1522:, was about to grant the request when the 19-year-old Herrera intervened. Seeing what she perceived as the cowardly attitude of the defenders, Herrera chided: "Have you forgotten the duties imposed by military honor? Are you going to allow the enemy to steal this fortress, which is the safeguard of the Province of Nicaragua and of your families?" Animated by the spirit of her late father and ancestors and knowing the risk to her honor and virginity with the barbarity of the Miskito Sambu, she strongly opposed the fort's surrender. She insisted that each soldier take their place fighting. She locked the fortress's gates, took the keys, and placed sentries.
39:
177:
1502:
184:
1513:
located at the junction of the
Bartola and San Juan rivers. Shortly thereafter, the invaders captured the observation post and its defenders. The British commander learned from the Spanish prisoners that the fortress was in disarray due to the recent death of its commander. A few hours later, with
1538:
into the river on floating branches and set them on fire. The current dragged the burning material towards the enemy craft. This unexpected action forced the
British expeditionary force to suspend their attack for the rest of the night and retreat to defensive positions. The next day, the British
1533:
and began a vigorous attack upon the fortress, which continued throughout the night. The garrison, energized by
Herrera's heroism, mounted a fierce resistance which inflicted great losses to the British soldiers and their boats. At nightfall, Herrera ordered the troops to throw some sheets soaked
1552:
garrison commander, led the defenders to victory in a battle that lasted six days. Herrera handled the cannons of the fortress, and the
Spanish managed to defend the strategic position, but the British finally lifted their siege after being called for service in other more critical areas of the
1880:
1469:
on the San Juan River in July. The attacking force consisted of two thousand men and more than fifty boats, while the soldiers at the fortress numbered only around a hundred. To make matters worse, the invaders threatened the region at a time when the commander of the fortress, Don
1529:, believing that this would be sufficient to achieve the desired effect. Herrera, trained in handling weapons, fired one cannon and killed a British officer with the third volley of cannon fire. Enraged by the death of a British officer, the British hoisted their
1388:. This treaty created an alliance between Spain and France, bringing Spain into the ongoing war. By an ancillary secret convention, Spain became hurriedly committed to preparing for war against Britain. The major objectives of Spain were the capture of
1478:
made a solemn oath to her father that she would defend the fortress at the cost of her life if necessary. The elder
Herrera died sometime between 15 July and 17 July, and Lieutenant Don Juan de Aguilar y Santa Cruz assumed temporary command of the
1403:
in early 1762. Also, in early 1762, William
Lyttelton, Jamaica's British governor and commander-in-chief, proposed a naval expedition to Nicaragua. The goal was to sail up the San Juan River to Lake Nicaragua and capture the town of
1604:(who later served as Governor of Nicaragua from 1783–7). The expeditionary force succeeded in capturing the fortress on 19 April 1780, despite the fact that it consisted of only 200 men. The 22-year-old Nelson, in command of
1351:
When the Seven Years' War broke out in Europe in 1756, Spain did not initially join either of the two coalitions of belligerents. The
Spanish policy of neutrality was immediately tested on 26 December 1756, when a British
1375:
As the Seven Years' War progressed, the neutral
Spanish government became concerned that the string of significant French losses at the hands of the British had threatened Spanish interests. On 15 August 1761, King
1611:, was responsible for leading his men through dense jungle to attack the fortress from a hill in the rear. The British captured and occupied the fortress for nine months, finally abandoning it in January 1781.
1811:
231:
1593:
1588:, the British governor and commander-in-chief of Jamaica, proposed a second naval expedition to Nicaragua. During this expedition, which took place in 1780 and later became known as the
1416:
354:
1471:
1412:
in half as well as provide potential access to the
Pacific Ocean. The first and most significant obstacle to success was to capture the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception.
1372:
which was awarded as compensation. This outraged the
British, but no military action was taken. This incident marked the beginning of a decline in Anglo-Spanish relations.
