), where they provide habitable and agricultural land

1049: 566:

Ultimately, the island sinks below the sea, and the barrier reef becomes an

25552: 25429: 25424: 25419: 24854: 24816: 24343: 24299: 24004: 23973: 23952: 23926: 23906: 23901: 23896: 23886: 23860: 23780: 23735: 23680: 23660: 23540: 23505: 23490: 23330: 23189: 23164: 23154: 23134: 23114: 23011: 22931: 22853: 22763: 22748: 22743: 22738: 22733: 22348: 21702: 21547: 21525: 21487: 21009: 20597: 20572: 20386: 20284: 20260: 20157: 19917: 19741: 19524: 19225: 19213: 19143: 19133: 19118: 19052: 18999: 18941: 18793: 18573: 18028: 17761: 17667: 17612: 17570: 17555: 17458: 17359: 17264: 17189: 17061: 16970: 16958: 16771: 16552: 16530: 16407: 16360: 16290: 16214: 16189: 15940: 15523: 15461: 15441: 15269: 15000: 14753: 14641: 14513: 14508: 14407: 14397: 14342: 14047: 13826: 13806: 13710: 13448: 13331: 13251: 13211: 13201: 13171: 12931: 12748: 12523: 12515: 12467: 12434: 12333:– Catlin Seaview Survey of reef, a database of images and other information 12290: 11961: 11934: 11897: 11870: 11792: 11569: 11455: 11260: 10873: 10824: 10765: 10747: 10628: 10568: 10498: 10472: 10295: 10185: 9772: 9715: 9500: 9352: 9185: 8991: 8877: 8801: 8449:"Spatial and Temporal Variability of Internal Wave Forcing on a Coral Reef" 8180: 7538: 7302:

The French-Speaking Pacific: Population, Environment and Development Issues

7066: 7007: 6932: 6641: 6313: 6191: 5520: 4854: 4803: 4789: 4448: 4178: 3958: 3825: 3755: 3693: 3660: 3626: 3597: 3587: 3555: 3515: 3467: 3464: 3156: 3013: 2973: 2827: 2823: 2500: 2325: 2313: 2309: 2298: 2269: 2262: 2188: 2090: 1927: 1786: 1615: 1599: 1595: 1516: 1447: 1443: 1404: 1396: 1370: 1161: 1023: 992: 780: 736: 379: 375: 188: 150: 145: 106: 48: 24494: 16721: 12196: 8657: 7879: 7126:. photography. Coral kingdoms. National Geographic Society. Archived from 5226:

Reef Facts for Tour Guides: A "big picture" view of the Great Barrier Reef

4585: 4244:

One case study with coral reef restoration was conducted on the island of

2899:) eat these algae and could thus decrease the risk of algal encroachment. 1742:

shells. Coral heads consist of accumulations of individual animals called

25409: 24888: 24849: 24771: 24617: 24489: 24417: 24326: 24294: 24279: 23755: 23715: 23590: 23500: 23485: 23410: 23275: 23270: 23224: 23159: 23144: 23119: 23104: 23001: 22936: 22883: 22783: 22691: 22646: 22509: 22332: 21667: 21146: 21131: 21096: 21069: 21049: 21044: 21039: 20944: 20684: 20268: 19726: 19671: 19260: 19163: 19158: 19057: 19040: 18994: 18984: 18908: 18853: 18724: 18666: 18558: 18538: 18528: 18523: 18352: 18314: 18220: 18204: 17984: 17856: 17607: 17442: 17437: 17279: 17101: 17096: 17006: 16812: 16756: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16275: 16164: 15865: 15711: 15688: 15629: 15578: 15511: 15506: 15446: 15408: 15319: 15289: 15264: 15259: 15212: 15097: 15069: 14980: 14904: 14718: 14691: 14686: 14566: 14548: 14538: 14533: 14488: 14483: 14473: 14422: 14412: 14135: 13960: 13935: 13930: 13900: 13683: 13659: 13624: 13433: 13336: 13256: 13216: 13069: 12924: 12713: 12648: 12462: 12447: 12442: 12391: 9050: 8948:"Changes to coral health and metabolic activity under oxygen deprivation" 7951:(1992). "Internal solitary wave breaking and run-up on a uniform slope". 6291: 4442: 4313: 3980: 3950: 3930: 3914: 3650: 3592: 3442: 3420: 3406: 3383: 2978: 2839: 2835: 2535: 2512: 2477: 2454: 2450: 2415: 2345: 2279: 2252: 2132: 2104: 1915: 1849: 1803: 1754: 1687: 1631: 1591: 1545: 1272: 949: 328: 289: 281: 260: 91: 16706: 10269: 7229:"4 things you might not know about South Australia's new shellfish reef" 6553:. Oceanservice.noaa.gov (March 25, 2008). Retrieved on November 1, 2011. 5512: 5231:(Report). Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. 2006. Archived from 5066: 4407:— Corals living in the cold waters of deeper, darker parts of the oceans 3553: 2257: 1034: 43: 25638: 24938: 24933: 24903: 24836: 24649: 24641: 24338: 23865: 23580: 23345: 23169: 23099: 23054: 23029: 22808: 22418: 21707: 21672: 21520: 21304: 21064: 20775: 20653: 20602: 20484: 20436: 20381: 19676: 19519: 18969: 18946: 18533: 17766: 17577: 17410: 17379: 17344: 17329: 16965: 16943: 16915: 16863: 16701: 16598: 16593: 16353: 16270: 16129: 16114: 15755: 15721: 15595: 15590: 15456: 15341: 15147: 15102: 15005: 14990: 14832: 14768: 14728: 14646: 14571: 14362: 13940: 13664: 13644: 13428: 13401: 13186: 13099: 12990: 12975: 12898: 12888: 12878: 12593: 12538: 12528: 12175: 11806:

Vieira, Christophe; Payri, Claude; Clerck, Olivier (8 September 2016).

11542: 10644:

goal-coral-reefs.html "Climate goal may spell end for some coral reefs"

9927:"Planet Lost Startling Amount Of Coral Reefs In 10 Years, Report Finds" 9903: 9697: 9403: 9158: 8964: 8307: 8098: 8073: 7906: 7881: 7447: 7404: 7189: 6821: 5989: 5462: 4851:"Coastal Watershed Factsheets – Coral Reefs and Your Coastal Watershed" 4753: 3655: 3621: 3490:. Similar rapid adaption may protect coral reefs from global warming. 3379: 3324: 3170: 3078: 2997: 2985: 2956: 2890: 2882: 2847: 2831: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2752: 2736: 2485: 2393: 2381: 2294: 2118: 1959: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1535: 1504: 1496: 1357: 1315: 1130: 1080:– common, isolated, comparatively small reef outcrop, usually within a 1019: 1004: 978: 932: 904: 896: 871:

The best known and largest example of a barrier reef is the Australian

717: 491: 344: 332: 14056: 10313: 8475: 7994:

Gregg, M. (1989). "Scaling turbulent dissipation in the thermocline".

7842: 7730: 7578: 6697:(Ph.D. thesis). Queensland University of Technology (published 2008). 5392:

Hallock, Pamela (1997), "Reefs and Reef Limestones in Earth History",

4877:. The Netherlands: Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting. p. 4 4771: 4390: 3482: 927:

Platform reefs, variously called bank or table reefs, can form on the

692: 538:, often including a shallow lagoon between the land and the main reef. 25628: 25623: 25439: 24543: 24476: 24469: 23800: 23705: 23300: 23124: 23074: 23006: 22681: 21121: 20706: 20479: 20303: 19907: 19776: 19587: 19566: 19183: 19074: 18367: 18197: 17111: 16751: 16578: 16419: 16343: 16315: 16109: 16079: 16035: 15875: 15833: 15706: 15585: 15538: 15423: 15413: 15331: 15127: 14773: 14733: 14561: 14498: 14417: 14347: 13965: 13870: 13654: 13418: 13411: 13386: 13296: 13001: 12970: 10391: 10348: 8204:"Geothermal endo-upwelling: A solution to the reef nutrient paradox?" 7851: 7298:"The functioning of coral reefs and atolls: from paradox to paradigm" 6778: 6346:"Coral reef in Eilat, the northernmost reef in the world, is growing" 5607:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 437. 5211: 4930: 4208: 4186: 4174: 3996: 3954: 3910: 3728: 3685: 3475: 3463:

Corals respond to stress by "bleaching", or expelling their colorful

3242: 3100: 3040: 2993: 2865:, are the most important factor causing the great diversity and high 2861:

The great number and diversity of hiding places in coral reefs, i.e.

2804: 2744: 2725: 2713: 2595:

benthic algae as well as plankton and larval organisms. The seaweed

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is a substrate produced by a patented process that runs low voltage

4193:. Needle and thread can also attach A-hermatype coral to substrate. 2223: 2195:. Reefs are always built by the combined efforts of these different 1365: 805: 25460: 25404: 25367: 24979:

Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command

23367: 22641: 21270: 19721: 19716: 19638: 19091: 18979: 18863: 18848: 18357: 18152: 17415: 17121: 16776: 16540: 16500: 16300: 16020: 15545: 15516: 15366: 15314: 15307: 15302: 14701: 14696: 14523: 14438: 14297: 14122: 13915: 13725: 13271: 13266: 13191: 12658: 12506: 12496: 12472: 11226:"Mitigating local causes of ocean acidification with existing laws" 10987: 10923: 10659:"Global Warming Has Devastating Effect on Coral Reefs, Study Shows" 9639:

Sarkis, Samia; van Beukering, Pieter J.H.; McKenzie, Emily (2010).

8747: 6572:. Townsville, Australia: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. 6208: 4727:"Global coral cover has fallen by half since 1950s, analysis finds" 4236: 4190: 3964:

Protecting networks of diverse and healthy reefs, not only climate

3770: 3724: 3446: 3277: 2812: 2784: 2740: 2709: 2705: 2669: 2628: 2481: 2473: 2442: 2419: 2283: 1919: 1882: 1876: 1853: 1799: 1625: 1472: 1420: 1377: 1305: 1227: 1212: 1208: 1172: 1139: 1089: 1058: 1043: 1011: 940:

formation. This is the case, for example, on the east coast of the

900: 709: 676: 351:

and cold water coral reefs exist on smaller scales in other areas.

340: 301: 277: 270: 168: 11348: 11064: 7020: 6733:

Wilson RA (9 August 2007). "The Biological Notion of Individual".

6654: 2683: 25362: 24958: 24779: 24594: 20505: 19298: 18389: 18307: 17951: 17786: 17771: 17746: 17662: 17602: 17131: 17126: 16948: 16837: 16741: 16099: 15550: 15533: 15528: 15336: 15279: 15079: 14837: 14711: 14556: 14432: 14427: 14337: 14332: 14322: 14242: 13925: 13885: 13855: 13833: 13453: 13241: 13141: 12758: 12543: 12267: 12232: 10243: 9882:

Hutchings, P.A. (1986). "Biological destruction of coral reefs".

6888: 6565: 5962:"Grazing halos and predation on juvenile Caribbean surgeonfishes" 4952: 4907:"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital" 4216: 4203:

through seawater to cause dissolved minerals to precipitate onto

4196: 4042: 3946: 3689: 3549: 3533: 3471: 3417: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3009: 2989: 2951: 2816: 2772: 2732: 2717: 2609: 2558: 2377: 2192: 1998: 1987: 1942:

Corals are animals. They can appear like plants because they are

1911: 1795: 1652: 1619: 1580: 1508: 1500: 1412: 1400: 1115: 983: 941: 888: 845: 771: 763: 755: 729: 584: 580: 455: 320: 312: 76: 20173:

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

17469:

Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming

13674: 13044: 12228:

NOAA's Coral-List Listserver for Coral Reef Information and News

7770: 7675: 5934:

Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs: Structure, Form and Process.

4796: 4756:"Sunscreens Cause Coral Bleaching by Promoting Viral Infections" 3991:

site can offer protections. For example, Belize's barrier reef,

1765: 1544:—second largest, stretching 1,000 kilometers (620 mi) from 1495:, respectively). Corals are seldom found along the coastline of 919: 25336: 25226: 24506: 24501: 18447: 18329: 17791: 17751: 16686: 16652: 16224: 16194: 15142: 15137: 15122: 14862: 14857: 14392: 14372: 14327: 14312: 14170: 13910: 13236: 12783: 12490: 8637:"Effects of Coral Reef Complexity on Invertebrate Biodiversity" 7807: 7256: 6852:"How lunar cycles guide the spawning of corals, worms and more" 6389:. Coris.noaa.gov (August 16, 2012). Retrieved on March 3, 2013. 5746:

Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean: Their Ecology and Conservation

4249: 3942: 3570: 3250: 3246: 3048: 3043:

feed exclusively on fish and their eggs. Marine birds, such as

3017: 2843: 2808: 2756: 2659: 2596: 2572: 2349: 2273: 2180: 1817: 1570: 1520: 1476: 1468: 1186:, are due to erosion by waves, winds, and atmospheric processes 1123: 1081: 945: 865: 856: 841: 814: 721: 576: 551: 336: 297: 274: 159: 20099:

Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association

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Peters, Esther C. (2015). "Diseases of Coral Reef Organisms".

9322: 8814: 8201: 2199:, with different organisms leading reef-building in different 1914:

are named by their resemblance to terrestrial objects such as

1713: 742:

Not all reefs in the past were formed by corals: those in the

25231: 25202: 24715: 24694: 21326:

The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure

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Moorea Coral Reef Long Term Ecological Research Site (US NSF)

10208:"Caribbean coral reefs may disappear within 20 years: Report" 9779: 9731:"The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs" 9139: 8601: 8503: 7880:

Leichter, J.; Shellenbarger G.; Genovese S.; Wing S. (1998).

7621:"Rich Coral Reefs in Nutrient-Poor Water: Paradox Explained?" 6655:

Stacy J, Marion G, McCulloch M, Hoegh-Guldberg O (May 2007).

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Spalding, Mark; Ravilious, Corinna; Green, Edmund P. (2001).

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including on the wires that attached the corals to the site.

4212: 4204: 4008: 3398: 3348:

A major coral bleaching event took place on this part of the

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organisms known to build reef-like structures in cold water.

1994: 1834: 1777: 1729: 1718: 1464: 1178: 1118:; does not reach near enough to the surface to cause visible 1039: 961: 810: 762:(100–66 Ma), when reefs formed by a group of bivalves called 747: 705: 672: 567: 534:

As the island and ocean floor subside, coral growth builds a

451: 413: 249: 241: 12254: 10837: 10675: 10454: 9838: 8244: 8146: 8144: 7743: 5106:"4 Main Theories of Coral Reefs and Atolls/Oceans/Geography" 4615:

Spalding, Mark, Corinna Ravilious, and Edmund Green (2001).

1655:

is known for its northernmost coral reef system, located at

826: 382:), sunscreen use, and harmful land-use practices, including 25389: 16696: 15925: 15920: 14877: 14867: 14842: 14352: 14282: 14230: 14225: 13406: 12242: 12212: 11741:"Building coral reef resilience through assisted evolution" 11194: 10584: 10310:

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in the Coral Reef Ecology Curriculum. Retrieved 1 Feb 2018.

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Human activities that threaten coral include coral mining,

3311: 2768: 2748: 2721: 2002: 1830:, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral. 1276: 588: 324: 316: 20073:

National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology

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Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus

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McClanahan, Timothy; Davies, Jamie; Maina, Joseph (2005).

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Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction

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Microdocs, Stanford Education. Retrieved January 10, 2010.

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Costanza, Robert; de Groot, Rudolph; Sutton, Paul (2014).

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coral community, which experienced ten El Niño-coincident

2619:

Coral reefs often depend on surrounding habitats, such as

2553:

Sponges live in crevices in the reefs. They are efficient

1010:

Atolls are found in the Indian Ocean, for example, in the

24710: 24705: 14357: 14160: 13468: 13458: 12566: 12324: 12217: 11116:"Great Barrier Reef Climate Change Action Plan 2007–2012" 10514: 9089:"Coral degradation through destructive fishing practices" 8946:

Murphy, James W.A.; Richmond, Robert H. (19 April 2016).

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Johnson, C. (2002). "The rise and fall of Rudist reefs".

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In Australia, the Great Barrier Reef is protected by the

3320: 2851: 1857:

resistant and thermally resistant than the other clades.

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International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office

22152:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

21974:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

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Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei

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Lirman, Diego; Schopmeyer, Stephanie (20 October 2016).

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10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[290:ciohst]2.0.co;2

8741: 8688:"World's Reef Fishes Tussling With Human Overpopulation" 8607: 8399: 8397: 8395: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7816:"The Evolution and Demise of North Brazil Current Rings" 7671: 7669: 7667: 6595: 6492:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Wollongong. Archived from 6398: 5286: 5264:. Australian Institute of Marine Science. Archived from 5146: 2731:

Reefs are home to a variety of animals, including fish,

24676:

Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)

21219:

Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving

18869:

Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment

11713:"Gene Therapy Could Help Corals Survive Climate Change" 11627:"The game-changing robotics helping to grow new corals" 11146: 10736:

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Hatcher, B.G.; Johannes, R.E.; Robertson, A.J. (1989).

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and so on. However, all food webs eventually depend on

1704:, in the Pacific Ocean off the east coast of Australia. 1515:

and Bangladesh, due to the freshwater release from the

1264:, that is, it slows down and the wave height increases. 754:(small animals with conical shape, probably related to 667:

is formed. However, shell fragments and the remains of

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Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

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Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

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Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

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Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment

11974: 9116:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 464. 8818:"Diversity of the Pacific Ocean coral reef microbiome" 7140: 7079: 6561: 6559: 5662: 5182: 4976: 4953:"The Sixth Status of Corals of the World: 2020 Report" 3237:

To improve the management of coastal coral reefs, the

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Organisms can cover every square inch of a coral reef.

1973:" Out of Tune – Breakdown of Coral Spawning Synchrony" 11223: 11031: 10921: 10778: 8698: 8440: 8392: 8195: 7866: 7664: 6840:. Accessed 11 February 2020. Updated: 7 January 2020. 6020:"Reefs and the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea" 4419: – National Natural Landmark in Le Roy, New York 1271:

is the shallowest part of the reef. It is subject to

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International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum

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ReefBase: A Global Information System on Coral Reefs

11342: 11090:"A biodiversity strategy for the Great Barrier Reef" 10369: 9606:

Cooper, Emily; Burke, Lauretta; Bood, Nadia (2008).

8579:"Coral's Symbiotic Bacteria Fluoresce, Fix Nitrogen" 8250: 4438:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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still assist corals building modern reefs, but like

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borders—as well as along the coasts of northeastern

1471:. Coral reefs are rare along the west coasts of the 22579:

14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship

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Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine

8112: 7914: 7676:Leichter, J.; Wing S.; Miller S.; Denny M. (1996). 6556: 5143:

Ocean Education Service. Retrieved January 9, 2010.

