Battle of Albert (1916)

3591:. In the evening, a large column of German troops was seen near Bazentin le Grand and machine-gunned from the air and the British advance to the southern fringe of Contalmaison was observed and reported. On 6 July, German positions near Mametz Wood and Quadrangle Support Trench were reconnoitred by a 3 Squadron crew, which reported that the defences of Mametz Wood were intact. On 6 July, a 9 Squadron observer saw infantry and transport near Guillemont and directed the fire of a heavy battery on the column, which inflicted many casualties; a German infantry unit entering Ginchy was machine-gunned and forced to disperse. Later in the evening, the crew returned and directed artillery onto more German troops near Ginchy, prisoners later claiming that the battalion lost half its men in the bombardment. Infantry attacks on 7 July, made very slow progress and observers from 3 Squadron reported events in the late afternoon and evening. A crew which flew behind a German barrage saw Quadrangle Support Trench suddenly fill up with troops in field grey uniforms, who repulsed a British attack. British observers were overhead and saw continuous attacks and counter-attacks by both sides until midnight on 1922:

urgency of these attacks. Foch informed Rawlinson that the French would attack at Hardecourt, together with British attacks on Trônes Wood and Maltz Horn Farm. On 5 July, Haig met Rawlinson and Gough to arrange the preparatory attacks and to allot daily ammunition rations, most of which went to the Fourth Army. Next day Rawlinson met Fayolle to co-ordinate the attacks on Hardecourt and Trônes Wood due on 7 July, which was then postponed to 8 July after a German counter-attack on Bois Favière. On 6 July, BEF headquarters laid down a policy that British numerical superiority was to be used to exploit German disorganisation and diminished morale, by boldly following up the success south of the Albert–Bapaume road. BEF Military Intelligence estimated that there were only fifteen German battalions between Hardecourt and La Boisselle, eleven having suffered severe losses. More fresh divisions were sent to the Somme front, where all of the divisions in the area had been engaged, only the 8th Division having been transferred elsewhere.

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wood. The attack required an advance of 1,000 yd (910 m) down into Caterpillar valley and then uphill for 400 yd (370 m), to the southern fringe of the wood. The waves of infantry were engaged by massed small-arms fire from II Battalion, Infantry Regiment Lehr and III Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 122, which destroyed the attack formation, from which small groups of survivors continued the advance. The 114th Brigade reached the wood quickly behind the barrage and dug in at the first objective. Further west, the battalion of the 113th Brigade lost the barrage but managed to reach the first objective, despite crossfire and shelling by British guns. Various German parties surrendered and despite the chaos, it appeared that the German defence of the wood had collapsed. The artillery schedule could not be changed at such short notice and the German defence had two hours to recover. The advance to the second objective at

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Harris also criticised the breadth of the attack and laid blame on Rawlinson and his chief of staff as well; Harris called this the main reason for the dissipation of British artillery over too great an area. The French had attacked cautiously, behind a wall of heavy artillery-fire and achieved their objectives with minimal casualties; Harris wrote that Haig could easily have adopted a similar approach. By 2 July, seven German divisions were en route to the Somme front and another seven by 9 July; Falkenhayn had suspended the Verdun offensive on 12 July and abandoned his plan to use the Sixth Army for a counter-offensive at Arras once the British attacks on the Somme had been destroyed. Haig urged that the British attacks on Trônes Wood, Mametz Wood and Contalmaison be hurried but the Fourth Army headquarters delegated responsibility to the corps, which attacked piecemeal, using little of the Fourth Army artillery strength.

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the air. All of the British infantry commanders wanted to attack at dawn, before German machine-gunners could see easily. A dawn attack needed a secret night assembly on the far side of no man's land, which was 1,200 yd (0.68 mi; 1.1 km) wide. Haig and Rawlinson discussed the plan several times, with Haig having severe doubts about the feasibility of a night-assembly and suggested an evening attack on the right flank, where no man's land was narrowest. Rawlinson and the corps commanders insisted on the original plan and eventually Haig gave way. A preliminary bombardment began on 11 July, with artillery-fire on the German positions to be attacked, counter-battery fire and night firing on villages and approaches behind the German front line, particularly Waterlot Farm, Flers, High Wood, Martinpuich, Le Sars and Bapaume. The

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a local advantage by the afternoon of 1 July, having breached the German defences either side of the Somme. The 13 mi (21 km) gap left the German second line between Assevillers and Fricourt vulnerable to a new attack but the "break-in" was not at the anticipated place and so exploitation was reduced to improvised attacks. German reserves on the Somme had been committed and reinforcements sent forward but unexpected delays had occurred, particularly to the 5th Division, which was caught in the railway bombing at St Quentin. Signs of panic were seen on the south bank and a rapid withdrawal was made to the third position at Biaches and La Maisonette. The French XX Corps on the north bank was held back as the troops on either side pressed forward, the British managing a small advance at La Boisselle.

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a second general attack on 10 July, which due to the effect of the German defence and British–French supply difficulties in the Maricourt Salient, was postponed to 14 July. German counter-attacks were as costly as British-French attacks and the loss of the most elaborately fortified German positions, like those at La Boisselle, prompted determined German efforts to recapture them. A combined British–French attack was planned for 7 July, postponed until 8 July after a German counter-attack at Bois Favière captured part of the wood. The inherent difficulties of coalition warfare were made worse by the German defensive effort and several downpours of rain, which turned the ground to mud and filled shell-holes with water, making movement difficult, even in areas not under fire.

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of action by Germany's enemies had been achieved. British prisoners taken north of the Albert–Bapaume road said that the attacks had failed because the arrival of reinforcements had been unpredictable, German barbed wire had been astonishingly resilient and the resistance of German troops in the front and second lines was unexpected. German machine-gunners held their fire until British troops were 30–50 yd (27–46 m) away causing surprise, disorganisation and mass casualties; British officers were excoriated for inexperience and incompetence. The variation of British infantry tactics and formations was not noticed by German witnesses, who described massed formations, unlike those of the French and German armies.

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after a period of bad weather in mid-June, French preparations were also seen as far south as Chaulnes. British aircraft and kite balloons, were used to observe the intermittent bombardment, which began in June and the preliminary bombardment which commenced on 24 June. Low cloud and rain obstructed air observation of the bombardment, which soon fell behind schedule; on 25 June aircraft of the four British Armies on the Western Front, attacked the German kite balloons opposite, four were shot down by rockets and one bombed, three of the balloons being in the Fourth Army area. Next day, three more balloons were shot down opposite the Fourth Army. During German artillery retaliation against the British–French bombardment,

1356:(14–17 July) began. German reinforcements reaching the Somme front were thrown into the defensive battle as soon as they arrived and had many casualties, as did the British attackers. Both sides were reduced to piecemeal operations, which were hurried, poorly organised and sent troops unfamiliar with the ground into action with inadequate reconnaissance. Attacks were poorly supported by artillery-fire, which was not adequately co-ordinated with the infantry and sometimes fired on ground occupied by friendly troops. Much criticism has been made of the British attacks as uncoordinated, tactically crude and wasteful of manpower, which gave the Germans an opportunity to concentrate their inferior resources on narrow fronts. 2186:(barrage sectors); each infantry officer was expected to know the batteries covering his section of the front line and the batteries ready to engage fleeting targets. A telephone system was built, with lines buried 6 ft (1.8 m) deep for 5 mi (8.0 km) behind the front line, to connect the front line to the artillery. The Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses which the rebuilding had not remedied. The front trenches were on a forward slope, lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by ground observers. The defences were crowded towards the front trench, with a regiment having two battalions near the front trench system and the reserve battalion divided between the 4518:"The outcome of the war depends on 2nd Army being victorious on the Somme. Despite the current enemy superiority in artillery and infantry we have got to win this battle. The large areas of ground that we have lost in certain places will be attacked and wrested back from the enemy, just as soon as reinforcements which are on the way arrive. For the time being, we must hold our current positions without fail and improve them by means of minor counter-attacks. I forbid the voluntary relinquishment of positions. Every commander is responsible for making each man in the army aware about this determination to fight it out. The enemy must be made to pick his way forward over corpses." 4205:

found no unusual rail movements but on 7 July many trains were seen on the lines from Cambrai and Bapaume to Roisel, which indicated that troops were being moved to the south bank of the Somme. On 8 July rail movements diminished, on 9 July traffic between Lille and Douai showed troops moving down from Flanders and on 10 July traffic diminished again. By 12 July aircraft and balloon reports revealed that the German line between Thélus and Lens was being thinned and troops moved south from the Lille area. German artillery had moved back to new positions during the Battle of Albert and the British air-observers methodically located and registered many of the new emplacements.

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the line from Longueval to Bazentin Wood, a position which had been "laid waste" by artillery-fire, had no barbed wire and in which only six or seven dugouts remained open. A motley of troops from Reserve Infantry Regiment 91, III Battalion, Bavarian Infantry Regiment 16, Infantry Regiment 184, two machine-gun groups, a company of Reserve Infantry Regiment 77 and III Battalion, Infantry Regiment 190 held the area, which was subjected to steadily increasing artillery bombardment, reaching an "unparalleled intensity" on the night of 13/14 July. On 13 July all counter-attacks were cancelled and command arrangements were reorganised ready for an expected British attack,

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been shaken by the opening of the Somme offensive and the sackings ordered by Falkenhayn. A sense of crisis persisted, with rumours of breakthroughs being taken seriously. The power and persistence of the British–French attacks surprised the German commanders and by 9 July, fourteen fresh divisions had been committed to the battle. Rumours circulated among the German soldiery that conditions in the battle were worse than in 1915, they were sent into action piecemeal, rather than in their normal units. The German system of devolved command left battalions isolated when they were split up to resist attacks being made in "overwhelming force". British historians called

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threatening a sensitive point close to the existing front line. Falkenhayn chose to attack towards Verdun over the Meuse Heights, to capture ground which overlooked Verdun to make it untenable. The French would have to conduct a counter-offensive, on ground dominated by the German army and ringed with masses of heavy artillery, inevitably leading to huge losses and bringing the French army close to collapse. The British would have no choice but to begin a hasty relief offensive, to divert German attention from Verdun but would also suffer huge losses. If these defeats were not enough, Germany would attack both armies and end the western alliance for good.

1650:). A new telephone system was to be installed parallel to the battlefront beyond artillery range, with branches running forward to headquarters. A beginning was made on revising the artillery command organisation, by uniting divisional and heavy artillery headquarters in each divisional sector. Artillery-observation posts were withdrawn from the front line and placed several hundred yards/metres behind, where visibility was not as restricted by smoke and dust thrown about by shell-explosions. The flow of reinforcements was too slow to establish a line of reserve divisions behind the battlefront, a practice which had been a great success in the 193: 3879:"to a state of impotence". Hoeppner wrote that British–French artillery-observation aircraft were their most effective weapon, operating in "perfect accord" with their artillery and "annihilating" the German guns, the French aviators being more effective in this than the British. Low-altitude flying for machine-gun attacks on German infantry had little practical effect but the depression of German infantry morale was much greater, leading to a belief that return fire had no effect on Allied aircraft and that all aeroplanes seen were British or French. German infantry demanded protection from the French and British flyers by the 4044:

British–French effort on the Somme. The German policy of unyielding defence and counter-attack slowed the British advance but exposed German troops to British artillery directed by air observation, which increased in effectiveness during the period. British attacks have been criticised as amateurish, poorly co-ordinated, in insufficient strength and with inadequate artillery support but most German counter-attacks were similarly poorly organised and defeated in detail. After the first few days, battalions had been withdrawn from German divisions to the south and sent to the Somme and on the south bank, XVII Corps (

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four attacking battalions found enough gaps in the German wire, to enter the front trench and press on to the support (third) trench but German infantry "pour" out of dugouts in the first line, to counter-attack them from behind. At dawn, little could be seen in the dust and smoke, especially on the left, where the smokescreen blew back. Most of the battalions which reached the German line were overwhelmed, when their hand grenades and ammunition ran out, supply carriers not being able to cross no man's land through the German barrage and machine-gun fire. The attack was reported to be a complete failure by

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British corps on the Somme began to prepare artillery positions and infrastructure in March 1916, ready to receive artillery at the last moment to conceal as much as possible from German reconnaissance aircraft. Digging of trenches, dugouts and observation posts and building of roads railways and tramways began and new telephone lines and exchanges were installed. Each corps was informed of the amount of artillery, number of divisions, aircraft and labour battalions allotted. After the initial preparations, planning for the attack began on 7 March, which in the X Corps area was to be made by the

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original intention had been for a rapid eastwards advance to the higher ground beyond the Somme and Tortille rivers, during which the British would occupy the ground beyond the upper Ancre. The combined armies would then attack south-east and north-east, to roll up the German defences on the flanks of the breakthrough. By 1 July, the strategic ambition of the Somme offensive had been reduced in scope from a decisive blow against Germany, to relieving the pressure on the French army at Verdun and contributing, with the Russian and Italian armies, to the common Allied offensive.