1721:
1509:
The expeditionary force arrived at the fortress on 26 July 1762. At 4 o'clock that morning, the lookout on duty heard cannon fire from the east, in the direction of an
425:
1557:
on 3 August 1762. They withdrew to the mouth of the San Juan River, where their imposing presence impeded the flow of shipping into the Caribbean Sea for some time.
224:
1820:
1253:
roughly parallels the line of the river. At the time of the siege, Nicaragua was part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, an administrative division of the
1648:
620:
505:
1686:
347:
217:
1301:, Nicaragua was a major target of attacks by the British during the 18th century. Due to the economic interests of the British in Central America, the
450:
1395:
Britain first declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762, and on 18 January 1762, Spain declared war against Britain. The British quickly captured
1046:
80:
1601:
340:
625:
2081:
176:
2015:
When Britain ruled the Philippines, 1762–1764: the story of the 18th century British invasion of the Philippines during the Seven Years War
1458:, burning and looting the villages as well as capturing some Spanish prisoners. Many of the people they captured were sold into slavery in
2264:
2289:
1249:. El Castillo is located approximately three-quarters of the way along the river inland from the sea. The border between Nicaragua and
934:
882:
1762:
2274:
1368:, the Spanish authorities impounded both ships. Spain insisted that the captured ship should be returned to France, along with the
939:
830:
2218:
1620:
1577:
515:
2259:
1848:
1187:
2159:
2022:
1991:
1902:
1858:
1731:
1492:
1466:
1238:
986:
949:
825:
43:
1625:
1409:
1073:
1056:
981:
540:
470:
1692:(in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Archived from
2269:
1597:
897:
835:
525:
265:
615:
1949:
1600:
led a British attack against the fortress. At the time, the Spanish garrison consisted of 228 men under the command of
1345:
1063:
1186:, which lasted from December 1761 until February 1763. The conflict, which took place in July–August 1762, began when
415:
270:
2127:
1302:
1179:
1041:
969:
766:
635:
241:
30:
420:
398:
2279:
2038:
Mary W. Helms (1983). "Miskito Slaving and Culture Contact: Ethnicity and Opportunity in an Expanding Population".
1341:
771:
640:
480:
445:
1763:"Defensas estratégicas de la Capitanía General de Guatemala Castillos de la Inmaculada Concepción y de San Carlos"
877:
600:
575:
560:
495:
430:
192:
1693:
388:
1566:
1337:
1051:
1031:
550:
383:
1385:
944:
722:
510:
1585:
996:
959:
954:
805:
795:
781:
776:
737:
590:
490:
435:
1191:
1026:
1016:
991:
786:
520:
500:
727:
1036:
1011:
695:
485:
440:
1241:, which would be besieged by the British, is located on the southern side of the rive by the village of
1233:
in the south east corner of the lake. The river flows eastward for 192-kilometre (119 mi) into the
2284:
1589:
1581:
1518:
of the fortress in exchange for avoiding further hostilities. The second in command of the garrison, a
1318:
1306:
1222:
1021:
964:
929:
862:
742:
2088:(in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Periodistas Independientes, S.A. (PINSA). 2010-07-15. Archived from
1108:
1078:
902:
712:
690:
675:
670:
665:
660:
630:
555:
475:
455:
321:
304:
2089:
1850:
Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the present
1325:
1135:
1001:
924:
872:
761:
650:
645:
580:
545:
530:
1605:
1515:
1103:
919:
845:
585:
316:
1333:
1329:
887:
800:
751:
707:
460:
134:
1565:
Fortunately for the defenders of the fortress, Spain and Britain began peace negotiations (in
1447:
16:
Failed British attack against a fortress in Spanish Nicaragua, as part of the Seven Years' War
1925:
1423:
1242:
1230:
1199:
1113:
867:
260:
70:
47:
1415:
The conflict began in June 1762, during the administration of interim Governor of Nicaragua
1921:
1377:
1118:
1068:
595:
275:
8:
2119:
1954:
1777:
1726:
1554:
1183:
1083:
857:
820:
815:
810:
680:
465:
403:
1897:(1st ed.). Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 68–9.