4979:"Changes in the global value of ecosystem services" 4413:— Corals living in the mesopelagic or twilight zone 2708:level have a mutually beneficial relationship with 2376:Hippuritida, an extinct order of bivalves known as 25193: 24156: 22499:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 22134:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 21938:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 21873:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 18618:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 17698: 17505:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 12020:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 11916:Edmunds, P. J.; Carpenter, R. C. (27 March 2001). 11734: 11732: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11383: 11351:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 10730:Thompson, D. M.; van Woesik, R. (22 August 2009). 10729: 9135: 9133: 8497: 7924:Descriptive Physical Oceanography: An Introduction 6024:International Journal of Estuarine and Coastal Law 5774:. Berkeley, University of California, 1969, p. 22. 5077: 4425: – Field project of the Census of Marine Life 4177:. Reefs grow unaided on marine structures such as 3008:Coral reef systems provide important habitats for 2959:eat seaweed. Some species of sea urchins, such as 2020: 1649:province offer the highest known marine diversity. 1298:which are important foraging areas for reef fish. 700:The times of maximum reef development were in the 615:can die when the water becomes too deep for their 22292:United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course 20203:History of decompression research and development 12352:Nancy Knowlton's Seminar: "Corals and Coral Reefs 12067: 11839: 11837: 11835: 11833: 11805: 11652: 11650: 11648: 11011:"Caribbean Coral Reefs – Status Report 1970-2012" 8664:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 8660:"Conservation of Shallow-water Marine Ecosystems" 8363: 8150: 8071: 7764: 7263:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6525:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5959: 5821:at www.coral-reef-info.com. Retrieved 2 Feb 2018. 5692:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 4874:The Economics of Worldwide Coral Reef Degradation 4806:. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies 1437:Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes#Coral atoll stage 630:, or shape, of coral reefs are the nature of the 25693: 24026: 22225:National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group 21968:International Association for Handicapped Divers 20190: 20163:List of legislation regulating underwater diving 18636:International Association for Handicapped Divers 18378: 16621: 11915: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11523: 10725: 10723: 10149: 9410: 8704: 4871:Cesar, H.J.S.; Burke, L.; Pet-Soede, L. (2003). 4563: 2380:, were major reef-building organisms during the 883:. Barrier reefs are also found on the coasts of 22540:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 21944:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 21765:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 21266:Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) 19378:Association of Diving Contractors International 18624:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 12372:Caribbean Coral Reefs – Status Report 1970-2012 12223:ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies 11922:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11850:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11745:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11723: 11657:Yanovski, Roy; Abelson, Avigdor (1 July 2019). 11656: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11328:Shark Research & Conservation Program (SRC) 10580: 10578: 9956:Clark, Malcolm R.; Tittensor, Derek P. (2010). 9605: 9130: 8543: 8541: 8285: 8202:Rougerie, F.; Fagerstrom J.; Andrie C. (1992). 7716: 7488:. Germany: Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. 6960:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6602:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6596:Reynolds J, Bruns B, Fitt W, Schmidt G (2008). 6482: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 5436: 5434: 3340:Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef 2675:Over 4,000 species of fish inhabit coral reefs. 1029: 24827:Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) 22231:National Association of Underwater Instructors 22176:Rebreather Association of International Divers 22170:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 22158:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 22028:Rebreather Association of International Divers 22022:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 22010:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 21998:National Association of Underwater Instructors 21920:Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée 19477:List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders 11830: 11645: 10968: 10101:. US Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from 10004: 9955: 9086: 8945: 8328: 7941: 7418: 5835: 2631:in which the mangroves and seagrass can root. 1244:. The water waves at the left travel over the 840:is deepened by erosion and eventually forms a 25179: 25009:Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid 24760:Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 21808:Commercial diver registration in South Africa 21379: 18143: 17817:Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit 17636: 14949: 14099: 13307:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 13017: 12610:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs 12407: 12280:NCORE National Center for Coral Reef Research 12063: 12061: 12059: 12057: 11904: 11475: 10720: 10510: 10508: 10407:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 10150:Lamb, Joleah; Bette Willis (16 August 2011). 7472:PhD thesis, page 13. University of Groningen. 6260: 6258: 6250:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00390-X 5423:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 4498: 4185:on substrate can be secured with metal pins, 4152:, is intended to be used during annual coral 3876: 3063:intermittently associate with reefs, such as 2431:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs 472:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs 422:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs 213: 24909:Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association 24785:Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System 21754:International Marine Contractors Association 19383:International Marine Contractors Association 18257:International Marine Contractors Association 16246: 12121:Coral Reef Protection: What Are Coral Reefs? 11512: 11418: 10575: 10404: 9198: 8538: 8022: 7551: 7295: 7073: 7014: 6566:Marshall, Paul; Schuttenberg, Heidi (2006). 6238:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2639-2_66 6131:(Fifth ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: 6128:Fishes : an introduction to ichthyology 6111: 5950:at www.mymaldives.com. Retrieved 2 Feb 2018. 5874: 5744:McClanahan, C.R.C. Sheppard and D.O. Obura. 5431: 4749: 4747: 4181:. In large restoration projects, propagated 4127:Coral fragments growing on nontoxic concrete 3184:Soft coral, cup coral, sponges and ascidians 3024:, and one-third of the global population of 1326:that serve to transport sediment downslope. 1026:. The entire Maldives consist of 26 atolls. 25327:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub 24884:Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia 24377:Environmental impact of recreational diving 22589:Underwater Orienteering World Championships 22164:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 22016:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 21908:American Canadian Underwater Certifications 21205:Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival 20111:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit 20078:Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory 20067:European Underwater and Baromedical Society 18962: 18682:Environmental impact of recreational diving 13372:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 11296: 10650: 10233:How does climate change affect coral reefs? 7987: 7141:Jennings S, Kaiser MJ, Reynolds JD (2001). 6591: 6589: 6369: 6367: 5960:Sweatman, Hugh; Robertson, D. Ross (1994), 5440: 5396:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 13–42, 5332: 4899: 4897: 4333: 4207:structures. The resultant white carbonate ( 3933:needs to be stopped, especially fishing on 1279:. When waves pass over shallow areas, they 1088:, often circular and surrounded by sand or 25186: 25172: 25100: 24969:Society for Underwater Historical Research 22550:South African Underwater Sports Federation 19332:Testing and inspection of diving cylinders 19188:Hazard identification and risk assessment 14956: 14942: 14106: 14092: 13024: 13010: 12421: 12414: 12400: 12054: 11412: 10988:Ewa Magiera; Sylvie Rockel (2 July 2014). 10981: 10661:. National Geographic News. Archived from 10505: 9810:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 147–178. 9528:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9443: 9113:Tropical Ecosystem and Ecological Concepts 9080: 8614:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 217–227. 8447:Leichter, J.; Deane G.; Stokes M. 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(2004). 6124: 5988: 5901: 5877:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4779: 4744: 4725:Greenfield, Patrick (17 September 2021). 2743:(which includes some types of corals and 24039:List of researchers in underwater diving 21748:International Diving Schools Association 21233:The new science of skin and scuba diving 20218:List of researchers in underwater diving 18764:Human factors in diving equipment design 15054:Human factors in diving equipment design 12193:overview at the Smithsonian Ocean Portal 12017: 11843: 11377: 11299:"Satellites to assess coral reef health" 10894: 9728: 9671: 9444:Lutz, Peter L.; Musick, John A. (1996). 9419:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9295: 8921:Glynn, P.W. (1990). Dubinsky, Z. (ed.). 8666:. Vol. 27. Routledge. p. 320. 8634: 7947: 7605:Castro, Peter and Huber, Michael (2000) 6891:"Rhythms and Clocks in Marine Organisms" 6756: 6586: 6364: 6326: 6050: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5710:at www.pmfias.com. 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Menlo Park, CA: Addison Wesley. 6375:Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach. 6159: 6017: 5391: 5262:"How the Great Barrier Reef was formed" 5250: 5023: 4643:Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum 4636: 4600: 4351:had grown 6.5x its original size while 4240:Coral in preparation of being relocated 3791:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities 3267: 3012:species, some endangered. For example, 2811:are rare on coral reefs, with visiting 1256:. Then the waves pass over the shallow 687: 626:The two main variables determining the 426:Most coral reefs were formed after the 14: 25694: 25024:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center 24755:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 24724:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 20148:Civil liability in recreational diving 18819:List of diving hazards and precautions 17897:Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) 16886:Underwater acoustic positioning system 16396:High pressure breathing air compressor 13031: 12689:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 12233:NOAA's Coral Reef Conservation Program 12207:Australian Institute of Marine Science 11469: 10656: 10641: 10124:Stierwalt, Everyday Einstein Sabrina. 9924: 9805: 9470: 9302:(2. ed.). Malabar, Fla: Krieger. 8628: 8576: 8547: 8028: 7920: 7814:Fratantoni, D.; Richardson P. 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When a wave enters shallow water it 746:(542–513 Ma) resulted from calcareous 575:Darwin predicted that underneath each 25167: 24406: 24025: 22615: 22614: 22584:Underwater Hockey World Championships 22530:British Underwater Sports Association 22313: 22312: 21802:Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme 21503: 21378: 21171: 20649:1992 cageless shark-diving expedition 20189: 20136: 19452: 18750: 18474: 17837:Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) 17535: 16913: 16401:Low pressure breathing air compressor 16245: 15035: 14963: 14937: 14113: 14087: 13560: 13559: 13043: 13005: 12841:Environmental issues with coral reefs 12395: 12114: 10123: 9541:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019 9373: 9087:McClellan, Kate; Bruno, John (2008). 8920: 7993: 7649: 7618: 7147:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 291–293. 6523:Coral Reef Information System (CoRIS) 5824: 5787:. San Diego: Watersport, 1988, p. 74. 5785:The Egyptian Red Sea: A Diver's Guide 5681: 5355: 5259: 4861: 3332:Environmental issues with coral reefs 3221: 3059:, feed on reef fish. Some land-based 1122:; may be a hazard to ships (from the 25311:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 25273:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 25088: 24860:Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment 24191:Thermodynamic model of decompression 22594:Underwater Rugby World Championships 22207:Cave Divers Association of Australia 22122:American Nitrox Divers International 21980:International Life Saving Federation 21914:American Nitrox Divers International 21879:Performance Freediving International 20061:European Diving Technology Committee 18702:Sinking ships for wreck diving sites 18600:Cave Divers Association of Australia 18320:Remotely operated underwater vehicle 17917:US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance 17515:Performance Freediving International 16732:Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System 16648:Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station 15036: 12238:NOAA's Coral Reef Information System 11297:Mallikarjun, Y. (10 December 2014). 10901:American Fisheries Society Symposium 9548: 9251:Midway's albatross population stable 9063: 8641:Immediate Science Ecology Publishing 8493:from the original on 9 October 2022. 8240:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7862:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7357: 7235:Department for Environment and Water 7221: 6916:10.1146/annurev-marine-030422-113038 6455: 6209:UNEP-WCMC World Atlas of Coral Reefs 5601:The Dictionary of Physical Geography 5477: 4669:NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program 4480:from the original on 30 October 2021 3568: 1618:—deepest photosynthetic coral reef, 1164:(including the Caribbean and on the 454:. The majority of these islands are 25045:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device 24260:List of diving environments by type 22555:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 22064:Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu 21992:National Academy of Scuba Educators 21824:Department of Employment and Labour 21226:Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving 20680:London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures 19854:Effects of drugs on fitness to dive 19453: 19354:Breathing performance of regulators 13635:Oceanic physical-biological process 13497:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) 12213:International Coral Reef Initiative 12161:Coral Reefs: Rainforests of the Sea 11997:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041187.x 11169:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00209.x-i1 10427:10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105329 9937:from the original on 5 October 2021 9653:from the original on 9 October 2022 9620:from the original on 9 October 2022 9559:"The Importance of Coral to People" 8608:Barnes, R.S.K.; Mann, K.H. 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Most coral reefs are built from 25: 25743: 25237:Montane grasslands and shrublands 24974:Society for Underwater Technology 20168:Investigation of diving accidents 18751: 18642:Quintana Roo Speleological Survey 17882:Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) 17722:Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) 16891:Underwater acoustic communication 15623:Underwater acoustic communication 15186:Variable buoyancy pressure vessel 12630: 12174:. Waitt Institute. Archived from 12142: 7511:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6704:from the original on 9 March 2011 6018:Beazley, P. B. (1 January 1991). 5936:Dordrecht: Springer, 2011, p. 51. 5598:Thomas, David S. G., ed. (2016). 5580:. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 443. 5552:Dordrecht: Springer, 2011. p. 40. 5289:"What is the Great Barrier Reef?" 4760:Environmental Health Perspectives 4309:Invasive algae in Caribbean reefs 4299: 2869:of the organisms in coral reefs. 1526:Significant coral reefs include: 25145: 25133: 25099: 25087: 25076: 25075: 24845:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 24171:Bühlmann decompression algorithm 22515:Australian Underwater Federation 22004:Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond 21172: 20588:Shallow Water Combat Submersible 19752:Swimming-induced pulmonary edema 19629:Inner ear decompression sickness 19209:Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue 18493:Index of recreational dive sites 17832:Naval Special Operations Command 17495:Australian Underwater Federation 14918: 14917: 14455: 14448: 14068: 14067: 14055: 14041: 13673: 13345: 13162:Colored dissolved organic matter 12884:International Coral Reef Society 12724:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System 12505: 12368:Living Reefs Foundation, Bermuda 12155: 12011: 11968: 11799: 11705: 11619: 11576: 11498:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00682.x 11316: 11290: 11217: 11183: 11140: 11108: 11082: 11057: 11003: 10962: 10915: 10888: 10831: 10772: 10669: 10642:Ritter, Karl (8 December 2010). 10448: 10433: 10398: 10363: 10319: 10302: 10237: 10226: 10200: 10177:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01724.x 10143: 10117: 10091: 10066: 10041: 9998: 9983:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2010.00392.x 9949: 9918: 9875: 9832: 9799: 9722: 9665: 9632: 9599: 9581: 9515: 9464: 9437: 9367: 9316: 9289: 9263: 9244: 9192: 9103: 9057: 9030: 8998: 8939: 8914: 8884: 8808: 8727:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00629.x 8680: 8651: 8570: 8456:Journal of Physical Oceanography 8072:Andrews, J.; Gentien P. 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Sterling Publishing Company. 6242: 6230: 6221: 6198: 6153: 6085: 6011: 5953: 5939: 5926: 5895: 5868: 5777: 5764: 5751: 5738: 5699: 5656: 5570: 5555: 5542: 5385: 5326: 5307: 5218: 5176:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.07.010 5124: 5098: 5017: 5003:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002 4970: 4945: 4843: 4818: 4521:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.03.002 3276:Coast line of Roatan Island in 2712:forests at high tide level and 2634: 2518: 2021:Gallery of reef-building corals 1933: 875:. Other major examples are the 851: 296:, displacing the microbial and 240:characterized by reef-building 25666:Ecological land classification 25195:Biogeographic regionalisations 22520:British Freediving Association 22237:Technical Diving International 21813:Divers Institute of Technology 21736:European Underwater Federation 21572:Surface-supplied diving skills 19787:Hyperbaric treatment schedules 19747:Salt water aspiration syndrome 19646:High-pressure nervous syndrome 18921:Diver behaviour and competence 18769:Human factors in diving safety 18285:Baited remote underwater video 18118:Underwater search and recovery 18086:Underwater cutting and welding 17892:Special Forces Group (Belgium) 17500:British Freediving Association 17255:Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych 16914: 16474:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 16140:Diving Unlimited International 15785:Mechanism of diving regulators 15474:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 14900:Region of freshwater influence 13989:Ecological values of mangroves 13532:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 11844:Knowlton, N. (24 April 2001). 10007:Ocean & Coastal Management 9841:Journal of Theoretical Biology 9787:"Coral reefs around the world" 9729:Beck, M.; et al. (2018). 9450:. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. 9325:Journal of Molecular Evolution 8925:. New York: Elsevier Science. 8078:Marine Ecology Progress Series 7886:Marine Ecology Progress Series 7719:Marine and Freshwater Research 7558:Marine Ecology Progress Series 6350:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 6268:Greenpeace Book of Coral Reefs 5969:Marine Ecology Progress Series 5732:Types of Coral Reef Formations 5287:CRC Reef Research Centre Ltd. 4718: 4698:Hoover, John (November 2007). 4691: 4657: 4557: 4535: 4492: 4462: 4076: 3924:Phoenix Islands Protected Area 3413:, including use of the banned 2308:In the northern Pacific Ocean 1975:, Tom Shlesinger, Sep 5, 2019. 1814:they need for photosynthesis. 1608:has the world's largest known 1427:coral reefs account for 7.6%. 518:Darwin's theory starts with a 13: 1: 25717:Coastal and oceanic landforms 24361:Underwater diving environment 24181:Reduced gradient bubble model 24176:Haldane's decompression model 22560:Underwater Society of America 22140:Diving Science and Technology 22046:Scuba Educators International 21240:Professional Diver's Handbook 20548:Advanced SEAL Delivery System 20238:Pearling in Western Australia 20233:Timeline of diving technology 20038:Aerospace Medical Association 19938:Guybon Chesney Castell Damant 19864:Psychological fitness to dive 19737:Instinctive drowning response 19139:Gas blending for scuba diving 18648:Woodville Karst Plain Project 17937:Underwater Demolition Command 17932:Underwater Construction Teams 17822:Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) 17782:Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine 17712:Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) 17678:United States military divers 16638:Continental Shelf Station Two 16413:Gas blending for scuba diving 14662:Large-scale coastal behaviour 14494:Beaches in estuaries and bays 12744:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 12255:National Coral Reef Institute 12095:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.08.017 11683:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.04.007 11631:Great Barrier Reef Foundation 10907:(42): 155–164. Archived from 9861:10.1016/S0022-5193(85)80076-X 8583:Chemical and Engineering News 8386:10.1016/s0278-4343(99)00004-7 6838:NOAA: National Ocean Service 6835:Are corals animals or plants? 6184:10.1126/science.199.4335.1302 6079:10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00043-8 5908:Papers, Department of Geology 5759:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology 5394:Life and Death of Coral Reefs 5064:. London: Smith Elder and Co. 4675:. 13 May 2011. Archived from 4455: 4290:genetically modified bacteria 4231: 3504: 2392:Some gastropods, like family 2387: 2363:and shorelines bordering the 1738:of small animals embedded in 1215:, nutrients and marine life. 655:cannot grow above sea level. 466:lifted the deep ocean floor. 25332:Deserts and xeric shrublands 24924:Nautical Archaeology Society 24919:Nautical Archaeology Program 24747:NATO Submarine Rescue System 24028:Science of underwater diving 23766:Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper 23671:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger 22525:British Octopush Association 21842:Divers Academy International 21771:Nautical Archaeology Society 21449:Public safety diver training 21435:Occupational diver training 20327:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 20192:History of underwater diving 19428:Standard operating procedure 19219:Hierarchy of hazard controls 18252:Helix Energy Solutions Group 17902:Special Service Group (Navy) 17867:Special Air Service Regiment 17827:Naval Service Diving Section 17653:Canadian Armed Forces Divers 17032:Constant weight without fins 15618:Through-water communications 14009:Marine conservation activism 13994:Fisheries and climate change 12264:Nova Southeastern University 12040:10.1016/0022-0981(80)90061-1 11406:10.1016/j.marpol.2004.09.001 10975:National Geographic Magazine 10798:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007220 10657:Markey, Sean (16 May 2006). 10542:10.1371/journal.pone.0033353 9493:10.1126/science.239.4838.393 9110:Osborne, Patrick L. (2000). 8775:10.1371/journal.pone.0056245 8351:10.1016/0278-4343(95)00060-7 8273:10.1016/0278-4343(93)E0004-R 8231:10.1016/0278-4343(92)90044-K 8173:10.1126/science.241.4862.177 7609:3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill. 7531:10.1016/0169-5347(88)90117-6 7300:. In Jost, Christian (ed.). 7283:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.06.008 7048:10.1371/journal.pone.0010660 6456:Shen, Nono (12 March 2024). 6446:. Retrieved on May 28, 2015. 5836:Leser, Hartmut, ed. (2005). 5748:. Oxford: OUP, 2000, p. 136. 5707:Fringing Reefs (Shore Reefs) 4554:. Accessed: 10 January 2020. 4029:Inhabitants of Ahus Island, 3297: 2902: 2893:. Some sea urchins (such as 1846:mycosporine-like amino acids 1350: 1222:does not occur, such as the 1030:Other reef types or variants 895:, on the southeast coast of 671:such as the green-segmented 407: 7: 25727:Oceanographical terminology 25573:Temperate Northern Atlantic 25263:Broadleaf and mixed forests 24999:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory 24445:Underwater domain awareness 24213:Physiology of decompression 23401:Michael Barratt (astronaut) 22219:Global Underwater Explorers 22058:Scuba Schools International 21962:Global Underwater Explorers 21885:Scuba Schools International 21818:Health and Safety Executive 21461:Recreational diver training 20568:Motorised Submersible Canoe 19958:Robert William Hamilton Jr. 19823:Diving Medical Practitioner 19772:Demand valve oxygen therapy 18789:Underwater diving emergency 18395:Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun 17995:Recreational diver training 17490:Scuba Schools International 16589:Combat rubber raiding craft 16095:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 14986:Atmospheric pressure diving 14004:Human impact on marine life 13881:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 13117:Aquatic population dynamics 12769:Southeast Asian coral reefs 11371:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.01.005 9816:10.1007/978-94-017-7249-5_8 7927:. Oxford UK: Elsevier Inc. 7335:Perspectives on Coral Reefs 6688:Nothdurft, Luke D. (2007). 