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the loss of Curlu, was caused by the regiment not being sent forward until the destructive bombardment had begun, that there was not enough material to build defences and that the accommodation of the troops was changed frequently. Night work became essential and a lack of rest reduced the efficiency of the troops; separation of the battalions of the regiment in the week before 1 July disrupted internal administration and the machine-gun detachments and infantry companies were attached to other units, which made it impossible to command the regiment as a tactical unit.

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position from Pozières to Grandcourt. An extra corps was allotted to the Fourth Army but the different concepts of step by step advances or a quicker advance to force German withdrawals on the flanks, was not resolved. Further problems arose when the French contribution to the offensive was reduced and in late May, the British began to doubt that the French could participate at all. On 29 May, Haig directed that the aims of the offensive would be to wear down the German army and reach positions favourable for an offensive in 1917.

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worn ones and spare parts for every mechanical device in the army were lacking. Some shells exuded explosive in the summer heat, flare fillings decomposed, phosphorus bombs went off spontaneously, the firing mechanism of the heavy trench mortars failed on 1 July, Stokes mortar ammunition was chronically unreliable until replaced by improved designs, many Mills bombs went off early, rifle grenades were either prematures or duds and a make of rifle cartridge jammed after firing and had to be scrapped.

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artillery-observers sent many messages to the British artillery and reported the effect of counter-battery fire on German artillery. Balloon observers used their telephones, to report changes in the German counter-barrage and to direct British artillery on fleeting targets, continuing during the night by observing German gun-flashes. Air reconnaissance during the day, found little movement on the roads and railways behind the German front but the railways at Bapaume were bombed from

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10 July, three battalions of the 14th Brigade managed to advance a short distance on the left side of the village and on 10 July, a battalion of the 75th Brigade of the 25th Division attacked from the south, as the 7th Brigade tried to get forward from the Albert–Bapaume road, along a trench which led behind the village, against several counter-attacks which were repulsed. A battalion of the 96th Brigade managed an advance overnight in the north-west of the village. On the night of

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three aeroplanes from 21 Squadron, attacked Cambrai again and hit buildings south of the station. In the evening, air observers were able to plot the progress of the attack on La Boisselle, by spotting flares lit by ground troops and an observer from 9 Squadron, who examined Caterpillar Wood from 500 ft (150 m) found it unoccupied, as did an observer who examined Bernafay Wood, which led to the wood being captured that evening and Caterpillar Wood being taken overnight.

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by the attack of 1 July. The Franco-British had gained the initiative by mid-July, although joint operations on the Somme proved extremely difficult to organise. British attacks south of the Albert–Bapaume road from 2 to 13 July, denied the Germans time to reorganise and forced them into piecemeal reactions, the German infantry finding themselves in a "meat grinder". Reaching positions suitable for an attack on Bazentin Ridge, was a substantial success for the Fourth Army.

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higher losses, voluntary withdrawals and the effect of a belief that soldiers had discretion to avoid battle. When a more flexible policy was substituted later, discretion was still reserved to army commanders. Despite the certainty by mid-June, of a British–French attack on the Somme against the 2nd Army, Falkenhayn sent only four divisions, keeping eight in the western strategic reserve. No divisions were moved from the Sixth Army, despite it holding a shorter line with

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exploitation of the success of 1 July. Much of the German artillery in the area had been destroyed and the German unyielding defence and instant counter-attacks led them to throw in reserves "helter-skelter", rather than hold them back for better-prepared attacks. Prior and Wilson wrote that the Germans should have slowly withdrawn to straighten the line and conserve manpower, rather than sacking staff officers for the withdrawal of 2 July and issuing a no-retreat order.

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taken from further south. False reports spread great anxiety among the German commanders and for a while the 28th Reserve Division headquarters believed in a non-existent threat to both flanks. German reinforcements were distributed piecemeal, the III Battalion, Infantry Regiment 186 being sent in the evening to relieve Reserve Infantry Regiment 111, near Mametz, where they were killed or captured along with the remnants of Reserve Infantry Regiment 111. At

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sunken road east of the village reached Quadrangle Support Trench. Parties of the 50th Brigade attacked westwards up Strip Trench and Wood Support Trench, against German defenders who fought hand-to-hand, at great cost to both sides, before the objective was captured. Touch was gained with the 38th (Welsh) Division in the wood and the 23rd Division in the village, before the 21st Division took over early on 11 July; the 17th (Northern) Division had suffered

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had also made their main effort. Low ground on the south bank left the Germans at a tactical disadvantage against British–French air power, which kept the skies clear of German aircraft, as artillery-observation and contact-patrol aircraft spotted for French artillery and kept headquarters relatively well informed. Harris wrote that the objective in the south was the German first position, which had been demolished by the French artillery.

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attack moved forward in four waves, with mopping-up parties following, through much return fire from the garrison and reached a trench at the edge of the village, forcing the survivors to retreat into Contalmaison. The waves broke up into groups which advanced faster than the barrage; the divisional artillery commander accelerated the creeping barrage and the village was captured, despite determined opposition from parts of the garrison.

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point. The left of the battalion entered the wood further north, took thirty prisoners and occupied part of the eastern edge, as German troops in the wood from I Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 106, II Battalion, Infantry Regiment 182 and III Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 51, skirmished with patrols and received reinforcements from Guillemont. Around noon, more German reinforcements occupied the north end of the wood and at

3456: 3757:, 550 yd (500 m) from St Pierre Divion, in the German front line near Thiepval, was attacked by units drawn from three German regiments, after a short artillery bombardment and recaptured. German losses were severe, as the second position had few deep dug-outs and British–French artillery-fire was directed with great accuracy by observers in artillery-observation aircraft. Communication with the front-line was cut and 1542:, north of the Ancre and at Gommecourt 2 mi (3 km) beyond. The objective of the attack was to capture the German first and second positions from Serre south to the Albert–Bapaume road and the first position from the road south to Foucaucourt. Most of the German defences south of the road collapsed and the French attack succeeded on both banks of the Somme, as did the British from Maricourt on the army boundary, where 2228:

troops and make movement on the Flaucourt Plateau impossible in daylight. German counter-attacks at Belloy, La Maisonette and Biaches, increased French casualties. A bold suggestion for a French attack northwards across the river was rejected. By 6 July, Foch had decided to attack on both banks and to extend the attack with the Tenth Army, on the right of the Sixth Army, to exploit success on any part of the front.

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momentum and organisation. On 5 July an attack on Barleux failed, prisoners disclosing that four fresh regiments had arrived in the third position. Supply shortages began to hamper the French as guns and equipment were moved forward, clogging roads. Attacks to cross the Amiens–Vermand road towards Villers Carbonnel, after Barleux and Biaches were captured, began on 10 July, near Estrées but were repulsed.

3318: 3560: 3537:, which had been attached to X Corps and VIII Corps, were taken over from the Third Wing, 1 and 11 Kite Balloon sections became the corps sections and 13 Section became the army section, all protected by the Fourteenth (army) Wing. On 2 July, the 17th (Northern) Division attack on Fricourt Farm was watched by observers on contact patrol, who reported the capture within minutes and observers of 3415: 1918:

staff ordered that preparations be made for an attack on the German second position from Longueval to Bazentin le Petit, by advancing to attacking distance through Bernafay and Caterpillar woods, Mametz Wood, Contalmaison and north of La Boisselle. The Reserve Army was to pin the German garrisons to its front and X Corps was to expand its footholds on the German front line.

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La Briqueterie in an exhausted and disorganised state; looking like "a mass of drunken men", they were forced to retreat by British machine-gun fire. French troops repulsed the other two regiments and took several prisoners. The attack had been made on a front of 4 mi (6.4 km) with exhausted troops, who suffered many casualties; the survivors were withdrawn to

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next pair was caught by anti-aircraft fire at Brie, one pilot turning back wounded and the other disappearing. Of five aircraft which attacked Cambrai, two were shot down, one was damaged by return fire from a train being attacked and the other two failed to hit moving trains. An offensive patrol by 60 Squadron during the bombing raids, lost one aircraft to a Fokker.

3104:(91 m) short of the wood and the battalion withdrew, apart from a small party, which bombed up the alley to the tip of the wood. With three hours before the big attack on the German second position began, the 54th Brigade was ordered to attack before dawn, to take the eastern fringe of the wood as a defensive flank for the 9th Division, as it attacked Longueval. 1599:

Péronne; north of the river, Fricourt was abandoned overnight. The British army had suffered its highest number of casualties in a day and the elaborate defences built by the Germans over two years had collapsed from Foucaucourt south of the Somme, to the area just south of the Albert–Bapaume road north of the river, throwing the defence into a crisis and leaving the

1913:"full and frank exchange of views", Joffre acquiesced. The British would end the offensive north of the Ancre and concentrate on the area between Montauban and Fricourt and then attack the German second position between Loguelval and Bazentin le Petit. Joffre gave Foch responsibility for co-ordinating the French effort with the British. Foch arranged for the French 3658:

second line, which had stopped the advance of the French Sixth Army but General von Pannewitz, commander of the XVII Corps, was allowed to withdraw from Assevillers and Herbécourt to the third position, on the east side of the Flaucourt Plateau. The power of the French attack, particularly the firepower of French artillery had been a surprise;

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superior infantry tactics. On the first day, the French artillery had been so effective that infantry tactics were irrelevant in places; on the south bank, the French attack took the defenders by surprise. Harris noted that the British had also succeeded in the south and the victory was in the area expected to be

2150:) for the front-trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves. The trenches were traversed and had sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the parapet. Dugouts had been deepened from 6–9 ft (1.8–2.7 m) to 20–30 ft (6.1–9.1 m), 50 yd (46 m) apart and large enough for 4380:

field gun shells were too hard and reduced the accuracy of the gun. When High Explosive ammunition was introduced late in 1915, premature detonations and bulges had occurred, with a burst barrel every thousand shots. There was a shortage of spare buffer springs, replacements were sometimes worse than

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since 1 July. The divisions of X Corps continued the attack on Ovillers, making slow progress against determined German defenders, who took advantage of the maze of ruins, trenches, dug-outs and shell-holes, to keep close British positions and avoid artillery-fire, which passed beyond them. From 9 to

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when a battalion advanced eastwards from Bernafay Wood and reached a small rise, where fire from German machine-guns and two field guns, caused many losses and stopped the advance, except for a bombing attack along Trônes Alley. A charge across the open was made by the survivors, who reached the wood

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The British barrage lifted before the troops were close enough to attack and they were cut down by machine-gun fire from Mametz Wood. On the right, a battalion of the 50th Brigade tried to bomb up Quadrangle Alley but was repulsed, as was an attack by a company which tried to advance towards the west

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The leading troops crept to within 100 yd (91 m) of the German defences before zero hour and rushed the defenders, to capture Quadrangle Trench and Shelter Alley. On the right, the attackers were stopped by uncut wire and a counter-attack; several attempts to renew the advance were repulsed

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Two companies were sent towards Bailiff Wood to attack the north end of the village. After a thirty-minute bombardment, a creeping barrage moved in five short lifts through the village to the eastern fringe as every machine-gun in the division fired on the edges of the village and the approaches. The

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when a battalion reached the southern fringe before machine-gun fire from Contalmaison forced them back 400 yd (370 m), as a fresh battalion worked along a trench towards the 19th (Western) Division on the left flank. The attack on Contalmaison by the 24th Brigade was to have begun when the

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two days. The German artillery around Flaucourt was abandoned and French cavalry probed towards the river, a total advance of 4.3 mi (7 km), the deepest penetration since trench warfare began. The 2nd Colonial Division (General Emile-Alexis Mazillier) advanced beyond Feuillères and occupied

2138:(4.6–9.1 m) wide to two, 30 yd (27 m) wide and about 15 yd (14 m) apart. Double and triple thickness wire was used and laid 3–5 ft (0.91–1.52 m) high. The front line had been increased from one line to three, 150–200 yd (140–180 m) apart, the first trench ( 1815:

British planning for the battle introduced daily objectives, GHQ and the Fourth Army headquarters setting objectives and leaving to corps and divisional commanders, discretion about the means to achieve them. By June, each corps was liaising with neighbouring corps and divisions, divisions were asked

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artillery commander, produced the first "Army Artillery Operation Order", which laid down the tasks to be performed and delegated the details to the corps artillery commanders. In X Corps, a lifting barrage was planned and control of the artillery was not handed back to divisional commanders, because

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and piecemeal reinforcement of threatened areas, were accurate. The British changed tactics after 1 July and used the French method of smaller, shallower and artillery-laden attacks. Operations were conducted to advance south of the Albert–Bapaume road, towards the German second position, in time for

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began on 4 June and on 7 June a German corps was sent to Russia from the western reserve, followed quickly by two more divisions. After the failure to capture Fort Souville at Verdun on 12 July, Falkenhayn was obliged to suspend the offensive and reinforce the defences of the Somme front, even though

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Harris blamed Haig for the decision to attempt to take the second German position north of the Albert–Bapaume road on the first day, although he was unconvinced that the extra depth of the final objective led to the British artillery unduly to dilute the density of bombardment of the first position.