1819:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Managua, Nicaragua: El País. pp. 255–6. Archived from
1313:
was established over the Mosquito Coast, and the British supplied modern weapons to the
280:
2187:
2063:
2055:
1434:. The following month, they raided many undefended settlements in Nicaragua, including
1405:
1381:
1217:, the objective of the British military expedition, is located on the norther shore of
1214:
1203:
1155:
756:
732:
717:
2179:
2123:
2067:
2018:
1987:
1898:
1854:
1853:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 441.
1459:
1098:
1093:
1006:
565:
610:
2171:
2047:
1514:
his fleet anchored in the river, the British commander sent an envoy to demand the
1510:
605:
393:
1321:
by attacking Spanish colonies and gained several victories alongside the British.
1305:
was signed on 16 March 1740 between King Edward I of the Miskito Kingdom and King
2244:
2112:
1981:
1570:
1496:
1475:
1431:
1427:
1294:
1123:
909:
685:
294:
151:
1927:
Fontenoy and Great Britain's Share in the War of the Austrian Succession 1741–48
1365:
209:
1651:(in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Archivo General de Centroamerica. 2009
1314:
1298:
1286:
1254:
1218:
1088:
364:
197:
2220:
Nicaragua: its people, scenery, monuments, and the proposed interoceanic canal
1465:
The combined British and Miskito Sambu expeditionary force headed towards the
2253:
2183:
2051:
1530:
1420:
1332:
had been at war over a series of trading disputes in a conflict known as the
1290:
1234:
1140:
892:
840:
655:
332:
129:
95:
82:
2214:
2155:
1310:
2223:. Vol. I. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 110–1
1548:
1400:
1340:. Most of these disputes were more or less settled by the signing of the
1266:
1160:
38:
2059:
1546:
Inspired by Herrera's acts of heroism, Lieutenant Juan de Aguilar, the
1526:
1258:
1250:
570:
535:
2191:
1293:
oceans, as well as the possibility of expanding their colonization of
1983:
Manila Ransomed: The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Years War
1389:
1353:
1270:
1246:
74:
1525:
In response to the rejection of their demands, the British formed a
1501:
2175:
1930:. Edinburgh, London: William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 93, 348–9
1519:
1480:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1262:
1150:
1474:, was mortally ill. As he lay on his deathbed, Herrera's daughter
1535:
1505:
Flag used in the Spanish coastal fortifications from 1701 to 1785
1455:
1439:
1274:
1202:
to Nicaragua with the primary objective of capturing the town of
1195:
1145:
1813:
Historia de Nicaragua desde los tiempos prehistóricos hasta 1860
1543:
to the fortress, but with little progress and small casualties.
1540:
1810:
José Dolores Gámez (1889). "Segunda mitad del siglo XVIII".
183:
1947:
1396:
1986:. Exeter, England: University of Exeter Press. p. 9.
1419:. Supplied by the British expeditionary force, a group of
2164:
Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York
1719:
1760:
1178:
was one of several battles that took place during the
2245:
El Castillo de la Concepción, Manfut.org (in Spanish)
2213:
2017:. Bloomington, Indiana: 1stBooks Library. p. 2.
1317:. The Miskito Kingdom later aided Britain during the
1285:
Because it represented a potential route between the
1920:
1364:. When the British captain took both ships into the
196:
Location of the battle. The largest of the lakes is
1687:"La Fortaleza de la Inmaculada Concepción de María"
2154:
2118:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p.
2111:
1809:
1684:
2013:Fish, Shirley (2003). "An invasion takes shape".
