444:. He brought in inference to supply the place of discredited tradition, and showed the possibility of writing history in the absence of original records. By his theory of the disputes between the patricians and plebeians arising from original differences of race he drew attention to the immense importance of ethnological distinctions, and contributed to the revival of these divergences as factors in modern history. More than all, perhaps, since his conception of ancient Roman story made laws and manners of more account than shadowy lawgivers, he undesignedly influenced history by popularizing that conception of it which lays stress on institutions, tendencies and social traits to the neglect of individuals."
440:(1911) continues, "Other alleged discoveries, such as the construction of early Roman history out of still earlier ballads, have not been equally fortunate; but if every positive conclusion of Niebuhr's had been refuted, his claim to be considered the first who dealt with the ancient history of Rome in a scientific spirit would remain unimpaired, and the new principles introduced by him into historical research would lose nothing of their importance. He suggested, though he did not elaborate, the theory of the myth, so potent an instrument for good and ill in modern historical
381:
33:
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163:, where he studied law and philosophy. There he formed an important friendship with Madame Hensler, the widowed daughter-in-law of one of the professors, six years older than himself. He also made the acquaintance of her sister, Amelie Behrens, whom he subsequently married. In 1796 he left Kiel to become private secretary to the Danish finance minister,
235:. The first edition in two volumes, based upon his lectures, was published in 1811–1812, but attracted little attention at the time owing to the absorbing interest of political events. In 1813 Niebuhr's own attention was diverted from history by the uprising of the German people against Napoleon; he entered the
175:
In 1799 he returned to
Denmark, where he entered the state service; in 1800 he married Amalie Behrens (1773–1815) and settled at Copenhagen. In 1804 he became chief director of the national bank. After the death of his first wife, Niebuhr married (1816) Margarete Henslen (1787–1831), with whom he had
447:
More modern perspectives on
Niebuhr's work maintain that, although some of his hypotheses were extravagant, and his conclusions mistaken, he introduced a constructive, scientific approach to the critical and sceptical consideration of ancient literary sources, especially with regard to their poetic
171:
studying agriculture and physics. Of his stay in Great
Britain, he said "my early residence in England gave me one important key to Roman history. It is necessary to know civil life by personal observation in order to understand such states as those of antiquity. I never could have understood a
271:. The reason that Niebuhr visited Verona is a matter of controversy among scholars, with some alleging that he was on a "secret mission" to obtain the Gaius manuscript which others had previously found. The evidence points towards a fortunate coincidence.
159:, a prominent German geographer resident in that city. His father provided his early education. By 1794 the precocious young Niebuhr had already become an accomplished classical scholar who read several languages. That year he entered the
1068:
200:, and was afterwards still more useful as commissioner of the national debt and by his opposition to ill-considered schemes of taxation. He was also for a short time Prussian minister in the
1063:
204:, where he endeavoured without success to fund a loan. The extreme sensitiveness of his temperament, however, disqualified him for politics; he proved impracticable in his relations with
339:, where the remainder of his life was spent, with the exception of some visits to Berlin as councillor of state. He here rewrote and republished (1827–1828) the first two volumes of his
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counts among epoch-making histories both as marking an era in the study of its special subject and for its momentous influence on the general conception of history.
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He next accepted (1816) the post of ambassador at Rome. Before his departure for Rome, he married his wife's niece. On his way to Rome, he discovered in the
969:
188:. He showed much business ability in his banking work, which he attributed to his life in England and Scotland. He arrived in Prussia on the eve of the
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in the same year was a terrible blow to him, and filled him with the most dismal anticipations of the future of Europe. Niebuhr died, aged 54, in
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in his intellectual presuppositions, his use of philologic analysis, and his emphasis on both general and particular phenomena in history.
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324:, a Roman poet of the 5th century. As minister, he brought about the understanding between Prussia and the Pope signalized by the bull
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939:
922:
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734:
S. Krmnicek and M. Gaidys, 'Gelehrtenbilder. Altertumswissenschaftler auf
Medaillen des 19. Jahrhunderts', in S. Krmnicek (ed.),
424:"The main results arrived at by the inquiries of Niebuhr, such as his views of the ancient population of Rome, the origin of the
119:(27 August 1776 – 2 January 1831) was a Danish–German statesman, banker, and historian who became Germany's leading historian of
698:
Der ‚Glücksstern‘ Niebuhrs und die
Institutionen des Gaius. Deutsch-italienische Wissenschaftspolitik im frühen 19. Jahrhundert.