6544:Zooxanthellae… What's That? 5817:September 13, 2017, at the 5402:10.1007/978-1-4615-5995-5_2 5365:Murphy, Richard C. (2002). 5156:Global and Planetary Change 5078:Chancellor, Gordon (2008). 5058:Darwin, Charles R. (1842). 4983:Global Environmental Change 4637:Mulhall, M. (Spring 2009). 4552:NOAA National Ocean Service 4368: 3528:Part of a series related to 3003: 2830:hide during the day, while 2319: 2027: 1871: 907:and the south coast of the 899:, on parts of the coast of 881:New Caledonian Barrier Reef 658: 397:for tourism, fisheries and 10: 25748: 25676:Vegetation classifications 25578:Temperate Northern Pacific 25014:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator 24196:Varying Permeability Model 24086:Underwater computer vision 22393:Underwater target shooting 22040:Scuba Diving International 21400:Competence and assessment 20923:Peter Henry Michael Holmes 18914:Uncontrolled decompression 18498:List of wreck diving sites 17980:Commercial offshore diving 17942:Underwater Demolition Team 17872:Special Actions Detachment 17044:Dynamic apnea without fins 16991:Underwater target shooting 16536:Launch and recovery system 16306:Launch and recovery system 15484:Submersible pressure gauge 12729:New Caledonia barrier reef 10928:Environmental Conservation 9755:10.1038/s41467-018-04568-z 9447:The biology of sea turtles 8842:10.1038/s41467-023-38500-x 8595:10.1021/cen-v082n033.p007a 8551:Journal of Marine Research 8510:Limnology and Oceanography 8406:Limnology and Oceanography 8366:Continental Shelf Research 8331:Continental Shelf Research 8253:Continental Shelf Research 8211:Continental Shelf Research 8031:Journal of Fluid Mechanics 7953:Journal of Fluid Mechanics 7758:10.1357/002224006778715711 7746:Journal of Marine Research 7682:Limnology and Oceanography 7468:De Goeij, Jasper M (2009) 6432:NGM.nationalgeographic.com 5665:World atlas of coral reefs 5404:(inactive 22 March 2024), 4617:World Atlas of Coral Reefs 4080: 4015:are world heritage sites. 3935:species key to coral reefs 3508: 3329: 3306: 2933: 2348:are dense aggregations of 2323: 2250: 2246: 2216: 2210: 1790:, commonly referred to as 1727: 1624:Numerous reefs around the 1560:New Caledonia Barrier Reef 1388: 1324:spur and groove formations 959: 819: 775:, can indicate changes in 732:(23 Ma–present), owing to 411: 366:, overfishing (e.g., from 25653: 25611: 25588:Temperate Southern Africa 25540: 25484: 25473: 25453: 25380: 25345: 25319: 25281: 25250: 25219: 25210: 25201: 25071: 25032: 24987: 24914:Karst Underwater Research 24872: 24807: 24661: 24458: 24413: 24407: 24402: 24369: 24252: 24225: 24123:Equivalent narcotic depth 24096: 24047: 24034: 24021: 23997: 23966: 23935: 23874: 23366: 23253: 23020: 22960: 22912: 22705: 22627: 22623: 22610: 22571: 22479: 22463: 22427: 22401: 22341: 22325: 22321: 22308: 22282: 22254: 22110: 22102:CMAS Scientific Committee 22084: 22070:United Diving Instructors 21986:Israeli Diving Federation 21894: 21855: 21832: 21790: 21720: 21695: 21660: 21612:Advanced Open Water Diver 21604: 21589: 21454:Scientific diver training 21439:Commercial diver training 21404:Competency-based learning 21389: 21385: 21380:Training and registration 21374: 21351: 21335: 21289: 21256: 21182: 21178: 21167: 20988: 20928:Johnson Sea Link accident 20885: 20813: 20774: 20748: 20727: 20705: 20698: 20690:Women Divers Hall of Fame 20662: 20641: 20625:Raid on Alexandria (1941) 20615: 20470: 20317: 20294: 20251: 20198: 20185: 20143: 20132: 20026: 19879: 19872: 19841: 19828:Diving Medical Technician 19810: 19802:Therapeutic recompression 19764: 19707: 19695:Carbon monoxide poisoning 19685: 19664: 19634:Isobaric counterdiffusion 19606: 19575: 19500: 19465: 19461: 19448: 19364: 19317: 19294:Diving systems technician 19259: 19172: 19017: 18807: 18759: 18746: 18715: 18707:Underwater diving on Guam 18657: 18582: 18511: 18483: 18470: 18343: 18290:In-water surface cleaning 18265: 18235: 18079:Archaeology of shipwrecks 17968: 17566:Commercial offshore diver 17548: 17544: 17531: 17477: 17451: 17403: 17147: 17089: 16999: 16926: 16922: 16909: 16851: 16800: 16670: 16571: 16558:Recreational Dive Planner 16506:Built-in breathing system 16489: 16462:Pressure swing adsorption 16324: 16258: 16254: 16241: 16068: 16009: 15891: 15822: 15732: 15559: 15492: 15434: 15382:Lightweight demand helmet 15357: 15288: 15223: 15161: 15088: 15062: 15044: 15031: 14971: 14913: 14815: 14782: 14587: 14547: 14464: 14446: 14121: 14035: 13974: 13846: 13782: 13744: 13691: 13682: 13671: 13620:Marine primary production 13572: 13568: 13555: 13514:List of marine ecoregions 13489: 13354: 13343: 13057: 13053: 13039: 12943: 12911: 12864: 12833: 12792: 12629: 12621:Spur and groove formation 12552: 12514: 12503: 12433: 12260:October 23, 2012, at the 12154: 12149: 11812:Perspectives in Phycology 11428:Marine Pollution Bulletin 10948:10.1017/S0376892904001791 10865:10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.062 10698:10.1007/s00227-008-1015-y 10603:10.1038/s42003-018-0183-7 9593:World Resources Institute 9345:10.1007/s00239-004-0138-0 9296:Heatwole, Harold (1999). 9222:10.1007/s10530-004-3125-x 9066:"Coral Reef Fish Ecology" 8531:10.4319/lo.2004.49.6.1923 8426:10.4319/lo.2003.48.4.1394 8051:10.1017/S0022112092004427 7973:10.1017/S0022112092002660 7793:10.1007/s10236-010-0367-2 7703:10.4319/lo.1996.41.7.1490 7482:Sorokin, Yuri I. (1993). 7364:(3rd ed.). Saunders. 7333:. In Barnes, D.J. (ed.). 7304:. Boombana Publications. 7102:10.1007/s00338-009-0480-1 6865:10.1146/knowable-022223-2 6306:10.11646/zootaxa.3636.1.5 5030:The Encyclopedia of Earth 4665:"Where are Corals Found?" 4649:: 321–351. Archived from 3433:and loss of coral cover. 3363: 3358: 3239:World Resources Institute 2503:. They need sunlight for 1990:change sex as they grow. 1966: 1957: 1952: 1910:Typical shapes for coral 1693:The world's northernmost 1463:on Earth is located near 1248:until they encounter the 1136:radioactive carbon dating 570:enclosing an open lagoon. 25598:Tropical Eastern Pacific 25548:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 25019:Space Systems Laboratory 22789:Fernando Garfella Palmer 22637:Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro 22188:Technical Extended Range 22182:Trimix Scuba Association 21493:Stress exposure training 21060:Fernando Garfella Palmer 20342:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli 20208:History of Diving Museum 19279:Diver medical technician 19029:Ascending and descending 19005:Non-freezing cold injury 17847:Russian commando frogmen 17628:Underwater archaeologist 16248:Diving support equipment 15669:Emergency locator beacon 15502:Diver propulsion vehicle 14607:Coastal biogeomorphology 13866:Coastal biogeomorphology 13861:Marine coastal ecosystem 12684:East African coral coast 12202:26 December 2013 at the 9256:27 December 2016 at the 8564:10.1357/0022240943077046 7625:National Geographic News 7329:Crossland, C.J. (1983). 7144:Marine Fisheries Ecology 6720:11 November 2022 at the 6483:Sherman, C.D.H. (2006). 6418:10.3390/geomatics4010002 6332:Om Nogle Norske Coraller 5314:Four Types of Coral Reef 5024:Kleypas, Joanie (2010). 4547:10 February 2010 at the 4434:Coral reef organizations 4334:Microfragmentation and f 3975:Designating a reef as a 3409:, coral overmining, and 3035: 2875: 2650:Tube sponges attracting 2526:Most importantly, reefs 1852:, using a derivative of 1708: 1381:This map shows areas of 1361:Locations of coral reefs 1190: 955: 786: 502:forms around an extinct 430:when melting ice caused 25619:Biogeographic provinces 25583:Temperate South America 25301:Moist broadleaf forests 24954:Save Ontario Shipwrecks 24765:Russian submarine AS-34 24485:American submarine NR-1 24351:Recreational dive sites 24128:Maximum operating depth 23875:Writers and journalists 23396:Serena Auñón-Chancellor 22839:Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova 22804:Swietenia Puspa Lestari 22450:Underwater orienteering 21444:Military diver training 21421:Diver training standard 21198:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 21117:Chris and Chrissy Rouse 20940:Gerard Anthony Prangley 20442:Willard Franklyn Searle 20407:Christian J. Lambertsen 20213:History of scuba diving 20137: 20008:Charles Wesley Shilling 19983:Christian J. Lambertsen 19963:Henry Valence Hempleman 19818:Diving Medical Examiner 19403:Emergency response plan 19342:Sustained load cracking 19304:Life support technician 18879:Single point of failure 18784:Scuba diving fatalities 18488:Recreational dive sites 18443:ASM-DT amphibious rifle 18423:AAI underwater revolver 18413:SPP-1 underwater pistol 18022:Underwater construction 17737:Frogman Corps (Denmark) 17250:Elisabeth Kristoffersen 17026:Constant weight bi-fins 16457:Membrane gas separation 16366:Carbon dioxide scrubber 16286:Diving platform (scuba) 15901:Carbon dioxide scrubber 15746:Atmospheric diving suit 15298:Atmospheric diving suit 15193:Diving weighting system 15016:Surface-supplied diving 15011:Surface oriented diving 13774:Paradox of the plankton 13585:Diel vertical migration 13479:Freshwater swamp forest 13197:GIS and aquatic science 13045:General components and 12387:, featuring the report. 12318:24 October 2012 at the 12307:24 October 2012 at the 12268:Marine Aquarium Council 11766:10.1073/pnas.1422301112 11253:10.1126/science.1203815 9091:. Encyclopedia of Earth 8707:Journal of Fish Biology 8135:10.1029/JC089iC04p06415 8016:10.1029/JC094iC07p09686 7361:Fundamentals of Ecology 6981:10.1073/pnas.2101985118 6623:10.1073/pnas.0805187105 6444:Living Reefs Foundation 6373:Nybakken, James. 1997. 6036:10.1163/187529991X00162 5319:24 October 2012 at the 4701:Hawaiʻi's Sea Creatures 4284:Heat-tolerant symbionts 2929: 1734:When alive, corals are 1554:Bay Islands of Honduras 1461:northernmost coral reef 1114:– reef specific to the 813:at the southern tip of 777:sea surface temperature 716:(359–299 Ma), owing to 458:in origin. Others have 24356:Underwater environment 24237:Underwater exploration 24167:Decompression models: 23240:John Ernest Williamson 22819:Anna Marguerite McCann 22652:Amelia Behrens-Furniss 22471:Underwater photography 22455:Underwater photography 22342:Snorkeling/breath-hold 22052:Scottish Sub Aqua Club 21847:Norwegian diver school 21471:ISO training standards 20740:Tham Luang cave rescue 20558:Dry Combat Submersible 20457:Pierre-Marie Touboulic 20397:Karl Heinrich Klingert 19943:Kenneth William Donald 19792:In-water recompression 19624:Dysbaric osteonecrosis 19619:Decompression sickness 19557:Compression arthralgia 19070:Decompression practice 19046:Canoe and kayak diving 18975:Decompression sickness 18799:Water surface searches 18779:Safety-critical system 18677:Diving in the Maldives 18569:Underwater photography 18408:Heckler & Koch P11 18130:Underwater videography 18113:Underwater photography 18101:Nondestructive testing 18074:Underwater archaeology 17807:Marine Raider Regiment 17673:Royal Navy ships diver 17431:Shallow-water blackout 16584:Canoe and kayak diving 16371:Cascade filling system 15844:Decompression cylinder 15569:Alternative air source 15402:Standard diving helmet 15245:Decompression cylinder 14504:Coastal morphodynamics 13600:Large marine ecosystem 13292:Shoaling and schooling 12851:Coral reef restoration 12338:Corals and Coral Reefs 12248:31 August 2012 at the 12191:Corals and Coral Reefs 12172:"Coral Reef Factsheet" 12163:ORG Educational films. 12074:Ecological Engineering 11935:10.1073/pnas.071524598 11871:10.1073/pnas.091107198 11663:Ecological Engineering 11020:. 2013. Archived from 10748:10.1098/rspb.2009.0591 10591:Communications Biology 10473:10.1098/rspb.2008.0180 10214:. news.biharprabha.com 8643:: 1–10. Archived from 6519:"What are Coral Reefs" 5576:Whittow, John (1984). 5260:Tobin, Barry (2003) . 5136:July 14, 2012, at the 4362:Mote Marine Laboratory 4318: 4241: 4169: 4128: 4109: 3953:. They also often ban 3896:Marine protected areas 3857:Marine life portal 3522: 3458:end-Permian extinction 3353: 3327: 3285: 3030:short-tailed albatross 3026:black-footed albatross 2591: 2579: 2550: 2425: 2365:Atlantic coastal plain 2359:were once abundant in 2342: 2265: 2236: 2013: 1947: 1887: 1822: 1773: 1725: 1442:However, reefs in the 1399:region (including the 1386: 1374: 1362: 1265: 1200: 1061: 1046: 974: 924: 861: 831: 817: 697: 611:. Corals that rely on 599: 386:and seeps (e.g., from 309:rainforests of the sea 244:. Reefs are formed of 25681:Zoogeographic regions 25639:Global 200 ecoregions 25568:Temperate Australasia 25306:Dry broadleaf forests 25004:Neutral buoyancy pool 24686:Submarine rescue ship 24681:McCann Rescue Chamber 24440:Rugged compact camera 24428:Diver detection sonar 24275:Confined water diving 23989:James Joseph Magennis 23626:Michael López-Alegría 23356:Aristotelis Zervoudis 23095:John Christopher Fine 22769:John Christopher Fine 22435:Immersion finswimming 22264:Defence Diving School 22128:British Sub-Aqua Club 21926:British Sub-Aqua Club 20913:Francis P. Hammerberg 20593:Siluro San Bartolomeo 20583:SEAL Delivery Vehicle 20516:Standard diving dress 20362:Charles Anthony Deane 20347:Joseph-Martin Cabirol 20309:Jason deCaires Taylor 20228:Man in the Sea Museum 20223:Lyons Maritime Museum 19562:Decompression illness 19545:Middle ear barotrauma 19413:Diving superintendent 19408:Diving safety officer 19327:Breathing gas quality 18932:Overconfidence effect 18594:British Sub-Aqua Club 18419:Underwater revolvers 18096:Underwater inspection 18091:Underwater demolition 18017:Offshore construction 17912:Tactical Divers Group 17802:Marinejegerkommandoen 17732:Decima Flottiglia MAS 17688:U.S.Navy master diver 17593:Diving superintendent 17588:Diving safety officer 17200:Mandy-Rae Cruickshank 17073:Variable weight apnea 16606:Diving support vessel 16381:Diving air compressor 16056:Standard diving dress 16031:Diving air compressor 15814:Full-face diving mask 15802:Single-hose regulator 15790:Regulator malfunction 15693:Navigation equipment 15635:Diving safety harness 15250:Decompression trapeze 15240:Decompression chamber 14895:Physical oceanography 14019:Marine protected area 13946:Salt pannes and pools 13721:Marine larval ecology 13696:Census of Marine Life 13580:Deep scattering layer 13537:San Francisco Estuary 13502:Africa and Madagascar 13327:Underwater camouflage 13107:Aquatic biomonitoring 13047:freshwater ecosystems 12846:Coral reef protection 12810:Skeletal eroding band 12616:Catlin Seaview Survey 12604:Census of Coral Reefs 12582:mesophotic coral reef 11824:10.1127/pip/2016/0068 11419:Rinkevich, B (2008). 11330:. University of Miami 11065:"World Heritage List" 10895:Christie, P. (2004). 10250:Nature Communications 9735:Nature Communications 9678:Nature Communications 8822:Nature Communications 7296:Rougerier, F (1998). 7216:Crassostrea virginica 7214:the American oyster, 6328:Gunnerus, Johan Ernst 5770:Ghiselin, Michael T. 4586:10.1007/s003380050078 4501:Earth-Science Reviews 4429:Catlin Seaview Survey 4423:Census of Coral Reefs 4411:Mesophotic coral reef 4345:Montastraea cavernosa 4316: 4239: 4167: 4140:kill nursery corals. 4126: 4107: 3816:Van Veen grab sampler 3520:A diversity of corals 3518: 3511:Coral reef protection 3488:directional selection 3397:, and the digging of 3347: 3314: 3275: 3083:hawksbill sea turtles 2807:. Aside from humans, 2589: 2575: 2544: 2453:that eat yet smaller 2404: 2356:Crassostrea virginica 2339:Crassostrea virginica 2333: 2260: 2226: 2011: 1941: 1879: 1820: 1768: 1716: 1695:individual coral reef 1610:deep-water coral reef 1602:in the Gulf of Mexico 1536:Queensland, Australia 1523:Rivers respectively. 1380: 1368: 1360: 1239: 1198: 1052: 1037: 969: 922: 909:Louisiade Archipelago 859: 829: 808: 695: 597: 522:which becomes extinct 412:Further information: 266:Coral belongs to the 25661:Altitudinal zonation 25603:Western Indo-Pacific 25563:Eastern Indo-Pacific 25558:Central Indo-Pacific 25050:Scuba diving therapy 25040:Nautilus Productions 24964:Sea Research Society 24899:Divers Alert Network 24332:Torricellian chamber 24242:Deep-sea exploration 24203:Equivalent air depth 24074:Modulated ultrasound 24069:Underwater acoustics 23536:Christopher E. Gerty 23531:Michael L. Gernhardt 23421:Timothy J. Broderick 23296:William Hogarth Main 22987:Jean-Michel Cousteau 22952:Krzysztof Starnawski 22034:Sub-Aqua Association 21298:The Darkness Beckons 20829:diving bell accident 20756:John Day (carpenter) 20278:Queen Anne's Revenge 20043:Divers Alert Network 19968:Leonard Erskine Hill 19849:Atrial septal defect 19550:Pulmonary barotrauma 19510:Alternobaric vertigo 19154:Scuba gas management 19114:Diver communications 18730:Underwater Bike Race 18687:Scuba diving tourism 18672:Diving in East Timor 18438:APS underwater rifle 18433:ADS amphibious rifle 18049:Public safety diving 18044:Potable water diving 17877:Special Boat Service 17852:Sappers Divers Group 17812:Minedykkerkommandoen 17210:Leonardo D'Imporzano 17068:Skandalopetra diving 16828:Hyperbaric stretcher 16787:T1200 Trenching Unit 16762:Sea Dragon-class ROV 16611:HMS Challenger (K07) 16511:Decompression tables 16481:Oxygen compatibility 15916:Cryogenic rebreather 15761:Scuba cylinder valve 15662:Screw gate carabiner 15640:Emergency gas supply 15601:Diver's cutting tool 15467:Helium release valve 15397:Shallow water helmet 15325:Standard diving suit 15171:Buoyancy compensator 15118:Emergency gas supply 14724:Submergent coastline 14677:Marine transgression 14632:Discordant coastline 14617:Concordant coastline 13754:Marine bacteriophage 13716:Marine invertebrates 12956:Aquaculture of coral 12739:Non-tropical regions 12296:27 July 2011 at the 12273:24 July 2013 at the 11977:Conservation Biology 11149:Conservation Biology 10911:on 16 December 2013. 10156:Conservation Biology 10053:Stop Illegal Fishing 9202:Biological Invasions 9051:10.1511/2006.61.1004 8902:on 27 September 2011 8892:"Coral Reef Biology" 6464:. The Canadian Press 5811:Types of Coral Reefs 5548:Hopley, David (ed.) 5371:. The Darwin Press. 5333:MSN Encarta (2006). 5067:Via Internet Archive 4470:"How Reefs Are Made" 4254:University of Hawaii 4083:Aquaculture of coral 3776:Deep sea communities 3481:Every 4–7 years, an 3268:Shoreline protection 3226:Coral reefs deliver 3115:Caribbean reef squid 2968:Tripneustes gratilla 1419:accounts for 40.8%. 688:In the geologic past 486:. He theorized that 399:shoreline protection 393:Coral reefs deliver 25634:Lists of ecoregions 25291:Tropical rainforest 24894:Coral Reef Alliance 24270:Benign water diving 24113:Cold shock response 23882:Michael C. Barnette 23836:Douglas H. Wheelock 23741:David Saint-Jacques 23526:Ronald J. Garan Jr. 23235:Michele Westmorland 22535:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 22354:Underwater football 21932:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 21632:Introductory diving 21577:Underwater searches 21563:Diamond Reef System 21466:Introductory diving 21290:General non-fiction 21212:Underwater Handbook 21112:François de Roubaix 20965:Lothar Michael Ward 20908:Victor F. Guiel Jr. 20735:Alpazat cave rescue 20642:Scientific projects 20521:Sub Marine Explorer 20427:Joseph Salim Peress 20422:Ernest William Moir 19782:Hyperbaric medicine 19583:Freediving blackout 19251:Situation awareness 19197:Job safety analysis 19080:Ratio decompression 18889:Cold shock response 18839:Entanglement hazard 18774:Life-support system 18612:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 18477:Recreational diving 18404:Underwater pistols 18298:Cavitation cleaning 18123:Underwater searches 18012:Marine construction 17862:Special Air Service 17648:Army engineer diver 17618:Public safety diver 17538:Professional diving 17426:Deep-water blackout 17421:Freediving blackout 17245:Mehgan Heaney-Grier 16976:Underwater football 16823:Hyperbaric lifeboat 16717:Goldfish-class ROUV 16712:Global Explorer ROV 16674:underwater vehicles 16210:Shearwater Research 15871:Scuba configuration 15854:Manifolded twin set 15849:Independent doubles 15807:Twin-hose regulator 15717:Surface marker buoy 14828:Coastal engineering 13630:Ocean fertilization 13439:Trophic state index 13397:Lake stratification 13127:Aquatic respiration 12874:Coral Reef Alliance 12764:Solomon Archipelago 12669:Belize Barrier Reef 12644:African coral reefs 12282:University of Miami 12086:2018EcEng.123...86P 12032:1980JEMBE..45..245S 11989:1996ConBi..10.1187M 11862:2001PNAS...98.4822K 11757:2015PNAS..112.2307V 11719:. 29 February 2012. 11717:Scientific American 11675:2019EcEng.132...87Y 11597:1995ResEc...3..241R 11585:Restoration Ecology 11490:2010ResEc..18..399F 11478:Restoration Ecology 11440:2008MarPB..56.1821R 11398:2006MarPo..30..111P 11363:2011JEMBE.399..162H 11324:"Coral Restoration" 11245:2011Sci...332.1036K 11239:(6033): 1036–1037. 11161:2005ConBi..19.1714C 11128:on 28 February 2016 11027:on 11 January 2015. 10940:2005EnvCo..32...42M 10856:2006CBio...16.1408M 10742:(1669): 2893–2901. 10690:2008MarBi.155..173M 10646:. Associated Press. 10533:2012PLoSO...733353G 10467:(1648): 2273–2282. 10419:2012AREPS..40...89P 10384:2011Geo....39.1059C 10341:2013NatGe...6..362K 10270:10.1038/ncomms15686 10262:2017NatCo...815686M 10168:2011ConBi..25.1044L 10130:Scientific American 10019:2009OCM....52..539C 9974:2010MarEc..31..200C 9896:1986CorRe...4..239H 9853:1985JThBi.113...69B 9795:. 2 September 2009. 9747:2018NatCo...9.2186B 9690:2014NatCo...5.3794F 9595:. 19 February 2014. 9563:World Wildlife Fund 9485:1988Sci...239..393M 9388:1966Ecol...47..152V 9337:2005JMolE..60...81L 9214:2005BiInv...7.1029C 9068:. marinebiology.org 8851:20.500.11850/616066 8834:2023NatCo..14.3039G 8766:2013PLoSO...856245S 8719:2005JFBio..66..650G 8522:2004LimOc..49.1923S 8468:2005JPO....35.1945L 8418:2003LimOc..48.1394L 8378:1999CSR....19..911L 8343:1996CSR....16.1127F 8300:1996CorRe..15...21S 8265:1995CSR....15..357W 8223:1992CSR....12..785R 8165:1988Sci...241..177W 8127:1984JGR....89.6415S 8090:1982MEPS....8..257A 8043:1992JFM...239..309T 8008:1989JGR....94.9686G 7965:1992JFM...243..133H 7921:Talley, L. (2011). 7898:1998MEPS..166...83L 7835:2006JPO....36.1241F 7785:2011OcDyn..61..581E 7694:1996LimOc..41.1490L 7570:2007MEPS..347...21R 7523:1988TEcoE...3..106H 7440:1993CorRe..12...19R 7396:1999MEPS..180..131S 7358:Odum, E.P. (1971). 7275:2008PPP...267...89V 7182:1990Faci...22..159K 7124:"Fluorescent coral" 7094:2009CorRe..28..549G 7039:2010PLoSO...510660V 6972:2021PNAS..11801985L 6966:(34): e2101985118. 6907:2023ARMS...15..509H 6771:1980Natur.286..249C 6614:2008PNAS..10513674R 6608:(36): 13674–13678. 6549:28 May 2020 at the 6214:7 July 2011 at the 6176:1978Sci...199.1302C 6170:(4335): 1302–1310. 6071:2000MGeol.168...61S 5981:1994MEPS..111....1S 5564:Unit 10: Reef Types 5538:on 11 January 2012. 5513:10.1038/nature01779 5505:2003Natur.424..271C 5455:2002AmSci..90..148J 5204:2004Geo....32..249W 5168:2009GPC....66..129W 4995:2014GEC....26..152C 4923:1997Natur.387..253C 4578:1997CorRe..16..225S 4513:2015ESRv..145...66L 4474:Coral Reef Alliance 4341:Orbicella faveolata 4201:electrical currents 4160:Creating substrates 4091:Restoration ecology 4024:adaptive management 3439:Ocean acidification 3143:Whitetip reef shark 3129:Banded coral shrimp 3085:, feed on sponges. 3074:Laticauda colubrina 2598:Codium isthmocladum 2499:which drift in the 2176:Other reef builders 1926:, wire strands and 1670: / 1479:, due primarily to 1369:Boundary for 20 °C 696:Ancient coral reefs 644:continental islands 444:continental shelves 436:continental shelves 428:Last Glacial Period 25671:Floristic kingdoms 25435:Hydrothermal vents 25296:Coniferous forests 25258:Coniferous forests 24992:Astronaut training 24949:Rubicon Foundation 24795:URF (Swedish Navy) 24580:Russian submarine 24568:-class submersible 24538:Deepsea Challenger 24523:-class bathyscaphe 24450:Underwater vehicle 24322:Penetration diving 24310:Black-water diving 24186:Thalmann algorithm 23998:Commercial salvors 23631:Joseph B. MacInnis 23140:Joseph B. MacInnis 22977:David Attenborough 22899:Peter Throckmorton 22859:Andreas Rechnitzer 22849:Mendel L. Peterson 22710:archaeologists and 22494:AIDA International 22445:Underwater cycling 22428:Open Circuit Scuba 22414:Apnoea finswimming 22326:Surface snorkeling 22076:YMCA SCUBA Program 21867:AIDA International 21642:Master Scuba Diver 21627:CMAS** scuba diver 21605:Core diving skills 21543:Finning techniques 21409:Refresher training 21191:NOAA Diving Manual 21005:Ricardo Armbruster 20933:Edwin Clayton Link 20805:Natalia Molchanova 20553:Cosmos CE2F series 20511:Porpoise regulator 20377:Auguste Denayrouze 20153:Diving regulations 20088:Rubicon Foundation 20013:Edward D. Thalmann 19978:Felix Hoppe-Seyler 19973:Brian Andrew Hills 19953:John Scott Haldane 19928:Albert A. Bühlmann 19893:Arthur J. Bachrach 19833:Hyperbaric nursing 19732:Immersion diuresis 19614:Avascular necrosis 19398:Diving regulations 19107:Scuba gas planning 18429:Underwater rifles 18108:Underwater logging 18069:Submarine pipeline 18007:Hyperbaric welding 17742:Fuerzas Especiales 17485:AIDA International 17375:Devrim Cenk Ulusoy 17300:Natalia Molchanova 17230:Francisco Ferreras 17117:Snorkel (swimming) 16939:Apnoea finswimming 16843:Reserve gas supply 16818:ENOS Rescue-System 16633:Aquarius Reef Base 16425:Gas reclaim system 16220:Submarine Products 15893:Diving rebreathers 15235:Decompression buoy 15203:Integrated weights 14797:Coastal management 14637:Emergent coastline 14308:Intertidal wetland 14211:Continental margin 13896:Intertidal wetland 13891:Intertidal ecology 13759:Marine prokaryotes 13701:Deep-sea community 13595:Iron fertilization 13518:Specific examples 13444:Upland and lowland 13362:Freshwater biology 13227:Microbial food web 13137:Aquatic toxicology 13080:Aquatic adaptation 13033:Aquatic ecosystems 12820:White band disease 12805:Black band disease 12774:Tuvalu Archipelago 12754:Raja Ampat Islands 12694:Great Barrier Reef 12331:Global Reef Record 12115:Further references 11543:10.7717/peerj.2597 11205:on 11 October 2006 9904:10.1007/BF00298083 9698:10.1038/ncomms4794 9159:10.7717/peerj.1235 9039:American Scientist 8965:10.7717/peerj.1956 8577:Wilson, E (2004). 8308:10.1007/BF01626075 8099:10.3354/meps008257 7907:10.3354/meps166083 7631:on 8 November 2001 7485:Coral Reef Ecology 7448:10.1007/bf00303781 7405:10.3354/meps180131 7190:10.1007/BF02536950 6858:. Annual Reviews. 5990:10.3354/meps111001 5630:Biological Reviews 5463:10.1511/2002.2.148 5443:American Scientist 5343:on 28 October 2009 5336:Great Barrier Reef 4857:on 30 August 2010. 4653:on 6 January 2010. 