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
239:
2251:
1730:(in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua. Archived from
1722:"Rafaela Herrera: sinónimo de arrojo y valentía"
1950:"The history of the last session of Parliament"
1846:
1715:
1713:
1665:
903:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
362:
2109:
2074:
2037:
1892:
893:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)
348:
225:
2150:
2148:
1916:
1914:
1842:
1840:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1710:
1941:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1221:. Water from the lake discharges into the
355:
341:
232:
218:
2209:
2207:
2145:
2103:
2031:
1973:
1911:
1837:
1643:
1641:
2006:
1895:The Anglo-Spanish Struggle for Mosquitia
1886:
1794:
1649:"Rafaela Herrera: File#201, Record#1651"
1500:
1336:, which was later subsumed by the wider
1745:
1720:Maradiaga C., Hilda Rosa (2009-09-17).
1621:Spain in the American Revolutionary War
2252:
2204:
1948:Kimber, Isaac; Kimber, Edward (1759).
1638:
1979:
1493:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
1467:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
1239:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
888:Caribbean and North America (1739–48)
336:
213:
44:Fortress of the Immaculate Conception
2012:
1626:Great Britain in the Seven Years War
1176:battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua
24:Battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua
2040:Journal of Anthropological Research
1309:. Under the terms of the treaty, a
389:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
13:
1776:(February): 149–94. Archived from
14:
2301:
2238:
1303:Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
1257:. This also included present-day
1417:Melchor Vidal de Lorca y Villena
182:
175:
149:Don Juan de Aguilar y Santa Cruz
37:
2275:18th century in Central America
2265:Battles of the Seven Years' War
2160:"The Río San Juan de Nicaragua"
1761:Roberto Trigueros Bada (2011).
1569:in November, the Spanish ceded
611:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)
1873:
1770:Revista de Temas Nicaragüenses
1450:, the mission of Apompuá near
1408:, which would effectively cut
1338:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
2290:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)
2260:Military history of Nicaragua
2114:Chronology of women's history
1631:
1280:
243:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)
31:Anglo-Spanish War (1761–1763)
1560:
1079:Dominican Republic (1863–65)
7:
1685:Carlos Viscasillas (2009).
1614:
1472:José de Herrera y Sotomayor
1360:, captured the French ship
1324:Between 1739 and 1748, the
1273:, and the Mexican state of
1209:
10:
2306:
2270:Invasions by Great Britain
2086:La Trinchera de la Noticia
1582:American Revolutionary War
1490:
1392:and Jamaica from Britain.
1319:American Revolutionary War
1307:George II of Great Britain
1194:and commander-in-chief of
935:Banda Oriental (1776–1777)
366:Spanish colonial campaigns
1486:
1342:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
987:Spanish America (1808–33)
982:Río de la Plata (1806–07)
374:
251:
170:
157:
140:
123:
53:
36:
28:
23:
2052:10.1086/jar.39.2.3629966
1980:Tracy, Nicholas (1995).
1847:David F. Marley (2008).
1326:Kingdom of Great Britain
1156:Western Sahara (1973–76)
1084:Peru and Chile (1864–66)
883:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
384:Canary Islands (1402–96)
2280:1762 in Central America
2082:"Efemerides Nacionales"
1661:(subscription required)
1584:in 1779, Major General
1516:unconditional surrender
1182:, a subconflict of the
940:North America (1779–83)
858:North America (1702–13)
696:Philippines (1599-1600)
631:Philippines (1565–1898)
61:26 July – 3 August 1762
2110:Kirstin Olsen (1994).
1893:Troy S. Floyd (1967).
1506:
1386:Third Pacte de Famille
1330:Bourbon Spanish Empire
305:Colonia del Sacramento
141:Commanders and leaders
2215:Ephraim George Squier
2140:Rafaela Herrera 1762.