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successful. Harris wrote that it was common to ignore the influence of the opponent and that the Germans were weakest in the south, with fewer men, guns and fortifications, based on terrain less easy to defend and had made their principal defensive effort north of the Somme, where the British–French

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Philpott wrote that the meeting between Joffre, Haig and Foch on 3 July was far less cordial than in other accounts but that over the next day a compromise was agreed, that the British would transfer their main effort south of the Albert–Bapaume road. Foch was instructed by Joffre to co-ordinate the

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losses. The huge losses of the French armies in 1915 and the refinement of French offensive tactics that took place before the opening of the battle are overlooked, as is the disarray of the Germans after their defences were smashed and the garrisons killed or captured. The British–French had gained

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All of the prisoners stated that machine-guns caused the most casualties and that where they had reached the German positions, they had been cut off by artillery barrages in no man's land and German infantry emerging from underground shelters behind them. Duffy wrote that the German high command had

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and the 26th Reserve Division, was made responsible for the front from the Ancre to Monchy au Bois. Many of the divisions were composed of units from other formations, brought in piecemeal to replace the "very heavy" casualties of existing units. Bavarian Infantry Regiment 16 was the last reserve of

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I Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 91 was moved south from Gommecourt, to join a counter-attack from Bazentin Wood, with two companies advancing on an 800 m (870 yd) front; halfway to Mametz Wood a "hail" of British small-arms fire stopped the advance. The survivors were sent to defend

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Pannewitz had been allowed to withdraw by Below, which led Falkenhayn to sack Below's Chief of Staff General Grünert and order that "the first principle in position warfare must be to yield not one foot of ground and if it be lost to retake it by immediate counter-attack, even to the use of the last

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Bavarian Infantry Regiment 16 stumbled into a British outpost north of Montauban early on 2 July and overran it but the alarm was raised and a British SOS barrage fell on the area, forcing the Germans back into Caterpillar Valley. In the south, the infantry of Reserve Infantry Regiment 51 arrived at

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asking for rifle grenades and other supplies, which was immediately passed on. An observer in the 12 Section balloon, spotted a German battery setting up at the edge of Bernafay Wood and directed fire from a French battery; the German guns were soon silenced and captured a few days later. On 2 July,

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the 7th Division was ordered to advance after dark, to the southern fringe of Mametz Wood but the guide got lost, which delayed the move until dawn. Next day the 17th (Northern) Division managed to bomb a short distance northwards, along trenches towards Contalmaison. At midnight, a surprise advance

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by then. In the 21st Division area on the boundary with III Corps to the north, a battalion of the 62nd Brigade advanced to Shelter Wood and Birch Tree Wood to the north-west, where many German troops emerged from dugouts and made bombing attacks, which slowed the British occupation of Shelter Wood.

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On 9 July, two brigades of the 23rd Division spent the morning attacking south and west of Contalmaison. A battalion of the 24th Brigade established a machine-gun nest in a commanding position south of the village and part of the 68th Brigade entered Bailiff Wood, before being shelled out by British

2725:

when two battalions attacked from Pearl Alley and Shelter Wood. Contalmaison was entered and occupied up to the church after a thirty-minute fight, in which several counter-attacks were repulsed. The attack from Shelter Wood failed because the troops were slowed by mud and caught by machine-gun fire

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The troops, who had been delayed as they moved up to the start-line, advanced far behind the creeping barrage and were hit by machine-gun fire from Mametz Wood; the survivors were ordered back, apart from a few in advanced posts. On the right, part of the 50th Brigade had tried to bomb up Quadrangle

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postponement, caused by a German counter-attack at Bois Favière. The German defence was subjected to a "crushing bombardment" and the village swiftly captured, as the British 30th Division attacked Trônes Wood. The 39th Division was not able to advance further against machine-gun fire from the wood,

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Communication trenches ran back to the reserve line, renamed the second line, which was as well built and wired as the first line. The second line was built beyond the range of Allied field artillery, to force an attacker to stop and move field artillery forward before assaulting the line. After the

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into reserve; these changes began a process of reliefs on the Somme front, which continued until the end of the battle in November. Late on 8 July, after a meeting with Haig, at which several sackings of senior commanders were agreed, Rawlinson and the Fourth Army corps commanders met to discuss the

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was sent from the Reserve Army to command X Corps and VIII Corps for the renewed attack north of the Albert–Bapaume road and several of the divisions shattered on 1 July were relieved. Haig met Rawlinson on 2 July to discuss the effect that the shortage of ammunition would have on operations and how

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Haig suggested that with the ample artillery ammunition available, capturing the Montauban spur would be easier on the first day and that and the tactical benefit of possession of the Montauban and Serre–Miraumont spurs would reduce the danger from German counter-attacks. After consultations between

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Rawlinson submitted a plan to Haig on 3 April for an attack on a front of 20,000 yd (11 mi; 18 km), to a depth of 2,000–5,000 yd (1.1–2.8 mi; 1.8–4.6 km), between Maricourt and Serre. The plan contained the alternatives of an advance by stages or one rush and whether to

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and 101,771 long tons (103,404 t) were landed in France. The barrels of heavy guns and howitzers burst on firing, due to defective shells made from inferior steel, which had more hairline cracks, through which the propellant discharge detonated the shell. Fuzes on 8-inch howitzer shells failed

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but Harris wrote that hurried, poorly co-ordinated attacks were not necessarily wrong. Delay would have benefited the German defenders more than the attackers and the main fault of the British was to take until 4 July to attack again, which failed to exploit all of the German disorganisation caused

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The crisis in the French defence of Verdun had been overcome, with a relaxation of German pressure on 24 June and a "strict defensive" imposed by Falkenhayn on 12 July after the failure at Fort Souville. The battles at Verdun and the Somme had reciprocal effects and for the rest of 1916, both sides

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died with their men. Not all of the events of 1 July were British defeats, since the German plan for a counter-offensive by the 6th Army was abandoned and the Verdun offensive was suspended on 12 July. German newspapers reported that the Somme battle was part of a concerted offensive and that unity

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Sheldon wrote that the change of emphasis by the British to limited local attacks was the only way to keep pressure on the German defence and honour the commitment made at Chantilly. This loyalty meant that the British had to make a slow advance, over ground which offered considerable scope for the

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In 2006, Jack Sheldon called the officers sacked by Falkenhayn scapegoats; the survivors of the attacks of 1 July had to hang on until reserves arrived, who suffered many casualties when they were rushed to the most threatened areas. On the French front, a German regimental commander explained that

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The British were still able to capture Trônes Wood, Mametz Wood, Contalmaison and La Boisselle in twelve days and added 20 sq mi (52 km) to the 3 sq mi (7.8 km) captured on 1 July. The German defence south of the Albert–Bapaume road had been disorganised by the British

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were engaged. Artillery support was criticised, since corps artillery rarely co-operated with that of neighbouring corps. Prior and Wilson called the British attacks a succession of narrow-front operations without adequate artillery preparation, which allowed the Germans to concentrate more men and

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By 3 July, Joffre, Haig and Rawlinson accepted that the offensive north of the Albert–Bapaume road could not quickly be resumed. Gough had reported that the positions of X Corps and VIII Corps were full of dead and wounded and that several of the divisions shattered on 1 July had not been relieved.

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defence of Ovillers and Pozières. The new position was held by elements of six divisions and attached troops, who were organised into groups, led by the corps commanders, General von Quast on the south bank, General von Gossler on the north bank from the Somme to the Albert–Bapaume road and General

3706:

A new defensive front was established after the failure of the counter-attack at Montauban, from Assevillers to Herbécourt, Hem, Maurepas, Guillemont, Longueval, Bazentin le Petit Wood and from there along an intermediate line through Mametz Wood to La Boisselle. The line on the north bank was held

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so badly, that the German infantry were easily repulsed. Bombing of German-controlled railway centres continued on 9 July, with attacks on Cambrai and Bapaume stations, in which two British aircraft were lost. Le Sars and Le Transloy were attacked in the afternoon and Havrincourt Wood was bombed on

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but attempts to bomb moving trains failed. German aircraft intercepted the first pair of bombing aircraft and forced them to turn back but the next two from I Brigade, managed to bomb Busigny station. Two aircraft sent to bomb St Quentin were intercepted and chased back to the British lines and the

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Flights to Cambrai, Busigny and Etreux later in the day saw no unusual movement and German aircraft attacked the observation aircraft all the way to the targets and back, two Rolands being shot down by the escorts. Bombing had begun the evening before, with a raid on the station at St Saveur by six

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Salient. The centre battalion reached the German front trench but was eventually bombed out by II Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 99 and a company from Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 8. The supporting waves had taken cover in shell-holes in no man's land; then were ordered back having lost

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which killed fifty German soldiers but failed to reach the objective at a strong point, after mistaking a fork in the trench for it. A second battalion advanced north-east, veered from the eastern edge to the south-eastern fringe and tried to work northwards but were stopped by fire from the strong

3051:

on 10 July, the British advanced in groups of twenty, many getting lost but some reached the northern tip of the wood and reported it empty of Germans. To the west, bombing parties took part of Longueval Alley and more fighting occurred at Central Trench in the wood, as German troops advanced again

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on 3 July, the 30th Division occupied Bernafay Wood, losing only six casualties and capturing seventeen prisoners, three field guns and three machine-guns. Patrols moved eastwards, discovered that Trônes Wood was defended by machine-gun detachments and withdrew. Caterpillar Wood was occupied by the

2734:

a warning from an observer in a reconnaissance aircraft led to the ambush of German troops advancing towards Bailiff Wood who were stopped by small-arms fire. An advance on the left flank, in support of a 12th Division attack on Ovillers, got forward about 1,000 yd (910 m) and reached the

2729:

An attempt to attack again was cancelled due to the mud, a heavy German barrage and lack of fresh troops. The 68th Brigade dug in on the west, facing Contalmaison and the 14th Brigade dug in on the south side. The 23rd Division attacked again to close a 400 yd (370 m) gap between the 24th

2703:

after a brief bombardment. The Germans were alert and a counter-barrage began promptly; many British shells fell short on the leading British troops, who found the wire uncut and fell back, eventually returning to their start-line. Part of the left-hand battalion got into Pearl Alley and some found

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on 7 July to capture trenches from near Bailiff Wood 600 yd (550 m) away, to 300 yd (270 m) beyond La Boisselle. Two battalions advanced as close as possible to the bombardment before it lifted and managed to run into it, before reorganising and resuming the advance with a third

2204:

guns and howitzers, for the simpler task of placing barrages on no man's land. Telephone lines between the German front lines and their artillery support were cut but the front line troops used signal flares to communicate with the artillery. In many places, particularly north of the Albert–Bapaume

1898:

Rawlinson ordered the offensive to continue, with XIII Corps and XV Corps to occupy Mametz Wood on their right and capture Fricourt on the left; III Corps to take La Boisselle and Ovillers and for X Corps and VIII Corps to take the German front trenches and an intermediate line. The main effort was

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by amateurs". British preparations for the offensive included a close watch on German rail and road movements; on 6 July a British pilot bombed and set on fire a troop train unloading near Vélu, rail traffic at Cambrai and Marcoing was reported later that day. Flights over Landrecies and Le Cateau

3728:

the French resumed the attack, captured Frise and overran the two battalions of the XVII Corps and a regiment of the 22nd Reserve Division in the second position, Herbécourt falling in thirty minutes. At Assevillers the defence repulsed two French attacks, with artillery support and reinforcements

3657:

and marched to the area between Combles and Ginchy, where it was put under the command of the 28th Reserve Division and ordered to recapture Montauban and Favières Wood. Overnight Below ordered the garrison of Fricourt to withdraw; on the south bank reinforcements had been scraped up to occupy the

3622:

on the wood and started several fires. On 13 July, a special effort was made to attack troop-trains on the Douai–Cambrai and Valenciennes–Cambrai lines. One train was derailed and overturned near Aubigny-au-Bac and a train was bombed on the Cambrai–Denain line, the British pilots making use of low

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Some of the German air units had recently arrived from Russia and lacked experience of Western Front conditions, some aircraft were being replaced and many single-seat fighter pilots were newly trained. German air reconnaissance had uncovered British–French preparations for the Somme offensive and

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the 12th Division tried to bomb forward but found the deep mud a serious obstacle. The 36th Brigade was reinforced by two battalions and managed to struggle forward 200 yd (180 m) into the village and the 74th Brigade bombed up communication trenches south-west of the village and reached