4319: 4270:United States Army 4242: 4170: 4129: 4110: 4069:The United States 4001:Great Barrier Reef 3904:habitat protection 3900:fishery management 3786:Intertidal ecology 3761:Benthopelagic fish 3682: 3523: 3354: 3350:Great Barrier Reef 3328: 3286: 3255:Dominican Republic 3228:ecosystem services 3222:Ecosystem services 2962:Diadema antillarum 2896:Diadema antillarum 2724:, fresh water and 2592: 2580: 2551: 2343: 2266: 2237: 2201:geological periods 2014: 1948: 1888: 1823: 1774: 1726: 1639:Raja Ampat Islands 1588:Florida Reef Tract 1548:at the tip of the 1532:Great Barrier Reef 1387: 1375: 1363: 1291:The off-reef floor 1266: 1224:Great Barrier Reef 1201: 1166:Great Barrier Reef 1062: 1047: 975: 925: 873:Great Barrier Reef 862: 832: 818: 698: 639:Great Barrier Reef 600: 434:to rise and flood 395:ecosystem services 360:ocean heat content 174:Hydrothermal vents 125:Surface microlayer 25689: 25688: 25649: 25648: 25593:Tropical Atlantic 25469: 25468: 25376: 25375: 25268:Deciduous forests 25161: 25160: 25067: 25066: 25063: 25062: 24868: 24867: 24803: 24802: 24515:class bathyscaphe 24398: 24397: 24394: 24393: 24390: 24389: 24382:Low impact diving 24315:Blue-water diving 24305:Open-water diving 24221: 24220: 24148:Work of breathing 24143:Underwater vision 24081:Underwater vision 24017: 24016: 24013: 24012: 23979:Ian Edward Fraser 23826:John Morgan Wells 23806:Mark T. Vande Hei 23651:K. Megan McArthur 23621:Kjell N. Lindgren 23556:José M. Hernández 23511:Andrew J. Feustel 23471:Philippe Cousteau 23451:Catherine Coleman 23441:Gregory Chamitoff 23411:Robert L. Behnken 23391:Richard R. Arnold 23376:Andrew Abercromby 23351:Valerie van Heest 23281:Jochen Hasenmayer 23205:Philippe Tailliez 23130:Henry Way Kendall 23080:Bernard Delemotte 22879:Stephanie Schwabe 22844:John Peter Oleson 22774:George R. Fischer 22719:Michael Arbuthnot 22712:environmentalists 22617:Underwater divers 22606: 22605: 22602: 22601: 22359:Underwater hockey 22315:Underwater sports 22304: 22303: 22300: 22299: 22250: 22249: 22246: 22245: 22213:Cave Diving Group 21833:Commercial diving 21716: 21715: 21696:Specialist skills 21685:Master Instructor 21680:Diving instructor 21661:Leadership skills 21622:CMAS* scuba diver 21585: 21584: 21558:Low impact diving 21536:Valsalva maneuver 21511:Combat sidestroke 21426:Diving instructor 21370: 21369: 21366: 21365: 21259:Codes of Practice 21163: 21162: 21159: 21158: 21155: 21154: 21087:Henry Way Kendall 20960:Richard A. Walker 20950:Robert John Smyth 20663:Awards and events 20618:covert operations 20611: 20610: 20181: 20180: 20128: 20127: 20124: 20123: 20120: 20119: 19948:William Paul Fife 19883:diving physiology 19760: 19759: 19703: 19702: 19656:Nitrogen narcosis 19651:Hydrogen narcosis 19540:Dental barotrauma 19444: 19443: 19440: 19439: 19436: 19435: 19423:Operations manual 19418:Diving supervisor 19289:Diving supervisor 19284:Diver's attendant 19246:Safety data sheet 19149:Rebreather diving 19013: 19012: 18952:Willful violation 18899:Nitrogen narcosis 18742: 18741: 18738: 18737: 18606:Cave Diving Group 18549:Rebreather diving 18544:Open-water diving 18466: 18465: 18462: 18461: 18458: 18457: 18275:Abrasive waterjet 18231: 18230: 18135:Underwater survey 18054:Scientific diving 17964: 17963: 17960: 17959: 17598:Diving supervisor 17583:Diving instructor 17527: 17526: 17523: 17522: 17464:Octopus wrestling 17395:Nataliia Zharkova 17370:William Trubridge 17325:Umberto Pelizzari 16981:Underwater hockey 16905: 16904: 16901: 16900: 16869:Saturation spread 16692:Atlantis ROV Team 16672:Remotely operated 16666: 16665: 16643:Helgoland Habitat 16563:Saturation system 16452:Nitrox production 16386:Diving air filter 16237: 16236: 16233: 16232: 16200:Oceanic Worldwide 16090:Aqua Lung America 16064: 16063: 16046:Scuba replacement 16026:Diver's umbilical 15991:Siebe Gorman CDBA 15976:Mark IV Amphibian 15613:Diver's telephone 15574:Octopus regulator 15113:Decompression gas 14996:Saturation diving 14976:Diving activities 14965:Underwater diving 14931: 14930: 14759:Wave-cut platform 14672:Marine regression 14216:Continental shelf 14206:Coastal waterfall 14115:Coastal geography 14081: 14080: 14062:Oceans portal 14031: 14030: 14027: 14026: 13906:Hydrothermal vent 13842: 13841: 13731:Seashore wildlife 13562:Marine ecosystems 13551: 13550: 13547: 13546: 13317:Thermal pollution 13282:Ramsar Convention 13222:Microbial ecology 13182:Fisheries science 13122:Aquatic predation 12999: 12998: 12907: 12906: 12825:White pox disease 12674:Coral Sea Islands 12366:About coral reefs 12167: 12166: 11434:(11): 1821–1824. 11278:on 9 October 2022 11199:Earth Observatory 10445:, April 30, 2012. 10378:(11): 1059–1062. 10329:Nature Geoscience 9825:978-94-017-7248-8 9479:(4838): 393–395. 9309:978-1-57524-116-6 9123:978-0-521-64523-2 9064:Buchheim, Jason. 8932:978-0-444-87392-7 8673:978-0-08-037718-6 8635:Fuchs. T (2013). 8621:978-0-632-02983-9 8476:10.1175/JPO2808.1 8462:(11): 1945–1962. 8159:(4862): 177–181. 8121:(C4): 6415–6426. 7843:10.1175/JPO2907.1 7731:10.1071/MF9830065 7579:10.3354/meps06999 7495:978-0-387-56427-2 7384:Mar Ecol Prog Ser 7311:978-1-876542-02-3 7154:978-0-632-05098-7 6856:Knowable Magazine 6765:(5770): 249–252. 6669:on 30 August 2007 6579:978-1-876945-40-4 6278:978-0-8069-8795-8 6146:978-0-13-100847-2 5856:cite encyclopedia 5847:978-3-423-03422-7 5499:(6946): 271–276. 5411:978-0-412-03541-8 5378:978-0-87850-138-0 5295:on 22 August 2006 5268:on 5 October 2006 5080:"Introduction to 5036:on 15 August 2010 4917:(6630): 253–260. 4772:10.1289/ehp.10966 4711:978-1-56647-220-3 4417:Fossil Coral Reef 4113:Coral aquaculture 3985:national monument 3977:biosphere reserve 3970:genetic diversity 3893: 3892: 3737:hydrothermal vent 3382:by grazing fish, 3376: 3375: 3213:Latiaxis wormaldi 2912:Types of sponges- 2614:nitrogen fixation 2463:primary producers 2173: 2172: 2165:Fluorescent coral 2050:Spiral wire coral 2038:Fluorescent coral 1979: 1978: 1753:live only in the 1751:hermatypic corals 1749:Reef-building or 1740:calcium carbonate 1550:Yucatán Peninsula 1302:The reef drop-off 1242:continental shelf 929:continental shelf 809:Fringing reef at 712:(416–359 Ma) and 307:Sometimes called 280:, which includes 257:calcium carbonate 255:held together by 236:is an underwater 230: 229: 102:Continental shelf 16:(Redirected from 25739: 25482: 25481: 25217: 25216: 25208: 25207: 25188: 25181: 25174: 25165: 25164: 25149: 25137: 25136: 25103: 25102: 25091: 25090: 25079: 25078: 24988:Neutral buoyancy 24944:Reef Life Survey 24833: 24832: 24809:Submarine escape 24696:Deep-submergence 24692: 24691: 24663:Submarine rescue 24460:Deep-submergence 24456: 24455: 24404: 24403: 24250: 24249: 24154: 24153: 24064:Neutral buoyancy 24045: 24044: 24023: 24022: 23851:Jeffrey Williams 23701:Nicholas Patrick 23676:Andreas Mogensen 23641:Thomas Marshburn 23611:Dominic Landucci 23601:Karen Kohanowich 23521:Satoshi Furukawa 23416:Randolph Bresnik 23386:Clayton Anderson 23321:Arthur C. Clarke 23291:Jarrod Jablonski 23195:Wesley C. Skiles 23180:Leni Riefenstahl 23065:Jacques Cousteau 22947:Claudia Serpieri 22864:William R. Royal 22829:Charles T. Meide 22759:James P. Delgado 22697:Arne Zetterström 22662:Jacques Cousteau 22625: 22624: 22612: 22611: 22480:Sports governing 22376:Underwater rugby 22323: 22322: 22310: 22309: 22285:training courses 22257:training centres 22195: 22194: 22085:Scientific diver 21791:Commercial diver 21788: 21787: 21726:and registration 21652:Supervised diver 21647:Open Water Diver 21637:Low Impact Diver 21617:Autonomous diver 21602: 21601: 21531:Frenzel maneuver 21516:Diver navigation 21501: 21500: 21414:Skill assessment 21387: 21386: 21376: 21375: 21180: 21179: 21169: 21168: 21142:Esbjörn Svensson 21127:Wesley C. Skiles 21030:Cláudio Coutinho 20980:Arne Zetterström 20955:Albert D. Stover 20918:Craig M. Hoffman 20761:Charles Spalding 20703: 20702: 20532: 20531: 20372:Louis de Corlieu 20357:Jacques Cousteau 20249: 20248: 20187: 20186: 20134: 20133: 19903:Peter B. Bennett 19898:Albert R. Behnke 19877: 19876: 19573: 19572: 19498: 19497: 19463: 19462: 19450: 19449: 19393:Contingency plan 19388:Code of practice 19349:Diving regulator 19337:Hydrostatic test 19274:Chamber operator 19257: 19256: 19034:Emergency ascent 18960: 18959: 18805: 18804: 18748: 18747: 18564:Technical diving 18554:Sidemount diving 18509: 18508: 18472: 18471: 18376: 18375: 18303:Pressure washing 18141: 18140: 17797:Marine Commandos 17696: 17695: 17634: 17633: 17623:Scientific diver 17561:Commercial diver 17546: 17545: 17533: 17532: 17390:Alessia Zecchini 17295:Alexey Molchanov 17205:Yasemin Dalkılıç 16986:Underwater rugby 16924: 16923: 16911: 16910: 16876:Hot water system 16801:Safety equipment 16619: 16618: 16440:Gas storage tube 16435:Gas storage quad 16430:Gas storage bank 16339:Activated carbon 16266:Boarding stirrup 16259:Access equipment 16256: 16255: 16243: 16242: 16180:Johnson Outdoors 16175:HeinrichsWeikamp 16013:diving equipment 16011:Surface-supplied 15936:Halcyon PVR-BASC 15820: 15819: 15795:Regulator freeze 15780:Diving regulator 15684:Shark-proof cage 15479:Pneumofathometer 15377:Free-flow helmet 15060: 15059: 15038:Diving equipment 15033: 15032: 14958: 14951: 14944: 14935: 14934: 14921: 14920: 14682:Raised shoreline 14657:Ingression coast 14652:Graded shoreline 14627:Cuspate foreland 14459: 14452: 14403:Submarine canyon 14263:Freshwater marsh 14108: 14101: 14094: 14085: 14084: 14071: 14070: 14064: 14060: 14059: 14050: 14048:Lakes portal 14046: 14045: 14044: 14014:Marine pollution 13706:Deep-water coral 13689: 13688: 13677: 13610:Marine chemistry 13570: 13569: 13557: 13556: 13474:Freshwater marsh 13367:Freshwater biome 13349: 13065:Acoustic ecology 13055: 13054: 13041: 13040: 13026: 13019: 13012: 13003: 13002: 12986:Deep-water coral 12961:Coral dermatitis 12862: 12861: 12577:Deep-water coral 12509: 12416: 12409: 12402: 12393: 12392: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12159: 12158: 12147: 12146: 12108: 12107: 12097: 12065: 12052: 12051: 12015: 12009: 12008: 11983:(4): 1187–1199. 11972: 11966: 11965: 11955: 11937: 11928:(9): 5067–5071. 11913: 11902: 11901: 11891: 11873: 11856:(9): 4822–4824. 11841: 11828: 11827: 11803: 11797: 11796: 11786: 11768: 11751:(8): 2307–2313. 11736: 11721: 11720: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11654: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11633:. 9 January 2023 11623: 11617: 11616: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11563: 11545: 11521: 11510: 11509: 11473: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11458:. Archived from 11425: 11416: 11410: 11409: 11381: 11375: 11374: 11346: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11320: 11314: 11313: 11311: 11309: 11294: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11277: 11271:. Archived from 11230: 11221: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11201:. Archived from 11187: 11181: 11180: 11155:(6): 1714–1723. 11144: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11127: 11120: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11096:on 17 March 2012 11086: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11075: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11038: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11015: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10985: 10979: 10978: 10971:"Phoenix Rising" 10966: 10960: 10959: 10919: 10913: 10912: 10892: 10886: 10885: 10867: 10835: 10829: 10828: 10818: 10800: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10759: 10727: 10718: 10717: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10665:on 14 June 2006. 10654: 10648: 10647: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10622: 10582: 10573: 10572: 10562: 10544: 10512: 10503: 10502: 10492: 10452: 10446: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10392:10.1130/G32230.1 10367: 10361: 10360: 10349:10.1038/ngeo1780 10323: 10317: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10289: 10241: 10235: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10179: 10162:(5): 1044–1052. 10147: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10095: 10089: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9985: 9953: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9766: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9709: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9652: 9645: 9636: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9619: 9612: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9565:. Archived from 9555: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9519: 9513: 9512: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9273:. Archived from 9267: 9261: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9208:(6): 1029–1039. 9196: 9190: 9189: 9179: 9161: 9137: 9128: 9127: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9017: 9011:. Archived from 9010: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8985: 8967: 8943: 8937: 8936: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8898:. Archived from 8888: 8882: 8881: 8871: 8853: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8795: 8777: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8647:on 2 April 2015. 8632: 8626: 8625: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8574: 8568: 8567: 8545: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8516:(6): 1923–1936. 8501: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8453: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8412:(4): 1394–1407. 8401: 8390: 8389: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8337:(9): 1127–1148. 8326: 8320: 8319: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8259:(2–3): 357–368. 8248: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8217:(7–8): 785–798. 8208: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8148: 8139: 8138: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8026: 8020: 8019: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7877: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7854: 7829:(7): 1241–1249. 7820: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7688:(7): 1490–1501. 7673: 7662: 7661: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7627:. Archived from 7616: 7610: 7603: 7592: 7591: 7581: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7479: 7473: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7425: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7381: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7225: 7219: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7130:on 29 June 2010. 7120: 7114: 7113: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7060: 7050: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7001: 6983: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6918: 6886: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6867: 6847: 6841: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6779:10.1038/286249a0 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6730: 6724: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6703: 6696: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6668: 6661: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6625: 6593: 6584: 6583: 6563: 6554: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6371: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6262: 6253: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6219: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6122: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5966: 5957: 5951: 5943: 5937: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5859: 5851: 5833: 5822: 5807: 5788: 5781: 5775: 5768: 5762: 5757:Goudie, Andrew. 5755: 5749: 5742: 5736: 5728: 5711: 5703: 5697: 5690: 5679: 5678: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5606: 5595: 5589: 5574: 5568: 5559: 5553: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5531:. Archived from 5490: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5438: 5429: 5428: 5422: 5414: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5362: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5339:. Archived from 5330: 5324: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5291:. Archived from 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5257: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5212:10.1130/G20170.1 5186: 5180: 5179: 5162:(1–2): 129–148. 5150: 5144: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5032:. Archived from 5021: 5015: 5014: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4931:10.1038/387253a0 4901: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4839:on 10 June 2010. 4838: 4832:. Archived from 4831: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4783: 4751: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4634: 4628: 4613: 4598: 4597: 4561: 4555: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4466: 4439: 4405:Deep-water coral 4399: 4394: 4393: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4219:provides a high- 4183:hermatypic coral 4035:Papua New Guinea 4005:Henderson Island 3919:Papua New Guinea 3885: 3878: 3871: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3735: 3722: 3712: 3700: 3683: 3569: 3554: 3544: 3543: 3525: 3524: 3451:carbonate levels 3411:marine pollution 3388:geologic hazards 3368: 3367: 3356: 3355: 3207: 3197:Banded sea krait 3193: 3181: 3167: 3153: 3139: 3125: 3111: 3094: 3069:marine crocodile 3022:Laysan albatross 2686: 2672: 2647: 2625:mangrove forests 2621:seagrass meadows 2608:provide soluble 2461:, which are the 2407:Darwin's paradox 2400:Darwin's paradox 2161: 2143: 2129: 2115: 2101: 2087: 2073: 2059: 2047: 2035: 2025: 2024: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1950: 1949: 1866:bleaching events 1833:There are eight 1702:Lord Howe Island 1685: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1454:Deep-water coral 1296:seagrass meadows 1269:The reef surface 1001:Marshall Islands 997:French Polynesia 989:Caroline Islands 728:(100–66 Ma) and 563: 547: 531: 515: 390:and cesspools). 356:excess nutrients 294:Early Ordovician 222: 215: 208: 87:Seagrass meadows 82:Mangrove forests 58:Coastal habitats 46: 32: 31: 21: 25747: 25746: 25742: 25741: 25740: 25738: 25737: 25736: 25707:Animal products 25692: 25691: 25690: 25685: 25645: 25607: 25536: 25476: 25465: 25461:Endolithic zone 25449: 25382: 25372: 25341: 25315: 25283: 25277: 25246: 25212: 25197: 25192: 25162: 25157: 25059: 25028: 24991: 24989: 24983: 24876: 24874: 24864: 24831: 24799: 24697: 24690: 24657: 24574:Limiting Factor 24461: 24454: 24435:Offshore survey 24409: 24386: 24365: 24265:Altitude diving 24248: 24228: 24217: 24159: 24152: 24099: 24092: 24059:Metre sea water 24050: 24043: 24030: 24009: 23993: 23962: 23931: 23870: 23856:Sunita Williams 23846:Dafydd Williams 23831:Joachim Wendler 23726:Kathleen Rubins 23721:Garrett Reisman 23666:Simone Melchior 23646:Matthias Maurer 23586:Norishige Kanai 23571:Akihiko Hoshide 23561:John Herrington 23476:Timothy Creamer 23466:Fabien Cousteau 23461:Craig B. Cooper 23436:Scott Carpenter 23431:Berry L. Cannon 23406:Robert A. Barth 23381:Joseph M. Acaba 23362: 23336:John Chatterton 23266:Graham Balcombe 23255: 23249: 23245:J. Lamar Worzel 23060:Neville Coleman 23040:Georges Beuchat 23022: 23016: 22964: 22962: 22956: 22914: 22908: 22904:Cristina Zenato 22824:Innes McCartney 22711: 22709: 22707: 22701: 22657:James F. Cahill 22629: 22619: 22598: 22567: 22484:and federations 22483: 22481: 22475: 22459: 22423: 22397: 22337: 22317: 22296: 22284: 22278: 22256: 22242: 22199: 22193: 22114: 22112: 22111:Technical diver 22106: 22088: 22086: 22080: 21900: 21898: 21896: 21890: 21859: 21857: 21851: 21834: 21828: 21794: 21792: 21786: 21727: 21725: 21723: 21712: 21691: 21656: 21596: 21594: 21592: 21581: 21553:Buddy breathing 21499: 21478:Teaching method 21392: 21381: 21362: 21347: 21331: 21285: 21258: 21252: 21174: 21151: 21092:Artur Kozłowski 21055:Maurice Fargues 21020:Berry L. Cannon 20991: 20984: 20975:Bradley Westell 20970:Joachim Wendler 20888: 20881: 20877:diving accident 20869:diving accident 20861:diving accident 20853:diving accident 20851:Stena Seaspread 20845:diving accident 20837:diving accident 20816: 20809: 20800:Nicholas Mevoli 20770: 20766:Ebenezer Watson 20744: 20723: 20694: 20670:Hans Hass Award 20658: 20637: 20632:Rainbow Warrior 20630:Sinking of the 20617: 20607: 20539: 20537: 20530: 20501:Magnesium torch 20472: 20466: 20432:Auguste Piccard 20417:John Lethbridge 20337:Georges Beuchat 20319: 20313: 20296: 20290: 20253: 20247: 20194: 20177: 20139: 20116: 20030: 20028: 20022: 19998:Neal W. Pollock 19884: 19882: 19868: 19859:Fitness to dive 19837: 19806: 19756: 19709: 19699: 19687: 19681: 19660: 19602: 19598:Oxygen toxicity 19571: 19502: 19496: 19487:Motion sickness 19468: 19457: 19455:Diving medicine 19432: 19369: 19367: 19360: 19319: 19313: 19255: 19202:Risk assessment 19192:Hazard analysis 19175: 19168: 19020: 19009: 18958: 18904:Oxygen toxicity 18810: 18803: 18755: 18734: 18717: 18711: 18659: 18653: 18585: 18578: 18519:Altitude diving 18507: 18479: 18454: 18381: 18374: 18345: 18339: 18267: 18261: 18238: 18227: 18139: 18059:Ships husbandry 17971: 17956: 17842:Royal Engineers 17757:Grup Gerak Khas 17717:Commando Hubert 17703: 17701: 17694: 17683:U.S. Navy diver 17658:Clearance diver 17639: 17632: 17540: 17519: 17473: 17447: 17399: 17355:Martin Štěpánek 17350:Aharon Solomons 17340:Stig Severinsen 17290:Stéphane Mifsud 17240:Flavia Eberhard 17215:Flavia Eberhard 17180:Derya Can Göçen 17165:Peppo Biscarini 17160:Simone Arrigoni 17155:Deborah Andollo 17143: 17085: 17056:No-limits apnea 17020:Constant weight 16995: 16918: 16897: 16847: 16808:Diver down flag 16796: 16673: 16662: 16658:Tektite habitat 16624: 16617: 16567: 16492: 16485: 16469:Oxygen analyser 16447:Helium analyzer 16391:Water separator 16349:Molecular sieve 16326: 16320: 16250: 16229: 16072: 16070: 16060: 16012: 16005: 15951:Interspiro DCSC 15887: 15825: 15818: 15751:Diving cylinder 15737: 15735: 15728: 15561: 15555: 15494: 15488: 15435:Instrumentation 15430: 15359: 15353: 15284: 15226: 15219: 15163: 15157: 15084: 15063:Basic equipment 15058: 15040: 15027: 15021:Unmanned diving 14967: 14962: 14932: 14927: 14909: 14885:Intertidal zone 14811: 14778: 14667:Longshore drift 14612:Coastal erosion 14583: 14543: 14479:Beach evolution 14460: 14454: 14453: 14444: 14131:Anchialine pool 14117: 14112: 14082: 14077: 14054: 14053: 14042: 14040: 14039: 14023: 13984:Coral bleaching 13970: 13951:Seagrass meadow 13848:Marine habitats 13838: 13812:Coral reef fish 13778: 13764:Marine protists 13740: 13678: 13669: 13640:Ocean turbidity 13615:Marine food web 13564: 13543: 13485: 13424:River ecosystem 13377:Freshwater fish 13350: 13341: 13147:Bioluminescence 13132:Aquatic science 13049: 13035: 13030: 13000: 12995: 12981:Coralline algae 12951:Artificial reef 12939: 12912:Symbiotic algae 12903: 12860: 12856:Reef resilience 12829: 12800:Coral bleaching 12788: 12654:Andros, Bahamas 12625: 12599:Coral reef fish 12548: 12510: 12501: 12429: 12420: 12320:Wayback Machine 12309:Wayback Machine 12302:4 kinds of Reef 12298:Wayback Machine 12275:Wayback Machine 12262:Wayback Machine 12250:Wayback Machine 12204:Wayback Machine 12181: 12179: 12170: 12156: 12145: 12117: 12112: 12111: 12066: 12055: 12016: 12012: 11973: 11969: 11914: 11905: 11842: 11831: 11804: 11800: 11737: 11724: 11711: 11710: 11706: 11655: 11646: 11636: 11634: 11625: 11624: 11620: 11581: 11577: 11522: 11513: 11474: 11470: 11465:on 23 May 2013. 11462: 11423: 11417: 11413: 11382: 11378: 11347: 11343: 11333: 11331: 11322: 11321: 11317: 11307: 11305: 11295: 11291: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11228: 11222: 11218: 11208: 11206: 11189: 11188: 11184: 11145: 11141: 11131: 11129: 11125: 11118: 11114: 11113: 11109: 11099: 11097: 11088: 11087: 11083: 11073: 11071: 11063: 11062: 11058: 11047:Nature Research 11039: 11032: 11024: 11013: 11009: 11008: 11004: 10994: 10992: 10986: 10982: 10967: 10963: 10920: 10916: 10893: 10889: 10850:(14): 1408–13. 10844:Current Biology 10836: 10832: 10791:(4): e1007220. 10777: 10773: 10728: 10721: 10674: 10670: 10655: 10651: 10640: 10636: 10583: 10576: 10513: 10506: 10453: 10449: 10438: 10434: 10403: 10399: 10368: 10364: 10324: 10320: 10307: 10303: 10242: 10238: 10231: 10227: 10217: 10215: 10206: 10205: 10201: 10148: 10144: 10134: 10132: 10122: 10118: 10108: 10106: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10082: 10080: 10072: 10071: 10067: 10057: 10055: 10049:"Blast fishing" 10047: 10046: 10042: 10013:(10): 539–544. 10003: 9999: 9968:(s1): 200–211. 9954: 9950: 9940: 9938: 9923: 9919: 9880: 9876: 9837: 9833: 9826: 9804: 9800: 9785: 9784: 9780: 9727: 9723: 9670: 9666: 9656: 9654: 9650: 9643: 9637: 9633: 9623: 9621: 9617: 9610: 9604: 9600: 9587: 9586: 9582: 9572: 9570: 9569:on 10 July 2010 9557: 9556: 9549: 9520: 9516: 9469: 9465: 9458: 9442: 9438: 9415: 9411: 9396:10.2307/1935755 9372: 9368: 9321: 9317: 9310: 9294: 9290: 9280: 9278: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9258:Wayback Machine 9249: 9245: 9197: 9193: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9108: 9104: 9094: 9092: 9085: 9081: 9071: 9069: 9062: 9058: 9035: 9031: 9021: 9019: 9018:on 4 March 2016 9015: 9008: 9004: 9003: 8999: 8944: 8940: 8933: 8919: 8915: 8905: 8903: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8813: 8809: 8746: 8742: 8703: 8699: 8694:. 5 April 2011. 8686: 8685: 8681: 8674: 8656: 8652: 8633: 8629: 8622: 8606: 8602: 8575: 8571: 8546: 8539: 8502: 8498: 8490: 8451: 8445: 8441: 8402: 8393: 8362: 8358: 8327: 8323: 8284: 8280: 8249: 8245: 8237: 8206: 8200: 8196: 8149: 8142: 8111: 8107: 8070: 8066: 8027: 8023: 7992: 7988: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7919: 7915: 7878: 7867: 7859: 7818: 7812: 7808: 7769: 7765: 7742: 7738: 7715: 7711: 7674: 7665: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7632: 7617: 7613: 7607:Marine Biology. 7604: 7595: 7550: 7546: 7507: 7503: 7496: 7480: 7476: 7467: 7463: 7423: 7417: 7413: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7327: 7323: 7312: 7294: 7290: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7239: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7209: 7205: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7139: 7135: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7078: 7074: 7019: 7015: 6952: 6948: 6887: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6848: 6844: 6833: 6829: 6814:10.2307/1311805 6798: 6794: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6722:Wayback Machine 6715:Via QUT ePrints 6707: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6653: 6649: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6564: 6557: 6551:Wayback Machine 6542: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6499:on 24 July 2008 6496: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6454: 6450: 6442: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6372: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6352:. 