880:– Government regulations are rules having the force of law, prescribed by a superior or competent authority, relating to the actions of those under the authority's control. Licences, for example, may be required when entering a specific field, particularly in industries that are heavily protected by the government. As a result, the field is dominated by government-owned firms (e.g., energy), or existing players are protected in the market (e.g., Taxi service or TV). The regulations themselves may set the barriers for not letting others to enter a market, or requirements for licenses and permits may raise the level of investment required, creating an antitrust barrier to entry. However, sometimes government regulations may make entry easier, such as AIR-21 which requires airports to make facilities available to access by all carriers.
853:– Cost advantages raise the stakes in a market, which can deter and delay entrants into the market. Bulk buying offers buyers larger negotiating power to get the lowest price and they take advantage on that. This makes scale economies an antitrust barrier to entry, but they can also be ancillary. The per-unit cost will be lower in scale economies due to the spread of fixed costs to larger volumes, technology efficiencies and better supplier terms, therefore new entrants join the industry either on a large scale or at a cost disadvantage. Cost advantages can sometimes be quickly reversed by advances in technology. For example, the development of
783:- Many industries require the investment of large financial resources to start a new business, which deters new entrants. For example, new airlines require millions of dollars for purchasing planes, staff training etc. In addition, new entrants often experience serious difficulties in raising funds for unrecoverable expenses, such as advertising and R&D. In the pharmaceutical industry, for instance, companies may invest heavily in research in order to develop Covid vaccines, then end up with disappointing results and lose all of their investment.
892:. Here, established firms' use of advertising creates a consumer perceived difference in its brand from other brands to a degree that consumers see its brand as a slightly different product. Since the brand is seen as a slightly different product, products from existing or potential competitors cannot be perfectly substituted in place of the established firm's brand. This makes it hard for new competitors to gain consumer acceptance. It reflected by brand promoting and the increase of customer loyalties.
4126:
954:, require a large upfront investment in technology which will deter potential entrants. The existing firms in the market may also use efficient investments in research and development to increase technological economies of scale, and boost industry development, which work against entrants who lack the funding and resources to enter the market. However, critics also point out that entry barriers can reduce the efficiency of R&D because firms have no incentive to efficiently invest in innovation.
312:
77:
36:
237:
179:
874:– When a good or service has a value that increases on average for every additional customer, this exerts a similar antitrust and ancillary barrier to that of economies of scale. Customers are more willing to buy crucial products from larger companies than newcomers. It increases the difficulty of entering the industry or reduces the initial profit margins for new entrants.
826:– Smaller companies typically fund expansions out of retained profits so high tax rates hinder their growth and ability to compete with existing firms. Larger firms may be better able to avoid high taxes through either loopholes written into law favoring large companies or by using their larger tax accounting staffs to better avoid paying the higher taxes.
812:– At times, it may be difficult or expensive for customers to switch providers, especially if they have to retrain employees or modify internal information systems. Indeed, switching costs are often intentionally made high in order to discourage customers from changing suppliers and adopting the technological innovations provided by others.
1267:
firm will often have very high to absolute barriers to entry. The incumbent firm can obtain tremendous profits through a pure monopoly market, therefore there are very large incentives for the creation of strategic barriers, as they want to continue to earn excess profits in the short and long term.
1244:
will typically see high barriers to entry, due to the size of the existing enterprises and the competitive advantages gained from that size. These competitive advantages could arise from economies of scale, but are also commonly associated with the excess capacity of capital held by incumbent firms,
1209:
barrier to entry is a cost incurred by new entrants to a market that is caused by inherent industry conditions, such as upfront capital investment, economies of scale and network effects. For example, the cost to develop a factory and obtain the initial capital required for manufacturing can be seen
1051:
can hinder entrants, who may be unable to set their prices as low as incumbents. As a result, industries with high barriers to entry often contain a monopoly or oligopoly with dominant power in terms of price. This dominance allows them to charge a higher price or, if other firms join the market, to
710:
The third barrier is capital requirements for the initial investment and running of a company. Companies often require a large amount of capital when starting to pay for fixed facilities but also produce their inventory and fund start-up losses. The magnitude of the barrier increases if the capital
706:
The second barrier to entry is the demand-side benefits of scale or network effects. According to
Porters article, this arises when a buyer's willingness to pay for a company's product increases with the number of other buyers who also patronize the company. Essentially, through network effects the
654:
In 1994, Dennis
Carlton and Jeffrey Perloff gave the definition, "anything that prevents an entrepreneur from instantaneously creating a new firm in a market." Carlton and Perloff then dismiss their own definition as impractical and instead use their own definition of a "long-term barrier to entry"
722:
The final barrier is restrictive government policy. Importantly, this barrier can either aid or hinder an entrant and even effect the other barriers. Restrictive government policies can block entrance through licensing requirements and restrictions on foreign investments. A clear example these may
698:
in 2008 stated that new entrants to an industry have the desire to gain market share, and often substantial resources. The seriousness of the threat of entry depends on the barriers present and on the reaction from existing competitors. Michael Porter's article shows 6 main sources of barriers to
1236:
can allow for medium barriers to entry. Because the enterprises can earn their short-term revenue through innovation and marketing new products to push the price higher than average costs and marginal costs, barriers to entry can be made higher. However, due to the low cost of the information in
718:
The fifth barrier is the unequal access to distribution channels between the incumbents and the entrants. Most companies require some type of distribution channel for the transport of their product. In the case where entrants cannot bypass this barrier, they end up forming their own distribution
702:
The first barrier to entry found in the article is the supply-side economies of scale. These scales arise when incumbents produce larger volumes of their product for a lower total cost. This can occur if they spread their fixed costs over more units, utilize a more efficient technology or are on
714:
The fourth barrier is incumbency advantages independent of size. For the incumbent, this barrier theoretically gives them a cost and quality advantage over the entrants. Specifically, these are often regarding proprietary technology, preferential access to raw materials, favourable geographic
632:
used the definition "an advantage of established sellers in an industry over potential entrant sellers, which is reflected in the extent to which established sellers can persistently raise their prices above competitive levels without attracting new firms to enter the industry." McAfee et al.