3132:

with the left covered by a smokescreen. Red rockets were fired immediately by the Germans and answered by field and heavy artillery barrages on the British assembly, front line and communication trenches, most of which were empty, as the British infantry had moved swiftly across no man's land. The

3081:

the British artillery fired a barrage between Trônes Wood and Guillemont, after a report from the French of a counter-attack by Reserve Infantry Regiment 106. The attack was cancelled but some German troops managed to get across to the wood to reinforce the garrison, as part of a British battalion

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and after two hours, reached the northern fringe of the wood. Attempts to advance further were stopped by machine-gun fire and a defensive line 200 yd (180 m) inside the wood was dug. A resumption of the attack in the evening was cancelled and a withdrawal further into the wood saved the

2933:

when it would begin to move towards the second objective. The attacking battalions advanced from White Trench, the 114th Brigade on the right with two battalions and two in support, the 113th Brigade on the left with one battalion and a second in support, either side of a ride up the middle of the

2319:

XX Corps was ordered to stand fast. The 11th Division lost twenty casualties on 3 July. Hem and high ground to the north, behind defences 1,600 yd (1,500 m) deep back to Monacu Farm, were attacked by the 11th Division, which had been organised to advance in depth, with moppers-up wearing

2302:

an attack from the north being stopped by machine-gun fire from Bois Blaise. A German counter-attack behind a party of troops feigning surrender retook the orchard and Château, until another French attack pushed them out. Next morning, a German attack from five directions was repulsed. Bois Blaise

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Foch met Rawlinson on 3 July and then, with Joffre, met Haig during the afternoon, at which the French objected to the shifting of the weight of the British offensive to the right flank. Haig pointed out that there was insufficient artillery ammunition to resume the attack in the north and after a

1836:

Preparations began on 3 July for an attack on the German second position between Longueval and Bazentin le Petit. Engineers and pioneers cleared roads and tracks, filled in old trenches and brought forward artillery and ammunition; the objective and the German third position were photographed from

1598:

was also costly, with only a partial and temporary advance south of the village. The German defeats from Foucaucourt to the Albert–Bapaume road left the German defence south of the Somme incapable of resisting another attack and a substantial German retreat began from the Flaucourt plateau towards

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Also in 2009, J. P. Harris wrote that the difference between the Franco-British success in the south and British failure in the north on 1 July, particularly given the number of British casualties on the first day, had been explained by reference to greater French experience, better artillery and

3925:

and were the most successful attacks of the day. Prior and Wilson wrote that the deciding factor in the success of British infantry battalions was the destructive effect of British artillery; if German gunners and machine-gun crews survived the bombardment, no infantry tactic could overcome their

3733:

the 26th Reserve Division ordered Reserve Infantry Regiment 110 to withdraw through La Boisselle and Infantry Regiment 180 to defend Ovillers at all costs and Below issued a secret order forbidding voluntary retirements. Infantry Regiment Lehr of the 3rd Guards Division, was sent to reinforce the

3578:

In two days, eight bombers were lost and most of the other aircraft were badly damaged, despite offensive patrols intended to protect the bombing aircraft, which were flown without observers. Trenchard stopped the low bombing of trains and returned to escorted formation bombing. In the afternoon,

2941:

On the left flank, fire from Quadrangle Alley stopped the advance and contact with the rear was lost, amidst the tangle of undergrowth and fallen trees. The barrage was eventually brought back and two battalions of the 115th Brigade were sent forward as reinforcements. The Hammerhead fell after a

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a surprise bayonet charge was attempted by a battalion each from the 50th and 51st brigades, which reached part of Quadrangle Support Trench on the left but eventually failed with many casualties. After the capture of Contalmaison next day, an afternoon attack by part of the 51st Brigade from the

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and Haig, Rawlinson was instructed to plan for an advance of 1.5 mi (2.4 km) on a 25,000 yd (14 mi; 23 km) front, taking the German first position and advancing midway to the second position on the right at Montauban, taking the first position in the centre and the second

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of December 1915 as part of a general Allied offensive by the British, French, Italians and Russians. British–French intentions were quickly undermined by the German offensive at Verdun which began on 21 February 1916. The original proposal was for the British to conduct preparatory offensives in

1484:

The unexpected length and cost of the Verdun offensive and the underestimation of the need to replace exhausted units there, depleted the German strategic reserve placed behind the 6th Army, which held the front between Hannescamps 11 mi (18 km) south-west of Arras and St Eloi, south of

4449:

Falkenhayn implied after the war that the psychology of German soldiers, shortage of manpower and lack of reserves made the policy inescapable, since the troops necessary to seal off breakthroughs did not exist. High losses incurred in holding ground by a policy of no retreat, were preferable to

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so often that the battlefield was littered with duds; an attempted cure made the fuzes fall out. Many shells failed to explode, due to deterioration of the explosive filling and defective fuzes in all heavy guns, caused premature detonations, while many guns misfired due to poor quality barrels.

3766:

On 8 July the postponed counter-attack was cancelled and the commander of the 185th Division, with elements of four divisions under his command in the area between Mametz Wood and Ovillers, was ordered to close the gap between Contalmaison and Pozières by morning on 9 July. I Battalion, Regiment

3746:

from Foucaucourt to the Albert–Bapaume road, losses among the German infantry increased rapidly, one crisis merged into the next and the policy of unyielding defence and immediate counter-attack exposed the defenders to British–French firepower. On the south bank Biaches was lost and at Barleux,

3676:

When Reserve Infantry Regiment 51 reached Guillemont, two battalions of Bavarian Infantry Regiment 16 between Waterlot Farm and Longueval was to advance south towards Montauban Alley, Montauban and Pommiers Redoubt, Reserve Infantry Regiment 51 was to recapture Dublin Redoubt, La Briqueterie and

3671:

had been recaptured. German reinforcements were split up and committed piecemeal, wherever the defence was most vulnerable. Reserve Infantry Regiment 51 was to advance on the northern flank past Combles to Guillemont and enter the north-eastern corner of Montauban. In the centre Reserve Infantry

2928:

on 10 July, by all of the 38th (Welsh) Division. The attack was to commence after a forty-five-minute bombardment, with smoke-screens along the front of attack and a creeping bombardment by the 7th and 38th divisional artilleries, to move forward at zero hour at 50 yd (46 m) per minute

2236:

Estrées was captured in the evening of 4 July then a German counter-attack in the early hours of 5 July retook half of the village. The French attacked again late that day and took back most of the village but as Fayolle anticipated, German defenders were recovering and the French advance losing

2137:

Despite considerable debate among German staff officers, Falkenhayn laid down a continuation of the policy of unyielding defence. On the Somme front, the construction plan ordered by Falkenhayn in January 1915 had been completed. Barbed wire obstacles had been enlarged from one belt 5–10 yd

1917:

to continue the offensive south of the river and to bring two more corps into the XX Corps area on the north bank to advance to the Péronne–Bapaume road to outflank the German defences along the river, dismounted cavalry linking the attacks on either side of the river. That night the Fourth Army

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on 15 mi (24 km) on the northern French flank. The course of the battle at Verdun led the French gradually to reduce the number of divisions for operations on the Somme, until it became a supporting attack for the British on a 6 mi (9.7 km) front with only five divisions. The

4495:

was relieved by the 7th Division commander on Horne's orders who "judged it expedient". It may be inferred that the two events were connected. Philpott called Philipps a political appointee, whose sacking was probably deserved. The commander of the 17th (Northern) Division, Major-General Thomas

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each carrying two 112 lb (51 kg) bombs, began after noon and Cambrai station was hit with seven bombs, for the loss of one aircraft. In the early evening, an ammunition train was bombed on the line between Aubigny-au-Bac and Cambrai and set on fire, the cargo burning and exploding for

3148:

On 7 July, an attack by X Corps on Ovillers was delayed by a German attack, after a bombardment which fell on the 49th Division front near the Ancre, then concentrated on the British position in the German first line north of Thiepval. The survivors of the garrison were forced to retreat to the

2294:. A preliminary attack on Barleux and Biaches was postponed from 8 to 9 July, because of bad weather after a thirty-hour bombardment and failed to capture Barleux, though the French broke through the German second position to capture Biaches. The 16th Colonial Division attacked La Maisonette at 2227:

the French had overrun the first position on an 5.0 mi (8 km) front. The advance of I Colonial Corps created a salient and German artillery, safe on the east bank of the Somme and assisted by more aircraft and observation balloons, could enfilade the defences hurriedly built by French

2195:

Most of the troops were within 1,000 yd (910 m) of the front line, accommodated in the new deep dugouts. The concentration of troops in the front line on a forward slope, guaranteed that it would face the bulk of an artillery bombardment, directed by ground observers on clearly marked

1787:

available to the British on the Somme, provided one field gun per 20 yd (18 m) of front and one heavy gun per 58 yd (53 m), to fire on 22,000 yd (13 mi; 20 km) of German front line trench and 300,000 yd (170 mi; 270 km) of support trenches. Each

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divisions and three of the reserve divisions being in the Sixth Army area. The maintenance of the strength of the Sixth Army, at the expense of the 2nd Army on the Somme, indicated that Falkehhayn intended the counter-offensive against the British, to be made north of the Somme front, once the

3271:

and were then forced back out. The left-hand brigade attacked with three battalions, which on the flanks found uncut wire and whose leading waves were "mown down" by German machine-gun fire; the few who got into the German front trench being killed or captured, except for a few who reached the

2222:

had been taken. On the south bank, territorial troops buried the dead and cleared the battlefield of unexploded ammunition, as artillery was moved forward to prepared positions. I Colonial Corps had advanced within attacking distance of the German second position and found indications that the

1921:

Haig met Rawlinson again on 4 July and laid down that Trônes Wood, on the boundary with the French XX Corps, with Contalmaison and Mametz Wood on the left flank, must be captured to cover the flanks of the attack on the German second position, then visited the corps commanders to emphasise the

1480:

were crushed by Allied material superiority. To obtain decisive victory, Falkenhayn needed to find a way to break through the Western Front and defeat the strategic reserves which the Allies could move into the path of a breakthrough. Falkenhayn planned to provoke the French into attacking, by

2995:

early on 4 July and reports from the advanced troops of the divisions of XIII Corps and XV Corps, indicated that they were pursuing a beaten enemy. On the night of 4 July, the 18th (Eastern) Division took Marlboro' Wood unopposed but a combined attack by XX Corps and XIII Corps on 7 July, was

2644:

were taken and the village was occupied. Red rockets had been fired by the German defenders and a bombardment by artillery and mortars was fired on the village before Infantry Regiment 190 of the 185th Division counter-attacked from Pozières and recaptured the east end of the village. British

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Sheldon judged the German loss of the initiative to have begun before 1 July, when the preliminary bombardment prevented the defenders from moving or being supplied. On the south bank, the first day was a German disaster, with over-extended infantry units suffering many casualties and many

3103:

reached the eastern edge of the wood south of the Guillemont track, thinking that they were at the northern tip of the wood. Attempts to advance north in daylight failed and an attack from Longueval Alley by a third battalion, was stopped by massed small-arms and artillery-fire 100 yd

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was begun in February 1916 and was nearly complete when the battle began. On 12 May, the 2nd Guard Reserve Division was moved out of reserve, to defend Serre and Gommecourt, which reduced the frontage of the XIV Reserve Corps and its six divisions from 30,000–18,000 yd (17–10 mi;

1873:

bombardment. Rawlinson wanted to advance 2,000 yd (1.1 mi; 1.8 km) and capture the German front position from Mametz to Serre and then after a pause, advance another 1,000 yd (910 m) from Fricourt to Serre, which included the German second position from Pozières to

4375:

shells exploded in the barrel or 4–5 yd (3.7–4.6 m) beyond the muzzle, the crews becoming known as "suicide clubs". Some propellants were not fully consumed on firing, requiring the barrel to be cleaned after each shot, which slowed the rate of fire. Some copper driving bands on

3434:

Each corps and division had a wireless receiving-station, to take messages from airborne artillery-observers and observers on the ground were stationed at various points, to receive messages and maps dropped from aircraft. As contact observers reported the progress of the infantry attack,

1874:

Grandcourt. Haig called the plan a proposal for a frontal advance of equal strength along all the front. Haig directed Rawlinson to consider advancing beyond the first position, near Montauban on the right and at Miraumont and Serre on the left but offered no extra forces to achieve this.