5 August 2018 6344: 6343: 6339: 6325: 6321: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6263: 6256: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6218:Coral Reef Unit 6216:Wayback Machine 6203: 6199: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6139:. p. 556. 6123: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6055: 6051: 6016: 6012: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5947:Maldives Atolls 5944: 5940: 5932:Hopley, David. 5931: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5900: 5896: 5873: 5869: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5834: 5825: 5819:Wayback Machine 5808: 5791: 5783:Hanauer, Eric. 5782: 5778: 5769: 5765: 5756: 5752: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5714: 5704: 5700: 5691: 5682: 5675: 5661: 5657: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5575: 5571: 5560: 5556: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5439: 5432: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5363: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5331: 5327: 5321:Wayback Machine 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5258: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5238:on 20 June 2007 5235: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5187: 5183: 5151: 5147: 5138:Wayback Machine 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5112:. 11 March 2017 5110:Geography Notes 5104: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5086:. Darwin Online 5076: 5072: 5056: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5022: 5018: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4902: 4895: 4880: 4878: 4869: 4862: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4752: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4679:on 4 March 2016 4663: 4662: 4658: 4635: 4631: 4614: 4601: 4562: 4558: 4549:Wayback Machine 4540: 4536: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4437: 4395: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4336: 4327:Hurricane Allen 4311: 4302: 4286: 4234: 4162: 4146:computer vision 4102: 4093: 4087:Artificial reef 4079: 4071:Clean Water Act 4065: 4062:of dissolved CO 4060: 4056: 4051: 3889: 3851: 3849: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3836:Marine sediment 3811:Epibenthic sled 3805: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3750: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714:seagrass meadow 3710: 3708: 3702:mangrove forest 3698: 3696: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3643: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3614: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3580: 3567: 3558: 3552: 3541: 3521: 3513: 3507: 3499:coral bleaching 3431:coral bleaching 3395:bottom trawling 3365: 3359:External videos 3342: 3336:Coral bleaching 3309: 3300: 3291:coastal defence 3270: 3224: 3217: 3216:, a coral snail 3208: 3199: 3194: 3185: 3182: 3173: 3168: 3159: 3154: 3145: 3140: 3131: 3126: 3117: 3112: 3103: 3095: 3081:, particularly 3065:monitor lizards 3038: 3006: 2947: 2938: 2936:Coral reef fish 2932: 2905: 2887:coralline algae 2878: 2698:marine habitats 2694: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2652:cardinal fishes 2648: 2637: 2578: 2521: 2509:carbon fixation 2507:, which powers 2449:eating smaller 2426: 2409: 2402: 2390: 2335:Eastern oysters 2328: 2322: 2303:coralline algae 2284:Cambrian period 2282:. In the early 2255: 2249: 2240:Coralline algae 2228:Coralline algae 2221: 2215: 2213:Coralline algae 2209: 2207:Coralline algae 2185:coralline algae 2178: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2149: 2144: 2135: 2130: 2121: 2116: 2107: 2102: 2093: 2088: 2079: 2074: 2065: 2060: 2051: 2048: 2039: 2036: 2023: 1968: 1953:External videos 1936: 1916:wrinkled brains 1874: 1784:) of the genus 1782:dinoflagellates 1763: 1732: 1711: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1647:Southwest Papua 1567:Andros, Bahamas 1493:Canary Currents 1393: 1353: 1337:The reef lagoon 1193: 1032: 964: 958: 917: 903:, southeastern 893:Gambier Islands 854: 824: 803: 789: 760:Late Cretaceous 752:archaeocyathids 726:Late Cretaceous 702:Middle Cambrian 690: 669:coralline algae 661: 621:photosynthesize 571: 564: 555: 548: 539: 532: 523: 520:volcanic island 516: 504:volcanic island 464:plate movements 448:oceanic islands 424: 410: 388:injection wells 372:cyanide fishing 226: 194:Marine sediment 130:Epipelagic zone 72:Intertidal zone 52: 51:of a coral reef 36:Marine habitats 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 25745: 25735: 25734: 25729: 25724: 25719: 25714: 25709: 25704: 25687: 25686: 25684: 25683: 25678: 25673: 25668: 25663: 25657: 25655: 25651: 25650: 25647: 25646: 25644: 25643: 25642: 25641: 25636: 25626: 25621: 25615: 25613: 25609: 25608: 25606: 25605: 25600: 25595: 25590: 25585: 25580: 25575: 25570: 25565: 25560: 25555: 25550: 25544: 25542: 25538: 25537: 25535: 25534: 25529: 25524: 25519: 25514: 25509: 25504: 25499: 25494: 25488: 25486: 25479: 25475:Biogeographic 25471: 25470: 25467: 25466: 25464: 25463: 25457: 25455: 25451: 25450: 25448: 25447: 25442: 25437: 25432: 25427: 25422: 25417: 25412: 25407: 25402: 25397: 25392: 25386: 25384: 25378: 25377: 25374: 25373: 25371: 25370: 25365: 25360: 25355: 25349: 25347: 25343: 25342: 25340: 25339: 25334: 25329: 25323: 25321: 25317: 25316: 25314: 25313: 25308: 25303: 25298: 25293: 25287: 25285: 25279: 25278: 25276: 25275: 25270: 25265: 25260: 25254: 25252: 25248: 25247: 25245: 25244: 25239: 25234: 25229: 25223: 25221: 25214: 25205: 25199: 25198: 25191: 25190: 25183: 25176: 25168: 25159: 25158: 25156: 25155: 25143: 25131: 25124: 25117: 25109: 25097: 25085: 25072: 25069: 25068: 25065: 25064: 25061: 25060: 25058: 25057: 25052: 25047: 25042: 25036: 25034: 25030: 25029: 25027: 25026: 25021: 25016: 25011: 25006: 25001: 24995: 24993: 24990:facilities for 24985: 24984: 24982: 24981: 24976: 24971: 24966: 24961: 24956: 24951: 24946: 24941: 24936: 24931: 24926: 24921: 24916: 24911: 24906: 24901: 24896: 24891: 24886: 24880: 24878: 24870: 24869: 24866: 24865: 24863: 24862: 24857: 24852: 24847: 24841: 24839: 24830: 24829: 24824: 24819: 24813: 24811: 24805: 24804: 24801: 24800: 24798: 24797: 24792: 24790:Type 7103 DSRV 24787: 24782: 24777: 24769: 24768: 24767: 24762: 24749: 24744: 24743: 24742: 24734: 24718: 24713: 24708: 24702: 24700: 24698:rescue vehicle 24689: 24688: 24683: 24678: 24673: 24667: 24665: 24659: 24658: 24656: 24655: 24647: 24639: 24631: 24623: 24615: 24607: 24599: 24592: 24585: 24577: 24570: 24562: 24555: 24548: 24541: 24534: 24533: 24532: 24525: 24517: 24509: 24504: 24499: 24487: 24482: 24474: 24466: 24464: 24453: 24452: 24447: 24442: 24437: 24432: 24431: 24430: 24420: 24414: 24411: 24410: 24400: 24399: 24396: 24395: 24392: 24391: 24388: 24387: 24385: 24384: 24379: 24373: 24371: 24367: 24366: 24364: 24363: 24358: 24353: 24348: 24347: 24346: 24341: 24336: 24335: 24334: 24319: 24318: 24317: 24312: 24302: 24297: 24292: 24290:Inshore diving 24287: 24282: 24277: 24272: 24267: 24262: 24256: 24254: 24253:Classification 24247: 24246: 24245: 24244: 24233: 24231: 24223: 24222: 24219: 24218: 24216: 24215: 24210: 24205: 24200: 24199: 24198: 24193: 24188: 24183: 24178: 24173: 24164: 24162: 24151: 24150: 24145: 24140: 24135: 24130: 24125: 24120: 24115: 24110: 24104: 24102: 24094: 24093: 24091: 24090: 24089: 24088: 24078: 24077: 24076: 24066: 24061: 24055: 24053: 24042: 24041: 24035: 24032: 24031: 24019: 24018: 24015: 24014: 24011: 24010: 24008: 24007: 24001: 23999: 23995: 23994: 23992: 23991: 23986: 23984:Sydney Knowles 23981: 23976: 23970: 23968: 23964: 23963: 23961: 23960: 23958:John Volanthen 23955: 23950: 23948:Richard Harris 23945: 23939: 23937: 23933: 23932: 23930: 23929: 23924: 23919: 23917:Trevor Jackson 23914: 23912:Hillary Hauser 23909: 23904: 23899: 23894: 23892:Philippe Diolé 23889: 23884: 23878: 23876: 23872: 23871: 23869: 23868: 23863: 23858: 23853: 23848: 23843: 23838: 23833: 23828: 23823: 23821:Shannon Walker 23818: 23816:Rex J. Walheim 23813: 23808: 23803: 23798: 23793: 23791:Daniel M. Tani 23788: 23783: 23778: 23776:Hervé Stevenin 23773: 23771:Robert Sténuit 23768: 23763: 23758: 23753: 23748: 23743: 23738: 23733: 23731:Dick Rutkowski 23728: 23723: 23718: 23713: 23711:Thomas Pesquet 23708: 23703: 23698: 23696:Luca Parmitano 23693: 23688: 23686:John D. Olivas 23683: 23678: 23673: 23668: 23663: 23658: 23656:Craig McKinley 23653: 23648: 23643: 23638: 23633: 23628: 23623: 23618: 23613: 23608: 23603: 23598: 23593: 23588: 23583: 23578: 23573: 23568: 23563: 23558: 23553: 23548: 23546:Chris Hadfield 23543: 23538: 23533: 23528: 23523: 23518: 23516:Michael Fincke 23513: 23508: 23503: 23498: 23493: 23488: 23483: 23478: 23473: 23468: 23463: 23458: 23453: 23448: 23446:Steve Chappell 23443: 23438: 23433: 23428: 23423: 23418: 23413: 23408: 23403: 23398: 23393: 23388: 23383: 23378: 23372: 23370: 23364: 23363: 23361: 23360: 23359: 23358: 23353: 23348: 23343: 23338: 23333: 23325: 23324: 23323: 23315: 23314: 23313: 23308: 23303: 23298: 23293: 23288: 23283: 23278: 23273: 23268: 23259: 23257: 23251: 23250: 23248: 23247: 23242: 23237: 23232: 23227: 23222: 23220:Albert Tillman 23217: 23215:Valerie Taylor 23212: 23207: 23202: 23197: 23192: 23187: 23182: 23177: 23172: 23167: 23162: 23157: 23152: 23147: 23142: 23137: 23132: 23127: 23122: 23117: 23112: 23107: 23102: 23097: 23092: 23090:Candice Farmer 23087: 23085:David Doubilet 23082: 23077: 23072: 23067: 23062: 23057: 23052: 23047: 23042: 23037: 23035:Tamara Benitez 23032: 23026: 23024: 23018: 23017: 23015: 23014: 23009: 23004: 22999: 22994: 22989: 22984: 22979: 22974: 22972:Samir Alhafith 22968: 22966: 22965:and presenters 22958: 22957: 22955: 22954: 22949: 22944: 22939: 22934: 22929: 22924: 22922:Pascal Bernabé 22918: 22916: 22910: 22909: 22907: 22906: 22901: 22896: 22894:Robert Sténuit 22891: 22886: 22881: 22876: 22874:Gunter Schöbel 22871: 22866: 22861: 22856: 22851: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22834:Mark M. Newell 22831: 22826: 22821: 22816: 22814:Robert F. Marx 22811: 22806: 22801: 22796: 22791: 22786: 22781: 22779:Anders Franzén 22776: 22771: 22766: 22761: 22756: 22751: 22746: 22741: 22736: 22731: 22726: 22724:Robert Ballard 22721: 22715: 22713: 22703: 22702: 22700: 22699: 22694: 22689: 22687:Dick Rutkowski 22684: 22679: 22677:Trevor Hampton 22674: 22672:Dottie Frazier 22669: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22649: 22644: 22639: 22633: 22631: 22621: 22620: 22608: 22607: 22604: 22603: 22600: 22599: 22597: 22596: 22591: 22586: 22581: 22575: 22573: 22569: 22568: 22566: 22565: 22564: 22563: 22557: 22552: 22547: 22542: 22537: 22532: 22527: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22504: 22503: 22502: 22496: 22490:International 22487: 22485: 22477: 22476: 22474: 22473: 22467: 22465: 22461: 22460: 22458: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22431: 22429: 22425: 22424: 22422: 22421: 22416: 22411: 22405: 22403: 22399: 22398: 22396: 22395: 22390: 22389: 22388: 22383: 22373: 22372: 22371: 22366: 22356: 22351: 22345: 22343: 22339: 22338: 22336: 22335: 22329: 22327: 22319: 22318: 22306: 22305: 22302: 22301: 22298: 22297: 22295: 22294: 22288: 22286: 22283:Military diver 22280: 22279: 22277: 22276: 22271: 22266: 22260: 22258: 22255:Military diver 22252: 22251: 22248: 22247: 22244: 22243: 22241: 22240: 22234: 22228: 22222: 22216: 22210: 22203: 22201: 22192: 22191: 22185: 22179: 22173: 22167: 22161: 22155: 22149: 22143: 22137: 22131: 22125: 22118: 22116: 22108: 22107: 22105: 22104: 22099: 22092: 22090: 22082: 22081: 22079: 22078: 22073: 22067: 22061: 22055: 22049: 22043: 22037: 22031: 22025: 22019: 22013: 22007: 22001: 21995: 21989: 21983: 21977: 21971: 21965: 21959: 21953: 21947: 21941: 21935: 21929: 21923: 21917: 21911: 21904: 21902: 21892: 21891: 21889: 21888: 21882: 21876: 21870: 21863: 21861: 21853: 21852: 21850: 21849: 21844: 21838: 21836: 21830: 21829: 21827: 21826: 21821: 21815: 21810: 21805: 21798: 21796: 21785: 21784: 21778: 21773: 21768: 21762: 21757: 21751: 21745: 21739: 21732: 21730: 21722:Diver training 21718: 21717: 21714: 21713: 21711: 21710: 21705: 21699: 21697: 21693: 21692: 21690: 21689: 21688: 21687: 21677: 21676: 21675: 21664: 21662: 21658: 21657: 21655: 21654: 21649: 21644: 21639: 21634: 21629: 21624: 21619: 21614: 21608: 21606: 21599: 21587: 21586: 21583: 21582: 21580: 21579: 21574: 21569: 21568: 21567: 21566: 21565: 21555: 21545: 21540: 21539: 21538: 21533: 21523: 21518: 21513: 21507: 21505: 21498: 21497: 21496: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21475: 21474: 21473: 21468: 21458: 21457: 21456: 21451: 21446: 21441: 21433: 21428: 21423: 21418: 21417: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21397: 21395: 21383: 21382: 21372: 21371: 21368: 21367: 21364: 21363: 21361: 21360: 21357: 21355: 21349: 21348: 21346: 21345: 21339: 21337: 21333: 21332: 21330: 21329: 21322: 21315: 21308: 21301: 21293: 21291: 21287: 21286: 21284: 21283: 21278: 21273: 21268: 21262: 21260: 21254: 21253: 21251: 21250: 21243: 21236: 21229: 21222: 21215: 21208: 21201: 21194: 21186: 21184: 21176: 21175: 21165: 21164: 21161: 21160: 21157: 21156: 21153: 21152: 21150: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21102:Kirsty MacColl 21099: 21094: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21078: 21077: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21035:E. Yale Dawson 21032: 21027: 21025:Cotton Coulson 21022: 21017: 21012: 21007: 21002: 20996: 20994: 20986: 20985: 20983: 20982: 20977: 20972: 20967: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20937: 20936: 20935: 20925: 20920: 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20894: 20892: 20883: 20882: 20880: 20879: 20871: 20867:Waage Drill II 20863: 20855: 20847: 20839: 20831: 20827:Byford Dolphin 20822: 20820: 20811: 20810: 20808: 20807: 20802: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20785:Stephen Keenan 20781: 20779: 20772: 20771: 20769: 20768: 20763: 20758: 20752: 20750: 20746: 20745: 20743: 20742: 20737: 20731: 20729: 20725: 20724: 20722: 20721: 20716:Sinking of MV 20712: 20710: 20700: 20696: 20695: 20693: 20692: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20666: 20664: 20660: 20659: 20657: 20656: 20651: 20645: 20643: 20639: 20638: 20636: 20635: 20627: 20621: 20619: 20613: 20612: 20609: 20608: 20606: 20605: 20600: 20595: 20590: 20585: 20580: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20555: 20550: 20544: 20542: 20529: 20528: 20523: 20518: 20513: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20490: 20482: 20476: 20474: 20468: 20467: 20465: 20464: 20462:Jacques Triger 20459: 20454: 20452:Augustus Siebe 20449: 20444: 20439: 20434: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20414: 20412:Yves Le Prieur 20409: 20404: 20399: 20394: 20389: 20384: 20379: 20374: 20369: 20364: 20359: 20354: 20352:John R. Clarke 20349: 20344: 20339: 20334: 20329: 20323: 20321: 20315: 20314: 20312: 20311: 20306: 20300: 20298: 20295:Underwater art 20292: 20291: 20289: 20288: 20281: 20274: 20266: 20257: 20255: 20246: 20245: 20240: 20235: 20230: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20205: 20199: 20196: 20195: 20183: 20182: 20179: 20178: 20176: 20175: 20170: 20165: 20160: 20155: 20150: 20144: 20141: 20140: 20130: 20129: 20126: 20125: 20122: 20121: 20118: 20117: 20115: 20114: 20108: 20102: 20096: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20075: 20070: 20064: 20058: 20052: 20046: 20040: 20034: 20032: 20027:Diving medical 20024: 20023: 20021: 20020: 20018:Jacques Triger 20015: 20010: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19993:Charles Momsen 19990: 19988:Simon Mitchell 19985: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19933:John R. Clarke 19930: 19925: 19923:Alf O. Brubakk 19920: 19915: 19913:George F. Bond 19910: 19905: 19900: 19895: 19889: 19887: 19881:Researchers in 19874: 19870: 19869: 19867: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19845: 19843: 19839: 19838: 19836: 19835: 19830: 19825: 19820: 19814: 19812: 19808: 19807: 19805: 19804: 19799: 19797:Oxygen therapy 19794: 19789: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19768: 19766: 19762: 19761: 19758: 19757: 19755: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19713: 19711: 19705: 19704: 19701: 19700: 19698: 19697: 19691: 19689: 19683: 19682: 19680: 19679: 19674: 19668: 19666: 19665:Carbon dioxide 19662: 19661: 19659: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19642: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19626: 19616: 19610: 19608: 19604: 19603: 19601: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19579: 19577: 19570: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19553: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19517: 19512: 19506: 19504: 19495: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19473: 19471: 19459: 19458: 19446: 19445: 19442: 19441: 19438: 19437: 19434: 19433: 19431: 19430: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19380: 19374: 19372: 19362: 19361: 19359: 19358: 19357: 19356: 19346: 19345: 19344: 19339: 19329: 19323: 19321: 19315: 19314: 19312: 19311: 19309:Stand-by diver 19306: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19265: 19263: 19254: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19236:Permit To Work 19233: 19231:Lockout–tagout 19228: 19223: 19222: 19221: 19211: 19206: 19205: 19204: 19199: 19194: 19186: 19180: 19178: 19170: 19169: 19167: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19129:Doing It Right 19126: 19124:Diver training 19121: 19116: 19111: 19110: 19109: 19104: 19102:Rule of thirds 19094: 19089: 19084: 19083: 19082: 19077: 19072: 19062: 19061: 19060: 19050: 19049: 19048: 19038: 19037: 19036: 19025: 19023: 19015: 19014: 19011: 19010: 19008: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18966: 18964: 18957: 18956: 18955: 18954: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18918: 18917: 18916: 18911: 18906: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18885:Physiological 18883: 18882: 18881: 18876: 18871: 18866: 18858: 18857: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18821: 18815: 18813: 18802: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18760: 18757: 18756: 18744: 18743: 18740: 18739: 18736: 18735: 18733: 18732: 18727: 18721: 18719: 18713: 18712: 18710: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18663: 18661: 18658:Diving tourism 18655: 18654: 18652: 18651: 18645: 18639: 18633: 18627: 18621: 18615: 18609: 18603: 18597: 18590: 18588: 18580: 18579: 18577: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18515: 18513: 18506: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18484: 18481: 18480: 18468: 18467: 18464: 18463: 18460: 18459: 18456: 18455: 18453: 18452: 18451: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18427: 18426: 18425: 18417: 18416: 18415: 18410: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18386: 18384: 18373: 18372: 18371: 18370: 18365: 18363:Hawaiian sling 18355: 18349: 18347: 18341: 18340: 18338: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18317: 18312: 18311: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18271: 18269: 18263: 18262: 18260: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18243: 18241: 18233: 18232: 18229: 18228: 18226: 18225: 18218: 18210: 18202: 18195: 18188: 18180: 18172: 18165: 18158: 18149: 18147: 18145:Salvage diving 18138: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18126: 18125: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18104: 18103: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18082: 18081: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18025: 18024: 18019: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17998: 17997: 17990:Diver training 17987: 17982: 17976: 17974: 17966: 17965: 17962: 17961: 17958: 17957: 17955: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17754: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17708: 17706: 17693: 17692: 17691: 17690: 17685: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17644: 17642: 17631: 17630: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17574: 17573: 17568: 17558: 17552: 17550: 17542: 17541: 17529: 17528: 17525: 17524: 17521: 17520: 17518: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17481: 17479: 17475: 17474: 17472: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17455: 17453: 17449: 17448: 17446: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17434: 17433: 17428: 17418: 17413: 17407: 17405: 17401: 17400: 17398: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17365:Tanya Streeter 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17320:Herbert Nitsch 17317: 17315:Guillaume Néry 17312: 17310:Patrick Musimu 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17285:Kate Middleton 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17220:Şahika Ercümen 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17151: 17149: 17145: 17144: 17142: 17141: 17139:Water polo cap 17136: 17135: 17134: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17107:Hawaiian sling 17104: 17099: 17093: 17091: 17087: 17086: 17084: 17083: 17082: 17081: 17076: 17070: 17065: 17059: 17053: 17050:Free immersion 17047: 17041: 17035: 17029: 17023: 17014: 17009: 17003: 17001: 16997: 16996: 16994: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16962: 16961: 16951: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16930: 16928: 16920: 16919: 16907: 16906: 16903: 16902: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16895: 16894: 16893: 16888: 16878: 16873: 16872: 16871: 16866: 16855: 16853: 16849: 16848: 16846: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16804: 16802: 16798: 16797: 16795: 16794: 16792:VideoRay UROVs 16789: 16784: 16782:SJT-class ROUV 16779: 16774: 16769: 16767:Seabed tractor 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16737:Mini Rover ROV 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16682:8A4-class ROUV 16678: 16676: 16668: 16667: 16664: 16663: 16661: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16629: 16627: 16616: 16615: 16614: 16613: 16603: 16602: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16575: 16573: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16548:Diving chamber 16545: 16544: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16497: 16495: 16487: 16486: 16484: 16483: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16466: 16465: 16464: 16459: 16449: 16444: 16443: 16442: 16437: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16416: 16415: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16357: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16334:Air filtration 16330: 16328: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16318: 16313: 16311:Messenger line 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16262: 16260: 16252: 16251: 16239: 16238: 16235: 16234: 16231: 16230: 16228: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16155:Maurice Fernez 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16076: 16074: 16066: 16065: 16062: 16061: 16059: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16017: 16015: 16007: 16006: 16004: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15897: 15895: 15889: 15888: 15886: 15885: 15884: 15883: 15881:Sling cylinder 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15862: 15861: 15859:Scuba manifold 15851: 15846: 15841: 15839:Bailout bottle 15830: 15828: 15817: 15816: 15811: 15810: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15798: 15797: 15787: 15777: 15776: 15775: 15773:Reclaim helmet 15765: 15764: 15763: 15758: 15748: 15742: 15740: 15730: 15729: 15727: 15726: 15725: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15702:Diving compass 15699: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15665: 15664: 15654: 15653: 15652: 15650:Bailout bottle 15647: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15626: 15625: 15615: 15610: 15609: 15608: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15582: 15581: 15576: 15565: 15563: 15557: 15556: 15554: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15542: 15541: 15536: 15526: 15521: 15520: 15519: 15514: 15504: 15498: 15496: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15470: 15469: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15438: 15436: 15432: 15431: 15429: 15428: 15427: 15426: 15421: 15419:Full-face mask 15416: 15406: 15405: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15392:Reclaim helmet 15389: 15384: 15379: 15369: 15363: 15361: 15355: 15354: 15352: 15351: 15350: 15349: 15347:Hot-water suit 15344: 15334: 15329: 15328: 15327: 15322: 15312: 15311: 15310: 15305: 15294: 15292: 15286: 15285: 15283: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15231: 15229: 15221: 15220: 15218: 15217: 15216: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15190: 15189: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15176:Power inflator 15167: 15165: 15164:trim equipment 15159: 15158: 15156: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15094: 15092: 15086: 15085: 15083: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15066: 15064: 15057: 15056: 15051: 15045: 15042: 15041: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15025: 15024: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14978: 14972: 14969: 14968: 14961: 14960: 14953: 14946: 14938: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14925: 14914: 14911: 14910: 14908: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14881: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14830: 14825: 14819: 14817: 14813: 14812: 14810: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14788: 14786: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14715: 14714: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14593: 14591: 14585: 14584: 14582: 14581: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14564: 14559: 14553: 14551: 14545: 14544: 14542: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14470: 14468: 14462: 14461: 14447: 14445: 14443: 14442: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14239: 14238: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14176:Brackish marsh 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14156:Barrier island 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14127: 14125: 14119: 14118: 14111: 14110: 14103: 14096: 14088: 14079: 14078: 14076: 14075: 14065: 14051: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13980: 13978: 13972: 13971: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13852: 13850: 13844: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13836: 13831: 13830: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13802:Saltwater fish 13799: 13797:Marine reptile 13794: 13788: 13786: 13780: 13779: 13777: 13776: 13771: 13769:Marine viruses 13766: 13761: 13756: 13750: 13748: 13746:Microorganisms 13742: 13741: 13739: 13738: 13736:Wild fisheries 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13679: 13672: 13670: 13668: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13650:Thorson's rule 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13605:Marine biology 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13576: 13574: 13566: 13565: 13553: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13516: 13511: 13510: 13509: 13504: 13493: 13491: 13487: 13486: 13484: 13483: 13482: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13464:Brackish marsh 13461: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13415: 13414: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13392:Lake ecosystem 13389: 13384: 13382:Hyporheic zone 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13351: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13232:Microbial loop 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13177:Eutrophication 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13157:Cascade effect 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13103: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13085:Aquatic animal 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13061: 13059: 13051: 13050: 13037: 13036: 13029: 13028: 13021: 13014: 13006: 12997: 12996: 12994: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12966:Precious coral 12963: 12958: 12953: 12947: 12945: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12937: 12936: 12935: 12928: 12915: 12913: 12909: 12908: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12870: 12868: 12859: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12837: 12835: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12796: 12794: 12793:Coral diseases 12790: 12789: 12787: 12786: 12781: 12779:Virgin Islands 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12679:Coral Triangle 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12635: 12633: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12585: 12584: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12558: 12556: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12520: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12499: 12493: 12487: 12486: 12485: 12480: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12439: 12437: 12431: 12430: 12419: 12418: 12411: 12404: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12369: 12363: 12356:Nancy Knowlton 12349: 12342:Nancy Knowlton 12340:" (archived). 