730:
An entrant may reconsider entering an industry or choose a new one altogether if incumbents have displayed conscious reactions to entrants in the past. Another discouraging indication for an entrant is if the incumbent is in possession of substantial resources to respond to an entrant. These
640:
defined an entry barrier as "A cost of producing that must be borne by a firm which seeks to enter an industry but is not borne by firms already in the industry." McAfee et al. criticized the phrase "is not borne" as being confusing and incomplete by implying that only current costs need be
747:
can make it difficult for other manufacturers to enter an industry. This is a particular problem if, prior to entry, the other firms in the market use intensive distribution strategies in order to restrict the access of potential entrants to distributors. In response, if access to existing
987:– Predatory pricing is the practice of selling at a loss to make competition more difficult for new firms that cannot bear such losses as easily as a large dominant firm with large lines of credit or cash reserves. Illegal in most places, predatory pricing, however, is difficult to prove.
776:
may represent a kind of entry barrier for a particular product or service if the market is dominated by one or a few well-known names. Incumbent firms may have an exclusive right to use the brand name, making it expensive or impossible for new entrants to license rights to
715:
locations, established brand identities and even cumulative experience. This barrier more specifically outlines the favourable traits incumbents adopt over-time due to their established place in the industry, making it unavoidable for entrants in certain industries.
942:– Vertical integration, a firm's coverage of more than one level of production while pursuing practices which favor its own operations at each level, is often cited as an entry barrier as it requires a similar large-scale effort on the part of competitors.
803:– Exclusive agreements with businesses that represent key links in the supply chain can make it difficult for other manufacturers to enter an industry, e.g. when suppliers offer significant discounts to certain buyers or offer their product exclusively.
1217:
barrier to entry is a cost incurred by new entrants that is artificially created or enhanced by existing firms. This could take the form of exclusive contracts, whether supply or demand-side, or through price manipulation in non-competitive markets.
926:– Incumbents often have advantages over newcomers, including proprietary technology, know-how, favorable access to raw materials, favorable geographic locations, established brand reputation and learning curve cost advantages. It is reflected by
843:
The following examples are sometimes cited as barriers to entry, but don't fit all the commonly cited definitions of a barrier to entry. Many of these fit the definition of antitrust barriers to entry or ancillary economic barriers to entry.
589:
that incumbents do not have or have not had to incur. Because barriers to entry protect incumbent firms and restrict competition in a market, they can contribute to distortionary prices and are therefore most important when discussing
1225:
features zero barriers to entry. Under perfect competition firms are unable to control prices, and produce similar or identical goods. This means that firms cannot operate strategic barriers to entry. Perfect competition implies no
731:
resources generally consist of excess cash and unused borrowing power. This may also allow for incumbents to lower prices to either keep their market share or lower their excess capacity, another discouraging sign for an entrant.
797:. Or Certificate of Need (CON) laws in some of US states may require medical service providers to file an application and prove community need before offering their services—a practice that has been found to benefit incumbents.
1039:- During a period when the number of companies is increasing, the possibility of market entry is higher, Conversely, the likelihood of market entry is less during a period defined by a large number of business failures.
680:
defined above, as it can delay entry into a market but does not result in any cost-advantage to incumbents in the market. All economic barriers to entry are antitrust barriers to entry, but the converse is not true.
723:
include the alcohol and taxi industries. Policies can heighten other entry barriers through patenting laws on technologies and even environmental and safety regulations that raise economies of scale for entrants.
888:– Incumbent firms can seek to make it difficult for new competitors by spending heavily on advertising that new firms would find more difficult to afford or unable to staff and or undertake. This is known as the
719:
channel. The problem for entrants is that the more limited the wholesale and retail channels are, the more competitors have tied them up and consequently the more difficult entry into the industry will be.
727:
Furthermore, a potential new market entrant's expectations about the reaction of the existing competitors within the industry will also be a contributing factor on their decision to enter the market.
651:
In 1981, Baumol and Willig gave the definition "An entry barrier is anything that requires an expenditure by a new entrant into an industry, but that imposes no equivalent cost upon an incumbent"
1260:). It is generally agreed that a duopoly will feature higher barriers to entry than an oligopoly, as firms within a duopoly have a greater potential for absolute advantage with respect to demand.
707:
buyers may trust the larger companies more than smaller ones. This barrier discourages the entrant due to incumbent's embedded data and the structural adjustment programs made internally.
748:
distribution channels is too difficult, new entrants may create their own. For example, new low-cost airlines often encourage passengers to book online instead of through travel agents.
1506:
962:– Large incumbent firms may have existing customers loyal to established products. As a result, the presence of established strong brands within a market can be a barrier to entry.
622:
Various conflicting definitions of "barrier to entry" have been put forth since the 1950s. This has caused there to be no clear consensus on which definition should be used.
1288:
is a barrier to entry to the political competition. One dataset with barriers to entry to the political competition by country is the "Barriers to parties" indicator in
760:, however, give a firm the legal right to stop other firms from producing a product for a given period of time, and so restrict entry. Patents are intended to encourage
1094:- If incumbent firms expect new entrants to represent a threat, and are capable of preventing market entry, they may take action to prevent new entrants from competing.
374:
1854:
2258:
Sigman, Rachel, and
Staffan I. Lindberg. "Neopatrimonialism and democracy: An empirical investigation of Africa's political regimes." V-Dem Working Paper 56 (2017).
189:
1803:
Snider, Connan; Williams, Jonathan W. (2015-12-01). "Barriers to Entry in the
Airline Industry: A Multidimensional Regression-Discontinuity Analysis of AIR-21".
789:– Established policies may protect existing players and restrict entry. For instance, air transport agreements may make it difficult for new airlines to obtain
3269:
1886:
Cullmann, Astrid; Schmidt-Ehmcke, Jens; Zloczysti, Petra (January 2012). "R&D efficiency and barriers to entry: a two stage semi-parametric DEA approach".