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on 3 July, against the same targets as 1 July but with the addition of the artillery of the 19th (Western) Division. Assembly trenches had been dug, which reduced the width of no man's land from 800–500 yd (730–460 m) at the widest. Two brigades of the 12th Division attacked at

2344:

Due to a lack of roads, Foch was not able to supply enough reinforcements on the north bank for an advance towards Maurepas, until British troops had captured the German second position from Longueval to Bazentin le Petit and were poised to attack Guillemont; XX Corps was ordered conduct

1637:

on 2 July. Loßberg studied the battlefield from a hill north of Péronne then toured units, reiterating the ruling that no ground be abandoned regardless of the tactical situation. Loßberg and Below agreed that the defence should be conducted by a thin forward line, supported by immediate

1430:

had already been reduced on 24 June to conserve manpower and ammunition; after the failure to capture Fort Souville at Verdun on 12 July, Falkenhayn ordered a "strict defensive" and the transfer of more troops and artillery to the Somme front, which was the first strategic effect of the

1893:

Fourth Army casualties suffered. The extent of the British losses was not known on the evening of 1 July but Haig wanted the attack to continue, to further the intent of inflicting casualties on the Germans and to reach a line from which the German second position could be attacked. At

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machine-guns and mortars being destroyed by the French artillery. The French had ten heavy batteries per 0.62 mi (1 km) of front, the advantage of aircraft observation and eighteen observation balloons opposite one German division, which suppressed the German artillery by

2792:

up to 10 July. The German positions between Mametz Wood and Contalmaison, were finally captured by the 17th (Northern) Division, after they were outflanked by the capture of the village and the southern part of the wood, although bombing attacks up trenches on 9 July had failed. At

2730:

and 68th brigades but the troops got stuck in mud so deep that they became trapped. Later in the day, the 24th Brigade attacked Contalmaison but was defeated by machine-gun fire and an artillery barrage. On the left, bombers of the 19th (Western) Division skirmished all day and at

1619:

It took until 4 July for the British to relieve the divisions shattered by the attack of 1 July and resume operations south of the Albert–Bapaume road. The number of German defenders in the area was underestimated but British Intelligence reports of a state of chaos in the German

3797:

artillery batteries and three artillery flights, two reconnaissance flights and a bombing flight also arrived. Falkenhayn urged Below to use his reserves to defend the position between Hardecourt and Trônes Wood, as it was an area from which the British and French lines could be

1833:, the VII Corps commander, made representations to the Third Army that Gommecourt was the wrong place for a diversion but was over-ruled, because the staff at GHQ considered the protection of the left flank of VIII Corps from artillery-fire from the north, to be more important. 1808:(FOO) reported to the corps headquarters, which could expect to be better and quicker informed than divisions. Much discussion took place between the divisional and corps staffs and was repeated at meetings between the corps commanders and the Fourth Army commander, General Sir 4050:) had battalions from eleven divisions under command. Despite their difficulties, the British captured elaborately fortified and tenaciously defended German positions relatively quickly, by local initiatives from regimental officers. By 13 July the British–French had captured 3200:

the 74th Brigade attacked again and a battalion advanced stealthily to reach the next trench by surprise, then advanced another 600 yd (550 m) by mistake and found itself under a British barrage, until the artillery-fire was stopped and both trenches consolidated.

3470:

several hours. Raids on St Quentin and Busigny were reported to be failures by the crews and three aircraft were lost. German prisoners captured by the French army later in July, reported that they were at the station during the bombing, which hit an ammunition shed near

3338:

containing squadrons responsible for close reconnaissance, photography and artillery observation on the front held by the army and an army wing for long-range reconnaissance and bombing, its squadrons using aircraft types with the highest performance. On the Somme front

1942:

on 10 July but the date was left open until the effect of the preliminary operations and the weather were known. Hard and costly fighting did not secure all the objectives and it was not until 12 July that the time of the attack on the second position was fixed at

1628:

In the afternoon of 1 July, Falkenhayn arrived at the 2nd Army headquarters and found that part of the second line, south of the Somme, had been abandoned for a new shorter line. Falkenhayn sacked the Chief of Staff Major-General Paul Grünert and appointed Colonel

6662:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (facs. repr. hbk. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 2892:

side of Mametz Wood, against machine-gun fire from Strip Trench. The 115th Brigade of the 38th (Welsh) Division was too late to be covered by the preliminary bombardment and the attack was cancelled. The 38th (Welsh) Division attack on Mametz Wood began at

2320:

markings to distinguish their role. Communication with the artillery was crucial quickly to re-bombard areas, as the village was outflanked to the north and the ground consolidated. XX Corps artillery and guns on the south bank, bombarded the village for

2340:

Five German counter-attacks from 6 to 7 July around Bois Fromage, de l'Observatoire and Sommet, which changed hands four times, threatened the new French line with collapse, until a reserve company repulsed the foremost German troops in a grenade fight.

1908:

on 3 July and arrangements were to be made with Foch to improve communications north of the Somme. Later in the day, Haig urged Rawlinson to attack on the right flank and reduced the attack north of the Albert–Bapaume road to an attack by two brigades.

3550:

on Bapaume, using 336 lb (152 kg) bombs, hit headquarters and ammunition dumps, which started fires that burned into the night. On the Fourth and Third army fronts, seven air combats took place and four German aircraft were forced to land.

3677:

Montauban. The eastern side of the salient formed at Montauban and the ridge was threatened by the attack but it took until midnight until the Maurepas–Ginchy road was reached and it was dawn before the infantry passed either side of Bernafay Wood.

2708:, which had been able to take over from Mametz Wood to Ovillers. The Germans tried to extend their counter-attacks from the east of Contalmaison towards the advanced positions of the 17th (Northern) Division, which were eventually repulsed at about 4229:

the British infantry rushed the German defences and caught many of the garrison unprepared. By mid-morning 6,000 yd (3.4 mi; 5.5 km) of the German second position had been captured and the German defence again thrown into confusion.

1660:

September–October 1915). German reserves were sent into action in companies and battalions, as soon as they arrived, which disorganised formed units and reduced their effectiveness; many of the irreplaceable trained and experienced men were lost.

3252:(Wonderwork to the British) on a front of 800 yd (730 m), by the 14th Brigade and the 75th Brigade attached from the 25th Division. Information about the changed plan reached X Corps late and only reached the 32nd Division commander at 3185:

the British attacked behind a creeping barrage and quickly took the first three German trenches. Many prisoners were taken in the German dugouts, where they had been surprised by the speed of the British advance. The three German battalions lost

2279:, (loop) formed by the sharp turn north-west of the Somme at Péronne. The new French positions faced Maisonette on the right and Biaches to the front along the southern length of the German third position, with Péronne visible across the river. 3256:

along with an increase in the attack frontage to 1,400 yd (0.80 mi; 1.3 km) north to Thiepval Chateau. With most telephone lines cut the artillery were not told of the postponement, until half of the bombardment for the original

2660:

from 1 to 5 July, which left the 102nd and 103rd brigades "shattered". Rain fell overnight and heavy showers on 4 July lasted all afternoon, flooding trenches and grounding RFC aircraft, apart from a few flights to reconnoitre Mametz Wood. At

6877:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 1816:

to send in wire-cutting timetables, so that the heavy artillery (under corps command) could refrain from bombarding the same areas, reducing visibility needed to observe the effect of the divisional artillery. In VIII Corps, the plan ran to

3213:

two battalions attacked from the south-east and south as the 96th Brigade attacked from the west, advanced a short distance and took a number of prisoners. The battle for Ovillers continued during the Battle of Bazentin Ridge (14–17 July).

3067:

on 10 July, all but the south-eastern part of the wood had fallen to the German counter-attack and a lull occurred, as the 30th Division relieved the 90th Brigade with the 89th Brigade. The remaining British troops were withdrawn and at

3041:

and parts of Reserve Infantry Regiment 38 and Reserve Infantry Regiment 51, was pressed from Maltz Horn Farm to the north end of the wood and reached the wood north of the Guillemont track. A British advance north from La Briqueterie at

4199:

The Battle of Bazentin Ridge (14–17 July 1916) was an attack by the Fourth Army which began at dawn and marked the start of the second phase of the Battle of the Somme. Sceptical French officers had called it "an attack organized for

3741:

On 5 July Below reported to Falkenhayn that the new defences were ready and that for the moment the crisis was over. Counter-attacks would not be made until the situation became clear and more British–French attacks were expected. On

3177:

brigade advanced on Ovillers, two battalions of the 74th Brigade on the south side of the Albert–Bapaume road reached the first German trench, where the number of casualties and continuous German machine-gun fire stopped the advance.

1320:

next to the river, which was captured on 5 July. Some minor attacks took place and German counter-attacks at Hem on 6 to 7 July nearly retook the village. A German attack at Bois Favières delayed a joint British–French attack from

4508:

the commander of the Sixth Army, wrote that Grünert was dismissed for predicting the British–French attack and asking for reinforcements, which had been refused by Falkenhayn, who had expected the attack to come in the Sixth Army

2946:

after which the German defence began to collapse. More British reinforcements arrived and attacks by the 50th Brigade of the 17th (Northern) Division on the left flank, helped capture Wood Support Trench. The advance resumed at

2357:

also failed. The failure of British attacks from 7 to 8 July, led Foch to keep XX Corps stationary, until Trônes Wood, Mametz Wood and Contalmaison were captured. The 39th Division attacked towards Hardecourt on 8 July, after a

1383:

from 1 to 13 July. The effect of the battle on the defenders has received less attention in English-language writing. The strain imposed by the British attacks after 1 July and the French advance on the south bank led General

3190:

and withdrew to the second German trench behind outposts; Infantry Regiment 186, II Battalion, Guard Fusiliers and Recruit Battalion 180, had many casualties and withdrew into the middle of the village. In the early hours of

3046:

reached the south end of the wood and dug in 60 yd (55 m) from the south-western edge. Patrols northwards into the wood, found few Germans but had great difficulty in moving through undergrowth and fallen trees. At

2967:

The northern fringe was reoccupied and linked with the 7th Division on the right and the 1st Division on the left, under constant bombardment by shrapnel, lachrymatory, high explosive and gas shell, the 62nd Brigade losing

2177:

27–16 km) between Maricourt and Serre, making the average divisional sector north of the Albert–Bapaume road 3.75 mi (6.04 km) wide, while the frontages south of the road were 4.5 mi (7.2 km) wide.

3569:

Early morning reconnaissance flights on 3 July, found many trains around Cambrai and reinforcements arriving from the east and south-east, heading towards Bapaume and Péronne. Pairs of British pilots began operations at

3098:

a battalion attempting to bomb up Maltz Horn Trench to the strong point near the Guillemont track. A second battalion advanced through the wood, lost direction and stumbled on German posts in Central Trench, until about

1824:

including details for infantry companies. Other corps made similar plans but went into less detail than VIII Corps, all conforming to the general instructions contained in the Fourth Army Tactical Notes. Planning in the

3719:

had already sent the 12th Reserve Division and the 11th Reserve Division would not be available until 3 July; the 3rd Guard Division, 183rd Division and 5th Division were the only reserves close to the Somme front.

1899:

still to be in the north, because congestion behind the front between the Somme and Maricourt made it impossible quickly to resume the attack on the junction of the British and French armies. Lieutenant-General Sir

2923:

The failure of the 38th (Welsh) Division to attack overnight, got the divisional commander Major-General Philipps sacked and replaced by Major-General Watts of the 7th Division on 9 July, who ordered an attack for

1585:

German counter-attacks during the afternoon, recaptured most of the lost ground and fresh attacks against Thiepval were defeated, with more great loss to the British. On the north bank of the Ancre, the attack of

2824:

A company advanced into Bottom Wood and was nearly surrounded, until troops from the 21st Division captured Shelter Wood on the left; German resistance collapsed and troops from the 17th (Northern) Division and

1845:

per day. British and French aircraft prevented German air observation and ammunition was moved forward night and day, over ground so damaged and waterlogged, that it took five or six hours to make a round-trip.

2853:

The 7th, 17th (Northern) and 21st divisions of XV Corps began to consolidate on 3 July and many reports were sent back that the Germans were still disorganised, with Mametz Wood and Quadrangle Trench empty. At

3612:

on 12 July, a 9 Squadron observer saw a German barrage fall between Trônes Wood and Bernafay Wood. The observer called by wireless for an immediate counter-barrage, which obstructed a German counter-attack at

3017:

on 9 July, after a forty-minute bombardment. The 90th Brigade on the right advanced from La Briqueterie up a sunken road, rushed Maltz Horn Farm and then bombed up Maltz Horn Trench, to the Guillemont track.

3093:

in five days, was withdrawn and replaced by the 18th (Eastern) Division, the 55th Brigade taking over in the wood and trenches nearby. After a two-hour bombardment on 13 July, the 55th Brigade attacked at

2259:

and broken into at Herbécourt, where the French surrounded the village. The attack was repulsed at Assevillers with the help of German artillery-fire from the south. Next day, Assevillers was captured at

4224:

by crossing no man's land, which was up to 1,200 yd (0.68 mi; 1.1 km) wide and then crawling to within 100 yd (91 m) of the German front line. After a hurricane bombardment from

2761:

after a careful reconnaissance, two battalions assembled along Horseshoe Trench, in a line 1,000 yd (910 m) long facing Contalmaison, 2,000 yd (1.1 mi; 1.8 km) away to the east.