12334: 12328: 12322: 12313:Reef structure 12288: 12283: 12277: 12265: 12252: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12194: 12188: 12178:on 9 June 2015 12165: 12164: 12152: 12151: 12150:External image 12144: 12143:External links 12141: 12140: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12116: 12113: 12110: 12109: 12053: 12026:(2): 245–272. 12010: 11967: 11903: 11829: 11818:(3): 129–140. 11798: 11722: 11704: 11644: 11618: 11591:(4): 241–251. 11575: 11511: 11484:(4): 399–407. 11468: 11411: 11392:(2): 111–130. 11376: 11357:(2): 162–166. 11341: 11315: 11289: 11216: 11182: 11139: 11107: 11081: 11056: 11030: 11002: 10980: 10961: 10914: 10887: 10830: 10771: 10719: 10684:(2): 173–182. 10678:Marine Biology 10668: 10649: 10634: 10574: 10504: 10447: 10443:New York Times 10432: 10397: 10362: 10335:(5): 362–366. 10318: 10301: 10236: 10225: 10199: 10142: 10116: 10105:on 29 May 2020 10090: 10065: 10040: 9997: 9962:Marine Ecology 9948: 9917: 9874: 9831: 9824: 9798: 9792:Guardian.co.uk 9778: 9721: 9664: 9631: 9598: 9580: 9547: 9514: 9463: 9457:978-0849384226 9456: 9436: 9425:(6): 290–296. 9409: 9382:(1): 152–154. 9366: 9315: 9308: 9288: 9277:on 22 May 2013 9262: 9243: 9191: 9129: 9122: 9102: 9079: 9056: 9045:(5): 430–437. 9029: 8997: 8938: 8931: 8913: 8883: 8807: 8740: 8713:(3): 650–667. 8697: 8679: 8672: 8650: 8627: 8620: 8600: 8569: 8558:(3): 427–458. 8537: 8496: 8439: 8391: 8372:(7): 911–928. 8356: 8321: 8278: 8243: 8194: 8140: 8105: 8064: 8021: 7986: 7940: 7934:978-0750645522 7933: 7913: 7865: 7806: 7779:(5): 581–598. 7773:Ocean Dynamics 7763: 7752:(4): 563–588. 7736: 7709: 7663: 7642: 7611: 7593: 7544: 7517:(5): 106–111. 7501: 7494: 7474: 7461: 7411: 7367: 7350: 7343: 7321: 7310: 7288: 7249: 7220: 7212:overharvesting 7203: 7176:(1): 159–168. 7160: 7153: 7133: 7115: 7088:(2): 549–554. 7072: 7013: 6946: 6901:(1): 509–538. 6878: 6842: 6827: 6808:(7): 475–482. 6792: 6749: 6725: 6680: 6647: 6585: 6578: 6555: 6536: 6510: 6475: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6391: 6379: 6363: 6337: 6319: 6300:(1): 101–143. 6284: 6277: 6254: 6241: 6229: 6220: 6197: 6152: 6145: 6110: 6099:. 17 June 2018 6084: 6065:(1–4): 61–78. 6059:Marine Geology 6049: 6030:(4): 281–312. 6010: 5952: 5938: 5925: 5894: 5867: 5846: 5823: 5789: 5776: 5763: 5750: 5737: 5712: 5698: 5680: 5673: 5655: 5636:(4): 433–498. 5620: 5613: 5590: 5569: 5554: 5541: 5476: 5430: 5410: 5384: 5377: 5354: 5325: 5306: 5279: 5249: 5217: 5181: 5145: 5123: 5097: 5070: 5047: 5016: 4989:(1): 152–158. 4969: 4944: 4893: 4860: 4842: 4817: 4795: 4766:(4): 441–447. 4743: 4717: 4710: 4690: 4656: 4629: 4599: 4572:(4): 225–230. 4556: 4534: 4491: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4401: 4400: 4386: 4383:Ecology portal 4370: 4367: 4335: 4332: 4310: 4307: 4301: 4300:Invasive algae 4298: 4285: 4282: 4262:Coconut Island 4233: 4230: 4161: 4158: 4101: 4098: 4078: 4075: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4031:Manus Province 3989:world heritage 3891: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3732: 3719: 3718: 3709: 3697: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3546: 3545: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3519: 3509:Main article: 3506: 3503: 3465:zooxanthellate 3435:Climate change 3427:Greenhouse gas 3374: 3373: 3361: 3360: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3269: 3266: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3209: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3089: 3037: 3034: 3005: 3002: 2992:mollusks, and 2946: 2943: 2934:Main article: 2931: 2928: 2904: 2901: 2877: 2874: 2765:spiny lobsters 2761:cleaner shrimp 2702:Fringing reefs 2688: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2649: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2576: 2555:filter feeders 2520: 2517: 2505:photosynthesis 2405: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2389: 2386: 2361:Chesapeake Bay 2321: 2318: 2251:Main article: 2248: 2245: 2219:Coralline rock 2211:Main article: 2208: 2205: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2077:Staghorn coral 2075: 2068: 2066: 2063:Mushroom coral 2061: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2030: 2022: 2019: 1977: 1976: 1964: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1935: 1932: 1873: 1870: 1812:carbon dioxide 1762: 1759: 1728:Main article: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1650: 1635: 1628: 1622: 1613: 1603: 1584: 1577: 1563: 1556: 1538: 1409:Southeast Asia 1352: 1349: 1285:photosynthesis 1246:off-reef floor 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1169: 1145: 1127: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1075: 1069: 1031: 1028: 1016:Chagos Islands 972:Charles Darwin 960:Main article: 957: 954: 916: 913: 853: 850: 820:Main article: 802: 799: 788: 785: 744:Early Cambrian 689: 686: 682:Eniwetok Atoll 660: 657: 619:to adequately 609:coral drowning 605:sea level rise 573: 572: 565: 558: 556: 549: 542: 540: 533: 526: 524: 517: 510: 481:voyage of the 477:Charles Darwin 462:origins where 409: 406: 273:in the animal 228: 227: 225: 224: 217: 210: 202: 199: 198: 197: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 163: 162: 156: 155: 154: 153: 148: 140: 139: 135: 134: 133: 132: 127: 119: 118: 112: 111: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 61: 60: 54: 53: 47: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 25744: 25733: 25730: 25728: 25725: 25723: 25720: 25718: 25715: 25713: 25710: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25700: 25699: 25697: 25682: 25679: 25677: 25674: 25672: 25669: 25667: 25664: 25662: 25659: 25658: 25656: 25652: 25640: 25637: 25635: 25632: 25631: 25630: 25627: 25625: 25622: 25620: 25617: 25616: 25614: 25610: 25604: 25601: 25599: 25596: 25594: 25591: 25589: 25586: 25584: 25581: 25579: 25576: 25574: 25571: 25569: 25566: 25564: 25561: 25559: 25556: 25554: 25551: 25549: 25546: 25545: 25543: 25539: 25533: 25530: 25528: 25525: 25523: 25520: 25518: 25515: 25513: 25510: 25508: 25505: 25503: 25500: 25498: 25495: 25493: 25490: 25489: 25487: 25483: 25480: 25478: 25472: 25462: 25459: 25458: 25456: 25452: 25446: 25445:Demersal zone 25443: 25441: 25438: 25436: 25433: 25431: 25428: 25426: 25423: 25421: 25418: 25416: 25413: 25411: 25408: 25406: 25403: 25401: 25398: 25396: 25393: 25391: 25388: 25387: 25385: 25379: 25369: 25366: 25364: 25361: 25359: 25356: 25354: 25351: 25350: 25348: 25344: 25338: 25335: 25333: 25330: 25328: 25325: 25324: 25322: 25318: 25312: 25309: 25307: 25304: 25302: 25299: 25297: 25294: 25292: 25289: 25288: 25286: 25280: 25274: 25271: 25269: 25266: 25264: 25261: 25259: 25256: 25255: 25253: 25249: 25243: 25242:Alpine tundra 25240: 25238: 25235: 25233: 25230: 25228: 25225: 25224: 25222: 25220:Polar/montane 25218: 25215: 25209: 25206: 25204: 25200: 25196: 25189: 25184: 25182: 25177: 25175: 25170: 25169: 25166: 25154: 25153: 25148: 25144: 25142: 25141: 25132: 25130: 25129: 25125: 25123: 25122: 25118: 25116: 25115: 25110: 25108: 25107: 25098: 25096: 25095: 25086: 25084: 25083: 25074: 25073: 25070: 25056: 25055:Seabed mining 25053: 25051: 25048: 25046: 25043: 25041: 25038: 25037: 25035: 25031: 25025: 25022: 25020: 25017: 25015: 25012: 25010: 25007: 25005: 25002: 25000: 24997: 24996: 24994: 24986: 24980: 24977: 24975: 24972: 24970: 24967: 24965: 24962: 24960: 24957: 24955: 24952: 24950: 24947: 24945: 24942: 24940: 24937: 24935: 24932: 24930: 24927: 24925: 24922: 24920: 24917: 24915: 24912: 24910: 24907: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24895: 24892: 24890: 24887: 24885: 24882: 24881: 24879: 24871: 24861: 24858: 24856: 24853: 24851: 24848: 24846: 24843: 24842: 24840: 24838: 24834: 24828: 24825: 24823: 24820: 24818: 24815: 24814: 24812: 24810: 24806: 24796: 24793: 24791: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24781: 24778: 24776: 24775: 24770: 24766: 24763: 24761: 24758: 24757: 24756: 24754: 24750: 24748: 24745: 24741: 24740: 24735: 24733: 24732: 24727: 24726: 24725: 24723: 24719: 24717: 24714: 24712: 24709: 24707: 24704: 24703: 24701: 24699: 24693: 24687: 24684: 24682: 24679: 24677: 24674: 24672: 24669: 24668: 24666: 24664: 24660: 24654: 24653: 24648: 24646: 24645: 24640: 24638: 24637: 24632: 24630: 24629: 24624: 24622: 24621: 24616: 24614: 24613: 24608: 24606: 24604: 24600: 24598: 24597: 24593: 24591: 24590: 24586: 24584: 24583: 24578: 24576: 24575: 24571: 24569: 24567: 24563: 24561: 24560: 24556: 24554: 24553: 24549: 24547: 24546: 24542: 24540: 24539: 24535: 24531: 24530: 24526: 24524: 24522: 24518: 24516: 24514: 24510: 24508: 24505: 24503: 24500: 24498: 24497: 24493: 24492: 24491: 24488: 24486: 24483: 24481: 24480: 24475: 24473: 24472: 24468: 24467: 24465: 24463: 24457: 24451: 24448: 24446: 24443: 24441: 24438: 24436: 24433: 24429: 24426: 24425: 24424: 24421: 24419: 24416: 24415: 24412: 24405: 24401: 24383: 24380: 24378: 24375: 24374: 24372: 24368: 24362: 24359: 24357: 24354: 24352: 24349: 24345: 24342: 24340: 24337: 24333: 24330: 24329: 24328: 24325: 24324: 24323: 24320: 24316: 24313: 24311: 24308: 24307: 24306: 24303: 24301: 24298: 24296: 24293: 24291: 24288: 24286: 24285:Inland diving 24283: 24281: 24278: 24276: 24273: 24271: 24268: 24266: 24263: 24261: 24258: 24257: 24255: 24251: 24243: 24240: 24239: 24238: 24235: 24234: 24232: 24230: 24224: 24214: 24211: 24209: 24208:Oxygen window 24206: 24204: 24201: 24197: 24194: 24192: 24189: 24187: 24184: 24182: 24179: 24177: 24174: 24172: 24169: 24168: 24166: 24165: 24163: 24161: 24158:Decompression 24155: 24149: 24146: 24144: 24141: 24139: 24136: 24134: 24131: 24129: 24126: 24124: 24121: 24119: 24118:Diving reflex 24116: 24114: 24111: 24109: 24106: 24105: 24103: 24101: 24095: 24087: 24084: 24083: 24082: 24079: 24075: 24072: 24071: 24070: 24067: 24065: 24062: 24060: 24057: 24056: 24054: 24052: 24046: 24040: 24037: 24036: 24033: 24029: 24024: 24020: 24006: 24003: 24002: 24000: 23996: 23990: 23987: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23971: 23969: 23965: 23959: 23956: 23954: 23951: 23949: 23946: 23944: 23943:Craig Challen 23941: 23940: 23938: 23934: 23928: 23925: 23923: 23920: 23918: 23915: 23913: 23910: 23908: 23905: 23903: 23900: 23898: 23895: 23893: 23890: 23888: 23885: 23883: 23880: 23879: 23877: 23873: 23867: 23864: 23862: 23859: 23857: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23841:Peggy Whitson 23839: 23837: 23834: 23832: 23829: 23827: 23824: 23822: 23819: 23817: 23814: 23812: 23811:Koichi Wakata 23809: 23807: 23804: 23802: 23799: 23797: 23796:Robert Thirsk 23794: 23792: 23789: 23787: 23786:James Talacek 23784: 23782: 23779: 23777: 23774: 23772: 23769: 23767: 23764: 23762: 23761:Steve Squyres 23759: 23757: 23754: 23752: 23751:Robert Sheats 23749: 23747: 23744: 23742: 23739: 23737: 23734: 23732: 23729: 23727: 23724: 23722: 23719: 23717: 23714: 23712: 23709: 23707: 23704: 23702: 23699: 23697: 23694: 23692: 23691:Takuya Onishi 23689: 23687: 23684: 23682: 23679: 23677: 23674: 23672: 23669: 23667: 23664: 23662: 23659: 23657: 23654: 23652: 23649: 23647: 23644: 23642: 23639: 23637: 23636:Sandra Magnus 23634: 23632: 23629: 23627: 23624: 23622: 23619: 23617: 23616:Jon Lindbergh 23614: 23612: 23609: 23607: 23606:Timothy Kopra 23604: 23602: 23599: 23597: 23594: 23592: 23589: 23587: 23584: 23582: 23579: 23577: 23576:Mark Hulsbeck 23574: 23572: 23569: 23567: 23564: 23562: 23559: 23557: 23554: 23552: 23551:Jeremy Hansen 23549: 23547: 23544: 23542: 23539: 23537: 23534: 23532: 23529: 23527: 23524: 23522: 23519: 23517: 23514: 23512: 23509: 23507: 23504: 23502: 23499: 23497: 23496:Jeanette Epps 23494: 23492: 23489: 23487: 23484: 23482: 23481:Jonathan Dory 23479: 23477: 23474: 23472: 23469: 23467: 23464: 23462: 23459: 23457: 23454: 23452: 23449: 23447: 23444: 23442: 23439: 23437: 23434: 23432: 23429: 23427: 23424: 23422: 23419: 23417: 23414: 23412: 23409: 23407: 23404: 23402: 23399: 23397: 23394: 23392: 23389: 23387: 23384: 23382: 23379: 23377: 23374: 23373: 23371: 23369: 23365: 23357: 23354: 23352: 23349: 23347: 23344: 23342: 23341:Clive Cussler 23339: 23337: 23334: 23332: 23329: 23328: 23326: 23322: 23319: 23318: 23316: 23312: 23309: 23307: 23306:Jack Sheppard 23304: 23302: 23299: 23297: 23294: 23292: 23289: 23287: 23286:Jill Heinerth 23284: 23282: 23279: 23277: 23274: 23272: 23269: 23267: 23264: 23263: 23261: 23260: 23258: 23252: 23246: 23243: 23241: 23238: 23236: 23233: 23231: 23230:Stan Waterman 23228: 23226: 23223: 23221: 23218: 23216: 23213: 23211: 23208: 23206: 23203: 23201: 23200:E. Lee Spence 23198: 23196: 23193: 23191: 23188: 23186: 23185:Peter Scoones 23183: 23181: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23153: 23151: 23150:Agnes Milowka 23148: 23146: 23143: 23141: 23138: 23136: 23133: 23131: 23128: 23126: 23123: 23121: 23118: 23116: 23113: 23111: 23110:Stephen Frink 23108: 23106: 23103: 23101: 23098: 23096: 23093: 23091: 23088: 23086: 23083: 23081: 23078: 23076: 23073: 23071: 23070:John D. Craig 23068: 23066: 23063: 23061: 23058: 23056: 23053: 23051: 23050:Jonathan Bird 23048: 23046: 23045:Adrian Biddle 23043: 23041: 23038: 23036: 23033: 23031: 23028: 23027: 23025: 23023:photographers 23019: 23013: 23010: 23008: 23005: 23003: 23000: 22998: 22995: 22993: 22992:Richie Kohler 22990: 22988: 22985: 22983: 22980: 22978: 22975: 22973: 22970: 22969: 22967: 22959: 22953: 22950: 22948: 22945: 22943: 22940: 22938: 22935: 22933: 22930: 22928: 22925: 22923: 22920: 22919: 22917: 22911: 22905: 22902: 22900: 22897: 22895: 22892: 22890: 22889:E. Lee Spence 22887: 22885: 22882: 22880: 22877: 22875: 22872: 22870: 22869:Margaret Rule 22867: 22865: 22862: 22860: 22857: 22855: 22852: 22850: 22847: 22845: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22835: 22832: 22830: 22827: 22825: 22822: 22820: 22817: 22815: 22812: 22810: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22800: 22799:Graham Jessop 22797: 22795: 22794:David Gibbins 22792: 22790: 22787: 22785: 22782: 22780: 22777: 22775: 22772: 22770: 22767: 22765: 22762: 22760: 22757: 22755: 22754:Eugenie Clark 22752: 22750: 22747: 22745: 22742: 22740: 22737: 22735: 22732: 22730: 22727: 22725: 22722: 22720: 22717: 22716: 22714: 22704: 22698: 22695: 22693: 22690: 22688: 22685: 22683: 22680: 22678: 22675: 22673: 22670: 22668: 22665: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22655: 22653: 22650: 22648: 22645: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22634: 22632: 22626: 22622: 22618: 22613: 22609: 22595: 22592: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22580: 22577: 22576: 22574: 22570: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22551: 22548: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22538: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22507: 22505: 22500: 22497: 22495: 22492: 22491: 22489: 22488: 22486: 22482:organisations 22478: 22472: 22469: 22468: 22466: 22462: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22432: 22430: 22426: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22406: 22404: 22400: 22394: 22391: 22387: 22386:United States 22384: 22382: 22379: 22378: 22377: 22374: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22361: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22347: 22346: 22344: 22340: 22334: 22331: 22330: 22328: 22324: 22320: 22316: 22311: 22307: 22293: 22290: 22289: 22287: 22281: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22262: 22261: 22259: 22253: 22238: 22235: 22232: 22229: 22226: 22223: 22220: 22217: 22214: 22211: 22208: 22205: 22204: 22202: 22196: 22189: 22186: 22183: 22180: 22177: 22174: 22171: 22168: 22165: 22162: 22159: 22156: 22153: 22150: 22147: 22144: 22141: 22138: 22135: 22132: 22129: 22126: 22123: 22120: 22119: 22117: 22113:certification 22109: 22103: 22100: 22097: 22094: 22093: 22091: 22087:certification 22083: 22077: 22074: 22071: 22068: 22065: 22062: 22059: 22056: 22053: 22050: 22047: 22044: 22041: 22038: 22035: 22032: 22029: 22026: 22023: 22020: 22017: 22014: 22011: 22008: 22005: 22002: 21999: 21996: 21993: 21990: 21987: 21984: 21981: 21978: 21975: 21972: 21969: 21966: 21963: 21960: 21957: 21954: 21951: 21948: 21945: 21942: 21939: 21936: 21933: 21930: 21927: 21924: 21921: 21918: 21915: 21912: 21909: 21906: 21905: 21903: 21899:certification 21893: 21886: 21883: 21880: 21877: 21874: 21871: 21868: 21865: 21864: 21862: 21858:certification 21854: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21839: 21837: 21831: 21825: 21822: 21819: 21816: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21806: 21803: 21800: 21799: 21797: 21793:certification 21789: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21772: 21769: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21755: 21752: 21749: 21746: 21743: 21740: 21737: 21734: 21733: 21731: 21729: 21728:organisations 21724:certification 21719: 21709: 21706: 21704: 21701: 21700: 21698: 21694: 21686: 21683: 21682: 21681: 21678: 21674: 21671: 21670: 21669: 21666: 21665: 21663: 21659: 21653: 21650: 21648: 21645: 21643: 21640: 21638: 21635: 21633: 21630: 21628: 21625: 21623: 21620: 21618: 21615: 21613: 21610: 21609: 21607: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595:certification 21588: 21578: 21575: 21573: 21570: 21564: 21561: 21560: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21550: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21537: 21534: 21532: 21529: 21528: 21527: 21524: 21522: 21519: 21517: 21514: 21512: 21509: 21508: 21506: 21502: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21483:Muscle memory 21481: 21480: 21479: 21476: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21463: 21462: 21459: 21455: 21452: 21450: 21447: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21436: 21434: 21432: 21431:Diving school 21429: 21427: 21424: 21422: 21419: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21401: 21399: 21398: 21396: 21394: 21388: 21384: 21377: 21373: 21359: 21358: 21356: 21354: 21350: 21344: 21341: 21340: 21338: 21334: 21328: 21327: 21323: 21321: 21320: 21319:Shadow Divers 21316: 21314: 21313: 21312:The Last Dive 21309: 21307: 21306: 21302: 21300: 21299: 21295: 21294: 21292: 21288: 21282: 21279: 21277: 21274: 21272: 21269: 21267: 21264: 21263: 21261: 21257:Standards and 21255: 21249: 21248: 21244: 21242: 21241: 21237: 21235: 21234: 21230: 21228: 21227: 21223: 21221: 21220: 21216: 21214: 21213: 21209: 21207: 21206: 21202: 21200: 21199: 21195: 21193: 21192: 21188: 21187: 21185: 21181: 21177: 21170: 21166: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21107:Agnes Milowka 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21076: 21073: 21072: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20997: 20995: 20993: 20987: 20981: 20978: 20976: 20973: 20971: 20968: 20966: 20963: 20961: 20958: 20956: 20953: 20951: 20948: 20946: 20943: 20941: 20938: 20934: 20931: 20930: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20898:Roger Baldwin 20896: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20884: 20878: 20876: 20872: 20870: 20868: 20864: 20862: 20860: 20856: 20854: 20852: 20848: 20846: 20844: 20840: 20838: 20836: 20832: 20830: 20828: 20824: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20812: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20796: 20795:Audrey Mestre 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20773: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20753: 20751: 20747: 20741: 20738: 20736: 20733: 20732: 20730: 20728:Diver rescues 20726: 20720: 20719: 20714: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20704: 20701: 20697: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20667: 20665: 20661: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20646: 20644: 20640: 20634: 20633: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20622: 20620: 20614: 20604: 20601: 20599: 20596: 20594: 20591: 20589: 20586: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20563:Human torpedo 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20545: 20543: 20541: 20533: 20527: 20526:Vintage scuba 20524: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20514: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20496: 20491: 20489: 20488: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20477: 20475: 20469: 20463: 20460: 20458: 20455: 20453: 20450: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20390: 20388: 20385: 20383: 20380: 20378: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20335: 20333: 20332:William Beebe 20330: 20328: 20325: 20324: 20322: 20320:and inventors 20316: 20310: 20307: 20305: 20302: 20301: 20299: 20293: 20287: 20286: 20282: 20280: 20279: 20275: 20273: 20272: 20267: 20265: 20264: 20259: 20258: 20256: 20252:Archeological 20250: 20244: 20241: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20200: 20197: 20193: 20188: 20184: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20166: 20164: 20161: 20159: 20156: 20154: 20151: 20149: 20146: 20145: 20142: 20135: 20131: 20112: 20109: 20106: 20103: 20100: 20097: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20074: 20071: 20068: 20065: 20062: 20059: 20056: 20053: 20050: 20047: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20035: 20033: 20031:organisations 20025: 20019: 20016: 20014: 20011: 20009: 20006: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19906: 19904: 19901: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19890: 19888: 19886: 19878: 19875: 19871: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19846: 19844: 19840: 19834: 19831: 19829: 19826: 19824: 19821: 19819: 19816: 19815: 19813: 19809: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19769: 19767: 19763: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19714: 19712: 19706: 19696: 19693: 19692: 19690: 19686:Breathing gas 19684: 19678: 19675: 19673: 19670: 19669: 19667: 19663: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19625: 19622: 19621: 19620: 19617: 19615: 19612: 19611: 19609: 19605: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19580: 19578: 19574: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19535:Barodontalgia 19533: 19531: 19530:Aerosinusitis 19528: 19526: 19523: 19522: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19515:Barostriction 19513: 19511: 19508: 19507: 19505: 19499: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19474: 19472: 19470: 19464: 19460: 19456: 19451: 19447: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19375: 19373: 19371: 19363: 19355: 19352: 19351: 19350: 19347: 19343: 19340: 19338: 19335: 19334: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19324: 19322: 19316: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19266: 19264: 19262: 19258: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19220: 19217: 19216: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19189: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19181: 19179: 19177: 19171: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19099: 19098: 19097:Dive planning 19095: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19087:Dive briefing 19085: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19067: 19066: 19065:Decompression 19063: 19059: 19056: 19055: 19054: 19051: 19047: 19044: 19043: 19042: 19039: 19035: 19032: 19031: 19030: 19027: 19026: 19024: 19022: 19016: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18967: 18965: 18961: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18947:Trait anxiety 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18924: 18923: 18922: 18919: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18894:Decompression 18892: 18890: 18887: 18886: 18884: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18861: 18859: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18826: 18825: 18824:Environmental 18822: 18820: 18817: 18816: 18814: 18812: 18806: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18761: 18758: 18754: 18753:Diving safety 18749: 18745: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18722: 18720: 18718:and festivals 18716:Diving events 18714: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18697:Shark tourism 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18664: 18662: 18656: 18649: 18646: 18643: 18640: 18637: 18634: 18631: 18628: 18625: 18622: 18619: 18616: 