1504:
1491:Further information:
1161:Western Sahara (1975)
1114:Philippines (1896–98)
1069:Cochinchina (1858–62)
970:Caribbean (1796–1802)
831:Lake Maracaibo (1669)
767:Philippines (1638-46)
641:Philippines (1567–72)
496:El Salvador (1524–39)
491:Guatemala (1524–1697)
451:Puerto Rico (1511–29)
271:Valencia de Alcántara
96:11.01778°N 84.40111°W
1922:Francis Henry Skrine
1378:Charles III of Spain
841:New Mexico (1680–92)
193:class=notpageimage|
1955:The London Magazine
1590:San Juan Expedition
1448:San Pedro de Lóvago
1334:War of Jenkins' Ear
1074:Morocco (1859–1860)
1064:Balanguingui (1848)
1032:Venezuela (1811–23)
997:Argentina (1810–18)
511:Yucatán (1527–1697)
486:Chiapas (1523–1695)
311:Spanish East Indies
101:11.01778; -84.40111
92: /
2156:Robert Edwin Peary
1507:
1382:Louis XV of France
1119:Puerto Rico (1898)
1089:Puerto Rico (1868)
1047:Colombia (1819–20)
1042:Colombia (1815–16)
1022:El Salvador (1811)
1007:Paraguay (1810–11)
950:New Granada (1781)
920:Philippines (1762)
826:Porto Bello (1668)
796:Philippines (1646)
752:Philippines (1630)
708:Philippines (1602)
691:Puerto Rico (1598)
681:Philippines (1596)
676:Puerto Rico (1595)
671:Cambodia (1593–97)
551:Colombia (1537–40)
501:Honduras (1524–39)
466:Mexico (1519–1821)
266:Portugal and Spain
2285:Conflicts in 1762
2024:978-1-4107-1069-7
1993:978-0-85989-426-5
1904:978-0-8263-0036-2
1860:978-1-59884-100-8
1428:cocoa plantations
1188:William Lyttelton
1180:Anglo-Spanish War
1169:
1168:
1151:Morocco (1957–58)
1146:Morocco (1920–26)
1141:Morocco (1911–12)
1104:Morocco (1893–94)
1052:Ecuador (1820–22)
992:Bolivia (1809–25)
925:Chile (1766–1767)
873:Chile (1723–1726)
806:Hispaniola (1655)
713:Insulindia (1603)
666:Insulindia (1585)
661:Insulindia (1582)
571:Chile (1546–1662)
461:Algeria (1517–18)
330:
329:
208:
207:
119:
118:
2297:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2117:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1807:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1767:
1758:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1573:to the British.
1555:Seven Years' War
1511:observation post
1460:colonial Jamaica
1432:Valley of Matina
1346:Treaty of Madrid
1344:in 1748 and the
1200:naval expedition
1192:British governor
1184:Seven Years' War
1057:Mexico (1821–29)
1012:Mexico (1810–21)
915:Nicaragua (1762)
566:Halmahera (1545)
536:Brazil (1534-36)
471:Mexico (1519–21)
369:
367:
357:
350:
343:
334:
333:
246:
244:
234:
227:
220:
211:
210:
186:
185:
179:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
55:
54:
41:
21:
20:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2226:
2224:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2153:
2146:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1617:
1563:
1499:
1497:Rafaela Herrera
1489:
1410:Spanish America
1295:Central America
1283:
1245:in present day
1212:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1037:Chile (1812–27)
898:Portugal (1762)
791:Valdivia (1643)
728:Petén (1618–97)
370:
365:
363:
361:
331:
326:
247:
242:
240:
238:
204:
203:
202:
201:
195:
189:
188:
187:
152:Rafaela Herrera
150:
146:William Seethal
115:Spanish victory
100:
98:
94:
91:
86:
83:
81:
79:
78:
77:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2248:
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2225:. Retrieved
2219:
2195:. Retrieved
2167:
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2139:
2133:. Retrieved