1072:- Seller concentration can have a major effect on new entrants, making it difficult for them to enter the market, contributing further to seller concentration.
648:
gave the definition "anything that prevents entry when entry is socially beneficial." McAfee et al. criticized this along the same lines as Bain's definition.
906:, which can increase the strength of barriers to entry. Sunk costs may also lead to monopoly profits, improper resource allocation and low efficiency. For
1768:
Baker, Matthew C.; Stratmann, Thomas (October 2021). "Barriers to entry in the healthcare markets: Winners and Losers from certificate-of-need laws".
979:– One strategy to penetrate a market is to sell at a lower price than the incumbents. This, however, is ineffective with price-insensitive consumers.
676:
is "a cost that delays entry and thereby reduces social welfare relative to immediate but equally costly entry". This contrasts with the concept of
756:– A potential entrant requires access to production technology as efficient as that of the combatant monopolist in order to freely enter a market.
1967:
200:
4885:
1252:
is a market featuring solely two firms. Competition in a duopoly can vary due to what is being set in the market: price or quantity (see
971:– If a single firm has control of a resource essential for a certain industry, then other firms may be unable to compete in the industry.
3107:
3085:
1494:
606:. Barriers of entry also have an importance in industries. First of all it is important to identify that some exist naturally, such as
4011:
552:
3855:
3417:
2537:
1103:- An ability to access strategic raw materials provides advantages for the accessing companies, such as an absolute cost advantage.
4946:
834:– Government allows certain economic activity in specified land areas but excludes others, allowing monopoly over the land needed.
614:
laws, protecting the public. In other cases it can also be due to inherent scarcity of public resources needed to enter a market.
4036:
141:
4931:
3907:
3353:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2651:
113:
669:
is a cost that does not constitute a barrier to entry by itself, but reinforces other barriers to entry if they are present.
658:
In 2011, Wheelen and Hunger gave the definition "an obstruction that makes it difficult for a company to enter an industry".
3912:
2805:
2287:
1864:
1404:
4987:
1182:
Markets with high exit barriers are unstable and not self-regulated, so the profit margins fluctuate very much over time.
920:. This cost might be reduced by waiting until conditions are clearer, which can result in an ancillary antitrust barrier.
120:
1245:
which allows them to engage in temporarily loss-inducing behaviour to force any potential competitor out of the market.
4202:
1389:
94:
49:
4149:
3324:
3112:
3080:
1185:
Markets with a low exit barrier are stable and self-regulated, so the profit margins do not fluctuate much over time.
521:
287:
218:
160:
63:
625:
McAfee, Mialon, and
Williams list seven common definitions in economic literature in chronological order including:
4134:
1058:- Technological change, often seen in high technology sectors, can have a tremendous impact on economies of scale.
127:
17:
633:
criticized this as being tautological by putting the "consequences of the definition into the definition itself."
4144:
3224:
1237:
monopolistic competition, the barrier of entry is lower than in oligopolies or monopolies as new entrants come.
4951:
4154:
3917:
3289:
3241:
2512:
2460:
359:
98:
109:
4992:
4471:
4005:
3897:
3309:
2862:
916:– When a market actor has various options with overlapping possible profits, choosing any one of them has an
545:
464:
4895:
4566:
4086:
3259:
2315:
1928:
4433:
1604:
4390:
4375:
4071:
3284:
1529:
902:
in equipment, building, and raw materials may represent ancillary barriers, particularly in the case of
4631:
4355:
4000:
3882:
3358:
2815:
2507:
2415:
1316:
1301:
1064:- Market concentration, though it usually has only a minor effect, can still work against new entrants.
393:
328:
4496:
4164:
4159:
3980:
3654:
3565:
3444:
1311:
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3632:
3391:
3348:
3314:
2820:
2810:
2492:
2280:
2247:
Tullock, Gordon. "Entry barriers in politics." The
American Economic Review 55.1/2 (1965): 458-466.
1365:
1233:
996:
946:
538:
193:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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3141:
3075:
2993:
2030:
1655:
1610:
1289:
1082:, it is cheaper for an incumbent to establish a new department than it would be for new entrants.
1021:
566:
87:
2078:
Lieberman, Marvin (June 1987). "Excess
Capacity as a Barrier to Entry: An Empirical Appraisal".
2031:"Some Efficiency Aspects of Monopolistic Competition: Innovation, Variety and Transaction Costs"
1649:
1230:; this means that structural barriers to entry are also not possible under perfect competition.
1033:, customer loyalties or product differentiation which can enable them to be first in the market.
4936:
4734:
4360:
4280:
4195:
3950:
3902:
3872:
3709:
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3667:
3484:
3469:
3449:
3331:
3102:
3097:
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1888:
1002:
927:
438:
134:
55:
4926:
4835:
4825:
4531:
4325:
3892:
3887:
3825:
3770:
3719:
3341:
2877:
2850:
2522:
2450:
1321:
752:
711:
is required for unrecoverable expenditure such as advertising and research and development.
585:
that must be incurred by a new entrant, regardless of production or sales activities, into a
526:
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4820:
4626:
4463:
4453:
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4230:
3960:
3736:
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3509:
3504:
3279:
3274:
3249:
3189:
3033:
2970:
2840:
2755:
2593:
1430:
1357:
1257:
1193:. The reverse is also true. The lower the barriers, the more likely the market will become
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938:
481:
476:
364:
258:
196:
4365:
8:
4905:
4815:
4810:
4800:
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4714:
4611:
4413:
4295:
4290:
3865:
3860:
3798:
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3422:
3304:
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2425:
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1253:
1222:
1194:
1161:
611:
4754:
4686:
4345:
1463:
1272:, and strategic reaction in the form of temporary deviation from equilibrium behaviour.
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4785:
4696:
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4225:
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2140:
2099:
2053:
1945:
1828:
1744:
1721:"Barriers to Entry and Market Entry Decisions in Consumer and Industrial Goods Markets"
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1052:
use their market power and cash flow to lower prices, beating out the new competition.
