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different because they have two squares, one for the market and one square for the church. The square is also used to divide the city into quarters. Generally, it lies outside the main street (the axis) which carried the traffic. There are three possible layouts: Completely closed: The square does not touch any street. These are very rare; there is one example at
Tournay with a size of 70 metres (230 ft) by 72 m (236 ft)). Single-axis: The single-axis design of the bastide makes all roads run in one direction and are parallel. Here and there, there are alleys cut between the roads. The square is placed between two roads. These squares are usually 50 m (164 ft) to 55 m (180 ft) on each side. Grid-layout; usually based on the square in Montauban. Generally the flattest place in the bastide was used for the square.
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359:. Fortifications were added later and were paid for through a special tax or carried out through a law that required the people of the city to help build the walls. A good example is Libourne. Ten years after the city was founded, the people asked for money to build city walls. Once they had received the money, they spent it on making their city prettier, rather than building walls. At the beginning of the
27:
215:('customs') of the bastide. Feudal rights were invested in the sovereign, with the local lord retaining some duties as enforcer of local justice and intermediary between the new inhabitants— required to build houses within a specified time, often a year, and the representatives of the sovereign. Residents were granted a houselot, a kitchen garden lot (
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1995. More rarely, such planned cities were developed according to a circular plan. Some bastides were not so geometrically planned: "The block geometry of the bastides was not a rigid framework into which a town was squeezed; it resembles more closely a net, thrown upon the site and adapting to its nuances," Randolph remarks.
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There were clear rules how houses could be built inside the bastide. The front of the houses, the façades, had to line up. Also, there had to be a small space between the houses. The different housing lots were all alike, 8 m (26 ft) by 24 m (79 ft) being a common size. There were
300:
The main feature of all bastides is a central, open place, or square. It was used for markets, but also used for political and social gatherings. A typical square, (which was probably a model for other bastides), can be found in
Montauban. Generally, there is just one square. Saint-Lys and Albias are
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Ease of tax collection was another reason for the grid layout, as the village was taxable module by module, and the organized central area. The bastides' forms resulted from "the friction engendered by interaction, expedience, pragmatism, legal compromise, and profit," Adrian
Randolph observed in
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The streets were usually 6–10 m (20–33 ft) wide, so a chariot could pass through. They ran alongside the façades of the houses. Alleys run between streets, these are usually only 5–6 m (16–20 ft) wide. Sometimes, they are only 2–2.5 m (6 ft 7 in – 8 ft
235:
Scholarly debate has taken place over the definition of a bastide. They are now generally described as any town planned and built as a unit, by one founder. Most bastides were developed with a grid layout of intersecting streets, with wide thoroughfares that divide the town plan into
175:
The new inhabitants were encouraged to cultivate the land around the bastide, which, in turn, attracted trade in the form of merchants and markets. The lord taxed dwellings in the bastides and all trade in the market. The legal footing on which the bastides were set was that of
464:, most of the present town walls were not built initially, though their strategic location was a consideration from the start, in part through contractual promises of future military support from the new occupants. See Adrian Randolph, "The Bastides of southwest France"
309:
The church was almost never on the central square but usually at an angle, facing the square diagonally. One of the rare exceptions is
Villefranche-de-Rouergue but this one was built two centuries after the square.
248:) through which the axes of thoroughfares passed, with a covered weighing and measuring area. The market square often provided the module into which the bastide is subdivided. The Roman model, the
227:) on the periphery of the bastide's lands. The bastide hall and the church were often first constructed of wood. After the bastide was established, they were replaced by structures of stone.
698:
The foundation, planning and building of new towns in the 13th and 14th centuries in Europe. An architectural-historical research into urban form and its creation
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of France, because of the altitude and quality of the soil. Some were constructed in important defensive positions. The best-known today are probably
93:. He encouraged the construction of others to colonize the wilderness, especially of southwest France. Almost 700 bastides were built between 1222 (
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When bastides were founded, most had no city walls or fortifications because it was a peaceful time in history, and walls were prohibited by the
715:
Boerefijn, Wim, 'New towns of the twelfth to fourteenth centuries and the grid plan', in: Sofia
Greaves and Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (eds.),
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802:
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363:, many bastides that had no city walls were destroyed. Some of the others quickly built stone walls to protect the city.