18613: 18610: 18607: 18604: 18601: 18598: 18595: 18592: 18591: 18589: 18587: 18586:organisations 18581: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18516: 18514: 18510: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18485: 18482: 18478: 18473: 18469: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18430: 18428: 18424: 18421: 18420: 18418: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18405: 18403: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18387: 18385: 18383: 18377: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18360: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18350: 18348: 18342: 18336: 18335:Water jetting 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18325:Thermal lance 18323: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18313: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18293: 18292: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18272: 18270: 18264: 18258: 18255: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18244: 18242: 18240: 18234: 18224: 18223: 18219: 18217: 18216: 18211: 18209: 18208: 18203: 18201: 18200: 18196: 18194: 18193: 18189: 18187: 18186: 18181: 18179: 18178: 18173: 18171: 18170: 18166: 18164: 18163: 18159: 18157: 18156: 18151: 18150: 18148: 18146: 18142: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18124: 18121: 18120: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18102: 18099: 18098: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18080: 18077: 18076: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18064:Sponge diving 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18039:Police diving 18037: 18035: 18034:Pearl hunting 18032: 18030: 18027: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18014: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18002:Hazmat diving 18000: 17996: 17993: 17992: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17977: 17975: 17973: 17967: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17927:US Navy SEALs 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17777:JW Komandosów 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17709: 17707: 17705: 17697: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17680: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17641: 17635: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17563: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17553: 17551: 17547: 17543: 17539: 17534: 17530: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17482: 17480: 17478:Organisations 17476: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17456: 17454: 17450: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17423: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17408: 17406: 17402: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17385:Danai Varveri 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17335:Annelie Pompe 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17275:Audrey Mestre 17273: 17271: 17270:Jacques Mayol 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17235:Pierre Frolla 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17175:Sara Campbell 17173: 17171: 17170:Michael Board 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17152: 17150: 17146: 17140: 17137: 17133: 17130: 17129: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17094: 17092: 17088: 17080: 17077: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17063: 17060: 17057: 17054: 17051: 17048: 17045: 17042: 17039: 17038:Dynamic apnea 17036: 17033: 17030: 17027: 17024: 17021: 17018: 17017: 17015: 17013: 17012:Vertical Blue 17010: 17008: 17005: 17004: 17002: 16998: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16955: 16954:Pearl hunting 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16931: 16929: 16925: 16921: 16917: 16912: 16908: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16883: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16861: 16860: 16859:Diving spread 16857: 16856: 16854: 16850: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16805: 16803: 16799: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16747:ROV KIEL 6000 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16679: 16677: 16675: 16669: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16626: 16620: 16612: 16609: 16608: 16607: 16604: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16581: 16580: 16577: 16576: 16574: 16570: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16498: 16496: 16494: 16491:Decompression 16488: 16482: 16479: 16475: 16472: 16471: 16470: 16467: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16432: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16414: 16411: 16410: 16409: 16406: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16383: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16336: 16335: 16332: 16331: 16329: 16325:Breathing gas 16323: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16281:Diving ladder 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16263: 16261: 16257: 16253: 16249: 16244: 16240: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16105:René Cavalero 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16073:manufacturers 16067: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16018: 16016: 16014: 16008: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15906:Carleton CDBA 15904: 15902: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15894: 15890: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15860: 15857: 15856: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15836: 15835: 15832: 15831: 15829: 15827: 15821: 15815: 15812: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15796: 15793: 15792: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15782: 15781: 15778: 15774: 15771: 15770: 15769: 15768:Diving helmet 15766: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15753: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15743: 15741: 15739: 15731: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15697:Distance line 15695: 15694: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15679:Safety helmet 15677: 15675: 15674:Rescue tether 15672: 15670: 15667: 15663: 15660: 15659: 15658: 15655: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15645:Bailout block 15643: 15642: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15624: 15621: 15620: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15607: 15606:Diver's knife 15604: 15603: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15571: 15570: 15567: 15566: 15564: 15558: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15531: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15509: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15491: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15468: 15465: 15464: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15452:Dive computer 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15433: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15411: 15410: 15407: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15387:Orinasal mask 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15374: 15373: 15372:Diving helmet 15370: 15368: 15365: 15364: 15362: 15356: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15339: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15317: 15316: 15313: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15291: 15287: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15275:Jersey upline 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15255:Dive computer 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15228: 15225:Decompression 15222: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15198:Ankle weights 15196: 15195: 15194: 15191: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15173: 15172: 15169: 15168: 15166: 15160: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15108:Breathing air 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15095: 15093: 15091: 15090:Breathing gas 15087: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15065: 15061: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15046: 15043: 15039: 15034: 15030: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14983: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14973: 14970: 14966: 14959: 14954: 14952: 14947: 14945: 14940: 14939: 14936: 14924: 14916: 14915: 14912: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14890:Littoral zone 14888: 14886: 14883: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14835: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14823:Bulkhead line 14821: 14820: 14818: 14814: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14789: 14787: 14785: 14781: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14764:Wave shoaling 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14739:Surge channel 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14602:Cliffed coast 14600: 14598: 14595: 14594: 14592: 14590: 14586: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14569: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14546: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14529:Shingle beach 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14471: 14469: 14467: 14463: 14458: 14451: 14441: 14440: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14237: 14234: 14233: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14201:Coastal plain 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14109: 14104: 14102: 14097: 14095: 14090: 14089: 14086: 14074: 14066: 14063: 14058: 14052: 14049: 14038: 14037: 14034: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13973: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13956:Sponge ground 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13921:Marine biomes 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13849: 13845: 13835: 13832: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13822:Demersal fish 13820: 13818: 13817:Deep-sea fish 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13804: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13792:Marine mammal 13790: 13789: 13787: 13785: 13781: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13747: 13743: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13693: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13681: 13676: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13558: 13554: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13488: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13413: 13410: 13409: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13353: 13348: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13322:Trophic level 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13287:Sediment trap 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13262:Phytoplankton 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13112:Aquatic plant 13110: 13108: 13105: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13087: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13075:Anoxic waters 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13062: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13042: 13038: 13034: 13027: 13022: 13020: 13015: 13013: 13008: 13007: 13004: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12942: 12934: 12933: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12922: 12921: 12920: 12919:Zooxanthellae 12917: 12916: 12914: 12910: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12889:Project AWARE 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12867: 12866:Organizations 12863: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12832: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12791: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12734:Ningaloo Reef 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12639:List of reefs 12637: 12636: 12634: 12632: 12631:Coral regions 12628: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12611: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12583: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12513: 12508: 12498: 12494: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12417: 12412: 12410: 12405: 12403: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12388: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12373: 12370: 12367: 12364: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12350: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12332: 12329: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12317: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12303: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12247: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12208: 12205: 12201: 12198: 12195: 12192: 12189: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12162: 12153: 12148: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12122: 12119: 12118: 12105: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12079: 12075: 12071: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12058: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12014: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11971: 11963: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11899: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11802: 11794: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11727: 11718: 11714: 11708: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11653: 11651: 11649: 11632: 11628: 11622: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11579: 11571: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11553: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11520: 11518: 11516: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11472: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11422: 11415: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11386:Marine Policy 11380: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11345: 11329: 11325: 11319: 11304: 11300: 11293: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11227: 11220: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11186: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11143: 11124: 11117: 11111: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11037: 11035: 11023: 11019: 11012: 11006: 10991: 10984: 10976: 10972: 10965: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10918: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10891: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10834: 10826: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10785:PLOS Genetics 10782: 10775: 10767: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10724: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10664: 10660: 10653: 10645: 10638: 10630: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10581: 10579: 10570: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10527:(3): e33353. 10526: 10522: 10518: 10511: 10509: 10500: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10444: 10441: 10436: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10413:(1): 89–111. 10412: 10408: 10401: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10366: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10322: 10315: 10311: 10305: 10297: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10240: 10234: 10229: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10146: 10131: 10127: 10120: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10054: 10050: 10044: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10001: 9993: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9952: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9921: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9878: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9835: 9827: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9802: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9782: 9774: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9725: 9717: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9668: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9616: 9609: 9602: 9594: 9590: 9584: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9552: 9542: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9518: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9453: 9449: 9448: 9440: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9413: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9370: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9319: 9311: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9292: 9276: 9272: 9266: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9247: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9136: 9134: 9125: 9119: 9115: 9114: 9106: 9090: 9083: 9067: 9060: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9033: 9014: 9007: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8942: 8934: 8928: 8924: 8917: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8879: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8760:(2): e56245. 8759: 8755: 8751: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8675: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8654: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8631: 8623: 8617: 8613: 8612: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8573: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8544: 8542: 8532: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8500: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8360: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8282: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8147: 8145: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8109: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7998:. 9686–9698. 7997: 7990: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7917: 7908: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7659: 7658: 7657:New Scientist 7653: 7646: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7589: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7505: 7497: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7478: 7471: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7406: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7363: 7362: 7354: 7346: 7344:9780642895851 7340: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7269:(1): 89–101. 7268: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7238:. 10 May 2019 7237: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7033:(5): e10660. 7032: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7009: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6883: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6836: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6738: 6737: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6700: 6693: 6692: 6684: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6590: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6562: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6540: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6495: 6488: 6487: 6479: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6428: 6419: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6261: 6259: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6224: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6156: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6137:Prentice Hall 6134: 6130: 6129: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6098: 6097:marinebio.org 6094: 6093:"Coral Reefs" 6088: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6014: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5948: 5942: 5935: 5929: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5857: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5786: 5780: 5773: 5767: 5760: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5734: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5709: 5708: 5702: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5676: 5674:0-520-23255-0 5670: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5616: 5614:9781118782347 5610: 5603: 5602: 5594: 5587: 5586:0-14-051094-X 5583: 5579: 5573: 5566: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5435: 5426: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5361: 5359: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5329: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5310: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5254: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5149: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5127: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5085: 5083: 5074: 5068: 5063: 5062: 5054: 5052: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4898: 4890: 4876: 4875: 4867: 4865: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4805: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4748: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4397:Oceans portal 4392: 4387: 4384: 4373: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4331: 4328: 4323: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4293: 4291: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4100:Coral farming 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4039:spear fishing 4036: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3955:fish trapping 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3831:Demersal zone 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3821:Bioirrigation 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3781:Demersal fish 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3766:Bottom feeder 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3673: 3672: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3638: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3609: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3565: 3561: 3560:Benthopelagic 3557: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3517: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3495:Jarvis Island 3491: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3468:endosymbionts 3466: 3461: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3403:blast fishing 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3370:Chasing Coral 3362: 3357: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317:fringing reef 3313: 3304: 3295: 3292: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3215: 3214: 3210:The shell of 3206: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2981:eat sponges. 2980: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2949:Sea urchins, 2945:Invertebrates 2942: 2937: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2793:sea cucumbers 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2685: 2671: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606:Cyanobacteria 2603: 2600: 2599: 2588: 2584: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2557:, and in the 2556: 2548: 2547:zooxanthellae 2543: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497:phytoplankton 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447:predator fish 2445:, with large 2444: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2424: 2421: 2418:of the ocean 2417: 2412: 2408: 2397: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2370:Ostrea angasi 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2353:individuals. 