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865:
technology which was once extremely expensive and only available to large corporations.
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586:
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2229:
2087:
2057:
1949:
1905:
1820:
1785:
1720:
1619:
1306:
1281:
1088:- A change in demand function may be endogenous to market entry due to sales efforts.
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983:
907:
854:
486:
471:
342:
2049:
1832:
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2091:
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2009:
1937:
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1812:
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1189:
The higher the barriers to entry and exit, the more prone a market tends to be a
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1976:
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Markets with low entry barriers have many players and thus low profit margins.
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862:
820:– Taxes on imports prevent foreign firms from entering into domestic markets.
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1997:
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1996:
Boland, Michael A.; Crespi, John M.; Silva, Jena; Xia, Tian (April 2012).
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2202:"Is Setting up Barriers to Entry Always Profitable for Incumbent Firms?"
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In the context of international trade, such practices are often called
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is a cost that constitutes an economic barrier to entry on its own. An
595:
582:
2246:
1998:"Measuring the Benefits to Advertising under Monopolistic Competition"
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McAfee, R. Preston; Mialon, Hugo M.; Williams, Michael A. (May 2004).
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2119:"How Cartels Punish: A Structural Theory of Self-Enforcing Collusion"
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which is defined very closely to the definition in the introduction.
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1941:
1926:(February 1957). "Perfect Competition, Historically Contemplated".
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1017:
limits on the number of people who can enter a certain profession.
934:, and it is one of the most critical barriers to entry strategies.
3575:
3525:
3264:
3214:
3003:
2708:
2392:
1268:
These barriers can take several forms, including cost advantage,
1249:
816:
794:
1172:
Markets with high entry barriers have few players and thus high
910:
industries, entrants will also need much more financial capital.
3699:
3047:
2691:
2071:
1885:
1157:
1030:
830:
757:
413:
768:
progress by guaranteeing proceeds as an incentive. Similarly,
594:
policy. Barriers to entry often cause or aid the existence of
3560:
2265:
2038:
Theoretical and
Practical Research in Economic Fields (TPREF)
1961:
1959:
1146:
1043:
3600:
3043:
1472:
190:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2160:"A Model of Duopoly Suggesting a Theory of Entry Barriers"
1956:
1431:"Barriers to Entry: Understanding What Limits Competition"
1275:
2583:
1145:
Low barrier to entry and high exit barrier (for example,
1134:
High barrier to entry and low exit barrier (for example,
1156:
Low barrier to entry and low exit barrier (for example,
610:. Governments can also create barriers to entry to meet
3270:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
2195:
2193:
1495:"Entry Barriers and Contemporary Antitrust Litigation"
1473:
Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development
2210:. 8th International Strategic Management Conference.
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
734:
1995:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1355:
2190:
1025:of incumbents - Incumbent firms show advantages in
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1648:
1603:
2080:The Empirical Renaissance in Industrial Economics
1719:Karakaya, Fahri; Stahl, Michael J. (April 1989).
1675:
1605:"The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy"
1115:classifies the markets into four general cases :
4979:
2110:
743:– Exclusive agreements with key distributors or
2151:
2002:Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics
1802:
1767:
1107:
4196:
2281:
1718:
1528:Wheelen, Thomas L.; Hunger, J. David (2011).
1527:
1092:Incumbent's expected reaction to market entry
689:
546:
1965:
1555:
4210:
1457:
1455:
1453:
857:has allowed small companies to make use of
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4203:
4189:
2288:
2274:
2200:Dilek, Serkan; Top, Seyfi (October 2012).
1556:Shy, Oz; Stenbacka, Rune (December 2005).
924:Incumbency advantages independent of scale
553:
539:
4012:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
2223:
2207:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
2077:
2013:
514:Enforcement authorities and organizations
288:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
3856:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
2538:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
2199:
2028:
1855:"The Market Power Theory of Advertising"
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1531:Strategic Management and Business Policy
1492:
1450:
4037:Credentialism and educational inflation
1922:
1852:
1650:"How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy"
1559:Entry Barriers and Antitrust Objectives
1276:Barriers to entry in non-economic areas
1248:The distinguishing characteristic of a
838:
14:
4980:
4932:English historical school of economics
4886:Structure–conduct–performance paradigm
3908:List of countries by unemployment rate
1805:The Review of Economics and Statistics
1643:
1598:
1168:These markets combine the attributes:
4184:
2269:
2251:
2157:
2116:
1839:
1493:Lazaroff, Daniel E. (December 2006).
1428:
1402:
2806:Practice-based professional learning
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1461:
703:better terms with their suppliers.
230:
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
3354:Workers' right to access the toilet
1966:Curtis, Doug; Irvine, Ian (2020) .
1509:from the original on March 29, 2016
1200:
1056:Technology and technological change
24:
1390:California Institute of Technology
1210:as a structural barrier to entry.
890:market power theory of advertising
735:Primary Economic Barriers to entry
310:
25:
5004:
1577:
1465:Competition and Barriers to Entry
1429:Hayes, Adam (December 30, 2022).
1078:- Typically in highly profitable
522:International Competition Network
45:This article has multiple issues.
4125:
4124:
3418:Corporate collapses and scandals
1770:Socio-Economic Planning Sciences
1537:. Pearson Education. p. 111
1403:Boyce, Paul (October 25, 2022).
235:
177:
75:
34:
2240:
2044:(24). ASERS Publishing: 82–88.
2022:
1989:
1879:
1796:
1761:
1119:High barrier to entry and high
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
4952:Historical school of economics
3918:Employment-to-population ratio
3290:Occupational health psychology
2295:
2158:Dixit, Avinash (Spring 1979).
1637:
1549:
1521:
1486:
1422:
1405:"Barriers to Entry Definition"
1396:
872:/Demand-side benefits of scale
617:
527:List of competition regulators
250:format but may read better as
13:
1:
4006:Works Progress Administration
3898:Unemployment Convention, 1919
3310:Personal protective equipment
2863:Occupational Outlook Handbook
2225:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1055
2164:The Bell Journal of Economics
1499:UC Davis Business Law Journal
1462:West, Jeremy (January 2007).