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242:, or blocks, through which a narrow lane often runs. They included a central market square surrounded by arcades (
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only a limited number of lots. This varied between ten and several thousand (3,000 in
Grenade-sur-Garonne)
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with the local ruling power, based on a formal written contractual agreement between the landholder and a
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260:, was inescapable in a region since Roman planning precedents survived in medieval cities such as
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founder of unparalleled energy" consolidated his regional control in part through the founding of
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emphasises the "built" nature of the enterprise; in spite of the fortified connotations of
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to build new towns in his shattered domains but not to fortify them. When the
Capetian
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196:. The landholder might be a cartel of local lords or the abbot of a local monastery.
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M.R.G. Conzen, 'The use of town plans in the study of urban history' in H.J. Dyos,
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2 in) wide. In a bastide there were usually between one and eight streets.
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What is a bastide? - Short history in
English centered around Cordes sur Ciel.
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New Towns of the Middle Ages. Town
Plantation in England, Wales and Gascony
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148:(taxes on production). Farmers who elected to move their families to
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during the 13th and 14th centuries, although some authorities count
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280:. The region of the bastides had been one of the last outposts of
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Lauret, Alain, Raymond
Malebranche & Gilles SĂ©raphin (1988)
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Fort Towns of France: The Bastides of the Dordogne and Aquitaine
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C. Goudineau, P.A. Février and M. Fixot, "Le réseau urbain," in
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inherited, under a marriage stipulated by the treaty, this "
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should be counted as a bastide (Randolph 1995:291 note 11).
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Responsibilities and benefits were carefully framed in a
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History of urban form: before the industrial revolutions
701:, PhD thesis University van Amsterdam. Esp. chapter 2:
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Randolph, Adrian, "The Bastides of southwest France"
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Historians have classified other planned new towns of
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Medieval fortified towns in France, England, and Wales
82:, which was founded in 1144, as the first bastides.
471:.2 (June 1995, pp. 290-307) pp 291 note 11 and 303.
525:in the French Knowledge, retrieved March 8, 2007.
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110:were developed in number under the terms of the
718:Rome and the Colonial City: Rethinking the Grid
617:K. Pawloski, "Villes et villages circulaire du
30:Rebuilding of various epochs in the bastide of
97:, Tarn) and 1372 (La Bastide d'Anjou, Tarn).
721:, Oxford and Philadelphia 2022, pp. 311-326.
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134:. Landowners supported development of
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89:to replace villages destroyed in the
768:Site du Centre d'Ă©tudes des bastides
753:Where, when and why they were built.
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751:Bastides - mediaeval planned towns
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656:.2 (June 1995), pp. 290–307.
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703:The bastides of southwest France
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34:has preserved the market square
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597:Histoire de la France urbaine
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168:contributed to the waning of
158:of the local lord and became
803:Medieval French architecture
739:History of the Bastide Towns
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482:The Study of Urban History
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140:to generate revenues from
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221:), and a cultivable lot (
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21:Bastide (disambiguation)
667:Bentley, James (1994).
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116:Raymond VII of Toulouse
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695:Boerefijn, Wim (2010)
599:Paris 1980, pp 71-137.
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534:Randolph 1995:290f.
231:Structural elements
91:Albigensian Crusade
786:About the bastides
778:2012-07-17 at the
744:2011-07-16 at the
686:Beresford, Maurice
637:Randolph 1995:301.
608:Randolph 1995:291.
552:Randolph 1995:292.
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361:Hundred Years' War
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209:('liberties') and
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628:(1987) pp 407-28.
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186:count of Toulouse
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688:. (1967)
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51:built in
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270:Toulouse
266:Narbonne
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160:free men
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101:History
68:England
60:Gascony
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