2351: 2347: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2310:cloud sponges 2306: 2304: 2300: 2299:Sclerosponges 2296: 2292: 2290: 2289:Archaeocyatha 2285: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2233: 2232:Lithothamnion 2229: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2147:Elkhorn coral 2142: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2041: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2018: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1997:, known as a 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1945: 1940: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1884: 1880:Table coral, 1878: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792:zooxanthellae 1789: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1770:Zooxanthellae 1767: 1761:Zooxanthellae 1758: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1723: 1720: 1717:Diagram of a 1715: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1674:32.4°N 64.8°W 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1606:Blake Plateau 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594:, located in 1593: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:South America 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1391:List of reefs 1384: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1330:The reef flat 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312:The reef face 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1197: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1162:Indian Oceans 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1126:for "unborn") 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 980: 973: 968: 963: 953: 951: 947: 943: 937: 934: 930: 923:Platform reef 921: 915:Platform reef 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 867: 858: 849: 847: 843: 838: 830:Fringing reef 828: 823: 822:Fringing reef 816: 812: 807: 801:Fringing reef 798: 795: 784: 782: 778: 774: 773: 767: 765: 761: 758:) and in the 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 714:Carboniferous 711: 707: 703: 694: 685: 683: 679: 678: 674: 670: 666: 656: 652: 649: 645: 640: 635: 633: 629: 628:geomorphology 624: 622: 618: 614: 613:zooxanthellae 610: 606: 596: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 569: 562: 557: 553: 546: 541: 537: 536:fringing reef 530: 525: 521: 514: 509: 508: 507: 505: 501: 500:fringing reef 497: 493: 489: 485: 484: 478: 474: 473: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 423: 419: 418:Fringing reef 415: 405: 402: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 368:blast fishing 365: 364:acidification 361: 357: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 300:reefs of the 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 276: 272: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 223: 218: 216: 211: 209: 204: 203: 201: 200: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 184:Demersal zone 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 165: 164: 161: 158: 157: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 142: 141: 137: 136: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 121: 120: 117: 116:Ocean surface 114: 113: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 67:Littoral zone 65: 64: 63: 62: 59: 56: 55: 50: 45: 41: 40: 37: 34: 33: 30: 19: 25732:Oceanography 25612:Subdivisions 25502:Australasian 25492:Afrotropical 25454:Other biomes 25430:Benthic zone 25425:Pelagic zone 25420:Neritic zone 25414: 25410:Kelp forests 25282:Tropical and 25150: 25138: 25126: 25119: 25111: 25104: 25092: 25080: 24855:Steinke hood 24817:Escape trunk 24773: 24752: 24738: 24730: 24721: 24651: 24643: 24636:Shinkai 6500 24635: 24628:Shinkai 2000 24627: 24619: 24611: 24602: 24595: 24588: 24581: 24573: 24565: 24558: 24551: 24544: 24537: 24528: 24520: 24512: 24495: 24478: 24470: 24344:Wreck diving 24300:Night diving 24229:environments 24005:Keith Jessop 23974:Lionel Crabb 23953:Rick Stanton 23927:John Mattera 23907:Bob Halstead 23902:Bret Gilliam 23897:Gary Gentile 23887:Victor Berge 23861:Reid Wiseman 23781:Nicole Stott 23746:Josef Schmid 23736:Tara Ruttley 23681:Karen Nyberg 23661:Jessica Meir 23541:David Gruber 23506:Albert Falco 23491:Sylvia Earle 23426:Justin Brown 23331:Leigh Bishop 23190:Brian Skerry 23175:Pierre Petit 23165:Steve Parish 23155:Noel Monkman 23135:Rudie Kuiter 23115:Peter Gimbel 23012:Andrew Wight 22932:Mark Ellyatt 22913:Scuba record 22854:Richard Pyle 22764:Sylvia Earle 22749:Cathy Church 22744:Hugh Bradner 22739:Louis Boutan 22734:Mensun Bound 22572:Competitions 22440:Sport diving 22349:Spearfishing 21895:Recreational 21703:Rescue Diver 21591:Recreational 21548:Scuba skills 21526:Ear clearing 21488:Overlearning 21324: 21317: 21310: 21303: 21296: 21245: 21238: 21231: 21224: 21217: 21210: 21203: 21196: 21189: 21173:Publications 21015:David Bright 21010:Allan Bridge 20990:Scuba diving 20903:John Bennett 20887:Professional 20874: 20866: 20858: 20850: 20843:Star Canopus 20842: 20835:Drill Master 20834: 20826: 20790:Loïc Leferme 20749:Early diving 20717: 20631: 20616:Military and 20598:Welfreighter 20573:Necker Nymph 20494: 20486: 20447:Gordon Smith 20402:Peter Kreeft 20392:Émile Gagnan 20387:Henry Fleuss 20285:Whydah Gally 20283: 20276: 20270: 20262: 20158:Duty of care 20003:John Rawlins 19918:Robert Boyle 19885:and medicine 19742:Laryngospasm 19688:contaminants 19525:Air embolism 19492:Surfer's ear 19366:Occupational 19226:Incident pit 19214:Risk control 19144:Night diving 19134:Drift diving 19119:Diver rescue 19053:Buddy diving 19000:Hyperthermia 18963:Consequences 18942:Task loading 18794:Water safety 18574:Wreck diving 18221: 18215:Royal George 18214: 18206: 18198: 18191: 18184: 18176: 18168: 18161: 18154: 18029:Media diving 17762:Jagdkommando 17668:Minentaucher 17613:Police diver 17571:Hazmat diver 17360:Walter Steyn 17305:Dave Mullins 17265:Enzo Maiorca 17260:Loïc Leferme 17225:Emma Farrell 17195:Robert Croft 17190:Carlos Coste 17062:Static apnea 17016:Disciplines 17000:Competitions 16971:Spearfishing 16772:Seafox drone 16553:Diving stage 16531:Clump weight 16408:Gas blending 16376:Diver's pump 16361:Booster pump 16291:Diving stage 16215:Siebe Gorman 16190:Morse Diving 15941:Halcyon RB80 15824:Open-circuit 15524:Diving stage 15462:Diving watch 15442:Bottom timer 15270:Diving stage 15208:Trim weights 15162:Buoyancy and 15001:Scuba diving 14981:Diving modes 14754:Volcanic arc 14642:Feeder bluff 14549:River mouths 14514:Raised beach 14509:Pocket beach 14437: 14408:Tidal island 14398:Strand plain 14343:Natural arch 14220: 13976:Conservation 13875: 13827:Pelagic fish 13807:Coastal fish 13711:Marine fungi 13449:Water garden 13332:Water column 13277:Productivity 13252:Pelagic zone 13212:Macrobenthos 13202:Hydrobiology 13172:Ecohydrology 12932:Symbiodinium 12930: 12923: 12834:Conservation 12749:Pulley Ridge 12608: 12571: 12553: 12516:Octocorallia 12435:Hexacorallia 12426: 12374: 12360:iBioSeminars 12359: 12346:iBioSeminars 12345: 12206: 12197:About Corals 12180:. 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Retrieved 4473: 4464: 4449:Pseudo-atoll 4358:O. faveolata 4357: 4353:M. cavernosa 4352: 4349:O. faveolata 4348: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4324: 4320: 4303: 4294: 4287: 4278: 4275: 4266: 4243: 4226: 4195: 4171: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4117:conservation 4111: 4094: 4068: 4047: 4028: 4017: 3974: 3963: 3959:spearfishing 3928: 3908: 3894: 3826:Bioturbation 3756:Benthic fish 3705: 3694:bivalve reef 3661:hyperbenthos 3627:phytobenthos 3598:microbenthos 3588:macrobenthos 3556:Benthic zone 3534:Benthic life 3492: 3480: 3462: 3455: 3425: 3415:anti-fouling 3392: 3384:algal blooms 3377: 3352:in Australia 3315:Island with 3301: 3287: 3261: 3259: 3236: 3233: 3225: 3211: 3157:Green turtle 3072: 3039: 3014:Midway Atoll 3007: 2983: 2979:sea anemones 2974:Nudibranchia 2972: 2966: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2939: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2894: 2879: 2871: 2860: 2828:squirrelfish 2824:cardinalfish 2821: 2730: 2695: 2635:Biodiversity 2618: 2604: 2597: 2593: 2581: 2577:Coral polyps 2567: 2563: 2552: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2519:Explanations 2501:water column 2494: 2471: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2391: 2375: 2368: 2354: 2346:Oyster reefs 2344: 2338: 2326:Bivalve reef 2307: 2288: 2274: 2270:Sclerosponge 2267: 2263:cloud sponge 2238: 2230: 2189:some sponges 2179: 2091:Pillar coral 2015: 1992: 1980: 1934:Reproduction 1918:, cabbages, 1909: 1889: 1881: 1863: 1859: 1850:UV resistant 1839:Symbiodinium 1838: 1832: 1824: 1787:Symbiodinium 1785: 1775: 1748: 1733: 1616:Pulley Ridge 1600:Dry Tortugas 1596:Biscayne Bay 1552:down to the 1525: 1458: 1452: 1448:Larak Island 1444:Persian Gulf 1441: 1433:Darwin Point 1432: 1429: 1405:Indian Ocean 1397:Indo-Pacific 1394: 1354: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1311: 1310: 1301: 1300: 1290: 1289: 1268: 1267: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1232: 1217: 1206: 1202: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1147: 1129: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1094:grazing halo 1093: 1077: 1071: 1065: 1024:Cocos Island 1009: 993:Cook Islands 976: 938: 926: 870: 863: 860:Barrier reef 852:Barrier reef 833: 793: 790: 781:paleoclimate 770: 768: 741: 737:Scleractinia 724:corals, and 699: 675: 662: 653: 636: 625: 608: 601: 574: 482: 470: 468: 425: 403: 392: 376:spearfishing 353: 315:, including 308: 306: 290:exoskeletons 282:sea anemones 265: 261:stony corals 233: 231: 189:Benthic zone 151:Oceanic zone 146:Pelagic zone 107:Neritic zone 96: 92:Kelp forests 49:Biodiversity 29: 18:Barrier reef 25702:Coral reefs 25522:Neotropical 25512:Indomalayan 25485:Terrestrial 25415:Coral reefs 25284:subtropical 25211:Terrestrial 24889:CMAS Europe 24850:Momsen lung 24490:Bathyscaphe 24418:Bathysphere 24327:Cave diving 24295:Muck diving 24280:Deep diving 24108:Blood shift 23922:Steve Lewis 23756:Dewey Smith 23716:Marc Reagan 23596:Scott Kelly 23591:Les Kaufman 23501:Sheck Exley 23486:Pedro Duque 23276:Martyn Farr 23271:Sheck Exley 23225:John Veltri 23160:Pete Oxford 23145:Luis Marden 23120:Monty Halls 23105:Ric Frazier 23002:Andy Torbet 22982:Ramón Bravo 22937:Sheck Exley 22884:Myriam Seco 22784:Honor Frost 22729:George Bass 22692:Teseo Tesei 22667:Billy Deans 22647:Mary Bonnin 22510:AIDA Hellas 22402:Breath-hold 22333:Finswimming 22089:authorities 21856:Free-diving 21795:authorities 21668:Dive leader 21353:Dive guides 21247:Basic Scuba 21147:Josef Velek 21137:Rob Stewart 21132:Dewey Smith 21097:Yuri Lipski 21070:Steve Irwin 21050:Sheck Exley 21045:Milan Dufek 21040:Deon Dreyer 20945:Per Skipnes 20859:Venture One 20685:NOGI Awards 20297:and artists 19727:Hypothermia 19672:Hypercapnia 19607:Inert gases 19261:Diving team 19164:Wall diving 19159:Solo diving 19058:buddy check 19041:Boat diving 18995:Hypercapnia 18985:Hypothermia 18909:Seasickness 18854:Wave action 18725:Diversnight 18667:Dive center 18559:Solo diving 18539:Muck diving 18529:Deep diving 18524:Cave diving 18512:Specialties 18353:Limpet mine 18315:Lifting bag 18239:contractors 17985:Dive leader 17857:Shayetet 13 17608:Media diver 17549:Occupations 17443:Hypothermia 17438:Hypercapnia 17280:Karol Meyer 17185:Goran Čolak 17102:Diving suit 17097:Diving mask 17007:Nordic Deep 16813:Diving shot 16757:Scorpio ROV 16526:Closed bell 16521:Bell cursor 16516:Diving bell 16276:Diving bell 16165:Oscar Gugen 15866:Pony bottle 15712:Line marker 15689:Snoopy loop 15630:Diving bell 15579:Pony bottle 15512:Closed bell 15507:Diving bell 15447:Depth gauge 15409:Diving mask 15320:Sladen suit 15290:Diving suit 15265:Diving shot 15260:Diving bell 15213:Weight belt 15098:Bailout gas 15070:Diving mask 14905:River plume 14719:Steep coast 14692:Rocky shore 14687:Rip current 14567:River delta 14539:Wash margin 14534:Storm beach 14524:Shell beach 14489:Beach wrack 14484:Beach ridge 14474:Beach cusps 14423:Tied island 14413:Tidal marsh 14136:Archipelago 13961:Sponge reef 13936:Rocky shore 13931:Oyster reef 13901:Kelp forest 13784:Vertebrates 13684:Marine life 13660:Viral shunt 13625:Marine snow 13527:Maharashtra 13434:Stream pool 13337:Zooplankton 13257:Photic zone 13217:Meiobenthos 13070:Algal bloom 12925:Amphidinium 12714:Lakshadweep 12649:Amazon Reef 12554:Coral reefs 12427:coral reefs 12325:Reef Relief 11308:13 December 11074:18 December 10109:15 November 10083:15 November 10058:15 November 9890:(1): 1–17. 9884:Coral Reefs 9741:(1): 2186. 8828:(1): 3039. 8288:Coral Reefs 8084:: 257–269. 8037:: 309–340. 7959:: 133–154. 7428:Coral Reefs 7390:: 131–138. 7242:28 February 7082:Coral Reefs 6708:10 November 5347:11 December 5272:22 November 5082:Coral reefs 4566:Coral Reefs 4542:Coral reefs 4443:Sponge reef 4077:Restoration 3981:marine park 3951:sea urchins 3931:overfishing 3915:Philippines 3749:Communities 3651:endobenthos 3642:By location 3593:meiobenthos 3421:tributyltin 3407:overfishing 3282:bay Islands 3079:Sea turtles 2994:sipunculans 2891:macro algae 2840:triggerfish 2836:surgeonfish 2801:sea turtles 2797:sea squirts 2789:sea urchins 2783:(including 2781:echinoderms 2777:cephalopods 2775:(including 2755:(including 2753:crustaceans 2704:just below 2656:glassfishes 2536:zooplankton 2513:thermocline 2478:thermocline 2455:zooplankton 2451:forage fish 2416:oligotrophy 2278:that build 2261:Deep-water 2253:Sponge reef 2133:Black coral 2105:Brain coral 1984:mesenteries 1897:sea urchins 1804:amino acids 1755:photic zone 1688:Gulf Stream 1679:32.4; -64.8 1677: / 1632:Philippines 1592:Soldier Key 1546:Isla Contoy 1184:tablemounts 1106:Drying reef 1100:Ribbon reef 1022:and around 979:atoll reefs 885:Providencia 579:would be a 494:of Earth's 333:echinoderms 329:crustaceans 97:Coral reefs 25722:Ecosystems 25696:Categories 25629:Ecoregions 25624:Bioregions 25532:Palearctic 25440:Cold seeps 25400:Intertidal 25114:Dive sites 24939:Reef Check 24934:PADI AWARE 24904:Green Fins 24837:Escape set 24529:Trieste II 24339:Ice diving 24100:physiology 23866:Kimiya Yui 23581:Emma Hwang 23456:Robin Cook 23346:Bill Nagle 23311:Bill Stone 23254:Underwater 23210:Ron Taylor 23170:Zale Parry 23100:Rodney Fox 23055:Eric Cheng 23030:Doug Allan 23021:Underwater 22963:filmmakers 22961:Underwater 22942:Nuno Gomes 22927:Jim Bowden 22809:Pilar Luna 22708:scientists 22706:Underwater 22464:Rebreather 22419:Freediving 21708:Solo diver 21673:Divemaster 21521:Diver trim 21305:Goldfinder 21065:Guy Garman 20992:fatalities 20891:fatalities 20778:fatalities 20776:Freediving 20718:Conception 20654:Mission 31 20603:Wet Nellie 20538:propulsion 20471:Historical 20437:Joe Savoie 20382:Ted Eldred 20367:John Deane 19677:Hypocapnia 19520:Barotrauma 19368:safety and 19241:Redundancy 19176:management 19021:procedures 18970:Barotrauma 18927:competence 18860:Equipment 18534:Ice diving 18380:Underwater 18344:Underwater 18294:Brush cart 17970:Underwater 17767:JW Formoza 17578:Divemaster 17452:Historical 17411:Barotrauma 17380:Fatma Uruk 17345:Tom Sietas 17330:Liv Philip 17148:Freedivers 16966:Snorkeling 16944:Freediving 16927:Activities 16916:Freediving 16864:Air spread 16727:Kaşif ROUV 16702:Deep Drone 16623:Underwater 16599:Subskimmer 16594:Liveaboard 16354:Silica gel 16271:Diver lift 16145:Drägerwerk 16130:Dive Xtras 16115:Cressi-Sub 15756:Burst disc 15734:Underwater 15722:Silt screw 15596:Dive light 15591:Buddy line 15457:Dive timer 15342:Dive skins 15181:Dump valve 15148:Travel gas 15103:Bottom gas 15006:Snorkeling 14991:Freediving 14833:Grain size 14807:Submersion 14784:Management 14769:Wind fetch 14729:Surf break 14647:Flat coast 14577:regressive 14363:Salt marsh 14221:Coral reef 13941:Salt marsh 13876:Coral reef 13665:Whale fall 13645:Photophore 13522:Everglades 13490:Ecoregions 13429:Stream bed 13402:Macrophyte 13355:Freshwater 13187:Food chain 13100:Water bird 12991:Fire coral 12976:Coral sand 12899:Reef Check 12879:Green Fins 12594:Microatoll 12534:Organ pipe 12458:Hermatypic 11637:19 January 11282:1 November 11209:2 November 11053:: 632–636. 10597:(1): 177. 9534:: 83–112. 9299:Sea snakes 9095:25 October 9022:5 December 6802:BioScience 6529:9 November 6103:28 October 5975:(1–6): 1, 5449:(2): 148. 5198:(3): 249. 5090:20 January 4704:. Mutual. 4625:0520232550 4456:References 4232:Relocation 4175:reef balls 4081:See also: 3993:Sian Ka'an 3939:parrotfish 3937:, such as 3706:coral reef 3676:By habitat 3656:epibenthos 3622:zoobenthos 3505:Protection 3380:bioerosion 3330:See also: 3325:Micronesia 3253:, and the 3171:Giant clam 3041:Sea snakes 2998:polychaete 2986:bioerosion 2883:turf algae 2850:hide from 2848:parrotfish 2832:damselfish 2805:sea snakes 2741:cnidarians 2726:pollutants 2486:phosphorus 2394:Vermetidae 2388:Gastropods 2382:Cretaceous 2324:See also: 2295:Ordovician 2217:See also: 2119:Maze coral 1920:table tops 1905:bioeroders 1893:parrotfish 1842:phylotypes 1505:Bangladesh 1497:South Asia 1389:See also: 1316:calcareous 1258:reef crest 1250:reef slope 1143:sea levels 1131:Microatoll 1078:Patch reef 1066:Apron reef 1053:Inhabited 1020:Seychelles 1005:Micronesia 977:Atolls or 950:Laccadives 933:Mascarenes 905:New Guinea 897:Kalimantan 492:subsidence 440:sea levels 349:deep water 345:cnidarians 343:and other 234:coral reef 179:Cold seeps 138:Open ocean 25507:Holarctic 25497:Antarctic 25405:Mangroves 25251:Temperate 25112:Indexes: 24612:Sea Cliff 24545:Ictineu 3 24496:Archimède 24471:Aluminaut 23801:Bill Todd 23706:Tim Peake 23566:Paul Hill 23368:Aquanauts 23301:Tom Mount 23256:explorers 23125:Hans Hass 23075:Ben Cropp 23007:Ivan Tors 22997:Paul Rose 22682:Hans Hass 22630:of diving 22506:National 22409:Aquathlon 22364:Australia 22054:(ScotSAC) 21122:Dave Shaw 21082:Jim Jones 20819:incidents 20709:incidents 20707:Dive boat 20699:Incidents 20480:Aqua-Lung 20473:equipment 20318:Engineers 20304:The Diver 20263:Commodore 19908:Paul Bert 19842:Screening 19811:Personnel 19777:First aid 19765:Treatment 19708:Immersion 19588:Hyperoxia 19567:Dysbarism 19469:disorders 19318:Equipment 19184:Checklist 19075:Pyle stop 18400:Powerhead 18368:Polespear 18268:equipment 18266:Tools and 18199:Mary Rose 18185:Lusitania 18177:Laurentic 17112:Polespear 17090:Equipment 16934:Aquathlon 16752:ROV PHOCA 16722:Kaikō ROV 16579:Dive boat 16572:Platforms 16493:equipment 16420:Gas panel 16344:Hopcalite 16316:Moon pool 16160:Technisub 16110:Cis-Lunar 16080:AP Diving 16071:equipment 16036:Gas panel 15876:Sidemount 15834:Scuba set 15738:apparatus 15736:breathing 15707:Dive reel 15586:Bolt snap 15562:equipment 15539:PowerSwim 15495:equipment 15424:Half mask 15414:Band mask 15360:and masks 15332:Rash vest 15227:equipment 15128:Hydreliox 14792:Accretion 14774:Wind wave 14734:Surf zone 14589:Processes 14562:Mouth bar 14519:Recession 14499:Beachrock 14418:Tide pool 14348:Peninsula 14236:cliff-top 14123:Landforms 13966:Tide pool 13871:Cold seep 13655:Upwelling 13419:Rheotaxis 13412:Fish pond 13387:Limnology 13312:Substrate 13297:Siltation 13167:Dead zone 12971:Coral rag 12894:Reef Ball 12664:Baa Atoll 12291:Microdocs 12123:. US EPA. 12104:0925-8574 12080:: 86–94. 12048:0022-0981 12005:0888-8892 11944:0027-8424 11880:0027-8424 11775:0027-8424 11699:146076500 11691:0925-8574 11669:: 87–93. 11613:1526-100X 11552:2167-8359 11536:: e2597. 11303:The Hindu 11269:206533178 10807:1553-7404 10706:1432-1793 10611:2399-3642 10551:1932-6203 10481:0962-8452 10357:1752-0908 10278:2041-1723 10135:19 August 10035:0964-5691 9992:1439-0485 9941:5 October 9869:0022-5193 9281:19 August 9230:1387-3547 9168:2167-8359 9152:: e1235. 8974:2167-8359 8958:: e1956. 8860:2041-1723 8784:1932-6203 8735:0022-1112 8589:(33): 7. 8059:121973787 7981:122915102 7892:: 83–97. 7852:1912/4221 7588:0171-8630 7564:: 21–38. 7198:127193540 6990:0027-8424 6941:251865474 6925:1941-1405 6405:Geomatics 6044:0268-0106 5883:: 11–38. 5471:121693025 4962:5 October 4529:0012-8252 4507:: 66–84. 4209:aragonite 4187:superglue 3999:islands, 3997:Galapagos 3911:Indonesia 3729:cold seep 3686:tide pool 3684:Shallow: 3476:Montipora 3298:Fisheries 3243:St. Lucia 3101:reef fish 3098:Schooling 2957:sea slugs 2813:cetaceans 2745:jellyfish 2714:sea grass 2490:potassium 2443:food webs 1848:that are 1808:mutualism 1643:Indonesia 1598:, to the 1503:) to the 1481:upwelling 1425:Caribbean 1417:Australia 1383:upwelling 1371:isotherms 1351:Locations 1320:epiphytic 1254:fore reef 1220:upwelling 1213:sediments 1086:embayment 1072:Bank reef 837:low water 704:(513–501 665:aragonite 632:substrate 617:symbionts 446:, around 432:sea level 408:Formation 341:tunicates 286:jellyfish 238:ecosystem 169:Seamounts 160:Sea floor 77:Estuaries 25654:See also 25527:Oceanian 25517:Nearctic 25395:Littoral 25368:Mangrove 25358:Riparian 25106:Glossary 25082:Category 24875:interest 24582:Losharik 24559:Jiaolong 24521:Sea Pole 23936:Rescuers 22642:Aquanaut 22628:Pioneers 22381:Colombia 22172:(ProTec) 22115:agencies 22024:(ProTec) 21952:(FFESSM) 21901:agencies 21860:agencies 21393:training 21336:Research 21271:DIN 7876 20875:Wildrake 20815:Offshore 20540:vehicles 20101:(SAUHMA) 20029:research 19873:Research 19722:Drowning 19717:Asphyxia 19639:Taravana 19501:Pressure 19092:Dive log 18980:Drowning 18925:Lack of 18864:Freeflow 18849:Silt out 18844:Overhead 18660:industry 18632:(FFESSM) 18358:Speargun 18169:La Belle 17700:Military 17638:Military 17416:Drowning 17127:Swimfins 17122:Speargun 16833:Jackstay 16777:SeaPerch 16707:Épaulard 16541:Wet bell 16501:Air-lock 16327:handling 16301:Jackstay 16296:Downline 16205:Porpoise 16021:Air line 15981:Porpoise 15657:Lifeline 15546:Towboard 15517:Wet bell 15493:Mobility 15367:Anti-fog 15315:Dry suit 15308:Newtsuit 15303:JIM suit 14923:Category 14749:Undertow 14702:Sea foam 14697:Sea cave 14597:Blowhole 14439:Windwatt 14298:Headland 14146:Avulsion 14073:Category 13999:HERMIONE 13916:Mangrove 13726:Seagrass 13272:Pleuston 13267:Plankton 13247:Particle 13192:Food web 12719:Maldives 12709:Kiribati 12659:Apo Reef 12589:Fringing 12544:Sea pens 12539:Sea fans 12497:Tabulate 12483:Staghorn 12453:Elegance 12316:Archived 12305:Archived 12294:Archived 12271:Archived 12258:Archived 12246:Archived 12200:Archived 11962:11274358 11898:11320228 11793:25646461 11570:27781176 11506:83723761 11456:18829052 11261:21617060 11177:83619557 11132:16 March 11018:IUCN.org 10956:85105416 10882:17105410 10874:16860739 10825:29672529 10766:19474044 10714:85935124 10629:30417118 10569:22428027 10521:PLOS ONE 10499:18577506 10296:28555644 10194:12979332 10186:21848962 9935:Archived 9931:HuffPost 9912:34046524 9773:29895942 9716:24825660 9684:: 3794. 9648:Archived 9615:Archived 9509:22971831 9501:17836872 9361:17572816 9353:15696370 9254:Archived 9238:33874352 9186:26401450 8992:27114888 8878:37264002 8869:10235103 8802:23457533 8754:PLOS ONE 8488:Archived 8484:52498621 8434:15125174 8316:42822848 8235:Archived 8189:19757639 8181:17841048 7857:Archived 7801:55252988 7539:21227159 7456:27590358 7314:. (pdf: 7110:39726375 7067:20498831 7027:PLOS ONE 7008:34373318 6933:36028229 6718:Archived 6699:Archived 6642:18757737 6547:Archived 6468:13 March 6462:CTV News 6330:(1768). 6314:26042286 6212:Archived 6192:17840770 6004:24 April 5995:archived 5815:Archived 5650:85873056 5521:12867972 5419:citation 5317:Archived 5134:Archived 5116:1 August 5011:15215236 4790:18414624 4683:24 March 4594:46114284 4545:Archived 4484:19 April 4478:Archived 4476:. 2021. 4369:See also 4191:milliput 4179:oil rigs 4154:spawning 3771:Deep sea 3725:seamount 3564:coupling 3447:seawater 3278:Honduras 3264:(2010). 3061:reptiles 3053:pelicans 3004:Seabirds 2817:dolphins 2815:such as 2785:starfish 2773:mollusks 2733:seabirds 2710:mangrove 2706:low tide 2629:sediment 2610:nitrates 2488:(P) and 2482:nitrogen 2474:plankton 2420:euphotic 2320:Bivalves 2275:Porifera 2193:bivalves 1883:Acropora 1872:Skeleton 1854:glycerin 1828:bleached 1800:glycerol 1736:colonies 1626:Maldives 1489:Benguela 1485:Humboldt 1473:Americas 1421:Atlantic 1411:and the 1306:plankton 1228:Maldives 1209:seawater 1173:Seamount 1158:Atlantic 1140:Holocene 1090:seagrass 1059:Maldives 1044:Maldives 1038:A small 1012:Maldives 901:Sulawesi 879:and the 739:corals. 710:Devonian 677:Halimeda 659:Material 460:tectonic 456:volcanic 321:mollusks 302:Cambrian 278:Cnidaria 271:Anthozoa 246:colonies 25381:Aquatic 25363:Wetland 25140:Outline 25094:Commons 24959:SeaKeys 24873:Special 24780:SRV-300 24737:DSRV-2 24729:DSRV-1 24620:Shinkai 24596:Nautile 24513:Harmony 24462:vehicle 24051:physics 23967:Frogmen 23327:Wrecks 22915:holders 22154:(IANTD) 21976:(IANTD) 21946:(FEDAS) 21835:schools 21783:(WRSTC) 21744:(IDRCF) 21183:Manuals 20506:Nikonos 20493:SP-350 20487:Calypso 20271:Monitor 20095:(SPUMS) 19710:related 19593:Hypoxia 19503:related 19299:Gas man 19269:Bellman 18990:Hypoxia 18834:Delta-P 18829:Current 18811:hazards 18626:(FEDAS) 18390:Gyrojet 18382:firearm 18346:weapons 18308:Pigging 18280:Airlift 18207:Monitor 17952:UNGERIN 17787:KOPASKA 17772:JW GROM 17747:Fukuryu 17663:Frogman 17603:Haenyeo 17404:Hazards 17132:Monofin 16949:Haenyeo 16852:General 16838:Jonline 16742:OpenROV 16625:habitat 16100:Beuchat 15931:Dolphin 15551:Wet sub 15534:Monofin 15529:Swimfin 15358:Helmets 15337:Wetsuit 15280:Jonline 15080:Swimfin 15075:Snorkel 14873:shingle 14853:granule 14838:boulder 14816:Related 14712:peresyp 14622:Current 14557:Debouch 14466:Beaches 14433:Waituna 14428:Tombolo 14338:Mudflat 14333:Machair 14323:Isthmus 14243:Estuary 14186:Channel 13926:Mudflat 13886:Estuary 13856:Bay mud 13834:Seabird 13590:f-ratio 13573:General 13454:Wetland 13242:Neuston 13207:Hypoxia 13152:Biomass 13142:Benthos 13058:General 12759:Red Sea 12704:Jamaica 12478:Elkhorn 12463:Chalice 12385:YouTube 12375:by the 12362:, 2011. 12348:, 2011. 12082:Bibcode 12028:Bibcode 11985:Bibcode 11858:Bibcode 11784:4345611 11753:Bibcode 11671:Bibcode 11593:Bibcode 11561:5075686 11486:Bibcode 11436:Bibcode 11394:Bibcode 11359:Bibcode 11241:Bibcode 11233:Science 11157:Bibcode 10936:Bibcode 10852:Bibcode 10816:5908067 10757:2817205 10686:Bibcode 10620:6224388 10560:3302856 10529:Bibcode 10490:2603234 10415:Bibcode 10380:Bibcode 10372:Geology 10337:Bibcode 10287:5499203 10258:Bibcode 10164:Bibcode 10099:"Coral" 10015:Bibcode 9970:Bibcode 9892:Bibcode 9849:Bibcode 9764:5997709 9743:Bibcode 9707:4354160 9686:Bibcode 9624:6 April 9573:7 April 9481:Bibcode 9473:Science 9404:1935755 9384:Bibcode 9376:Ecology 9333:Bibcode 9210:Bibcode 9177:4579015 9072:5 April 8983:4841221 8906:6 April 8830:Bibcode 8793:3574161 8762:Bibcode 8715:Bibcode 8518:Bibcode 8464:Bibcode 8414:Bibcode 8374:Bibcode 8339:Bibcode 8296:Bibcode 8261:Bibcode 8219:Bibcode 8161:Bibcode 8153:Science 8123:Bibcode 8086:Bibcode 8039:Bibcode 8004:Bibcode 7961:Bibcode 7894:Bibcode 7831:Bibcode 7781:Bibcode 7690:Bibcode 7660:(2361). 7635:5 April 7566:Bibcode 7519:Bibcode 7436:Bibcode 7392:Bibcode 7271:Bibcode 7178:Bibcode 7090:Bibcode 7058:2871043 7035:Bibcode 6999:8403928 6968:Bibcode 6903:Bibcode 6871:6 March 6822:1311805 6787:4347930 6767:Bibcode 6633:2527352 6610:Bibcode 6356:4 March 6294:Zootaxa 6207:(2001) 6172:Bibcode 6163:Science 6133:Pearson 6067:Bibcode 5977:Bibcode 5918:28 June 5696:, 2014. 5529:6088699 5501:Bibcode 5451:Bibcode 5242:18 June 5200:Bibcode 5192:Geology 5164:Bibcode 5040:4 April 4991:Bibcode 4919:Bibcode 4781:2291018 4574:Bibcode 4509:Bibcode 4217:cathode 4197:Biorock 4043:biomass 4041:. Both 3966:refugia 3947:tourism 3804:Related 3690:bay mud 3613:By type 3579:By size 3550:Benthos 3483:El Niño 3472:Porites 3449:pH and 3418:biocide 3307:Threats 3057:boobies 3049:gannets 3010:seabird 3000:worms. 2990:bivalve 2952:Dotidae 2903:Sponges 2867:biomass 2863:refuges 2844:wrasses 2809:mammals 2737:sponges 2660:wrasses 2559:Red Sea 2528:recycle 2467:biomass 2378:rudists 2350:oysters 2291:sponges 2247:Sponges 1999:planula 1988:species 1944:sessile 1928:pillars 1924:antlers 1912:species 1901:sponges 1796:glucose 1724:anatomy 1665:64°48′W 1662:32°24′N 1653:Bermuda 1620:Florida 1581:Red Sea 1509:Myanmar 1501:Chennai 1413:Pacific 1401:Red Sea 1344:sessile 1154:Pacific 1116:Red Sea 1057:in the 1042:in the 942:Red Sea 889:Mayotte 846:Red Sea 772:Porites 764:rudists 756:sponges 730:Neogene 718:extinct 585:tropics 581:bedrock 554:inside. 337:sponges 313:species 25553:Arctic 25541:Marine 25477:realms 25383:biomes 25337:Steppe 25227:Tundra 25213:biomes 25203:Biomes 25152:Portal 25128:Diving 25121:Divers 24877:groups 24774:Remora 24739:Avalon 24731:Mystic 24722:Mystic 24650:DSV-5 24644:Turtle 24603:Pisces 24566:Konsul 24507:FNRS-3 24502:FNRS-2 24370:Impact 24227:Diving 24160:theory 24098:Diving 24049:Diving 23317:Reefs 23262:Caves 22369:Turkey 22233:(NAUI) 22209:(CDAA) 22200:diving 22178:(RAID) 22166:(PDIC) 22160:(PADI) 22148:(FIAS) 22142:(DSAT) 22136:(CMAS) 22130:(BSAC) 22124:(ANDI) 22098:(AAUS) 22066:(TSSF) 22030:(RAID) 22018:(PDIC) 22012:(PADI) 22000:(NAUI) 21994:(NASE) 21988:(TIDF) 21970:(IAHD) 21958:(FIAS) 21940:(CMAS) 21928:(BSAC) 21922:(ANMP) 21916:(ANDI) 21910:(ACUC) 21875:(CMAS) 21869:(AIDA) 21804:(ADAS) 21767:(NOAA) 21756:(IMCA) 21750:(IDSA) 21597:levels 21504:Skills 20889:diving 20817:diving 20495:Denise 20113:(NEDU) 20107:(UHMS) 20069:(EUBS) 20063:(EDTC) 20057:(DMAC) 20051:(DDRC) 19576:Oxygen 19467:Diving 19370:health 19320:safety 19019:Diving 18809:Diving 18650:(WKPP) 18644:(QRSS) 18638:(IAHD) 18620:(CMAS) 18602:(CDAA) 18596:(BSAC) 18448:QBS-06 18330:Tremie 18237:Diving 18162:Kronan 17792:MARCOS 17752:GRUMEC 17702:diving 17640:diving 17028:(CWTB) 16687:ABISMO 16653:SEALAB 16225:Suunto 16195:Nemrod 16170:Heinke 16069:Diving 16041:Hookah 15996:Salvus 15560:Safety 15153:Trimix 15143:Oxygen 15138:Nitrox 15133:Hydrox 15123:Heliox 14863:pebble 14858:gravel 14848:cobble 14393:Strait 14373:Skerry 14328:Lagoon 14313:Island 14268:Fundus 14171:Bodden 13911:Lagoon 13237:Nekton 13095:Mammal 13090:Insect 12784:Yabiji 12524:Bamboo 12491:Rugose 12468:Pillar 12423:Corals 12311:& 12182:8 June 12102: 12046: 12003: 11960: 11950: 11942: 11896: 11886: 11878: 11791: 11781: 11773: 11697: 11689: 11611: 11568: 11558: 11550: 11504: 11454: 11267: 11259: 11175: 11069:UNESCO 10995:8 June 10954: 10880: 10872: 10823: 10813: 10805: 10764: 10754: 10712: 10704: 10627: 10617: 10609: 10567: 10557: 10549: 10497: 10487: 10479: 10355: 10312:. 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