1358:"What Is a Barrier to Entry?"
1327:
4896:Theory of two-level planning
4391:New institutional economists
4087:Psychopathy in the workplace
3260:Human factors and ergonomics
1969:Principles of Microeconomics
1929:Journal of Political Economy
7:
4376:Edward Lawrence Wheelwright
4072:Narcissism in the workplace
3285:Occupational exposure limit
2050:10.14505/tpref.v12.2(24).02
1295:
1108:Classification and examples
684:
10:
5009:
4988:Anti-competitive practices
4871:Penalty of taking the lead
4001:Civil Works Administration
3883:Technological unemployment
3359:Workplace health promotion
2816:Professional certification
2513:Personality–job fit theory
1782:10.1016/j.seps.2020.101007
1317:Strategic entry deterrence
1302:Anti-competitive practices
690:Porter's Barriers to Entry
674:antitrust barrier to entry
667:ancillary barrier to entry
394:Anti-competitive practices
360:Herfindahl–Hirschman index
329:History of competition law
4914:
4778:
4695:
4462:
4389:
4218:
4120:
4019:
3981:Guaranteed minimum income
3938:
3779:
3653:
3566:Organizational commitment
3518:
3410:
3377:
3240:
3165:
3042:
2969:
2903:
2690:
2612:
2556:
2406:
2303:
2117:Ayres, Ian (March 1987).
2029:Todorova, Tamara (2021).
1312:Starting a Business Index
950:– Some products, such as
678:economic barrier to entry
579:economic barrier to entry
4967:Post-Keynesian economics
4947:French historical school
4219:Institutional economists
4150:Aspects of organizations
3831:Involuntary unemployment
3392:Equal pay for equal work
3315:Repetitive strain injury
2821:Professional development
2811:Professional association
2493:Letter of recommendation
1379:10.1257/0002828041302235
1366:American Economic Review
1234:Monopolistic competition
1080:oligopolistic industries
947:Research and development
663:primary barrier to entry
4942:Evolutionary psychology
4806:Conspicuous consumption
4212:Institutional economics
4135:Aspects of corporations
4097:Slow movement (culture)
3976:Employer of last resort
3878:Structural unemployment
3816:Frictional unemployment
3255:Epilepsy and employment
3142:Performance-related pay
3076:National average salary
2994:996 working hour system
2015:10.22004/ag.econ.122308
1656:Harvard Business Review
1611:Harvard Business Review
1290:V-Dem Democracy indices
1100:strategic raw materials
1022:Product differentiation
694:An article produced by
259:converting this article
4937:Evolutionary economics
4779:Key concepts and ideas
4735:Donald Angus MacKenzie
4361:George W. Stocking Sr.
4281:John Kenneth Galbraith
4145:Aspects of occupations
3951:Unemployment insurance
3903:Unemployment extension
3873:Reserve army of labour
3678:Constructive dismissal
3485:Sleeping while on duty
3450:Exploitation of labour
3332:Sick building syndrome
2508:Person–environment fit
2378:Independent contractor
1889:Oxford Economic Papers
1853:Moffatt, Mike (2005).
1573:– via ozshy.com.
1003:Occupational licensing
928:learning curve effects
878:Government regulations
741:Distributor agreements
439:Occupational licensing
315:
199:by rewriting it in an
4927:Development economics
4836:Hiding hand principle
4826:Effective competition
4697:Economic sociologists
4464:Behavioral economists
4326:Wesley Clair Mitchell
4155:Aspects of workplaces
3893:Unemployment benefits
3888:Types of unemployment
3826:Graduate unemployment
3720:Letter of resignation
3349:Workers' compensation
3342:Occupational fatality
2851:Vocational university
2451:Employment counsellor
1322:Zero-profit condition
1037:Number of competitors
787:Restrictive practices
753:Intellectual property
314:
4993:Monopoly (economics)
4856:Market concentration
4821:Countervailing power
4627:Sendhil Mullainathan
4454:Oliver E. Williamson
4286:Walton Hale Hamilton
4231:Clarence Edwin Ayres
3961:Job creation program
3737:Mandatory retirement
3690:Employee offboarding
3510:Workplace incivility
3505:Workplace harassment
3280:Occupational disease
3275:Occupational burnout
3190:Disability insurance
3034:Workweek and weekend
2841:Vocational education
2756:Continuing education
2594:Permanent employment
1817:10.1162/REST_a_00455
1725:Journal of Marketing
1647:(March–April 1979).
1471:(Technical report).
1258:Bertrand competition
1069:Seller concentration
1062:Market concentration
939:Vertical integration
839:Contentious examples
781:Capital requirements
699:entry for entrants:
602:, or give companies
482:Occupational closure
477:Dividing territories
465:Essential facilities
365:Market concentration
95:improve this article
4906:Veblenian dichotomy
4816:Conventional wisdom
4811:Conspicuous leisure
4801:Bounded rationality
4791:Administered prices
4612:Brigitte C. Madrian
4414:Steven N. S. Cheung
4296:Albert O. Hirschman
4291:Orris C. Herfindahl
3866:Recession-proof job
3861:Lists of recessions
3799:Economic depression
3747:Retirement planning
3628:Work–life interface
3465:Employee monitoring
3433:Corporate behaviour
3423:Accounting scandals
3305:Occupational stress
3295:Occupational injury
2831:Reflective practice
2826:Professional school
2548:Work-at-home scheme
2468:Induction programme
2446:Employment contract
2426:Business networking
2124:Columbia Law Review
1286:electoral threshold
1254:Cournot competition
1223:perfect competition
1195:perfect competition
1162:electronic commerce
1005:– Examples include
801:Supplier agreements
612:consumer protection
110:"Barriers to entry"
4922:Cultural economics
4786:Accelerator effect
4602:George Loewenstein
4542:Catherine C. Eckel
4261:John Maurice Clark
4226:Werner Abelshauser
4129:See also templates
3966:Job creation index
3930:Youth unemployment
3794:Discouraged worker
3683:Wrongful dismissal
3663:At-will employment
3536:Civil conscription
3500:Workplace bullying
3387:Affirmative action
3369:Workplace wellness
3300:Occupational noise
2941:Long service leave
2801:Overspecialization
2781:Induction training
2736:Career development
1902:10.1093/oep/gpr015
1645:Porter, Michael E.