1529:

The First day on the Somme was the opening day of the Battle of Albert (1–13 July 1916). Nine corps of the French Sixth Army and the British Fourth and Third armies attacked the German 2nd Army (General

1292:

abandoned the offensive north of the road to reinforce the success in the south, where the British–French forces pressed forward through several intermediate lines closer to the German second position.

3430:

the general effect of the British–French bombardment could be seen. Observers in contact aircraft watched lines of British infantry crawl into no man's land, ready to attack the German front trench at

1886:

The British–French attacks on 1 July had succeeded on the southern half of the front but north of the Albert–Bapaume road the British had advanced to disaster, with little ground taken and most of the

4474:

A racist myth that "The Senegalese kill everyone." (Fayolle) grew up, despite the divisional commander writing "Our native troops, having experienced two treacherous acts will not give quarter.", yet

2920:

a company took most of Wood Trench unopposed and the 38th (Welsh) Division prepared a night attack on Mametz Wood but the platoon making the attack was not able to reach the start line before dawn.

3921:

into no man's land, ten rushed the German front line from the British front trench and only twelve advanced at a steady pace. The slow advances of some of the twelve battalions took place behind a

3711:

which could not attack again on 2 July, because the 10th Bavarian Division had been used to reinforce the most threatened sectors of the front and to take part in the failed counter-attack of

2956:

a position was consolidated 60 yd (55 m) inside the wood but then abandoned due to German artillery-fire. The 38th (Welsh) Division was relieved by a brigade of the 12th Division by

1498:

1916 before a great British–French offensive from Lassigny to Gommecourt, in which the British would participate with all the forces they still had available. The French would attack with

1904:

to approach the German second position from Longueval to Bazentin le Petit and outflank the German defences north of the Albert–Bapaume road. Attacks north of the road were to be made at

2652:

On the right flank, the 34th Division made three attempts to bomb its way to the right flank of the 19th (Western) Division, all of which failed and after dark began to hand over to the

4212:. A preparatory bombardment had begun on 11 July, in which 6,000 yd (3.4 mi; 5.5 km) of front line and 12,000 yd (6.8 mi; 11 km) of other trenches, about 2328:

on 5 July, the infantry edged forward from saps (that had been dug under cover of a fog) and followed a creeping bombardment into the village, reaching the objectives in the north by

2205:

road, German barrage-fire prevented British reinforcements from crossing no man's land and parties which had captured German positions, were isolated and cut off or forced to retire.

2876:

another attack over the open, took Horseshoe Trench and Lincoln Redoubt; ground was gained to the east but contact with the 17th (Northern) Division was not gained at Shelter Alley.

2850:

and Reserve Infantry Regiments 109, 110 and 111 of the 28th Reserve Division. The 63rd Brigade formed a defensive flank, until touch was gained with the 34th Division at Round Wood.

2749:

artillery. An attempt to return later that day was forestalled by a German counter-attack by parts of II Battalion and III Battalion, Infantry Regiment 183 of the 183rd Division at

761: 3261:

zero hour had been fired. A new bombardment on the wider front had only half the ammunition. After repulsing two German counter-attacks, two companies advanced from the tip of the

9203: 3777:

in Contalmaison. The troops in the area held on in mud and waterlogged ground, with many wounded and ill soldiers unable to be moved under a ceaseless British bombardment. About

3021:

An attack from Bernafay Wood intended for the same time, was delayed after the battalion lost direction in the rain and a gas bombardment and did not advance from the wood until

9218: 3672:

Regiment 38 was to recapture Bois Favières and Reserve Infantry Regiment 23 was to attack between Curlu and Maurepas, the first troops to cross the Maurepas–Ginchy road between

3052:

from Guillemont, took several patrols prisoner as they occupied the wood and established posts on the western edge. The 18th (Eastern) Division on the left, was relieved by the

2829:

occupied Bottom Wood unopposed. Two field artillery batteries were brought up and began wire cutting around Mametz Wood; the 51st Brigade of the 7th Division, having lost about

4491:

confirming verbal instructions from Horne, the corps commander, that only a platoon was sent to make the attack and was not able to begin before dawn. On 9 July, Major-General

9402: 3089:

to advance into the wood, were defeated by French and British artillery-fire. Rawlinson ordered XIII Corps to take the wood "at all costs" and the 30th Division, having lost

358: 3009:

and took the south end of Maltz Horn Trench, as a battalion of the 30th Division attacked from La Briqueterie and took the north end. A second attack from Bernafay Wood at

9865: 2838:

and the British infantry attempted to envelop them, by an advance covered by Stokes mortars, which quickly captured Shelter Wood. The British repulsed a counter-attack at

2628:

on 3 July, a battalion and some specialist bombers attacked between La Boisselle and the Albert–Bapaume road, with a second battalion attacking from the southern flank at

2938:

was delayed and conditions in the wood made it difficult to keep up with the barrage; an attack on an area called Hammerhead was forced back by a German counter-attack.

1841:

bombarded Pozières and Courcelette and the French bombarded Waterlot Farm, Guillemont and Ginchy. Strict economy of ammunition was necessary, with heavy guns limited to

2883:

but heavy rain and communication difficulties on 7 July, led to several postponements of the attack by the 38th (Welsh) Division and the 17th (Northern) Division until

3546:

air reconnaissance found little extra railway activity, apart from ten trains moving from Douai to Cambrai, thought to by carrying reinforcements from Lens. A raid by

2896:

as a brigade advanced from Marlboro' Wood and Caterpillar Wood, supported by a trench mortar and machine-gun bombardment. Return fire stopped this attack and those at

1388:

to issue an order of the day on 3 July, forbidding voluntary withdrawals ("The enemy should have to carve his way over heaps of corpses.") after Falkenhayn had sacked

1412: 9300: 3521:

and dusk, from Longueval to Cléry and Douchy to Miraumont. The squadron lost two aircraft and had one damaged but kept German aircraft away from the corps aircraft.

3085:

On 12 July, a new trench was dug from the east side of the wood and linked with those on the western fringe, being completed by dawn on 13 July. German attempts at

8937: 8108: 9379: 3474:

wagons. Sixty wagons caught fire and exploded, which destroyed the troop train and two battalions' worth of equipment piled on the platform, killing or wounding

2904:

when the attackers were stopped 250 yd (230 m) from the wood. The 17th (Northern) Division attacked next day from Quadrangle Trench and Pearl Alley at

2868:

since 1 July. On the left, the 23rd Division of III Corps attacked as a flank support and took part of Horseshoe Trench, until forced out by a counter-attack at

9860: 9407: 7921: 2645:

reinforcements from two more battalions arrived and eventually managed to advance 100 yd (91 m) from the original start line, to gain touch with the

524: 9595: 9322: 9014: 7979: 3893:

In 2005, Prior and Wilson contradicted a version of the "traditional" narrative of the First Day of the Somme, which had been established in the writings of

3618:

11 July, after suspicions had been raised by increasing amounts of German anti-aircraft fire around the wood. Twenty bombers with seventeen escorts, dropped

754: 2820:

on 3 July, XV Corps advanced north from Fricourt and the 17th (Northern) Division reached Railway Alley, after a delay caused by German machine-gun fire at

1558:

on the right and only a short advance at Lochnagar Crater and to the south of La Boisselle; the largest number of casualties of the day was suffered by the

9702: 2960:

on 12 July, which searched the wood and completed its occupation, the German defence having lost "countless brave men"; the 38th (Welsh) Division had lost

1316:. On the north bank, XX Corps was ordered to consolidate the ground captured on 1 July, except for the completion of the advance to the first objective at 4149:

in five days, after only a short period out of the line. The 34th Division had the most casualties of any British division involved in the battle, losing

1938:

forthcoming operation to capture the German second position from Longueval to Bazentin le Petit. The operation order was issued for an attack possibly at

9825: 9610: 9365: 4080:

Narrow-front attacks invited counter-attack but German efforts proved as ineffective and costly as many of the British attacks. The British lost another

3481:

All corps aircraft carried 20 lb (9.1 kg) bombs to attack billets, transport, trenches and artillery-batteries. Offensive sweeps were flown by

2218:

By the end of 1 July, the Sixth Army had captured all of the German first position except Frise on the Somme Canal. Few casualties had been suffered and

1829:

for the attack on Gommecourt, showed a similar pattern of discussion and negotiation between divisions, corps and army headquarters. Lieutenant-General

9605: 9295: 9246: 9161: 2952:

infantry from a German bombardment along the edge of the wood. In the early hours of 11 July, the 115th Brigade relieved the attacking brigades and at

7223:

Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2013) . "Chapter 7: The Scientific Method: planning the Somme, 1916 and Chapter 8: Fighting on the Somme, July–November 1916".

9855: 9449: 2286:

took over the line next to the south bank of the Somme overnight, the 16th Colonial Division relieved the 2nd Colonial Division near Biaches and the

351: 4358:

the final quarter, for an annual total of more than fifty million; 148,000 long tons (150,000 t) of ammunition were expended on the Somme from

1394: 95: 9850: 3587:

4 July was rainy, with low cloud and no German aircraft were seen by British aircrew, who flew low over the German lines, on artillery-observation

991: 747: 450: 7363:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War (2nd corr. online ed.). Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. 9290: 8655: 2665:

a brigade of the 19th (Western) Division attacked towards La Boisselle against determined resistance from the garrison, reaching the east end at

1053: 728: 1253:. The Allied preparatory artillery bombardment commenced on 24 June and the British–French infantry attacked on 1 July, on the south bank from 8086: 1485:

Ypres and reduced the German counter-offensive strategy north of the Somme to one of passive and unyielding defence. On the Eastern Front the

1344:

near the road was captured on 4 July, Bernafay and Caterpillar woods were occupied from 3 to 4 July and then fighting to capture Trônes Wood,

8148: 3751:

which demolished trenches and buried soldiers, followed by an infantry attack which was repulsed by the survivors. A British outpost in the

9350: 9280: 8919: 8138: 8049: 3802:, should a counter-attack be attempted, although Below favoured an attack on the south bank, where it was easier to concentrate artillery. 2705: 344: 4220:

the guns, an intensity five times greater. XIII Corps and XV Corps attacked together, after troops assembled silently during the night of

2753:

The attack was to reinforce the line between Contalmaison and Pozières but was repulsed with many casualties. The British attack began at

9374: 8272: 7726: 3825: 686: 213: 7355: 4208:

The attack of 14 July gained tactical surprise and was "hugely successful", unlike the disaster north of the Albert–Bapaume road on the

7949: 7654: 8279: 1780: 974: 7931: 6831:. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 4031:

In 2009, William Philpott wrote that in the English-speaking world, 1 July had become a metaphor of "futility and slaughter", with

3643:

wagons blew up. By afternoon on 1 July, the survivors of the 28th Reserve Division and Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 6 of the

3053: 9600: 6802:

Deutschlands Krieg in der Luft: Ein Rückblick auf die Entwicklung und die Leistungen unserer Heeres-Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege

9532: 9370: 9357: 9314: 9223: 8949: 8758: 8665: 8567: 8325: 7972: 7538: 3038: 2721:

17th (Northern) Division attacked again on the right but mud and communication delays led to the attack not starting until after

2291: 3833:

the 10th Bavarian Division and had lost many casualties around Mametz and Trônes Wood, the III Battalion having been reduced to

3013:

reached the south-eastern edge of Trônes Wood, despite many losses and dug in facing north. The 30th Division attacked again at

2859:

by XV Corps to capture the south end of Mametz Wood, Wood Trench and Quadrangle Trench, was delayed by a rainstorm but began at

2716:

In the III Corps area on the left flank, the 68th Brigade of the 23rd Division was delayed by the barrage on Bailiff Wood until

9845: 9724: 9714: 9582: 3829: 2864:

by German machine-gun fire at Mametz Wood and Wood Trench. The 38th (Welsh) Division relieved the 7th Division, which had lost

2826: 2255:

Artillery began a systematic bombardment of the German second position, Frise was captured and the second position attacked at

4023:

but to the Germans, the period from 1 to 14 July was one where they lost the initiative and were constantly kept off balance.

2704:

themselves in Contalmaison before being driven back by part of Infantry Regiment Lehr and Grenadier Regiment 9 from the fresh

9496: 9430: 9267: 9146: 8819: 7845: 7701: 7499: 7480: 7423: 7400: 7308: 7251: 7232: 7213: 7194: 7129: 7110: 7091: 7072: 7046: 7020: 6997: 6978: 6952: 6929: 6905: 6882: 6836: 6813: 6787: 6768: 6749: 6730: 6711: 6689: 6667: 6645: 6623: 6548: 2879:

British artillery bombarded the attack front during the afternoon of 6 July and increased the bombardment to intense fire at

2637: 2633: 2315:

an attack on Hardecourt and the intermediate line was postponed, until British troops attacked Bernafay and Trônes woods; at

3763:

did not know if the line between Contalmaison and Pozières was still held; a counter-attack by two regiments was postponed.