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was translated into
English by F. A. Walter (1827), but was immediately superseded by the translation of the second edition by
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online-publication of the
Digital Cabinet of Medals of the Institute for Classical Archaeology at the University of Tübingen
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and other ministers, and in 1810 retired for a time from public life, accepting the more congenial appointment of royal
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1038:
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Lectures on the
History of Rome from the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire (2nd English edition, 1848)
683:
388:
In
February 1830, his house was burned down, but the greater part of his books and manuscripts were saved. France's
1023:
1043:
893:
Iggers, Georg G. "The
Intellectual Foundations of Nineteenth-Century 'Scientific' History: The German Model." in
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301:
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586:
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and mythical embellishments. The influence of scientific racism upon some of his theories has been considered.
239:
and ineffectually sought admission into the regular army. He edited for a short time a patriotic journal, the
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580:
469:
136:
249:, and was subsequently employed in some minor negotiations. In 1815 he lost both his father and his wife.
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He commenced his lectures with a course on the history of Rome, which formed the basis of his great work
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167:, but in 1798 he gave up this appointment and travelled in Great Britain, spending a year at
267:, to whom he communicated the discovery under the impression that he had found a portion of
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Review of Lieber's Reminiscences of Niebuhr, from Southern Literary Messenger, January 1836
347:, which, with the help of a fragment written in 1831, was edited after his death (1832) by
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308:(1773–1855), to which he contributed several chapters. He also, on a journey home from
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Reill, Peter Hanns (1980). "Barthold Georg Niebuhr and the Enlightenment Tradition".
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432:, and many other points of interest, have been acknowledged by all his successors."
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Bridenthal, Renate. "Was There a Roman Homer? Niebuhr's Thesis and Its Critics."
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Reill, Peter Hanns. "Barthold Georg Niebuhr and the Enlightenment Tradition,"
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849:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–669.
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429:
343:, and composed a third volume, bringing the narrative down to the end of the
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by his analysis of Roman economy and government. Niebuhr was a leader of the
428:, the relation between the patricians and plebeians, the real nature of the
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In 1809 he became a third class corresponding member, living abroad, of the
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During his residence in Rome Niebuhr discovered and published fragments of
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number of things in the history of Rome without having observed England."
396:. After his death, in 1842, a medal was commissioned to honour his work.
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In September 1806, he quit the Denmark post for a similar appointment in
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L. Schmitz, 'Preface', in T. Mommsen, ed. & transl. W.P. Dickson,
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480:(“History of Greek Heroes,” 1842; 11th ed. 1896), for his son Marcus;
245:, joined the headquarters of the allied sovereigns, and witnessed the
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and symbol of German national spirit that emerged after the defeat at
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127:. By 1810 Niebuhr was inspiring German patriotism in students at the
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In 1823 he resigned the position in Rome and established himself at
236:
830:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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one son, Marcus, and three daughters, Amalie, Lucia and Cornelia.
853:
Bowersock, Glen W. "The vanishing paradigm of the fall of Rome."
621:. Vol. 17 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
185:
86:
64:
682:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
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139:. But he was also deeply rooted in the classical spirit of the
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in 1821. Niebuhr was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
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Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
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The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 4: 1800-1945
425:
309:
1064:
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
953:"Was There a Roman Homer? Niebuhr's Thesis and Its Critics"
488:(Minor Historical and Philological Writings, 1828–43). His
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365:), and delivered courses of lectures on ancient history,
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Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
738:, New Series Vol. 3 (Tübingen 2020), at pp. 47–49.
292:, and shared in framing the plan of the great work
758:, 4 vols (Richard Bentley, London 1862-1866), I,
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16:Danish-German statesman and historian (1776–1831)
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919:The Life and Letters of Barthold George Niebuhr.
885:History and historians in the nineteenth century
412:, in his 1861 preface to the English version of
196:, where he rendered considerable service in the
875:The life and letters of Barthold George Niebuhr
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296:("The Description of the City of Rome") on the
936:An epitome of Niebuhr's History of Rome. vol 3
797:Cornell (1995) p 244. (Source not identified).
486:Kleine historische und philologische Schriften
484:(“History of the Age of Revolutions”, 1845);
934:Twiss, Travers, and Barthold Georg Niebuhr.
929:Niebuhr's Lectures on Roman History. Vol. 3.
192:. He accompanied the fugitive government to
927:Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, and Meyer Isler.
578:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
123:and a founding father of modern scholarly
31:
615:. In Baynes, T. S.; Smith, W. R. (eds.).
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1054:Academic staff of the University of Bonn
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482:Geschichte des Zeitalters der Revolution
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716:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
711:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter N"
661:G. Walther, 'Niebuhr, Barthold Georg',
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1006:
669:(Deutsche Biographie, Online-Version).
362:Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae
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590:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
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330:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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1099:Immigrants to the Kingdom of Prussia
680:"Barthold Georg Niebuhr (1776–1831)"
544:
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492:is familiar in English translation.