1600:Porter, Michael E.
1565:(Technical report)
1228:economies of scale
1125:telecommunications
932:economies of scale
855:personal computers
850:Economies of scale
809:Switching barriers
646:Franklin M. Fisher
501:Regulatory capture
316:
261:, if appropriate.
201:encyclopedic style
188:is written like a
4975:
4974:
4796:Barriers to entry
4662:Robert J. Shiller
4622:Matteo Motterlini
4366:Lars PĂĄlsson Syll
4178:
4177:
4077:Post-work society
4057:Kiss up kick down
3789:Barriers to entry
3754:Severance package
3586:Human trafficking
3480:Sexual harassment
3460:Employee handbook
3379:Equal opportunity
3242:Safety and health
3232:Take-home vehicle
2846:Vocational school
2796:Lifelong learning
2771:Further education
2731:Career counseling
2726:Career assessment
2503:Overqualification
1733:Sage Publications
1307:Exclusive dealing
1282:political parties
1076:Divisionalization
1049:price competition
984:Predatory pricing
908:capital-intensive
563:
562:
492:Misuse of patents
487:Predatory pricing
472:Exclusive dealing
355:Barriers to entry
343:Coercive monopoly
298:
297:
290:
280:
279:
229:
228:
221:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
5000:
4881:Shortage economy
4866:Market structure
4831:Herfindahl index
4755:Laurent Thévenot
4750:Richard Swedberg
4745:Lynette Spillman
4730:Mark Granovetter
4715:James S. Coleman
4687:Georg Weizsäcker
4682:Robert W. Vishny
4647:Klaus M. Schmidt
4597:Jeffrey R. Kling
4492:Douglas Bernheim
4381:Erich Zimmermann
4371:Thorstein Veblen
4351:Herbert A. Simon
4346:François Simiand
4321:Jesse W. Markham
4301:Geoffrey Hodgson
4241:Shimshon Bichler
4205:
4198:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4165:Critique of work
4160:Corporate titles
4128:
4127:
4047:Evil corporation
3913:Employment rates
3836:Jobless recovery
3804:Great Depression
3764:Golden parachute
3759:Golden handshake
3556:Job satisfaction
3546:Critique of work
3364:Workplace phobia
3195:Health insurance
3152:Wage compression
3120:Progressive wage
2979:35-hour workweek
2946:No call, no show
2936:Leave of absence
2786:Knowledge worker
2714:Master craftsman
2518:Personality hire
2456:Executive search
2436:Curriculum vitae
2421:Background check
2290:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1974:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1867:on April 5, 2008
1863:. Archived from
1850:
1837:
1836:
1811:(5): 1002–1022.
1800:
1794:
1793:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1716:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1652:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1607:
1602:(January 2008).
1596:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1362:
1353:
1263:A market with a
1201:Market structure
1191:natural monopoly
1086:Selling expenses
976:Inelastic demand
959:Customer loyalty
918:opportunity cost
575:barrier to entry
555:
548:
541:
446:Product bundling
348:Natural monopoly
300:
299:
293:
286:
275:
272:
266:
257:You can help by
239:
238:
231:
224:
217:
213:
210:
204:
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:Barrier to entry
5008:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4910:
4891:Technostructure
4846:Instrumentalism
4841:Hirschman cycle
4774:
4770:Viviana Zelizer
4740:Joel M. Podolny
4691:
4617:Gary McClelland
4582:Daniel Kahneman
4577:David Ryan Just
4572:Charles A. Holt
4552:Urs Fischbacher
4537:Stephen Duneier
4527:Werner De Bondt
4458:
4385:
4336:Jonathan Nitzan
4276:Robert H. Frank
4266:John R. Commons
4246:Robert A. Brady
4214:
4209:
4179:
4174:
4170:Organized labor
4140:Aspects of jobs
4116:
4107:Toxic workplace
4042:Emotional labor
4015:
3939:Public programs
3934:
3851:Great Recession
3821:Full employment
3809:Long Depression
3775:
3673:Banishment room
3649:
3571:Refusal of work
3514:
3438:Corporate crime
3406:
3373:
3236:
3161:
3038:
2965:
2899:
2776:Graduate school
2686:
2608:
2552:
2543:Underemployment
2402:
2346:Self-employment
2321:Contingent work
2311:Academic tenure
2304:Classifications
2299:
2294:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2241:
2198:
2191:
2176:10.2307/3003317
2156:
2152:
2137:10.2307/1122562
2115:
2111:
2096:10.2307/2098590
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2033:
2027:
2023:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1957:
1924:Stigler, George
1921:
1917:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1851:
1840:
1801:
1797:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1741:10.2307/1251415
1717:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1597:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1397:
1383:
1381:
1360:
1354:
1335:
1330:
1298:
1278:
1203:
1110:
952:microprocessors
841:
737:
726:
692:
687:
620:
565:In theories of
559:
455:Refusal to deal
434:Tacit collusion
380:Relevant market
304:Competition law
294:
283:
282:
281:
276:
270:
267:
256:
240:
236:
225:
214:
208:
205:
197:help improve it
194:
182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
27:Economic theory
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5006:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4962:Microeconomics
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4915:Related fields
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4851:Kuznets cycles
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4765:Harrison White
4762:
4760:Carlo Trigilia
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4672:Richard Thaler
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:Howard Rachlin
4639:
4634:
4632:Michael Norton
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4557:Herbert Gintis
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:David Cesarini
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4472:George Ainslie
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4439:Douglass North
4436:
4431:
4426:
4424:Harold Demsetz
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4404:Armen Alchian
4401:
4399:Daron Acemoglu
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:Frank Stilwell
4353:
4348:
4343:
4341:Warren Samuels
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4271:Richard T. Ely
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:Daniel Bromley
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:Sunday scaries
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3843:
3841:Phillips curve
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3742:Retirement age
3739:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:Exit interview
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3445:Discrimination
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3397:Gender pay gap
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3210:Parental leave
3207:
3205:Marriage leave
3202:
3200:Life insurance
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Income bracket
3052:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Eight-hour day
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2748:
2746:Creative class
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2704:Apprenticeship
2700:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Scarlet-collar
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2388:Temporary work
2385:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2356:Skilled worker
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2250:
2239:
2189:
2150:
2131:(2): 295–325.