9671: 9091: 7883: 4239: 2170:(Autumn Battle) in Champagne during late 1915, a third line another 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) back from the 1809: 1793: 443: 278: 266: 7303:. Foreign Military Studies. Translated by Zabecki, D. T.; Biedekarken, D. J. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 3873:) were overwhelmed by the number and aggression of British and French air crews, who gained air supremacy and reduced the 9442: 8401: 7906: 4290: 2303:

was taken on 10 July and an attack on Barleux, was stopped by German machine-gunners hidden in crops around the village.

696: 632: 9656: 7669: 6203: 6175: 4153:

from 1 to 5 July, which left the 102nd and 103rd Brigades "shattered". From 5 to 12 July, the 38th (Welsh) Division had

1925:

On 7 July, Haig told Gough quickly to capture Ovillers and link with III Corps at La Boisselle; later on he ordered the

9641: 8931: 8340: 8098: 4505: 3781:

per battalion were supplied as reinforcements in the next few days and Infantry Regiment 77 arrived at Gommecourt. The

3703:

an intermediate line about 1,000 yd (910 m) in front of the second position between Maurepas and Guillemont.

2264:

and air reconnaissance reported that no Germans were to be seen. Flaucourt and Feuillères were occupied at midday with

1830: 7649: 3509:

to nightfall, which met six German aircraft during the day and forced two down. The second set of patrols by pairs of

2349:

captured the north end briefly, before being pushed back by a counter-attack. Further attempts to capture the wood at

839: 9516: 9210: 9026: 8305: 7776: 4436:

had been engaged and that another forty were close by but this still gave the Fourth Army a superiority of more than

3735: 3708: 1407: 792: 2699:

attacked towards Quadrangle Support Trench, part of Pearl Alley south of Mametz Wood and Contalmaison on 7 July, at

8768: 8703: 7741: 3716: 3181:

On 8 July, German counter-barrage on the lines of the 36th Brigade west of Ovillers, caused many casualties but at

2311:

Congestion in the Maricourt salient caused delays, in the carrying of supplies to British and French troops and at

1591: 1208: 512: 397: 3635:, en route from St Quentin in the south, was delayed by an air raid on the station while entraining, which killed 9767: 9572: 9552: 9339: 9275: 9098: 8967: 7878: 7798: 7736: 6806:

Germany's War in the Air: A Review of the Development and the Achievements of our Army Air Force in the World War

4160:

In 2013, Ralph Whitehead recorded that in the casualty reporting period from 1 to 10 July, the 2nd Army suffered

3957:

fire power against the attacks, when broader-front attacks would have made the Germans disperse their resources.

3644: 2283: 1340:

began on 2 July, despite congested supply routes to the French XX Corps and the three British corps in the area.

1312:

by the evening of 10 July. German reinforcements were then able to slow the French advance and defeat attacks on

910: 622: 578: 436: 8439: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9547: 9241: 7893: 7868: 7766: 7227:. Cambridge Military Histories (pbk. repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–191. 4390:

Despite being one of the three corps to use a creeping barrage, none of the VIII Corps objectives was reached.)

3174: 2696: 2653: 1930: 1789: 1559: 1555: 1590:

was another disaster, with large numbers of British troops being shot down in no man's land. The diversionary

9542: 9537: 9501: 9435: 9327: 9173: 8763: 8615: 8153: 8081: 8012: 7781: 7751: 7746: 7039:

Landrecies to Cambrai: Case Studies of German Offensive and Defensive Operations on the Western Front 1914–17

6660:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme

3738:

from the road to Gommecourt; the 183rd Division was sent from the Sixth Army as an additional reinforcement.

3237: 2847: 1838: 932: 856: 9840: 9491: 9118: 9058: 8955: 8860: 8630: 8416: 8120: 7959: 7858: 6410: 3790: 3782: 3632: 3510: 3441: 3419: 1800: 1270: 1249:(1–13 July 1916) is the British name for the first two weeks of British–French offensive operations of the 1031: 861: 691: 1277:

but from near the Albert–Bapaume road to Gommecourt, the British attack was a disaster, where most of the

9729: 9166: 9151: 9009: 8961: 8733: 8284: 8158: 8071: 8066: 7835: 7823: 7818: 4298: 4266: 3227: 3000:

after a German counter-attack on Favières Wood in the French area. The British attack began on 8 July at

1826: 1633:, who extracted a promise from Falkenhayn to stop operations at Verdun and arrived on the Somme front at 1587: 1543: 1289: 1231: 1203: 1183: 1016: 771: 644: 639: 258: 8345: 6723:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

1417: 873: 9709: 9666: 8943: 8708: 8693: 8595: 8464: 8032: 7944: 7901: 7561:

Air Power's Midwife: Logistics Support for Royal Flying Corps Operations on the Western Front 1914–1918

7056: 6919: 4274: 3987:

In 2007, Christopher Duffy wrote that the British losses on 1 July 1916 were greater than those of the

3236:

A new attack was planned against Thiepval for 2 July by the 32nd and 49th divisions of X Corps and the

2887:

A preliminary attack on Quadrangle Support Trench, by two battalions of the 52nd Brigade took place at

2287: 1657: 1595: 1554:

attack either side of the Albert–Bapaume road was a disaster, making a substantial advance next to the

1551: 1423: 1178: 1168: 1146: 1080: 996: 986: 959: 787: 7147: 4342:

127,000 long tons (129,000 t) of explosives and 84,000 long tons (85,000 t) of propellants.

3812:

from the Somme to Longueval with the 123rd Division and parts of the 12th and 11th Reserve divisions,

3037:

to Bernafay Wood. The German counter-attack by the II Battalion, Infantry Regiment 182 from the fresh

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on an arc from Maurepas to Bazentin le Grand and as a counter-attack loomed, the British withdrew at

1547: 1426:, for ordering the corps to withdraw to the third position close to Péronne. The German offensive at 1258: 1226: 1198: 1153: 1136: 1092: 1006: 927: 883: 878: 666: 8605: 2981: 529: 417: 9835: 9626: 9113: 9103: 9032: 8985: 8973: 8913: 8728: 8723: 8645: 8054: 8027: 7731: 7103:

The Other Side of the Wire: The Battle of the Somme. With the German XIV Reserve Corps, 1 July 1916

4184: 3786: 3240:

of VIII Corps was cancelled and replaced by an attack by the 32nd Division, on the east end of the

3231: 3223: 2692: 1934: 1621: 1563: 1353: 1274: 1193: 1131: 1107: 1011: 937: 654: 649: 612: 519: 184: 7674: 4141:

since 1 July. By noon on 11 July, the 23rd Division was relieved by the 1st Division, having lost

3662:

had been lost on the north bank along with all of the 121st Division artillery on the south bank.

2738: 2726:

from Contalmaison and Bailiff Wood; the battalion in the village withdrew later in the afternoon.

9830: 9697: 9689: 9631: 9391: 9086: 8849: 8683: 8678: 8610: 8469: 8454: 8449: 8429: 8310: 8187: 4278: 4133:

from 1 to 8 July. By the time of its relief on 11 July the 17th (Northern) Division had suffered

3818:

from Longueval to the Ancre with Division Burckhardt, 183rd Division and the 3rd Guard Division.

2992: 2686: 2646: 2621: 2377: 1783:(BEF), had received much more artillery by mid-1916 and had also expanded to eighteen corps. The 1535: 1254: 1158: 1119: 1097: 947: 888: 814: 551: 507: 502: 412: 407: 24: 20: 8650: 3331: 2834:

German troops were seen by observers in reconnaissance aircraft, advancing from Contalmaison at

9464: 9188: 9123: 8979: 8713: 8640: 8590: 8575: 8557: 8530: 8444: 8411: 8076: 8037: 8017: 7828: 7721: 6699: 4579: 4377: 4286: 4282: 4258: 4209: 2245: 1812:, who on 21 April asked for plans to be submitted by each division within the corps framework. 1573: 1572:

Redoubt, failed opposite Thiepval and had a great but temporary success on the left, where the

1524: 1173: 1141: 1102: 1070: 1001: 969: 942: 915: 824: 711: 605: 583: 561: 482: 382: 32: 7244:

A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918

6827:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

6742:

When the Barrage Lifts: A Topographical History and Commentary on the Battle of the Somme 1916

3631:

The 12th Reserve Division began to arrive from Cambrai during the afternoon of 1 July but the

3204:

Before dawn, the 14th Brigade of the 32nd Division relieved the 12th Division, which had lost

2780:

of the I Battalion, Grenadier Regiment 9 made it back. The village was consolidated inside a "

2769:

The flank attack on the north end also reached its objective, met the main attacking force at

952: 681: 600: 270: 9454: 9108: 8997: 8773: 8743: 8673: 8620: 8542: 8510: 8484: 8434: 8365: 8267: 8220: 8004: 7873: 7756: 7372: 6589: 3902: 3799: 3541:

reported the course of the attack on La Boisselle. One aircraft took a lamp message at about

3335: 1866: 1453: 1188: 1163: 1021: 903: 807: 617: 336: 228: 198: 7619:

An Inter-Disciplinary Study of Learning in the 32nd Division on the Western Front, 1916–1918

7588: 7559: 3665:

During the night news arrived at Below's headquarters, that Thiepval had been held and that

3025:

The move into Trônes Wood was nearly unopposed, the battalion reached the eastern fringe at

2192:

and the second line, all within 2,000 yd (1.1 mi; 1.8 km) of the front line.

1539: 1262: 556: 9804: 9719: 8406: 8380: 8330: 7687: 6655: 4552: 4372: 4306: 4294: 4262: 4059:

tried to keep their opponent pinned down at Verdun to obstruct their efforts on the Somme.

3072:

a huge British bombardment fell on the wood, followed by an attack up Maltz Horn Trench at

1494: 1473: 1469: 1296:

The French Sixth Army advanced across the Flaucourt plateau south of the Somme and reached

1075: 568: 544: 487: 387: 283: 8355: 7386:– via National Defence and the Canadian Forces, Directorate of History and Heritage. 6943:

Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I

1630: 291: 8: 9786: 8925: 8789: 8748: 8625: 8585: 8580: 8525: 8208: 8202: 8103: 7659: 4302: 3547: 3534: 3514: 3498: 3486: 3482: 3118: 2781: 1914: 1322: 1266: 1250: 1085: 1041: 1036: 851: 829: 661: 539: 534: 497: 460: 402: 52: 36: 9739: 6875:

Military Operations in France and Belgium: 2 July to the End of the Battles of the Somme

6808:]. Translated by Larned, J. Hawley (Battery Press ed.). Leipzig: K. F. Koehle. 4487:

The Official History relates that the divisional commander was given a written order at

3862: 2788:

By noon on 11 July, the 23rd Division was relieved by the 1st Division, having suffered

1476:, intended to split the British and French alliance in 1916 and end the war, before the 9746: 9661: 9020: 8884: 8866: 8831: 8795: 8635: 8600: 8552: 8537: 8424: 8375: 8214: 8173: 7853: 7517: 7351: 7263: 6915: 6853: 6797: 6593: 6563: 3906: 3898: 3856: 3538: 3530: 3426:

Accurate observation was not possible at dawn on 1 July, due to patches of mist but by

1805: 1486: 1449: 1301: 1058: 898: 819: 627: 595: 84: 60: 7443:

Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920

3167:

the British attack was still carried out and the rest of the German front line in the

1399: 1363:

casualties in one day was never repeated but from 2 to 13 July, the British had about

797: 9779: 9773: 9734: 9636: 9469: 9052: 8907: 8890: 8698: 8520: 8500: 8335: 8320: 8250: 8238: 7939: 7916: 7863: 7624: 7595: 7566: 7530: 7495: 7476: 7452: 7441: 7419: 7396: 7364: 7332: 7304: 7287: 7270: 7247: 7228: 7209: 7190: 7153: 7125: 7106: 7087: 7068: 7042: 7016: 6993: 6974: 6948: 6941: 6925: 6901: 6893: 6878: 6861: 6832: 6825: 6809: 6783: 6764: 6745: 6726: 6707: 6685: 6663: 6641: 6633: 6619: 6611: 6599: 6570: 6544: 6527: 4364: 4270: 2811: 2332:

Hem was re-bombarded and attacked at midday, the village eventually being cleared at

1933:

into the Fourth Army area, sent the 36th (Ulster) Division to Flanders and moved the

1124: 1065: 868: 723: 492: 392: 7412: 3140:

A company which had lost direction in the dark and stumbled into La Boisselle, took

1493:

The British–French plan for an offensive on the Somme front had been decided at the

1305: 8837: 8807: 8801: 8718: 8547: 8515: 8505: 8244: 8168: 8163: 8091: 7911: 7811: 7187:

To Do the Work of Men: An Operational History of the 21st Division in the Great War

6684:. History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. London: Royal Artillery Institution. 3922: 3910: 3715:

the 185th Division had occupied the new line and also provided reinforcements. The

3598: 1607:

s "buoyant". A German counter-attack north of the Somme was ordered but took until

1445: 1427: 1026: 802: 590: 573: 6990:

Command on the Western Front. The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson 1914–1918

6971:

Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century

2942:

Stokes mortar bombardment and a German battalion headquarters was captured around

2649:, which dug a trench to the left flank of the 19th (Western) Division after dark. 9646: 9486: 8825: 8385: 8360: 8059: 7967: 7806: 7325: 6677: 3992: 3448:

on 1 July, hit the station and railway lines. Both attacks were escorted and two

1854: 1531: 1385: 1304:

and Feullières on 4 July. The French also pierced the German third line opposite

1221: 893: 718: 287: 3680: 9479: 9459: 9130: 8843: 8688: 8479: 8370: 8226: 8130: 8113: 4189: 4125:

had been taken by the British–French armies. The British 7th Division suffered

4000: 1947:

on 14 July, with the capture of Trônes Wood to be completed before midnight on

1879: 1477: 964: 834: 701: 262: 157: 7590:

Army Co-operation Missions of the Royal Flying Corps/Royal Air Force 1914–1918

3747:

Infantry Regiment 89 was subjected to huge amounts of heavy artillery-fire on

3406:

artillery positions were plotted and a Fokker was shot down near Courcelette.