2113:
2105:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:the original
2085:
2076:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2014:
2008:
1997:. Retrieved
1982:
1975:
1964:. Retrieved
1962:(May): 233–8
1959:
1953:
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1926:
1894:
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1864:. Retrieved
1849:
1828:. Retrieved
1821:the original
1812:
1785:. Retrieved
1778:the original
1773:
1769:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1725:
1701:. Retrieved
1694:the original
1653:. Retrieved
1608:Hinchinbrook
1607:
1596:and Captain
1586:John Dalling
1580:entered the
1575:
1564:
1547:
1545:
1524:
1508:
1464:
1414:
1394:
1374:
1370:Antigallican
1369:
1366:Bay of Cadiz
1361:
1358:Antigallican
1357:
1350:
1323:
1311:protectorate
1284:
1227:Río San Juan
1226:
1213:
1175:
1173:
1130:20th century
976:19th century
965:Chile (1792)
914:
852:18th century
788:
747:Nevis (1629)
744:
702:17th century
586:Libya (1551)
410:16th century
378:15th century
299:
124:Belligerents
1881:Google Maps
1594:John Polson
1549:pro tempore
1424:filibusters
1401:Philippines
1384:signed the
1297:beyond the
1267:El Salvador
1243:El Castillo
1124:Guam (1898)
910:Cuba (1762)
878:Oran (1732)
686:Cuba (1596)
99: /
71:El Castillo
48:El Castillo
2254:Categories
2227:2011-04-23
2197:2011-04-23
2135:2011-04-23
2096:2011-04-24
1999:2011-04-30
1966:2011-04-30
1934:2011-05-01
1866:2011-04-23
1830:2011-04-25
1787:2011-04-29
1738:2011-04-28
1703:2011-04-24
1655:2011-04-24
1632:References
1592:, Colonel
1444:Lovigüisca
1362:Penthievre
1281:Background
1259:Costa Rica
1251:Costa Rica
1231:San Carlos
743:St. Kitts
276:Vila Velha
87:84°24′04″W
84:11°01′04″N
2184:1949-8535
2170:: 57–86.
2068:163683579
1727:La Prensa
1606:HMS
1561:Aftermath
1426:attacked
1390:Gibraltar
1380:and King
1354:privateer
1348:in 1750.
1271:Guatemala
1247:Nicaragua
1198:, sent a
300:Nicaragua
75:Nicaragua
2217:(1852).
2158:(1889).
1924:(1906).
1615:See also
1520:sergeant
1481:garrison
1452:Juigalpa
1436:Jinotega
1399:and the
1328:and the
1287:Atlantic
1263:Honduras
1210:Location
289:Americas
158:Strength
66:Location
29:Part of
2060:3629966
1571:Florida
1536:alcohol
1476:Rafaela
1456:Muy Muy
1440:Acoyapa
1430:in the
1406:Granada
1291:Pacific
1275:Chiapas
1215:Granada
1204:Granada
1196:Jamaica
787:Chiloé
2192:196656
2190:
2182:
2126:
2066:
2058:
2021:
1990:
1901:
1857:
1576:After
1487:Battle
1356:, the
1237:. The
1190:, the
322:Cavite
317:Manila
295:Havana
281:Marvão
255:Europe
112:Result
2188:JSTOR
2064:S2CID
2056:JSTOR
1824:(PDF)
1817:(PDF)
1781:(PDF)
1766:(PDF)
1697:(PDF)
1690:(PDF)
1578:Spain
1541:siege
1539:laid
1534:with
1229:) at
261:Cádiz
163:2,000
135:Spain
2180:ISSN
2124:ISBN
2019:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1879:See
1855:ISBN
1495:and
1454:and
1397:Cuba
1289:and
1174:The
58:Date
2172:doi
2048:doi
166:100
2256::
2206:^
2186:.
2178:.
2168:21
2166:.
2162:.
2147:^
2138:.
2122:.
2120:90
2084:.
2062:.
2054:.
2044:39
2042:.
1960:28
1958:.
1952:.
1913:^
1839:^
1796:^
1774:34
1768:.
1747:^
1724:.
1712:^
1667:^
1640:^
1483:.
1462:.
1446:,
1442:,
1438:,
1277:.
1269:,
1265:,
1261:,
1206:.
46:,
2230:.
2200:.
2174::
2099:.
2070:.
2050::
2027:.
2002:.
1969:.
1937:.
1907:.
1883:.
1869:.
1833:.
1790:.
1741:.
1706:.
1658:.
1225:(
789:·
745:·
356:e
349:t
342:v
233:e
226:t
219:v
200:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