2109:
2070:
2021:
2008:(1): 144–155.
1988:
1977:Lyryx Learning
1955:
1942:10.1086/257878
1915:
1896:(1): 176–196.
1878:
1838:
1795:
1760:
1674:
1636:
1576:
1548:
1520:
1485:
1449:
1421:
1395:
1373:(2): 461–465.
1332:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1277:
1274:
1221:A market with
1202:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:profit margins
1166:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1132:
1123:(for example,
1113:Michael Porter
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1098:Possession of
1095:
1089:
1083:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1040:
1034:
1018:
1000:
980:
972:
963:
955:
943:
935:
921:
911:
893:
881:
875:
870:Network effect
866:
863:communications
840:
837:
836:
835:
827:
821:
813:
804:
798:
784:
778:
749:
736:
733:
696:Michael Porter
691:
688:
686:
683:
638:George Stigler
619:
616:
561:
560:
558:
557:
550:
543:
535:
532:
531:
530:
529:
524:
516:
515:
511:
510:
509:
508:
503:
498:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
468:
467:
462:
452:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
416:
405:
403:Monopolization
397:
396:
390:
389:
388:
387:
385:Merger control
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
351:
350:
345:
331:
323:
322:
321:Basic concepts
318:
317:
307:
306:
296:
295:
278:
277:
243:
241:
234:
227:
226:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5005:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:Legal realism
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:Paula England
4723:
4721:
4720:Paul DiMaggio
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4710:Fred L. Block
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:Hersh Shefrin
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Matthew Rabin
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Graham Loomes
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:George Katona
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:David Halpern
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:Rachel Croson
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Colin Camerer
4505:
4503:
4502:Sarah Brosnan
4500:
4498:
4497:Samuel Bowles
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:Elinor Ostrom
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:Claude MĂ©nard
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Masahiko Aoki
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Gunnar Myrdal
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:Simon Kuznets
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:Ha-Joon Chang
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Make-work job
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:Right to work
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Job guarantee
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3956:Make-work job
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Restructuring
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Notice period
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Unfree labour
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Bonded labour
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Whistleblower
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Control fraud
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3402:Glass ceiling
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:Work accident
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3325:United States
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3225:United States
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Casual Friday
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Paid time off
3135:
3133:
3132:Overtime rate
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3113:United States
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Four-day week
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Practice firm
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Employability
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Orange-collar
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2614:Working class
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
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2016:
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1618:(1): 78–137.
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791:landing slots
788:
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771:
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766:technological
763:
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623:
615:
613:
609:
608:brand loyalty
605:
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460:Group boycott
458:
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420:
417:
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412:Formation of
411:
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265:is available.
264:
260:
254:
253:
249:
244:This article
242:
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186:This article
184:
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165:
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143:
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133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4901:Veblen goods
4861:Market power
4795:
4705:Jens Beckert
4677:Amos Tversky
4652:Eldar Shafir
4517:Kay-Yut Chen
4444:Mancur Olson
4419:Ronald Coase
4316:Hunter Lewis
4306:János Kornai
4102:Toxic leader
4082:Presenteeism
4062:Labor rights
4052:Going postal
4027:Bullshit job
4010:
3995:
3990:
3788:
3781:Unemployment
3633:Downshifting
3616:Wage slavery
3596:Penal labour
3551:Dead-end job
3541:Conscription
3320:Right to sit
3175:Annual leave
3157:Working poor
3093:Minimum wage
3071:Maximum wage
3029:Working time
3019:Six-hour day
2921:Career break
2883:Professional
2677:Black-collar
2647:White-collar
2627:Green-collar
2604:Volunteering
2441:Drug testing
2431:Cover letter
2371:Tradesperson
2253:
2242:
2211:
2205:
2170:(1): 20–32.
2167:
2163:
2153:
2128:
2122:
2112:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2041:
2037:
2024:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1968:
1933:
1927:
1918:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:the original
1858:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1752:. Retrieved
1728:
1724:
1665:. Retrieved
1663:(2): 137–145
1660:
1654:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1615:
1609:
1567:. Retrieved
1558:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1530:
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1502:
1498:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1464:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:Investopedia
1434:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:
1398:
1388:– via
1382:. Retrieved
1370:
1364:
1279:
1265:monopolistic
1262:
1247:
1239:
1232:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1188:
1167:
1121:exit barrier
1111:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1075:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1047:- Intensive
1042:
1036:
1020:
988:
982:
974:
965:
957:
945:
937:
923:
913:
895:
889:
883:
877:
868:
848:
842:
829:
823:
815:
806:
800:
786:
780:
774:servicemarks
751:
740:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
693:
677:
673:
671:
666:
662:
660:
657:
653:
650:
643:
641:considered.
635:
627:
624:
621:
604:market power
578:
574:
564:
506:Rent-seeking
419:Price fixing
370:Market power
354:
284:
271:October 2020
268:
263:Editing help
245:
215:
209:October 2020
206:
187:
157:
151:October 2020
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
4876:Satisficing
4587:Ariel Kalil
4482:Nava Ashraf
4429:Avner Greif
4236:Joe S. Bain
3991:Historical:
3715:Resignation
3655:Termination
3638:Slow living
3606:Truck wages
3591:Labour camp
3519:Willingness
3411:Infractions
3066:Living wage
3014:Remote work
2682:Gold-collar
2637:Pink-collar
2632:Grey-collar
2622:Blue-collar
2589:Labour hire
2564:Cooperative
2528:Recruitment
2483:Job hunting
2416:Application
2398:Wage labour
2383:Labour hire
2336:Job sharing
2218:: 774–782.