476:(last edition, 1847–1851). He wrote
384:Medaille Barthold Georg Niebuhr 1842
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37:Barthold Georg Niebuhr (drawing by
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873:Bunsen, Christian Charles Josias.
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221:Royal Institute of the Netherlands
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549:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
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917:Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, et al.
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1079:German male non-fiction writers
976:Works of Barthold Georg Niebuhr
791:
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736:Von Krösus bis zu König Wilhelm
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612:"Niebuhr, Barthold Georg"
581:"Niebuhr, Barthold Georg"
552:"Niebuhr, Barthold Georg"
456:The first edition of Niebuhr's
302:Christian Charles Josias Bunsen
1034:19th-century German historians
970:Barthold Georg Niebuhr's Works
690:
672:
587:New International Encyclopedia
502:
227:Academic and diplomatic career
1:
1109:19th-century Danish diplomats
1074:19th-century German diplomats
959:, 11 (1972), pp. 193–213
921:Harper & brothers, 1854.
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700:Jedermann-Verlag GmbH, 2014.
478:Griechische Heroengeschichte
146:
7:
490:Lectures on Ancient History
286:in his edition of Cicero's
254:cathedral library of Verona
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1084:Historians of ancient Rome
741:. Companion-volume to the
298:topography of ancient Rome
1089:University of Kiel alumni
1039:German classical scholars
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71:
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931:Chatto and Windus, 1875.
777:Encyclopaedia Britannica
773:"Barthold Georg Niebuhr"
760:pp. iii-v, at Wikisource
663:Neue Deutsche Biographie
495:
451:
1024:Writers from Copenhagen
846:Encyclopædia Britannica
841:Niebuhr, Barthold Georg
618:Encyclopædia Britannica
438:Encyclopedia Britannica
306:Ernst Zacharias Platner
263:, afterwards edited by
1044:Ambassadors of Prussia
902:German Studies Review,
867:11.2 (1972): 193–213.
558:Encyclopedia Americana
434:
400:Evaluation and opinion
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351:. He also assisted in
242:Prussian Correspondent
117:Barthold Georg Niebuhr
25:Barthold Georg Niebuhr
511:German Studies Review
422:
383:
212:and professor at the
1049:Prussian politicians
904:(1980) 3#1, pp 9–26
857:49.8 (1996): 29–43.
214:university of Berlin
151:Niebuhr was born in
141:Age of Enlightenment
129:University of Berlin
98:Alter Friedhof, Bonn
951:Renate Bridenthal,
756:The History of Rome
233:Römische Geschichte
190:catastrophe of Jena
957:History and Theory
865:History and Theory
390:revolution of July
386:
355:'s edition of the
326:De salute animarum
322:Flavius Merobaudes
312:, deciphered in a
165:Count Schimmelmann
161:University of Kiel
375:French Revolution
320:the fragments of
318:Abbey of St. Gall
294:Beschreibung Roms
247:battle of Bautzen
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978:Internet Archive
887:(1913) pp 14–23
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121:Ancient Rome
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77:(1831-01-02)
18:
1019:1831 deaths
1014:1776 births
972:Hathi Trust
720:8 September
517:(1): 9–26.
462:Julius Hare
367:ethnography
202:Netherlands
53:1776 -08-27
1008:Categories
996:Volume Two
993:Volume One
817:References
667:pp. 219-21
404:Niebuhr's
314:palimpsest
259:Institutes
206:Hardenberg
194:Königsberg
180:To Prussia
153:Copenhagen
61:Copenhagen
442:criticism
371:geography
357:Byzantine
332:in 1822.
169:Edinburgh
147:Education
906:in JSTOR
609:(1884).
420:, wrote:
282:, aided
261:of Gaius
237:Landwehr
110:(father)
877:(1852)
834::
783:8 March
779:. 2022
531:1429481
418:History
414:Mommsen
316:at the
265:Savigny
186:Prussia
87:Prussia
65:Denmark
940:online
938:1837.
923:online
889:online
869:online
859:online
828:
529:
276:Cicero
269:Ulpian
104:Parent
714:(PDF)
527:JSTOR
496:Notes
452:Works
426:plebs
310:Italy
785:2022
722:2016
472:and
464:and
436:The
394:Bonn
337:Bonn
304:and
280:Livy
278:and
137:Jena
83:Bonn
72:Died
47:Born
843:".
519:doi
416:'s
300:by
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955:,
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627:^
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584:.
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377:.
369:,
223:.
216:.
85:,
63:,
988:.
787:.
762:.
745:.
724:.
561:.
533:.
521::
515:3
55:)
51:(
41:)
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