2090:: 607–627.
2063:January 24,
1871:January 24,
1667:January 24,
1629:January 24,
1569:January 24,
1513:January 24,
1478:January 24,
1442:January 24,
1414:January 24,
1384:January 24,
1270:advertising
1027:advertising
1007:educational
966:Control of
914:Uncertainty
900:Investments
885:Advertising
630:Joe S. Bain
618:Definitions
600:oligopolies
567:competition
429:Bid rigging
4982:Categories
4562:Uri Gneezy
4547:Armin Falk
4532:Paul Dolan
4477:Dan Ariely
3925:Wage curve
3732:Retirement
3645:Workaholic
3623:Work ethic
3490:Wage theft
3475:Labour law
3470:Evaluation
3455:Dress code
3220:Sick leave
3185:Child care
3147:Salary cap
3061:Income tax
3024:Shift work
2961:Time clock
2956:Sick leave
2951:Sabbatical
2916:Break room
2904:Attendance
2873:Profession
2858:Mentorship
2836:Retraining
2761:E-learning
2657:New-collar
2652:Red-collar
2599:Supervisor
2579:Internship
2498:Onboarding
2366:Technician
2361:Journeyman
2331:Gig worker
2297:Employment
1982:2022-04-20
1776:: 101007.
1754:2020-10-31
1328:References
1207:structural
1136:consulting
904:sunk costs
770:trademarks
596:monopolies
583:fixed cost
496:copyrights
375:SSNIP test
121:newspapers
50:improve it
4667:Uwe Sunde
4487:Ofer Azar
4112:Workhouse
4032:Busy work
3846:Recession
3710:Pink slip
3668:Dismissal
3531:Careerism
3125:Singapore
3103:Hong Kong
2971:Schedules
2890:Tradesman
2791:Licensure
2751:Education
2721:Avocation
2662:No-collar
2642:Precariat
2523:Probation
2478:Job fraud
2234:1877-0428
2058:157645529
1950:153919760
1910:0030-7653
1860:About.com
1825:0034-6535
1790:0038-0121
1735:: 80–91.
1242:Oligopoly
1215:strategic
1151:ironworks
1140:education
1011:licensing
991:antitrust
968:resources
807:Customer
762:invention
745:retailers
644:In 1979,
636:In 1968,
628:In 1956,
592:antitrust
571:economics
408:Collusion
338:oligopoly
56:talk page
4020:See also
3946:Workfare
3771:Turnover
3167:Benefits
3048:salaries
3009:Overtime
2999:Flextime
2931:Gap year
2926:Furlough
2895:Vocation
2878:Operator
2741:Coaching
2696:training
2574:Employer
2569:Employee
2473:Job fair
2351:Side job
2216:Elsevier
1936:: 1–17.
1833:57571664
1624:18271320
1541:21 April
1507:Archived
1296:See also
859:database
795:airports
793:at some
685:Examples
577:, or an
334:Monopoly
3996:U.S.A.:
3601:Peonage
3576:Slavery
3526:Boreout
3265:Karoshi
3215:Pension
3004:On-call
2709:Artisan
2393:Laborer
2184:3003317
2145:1122562
2104:2098590
1749:1251415
1250:duopoly
997:dumping
896:Capital
817:Tariffs
758:Patents
581:, is a
414:cartels
195:Please
135:scholar
3700:Layoff
3250:Crunch
3108:Europe
3098:Canada
3086:Europe
2692:Career
2533:Résumé
2408:Hiring
2316:Casual
2232:
2182:
2143:
2102:
2056:
1948:
1908:
1831:
1823:
1788:
1747:
1622:
1158:retail
1147:hotels
1129:energy
1031:brands
1013:, and
831:Zoning
777:names.
587:market
246:is in
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
3561:McJob
3081:World
3044:Wages
2911:Break
2557:Roles
2180:JSTOR
2141:JSTOR
2100:JSTOR
2088:Wiley
2086:(4).
2054:S2CID
2034:(PDF)
1973:(PDF)
1946:S2CID
1829:S2CID
1745:JSTOR
1731:(2).
1563:(PDF)
1535:(PDF)
1505:(1).
1469:(PDF)
1361:(PDF)
1044:Price
1015:quota
824:Taxes
450:tying
423:cases
252:prose
142:JSTOR
128:books
3046:and
2694:and
2461:list
2230:ISSN
2065:2023
1906:ISSN
1873:2023
1821:ISSN
1786:ISSN
1669:2023
1631:2023
1620:PMID
1571:2023
1543:2023
1515:2023
1480:2023
1444:2023
1416:2023
1386:2023
1284:the
1280:For
1256:and
989:See
930:and
861:and
772:and
764:and
598:and
573:, a
494:and
448:and
336:and
248:list
114:news
2584:Job
2220:doi
2172:doi
2133:doi
2092:doi
2046:doi
2010:doi
1938:doi
1898:doi
1813:doi
1778:doi
1737:doi
1375:doi
1240:An
672:An
569:in
97:by
4984::
2228:.
2214:.
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2204:.
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2127:.
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2098:.
2084:35
2082:.
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2040:.
2036:.
2006:37
2004:.
2000:.
1975:.
1958:^
1944:.
1934:65
1932:.
1904:.
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1892:.
1857:.
1841:^
1827:.
1819:.
1809:97
1807:.
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1729:53
1727:.
1723:.
1677:^
1661:57
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1501:.
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1452:^
1433:.
1407:.
1371:94
1369:.
1363:.
1336:^
1292:.
1213:A
1205:A
1197:.
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2067:.
2048::
2018:.
2012::
1985:.
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1940::
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1900::
1875:.
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1815::
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1780::
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