2846:

from Infantry Regiment 186 of the 185th Division, Infantry Regiment 23 of the

2773:

and sniped at the Germans as they retreated towards the second position; only

2160:) about 1,000 yd (910 m) behind the front line had also been built. 9819: 9590: 8878: 8872: 8315: 8232: 8143: 7628: 7599: 7570: 7534: 7368: 7291: 7206:

Writing the Great War: Sir James Edmonds and the Official Histories 1915–1948

6865: 6603: 4492: 4137:

The 18th (Eastern) Division was relieved by the 3rd Division on 8 July, with

1926: 1345: 1333: 1285: 846: 254: 242: 110: 97: 7274: 7157: 7061: 4706: 3949:

the Fourth Army attacked each day and in the largest attack on 7 July, only

3608:

The battle for Trônes Wood was also followed by observation-aircraft and at

2743:

Diagram of German defences, vicinity of Fricourt and Contalmaison, July 1916

2632:

In hand-to-hand fighting with troops of Reserve Infantry Regiment 23 of the

1644:) which if unsuccessful, were to be followed by methodical counter-attacks ( 1490:

the 5th Army was on the brink of the strategic objectives of the offensive.

9040: 8474: 7456: 7336: 6531: 4572: 4330:

In 1916, despite improvisation and inexperience, British industry produced

3330:

From 30 January 1916, each British army in France had a Royal Flying Corps

3029:

and sent patrols northwards. A German heavy artillery bombardment began at

2757:

on 10 July, managed to occupy Bailiff Wood and trenches either side and at

1900: 1349: 1341: 274: 7149:

The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18

7009: 6574: 3478:

after which Reserve Infantry Regiment 71 had to be sent back to re-equip.

3455: 3163:

from three directions, was repulsed and followed by a bombing fight until

9251: 9156: 8854: 8289: 7710: 6558: 3988: 3894: 3444:

of 21 Squadron, whose pilots claimed hits on sheds; a second raid around

3322: 2345:

counter-battery fire in the meantime. A French attack on Favière Wood at

4531:

the Guard Fusilier Regiment 1,218 and Grenadier Regiment 9 1,185 out of

5954: 4343: 3996: 3930:

Before the Battle of Bazentin Ridge (14–17 July), the Fourth Army made

3502: 2403: 1980: 1317: 706: 9046: 8813: 7664: 6618:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University. 2363:

after a German counter-attack forced back the British 30th Division.

1458: 1297: 7519:

The Battle for Air Supremacy over the Somme, 1 June–30 November 1916

4730: 3286:

The 32nd Division was relieved by the 25th Division on the night of

9306: 6947:(Bison Books ed.). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 4718: 3529:

On 2 July, the Fifteenth Wing RFC was formed for the Reserve Army;

3494: 3082:

advanced from the south, retook the south-eastern edge and dug in.

1707: 1702: 1284:

casualties of the day were incurred. Against the wishes of General

7617: 7301:

Lossberg's War: The World War I Memoirs of a German Chief of Staff

6244: 6242: 4110:

were suffered from 2 to 13 July. German casualties on 1 July were

2784:" maintained all night and a large counter-attack was repulsed at 428: 7665:

The British Army in the Great War: The Battles of the Somme, 1916

6992:(Pen & Sword Military Classics ed.). London: Blackwell. 5529: 4201: 3137:

and the last foothold on the edge of Ovillers was lost later on.

2669:

in a thunderstorm. The 19th (Western) Division attacked again at

1337: 1313: 1309: 171: 88: 7319:

1914–1918 (Berlin, Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn 1939)

7246:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. 6616:

Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

6434: 3595:

when Mametz Wood and Quadrangle Support Trenches were captured.

739: 7473:

Fighting the Somme: German Challenges, Dilemmas & Solutions

6543:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Medici Society. 6239: 6227: 6163: 4415:

howitzer shells. From 24 June to 1 July, the Fourth Army fired

3588: 3345:(Imperial German Flying Corps) had six reconnaissance flights ( 7679: 5149: 3867:

from 1916 to the end of the war, wrote that German air units (

3317: 366: 9474: 7670:

Map of Europe during the Battle of the Somme at omniatlas.com

6782:(Naval & Military Press ed.). London: R. Maclehose. 6338: 3999:

wars combined and that the "unique volunteer culture" of the

3793:

was expected on 13 July; from 6 to 13 July reinforcements of

3559: 1602: 6350: 6326: 6023: 5920: 5918: 5881: 5879: 3414: 2336:

and Bois Fromage was captured, after another bombardment at

7650:

Trônes Wood, Montauban and Guillemont, maps and photographs

7448: 6494: 6266: 6127: 6074: 5970: 5315: 5288: 5261: 5139: 5137: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5083: 5081: 4863: 4861: 4771: 4646: 1576:

overran the German front line and captured temporarily the

1502:

on a front of 30 mi (48 km) and the British with

6398: 6386: 6374: 6362: 6151: 6052: 6050: 5327: 5278: 5276: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5166: 5164: 4927: 4846: 4812: 4810: 4749: 4747: 4745: 7086:(Pen & Sword Military ed.). London: Leo Cooper. 6482: 6458: 6290: 5930: 5915: 5891: 5876: 5864: 5840: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5780: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5681: 5679: 5582: 5580: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5403: 5401: 5388: 5386: 5344: 5342: 4917: 4915: 4694: 4682: 7225:

Foch in Command: The Making of a First World War General

6470: 6446: 5744: 5134: 5105: 5078: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4858: 4822: 4783: 3497:

was forced down. Two sets of patrols were flown, one by

7660:

Newfoundland and the Great War by Heritage Newfoundland

6640:(Phoenix ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6278: 6254: 6139: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6098: 6086: 6062: 6047: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5982: 5517: 5273: 5249: 5220: 5193: 5176: 5161: 4987: 4975: 4807: 4742: 4622: 4598: 3294:

since 1 July. On 5 July, the 25th Division attacked at

5768: 5720: 5708: 5691: 5676: 5664: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5577: 5565: 5553: 5541: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5454: 5442: 5425: 5413: 5398: 5383: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5339: 5305: 5303: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5210: 5208: 5093: 5066: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4912: 4900: 4834: 3005:

and disappeared. The French 39th Division attacked at

6314: 6302: 6035: 6011: 5942: 5903: 5852: 5792: 4963: 4873: 4795: 4670: 4658: 4407:

howitzer shells, with daily receipts from England of

4257:

Fourth Army field artillery: eight hundred and eight

6110: 5994: 5756: 5122: 4939: 4759: 3304:

Redoubt and gained a foothold in Hindenburg Trench.

9866:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

7189:. Wolverhampton Military Studies. Warwick: Helion. 7122:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

6638:

Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916

5732: 5652: 5505: 5493: 5466: 5354: 5300: 5232: 5205: 5035: 4634: 4610: 4216:the ground bombarded before 1 July, was shelled by 7616: 7587: 7558: 7440: 7411: 7324: 7262: 7060: 7008: 6940: 6824: 6777: 6562: 5535: 4951: 3623:cloud to evade German attempts to intercept them. 1546:took Montauban and reached all its objectives and 7552:– via Defense Technical Information Center. 2908:in knee-deep mud but had made little progress by 9817: 204: 8656:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 7124:(Greenwood Press, CT ed.). London: Faber. 3267:Salient and reached the German front trench at 7286:(3rd ed.). London: Book Club Associates. 6698: 6217: 3342:Die Fliegertruppen des Deutschen Kaiserreiches 3173:Salient was captured. The 12th Division and a 2180:German artillery was organised in a series of 1669: 1273:inflicted a considerable defeat on the German 189: 9861:Battles of World War I involving South Africa 7695: 7655:First Day, Commonwealth War Graves Commission 6891: 6213: 4145:up to 10 July. The 30th Division had another 755: 444: 352: 7281: 7260: 6852: 6185: 4045: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3860: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3768: 3758: 3752: 3698: 3686: 3666: 3648: 3386: 3376: 3366: 3356: 3346: 3340: 3299: 3273: 3262: 3247: 3241: 3168: 3154: 2274: 2250:French advances on the Somme, 1–11 July 1916 2187: 2181: 2171: 2165: 2155: 2145: 2139: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1600: 1577: 1567: 1405: 1389: 1375:per day. From 1 to 10 July, the Germans had 1352:took place until early on 14 July, when the 9139: 7006: 6987: 6914: 6898:Military Effectiveness: The First World War 6569:(online ed.). New York: George Doran. 6538: 6416: 6248: 6233: 6221: 6197: 6169: 5155: 4652: 2298:from the south and occupied the village by 1550:captured Mametz and isolated Fricourt. The 9826:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 7702: 7688: 7222: 6900:. Vol. I. London: Allen & Unwin. 3493:but found few German aircraft and only an 1332:British attacks south of the road between 762: 748: 451: 437: 370:Battle of Albert (1916) tactical incidents 359: 345: 7527:US Army Command and General Staff College 7350: 7322: 7100: 7055: 6588: 6500: 6476: 6464: 6424: 6193: 4828: 3888: 2636:and Reserve Infantry Regiment 110 of the 2144:) occupied by sentry groups, the second ( 1439: 1257:to the Somme and from the Somme north to 9856:Battles of World War I involving Germany 8938:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 7614: 7515: 7410:Recouly, R. (1920). Jones, M. C. (ed.). 7298: 6968: 6796: 6676: 6539:Bax, C. E. O.; Boraston, J. H. (2001) . 6420: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6157: 6145: 6029: 5960: 5774: 5523: 5321: 5294: 5282: 5267: 5255: 5226: 5199: 5187: 5170: 4993: 4981: 4816: 4777: 4736: 4350:week and the output of shells rose from 4188: 4178: 4129:from 1 to 5 July. The 12th Division had 3679: 3597: 3558: 3505:from Péronne to Pys and Gommecourt from 3454: 3413: 3316: 2737: 2624:brought forward a second brigade and at 2244: 1853: 1792:and the 36th (Ulster) Division with the 1513: 1457: 219: 9851:Battles of World War I involving France 9315:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 7470: 7409: 7184: 7145: 7081: 6973:(1st ed.). London: Little, Brown. 6938: 6780:History of the 17th (Northern) Division 6739: 6725:(pbk. repr. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. 6654: 6610: 6521: 6428: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6209: 6189: 6133: 6092: 6080: 6068: 6056: 5976: 5333: 5099: 5072: 4933: 4921: 4894: 4882: 4867: 4852: 4840: 4801: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 3789:began to assemble near Bapaume and the 3312: 2223:Germans were withdrawing artillery. In 2154:An intermediate line of strong points ( 1849: 9818: 7585: 7489: 7475:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 7357:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 7084:The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916 7036: 6758: 6557: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6368: 6181: 5948: 4753: 3385:and a single-seat fighter detachment ( 1954: 1859:British objectives, Somme, 1 July 1916 9268:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 8611:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 7683: 7390: 7241: 7203: 7119: 6872: 6822: 6720: 6632: 6488: 6452: 6440: 6320: 6308: 6296: 6121: 6104: 6041: 6017: 6005: 5988: 5964: 5936: 5924: 5909: 5897: 5885: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5762: 5750: 5738: 5726: 5714: 5702: 5685: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5571: 5559: 5547: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5460: 5448: 5436: 5419: 5407: 5392: 5377: 5365: 5348: 5309: 5243: 5214: 5143: 5128: 5116: 5087: 5060: 5048: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4969: 4957: 4945: 4906: 4789: 4765: 4715:, pp. 394–421, 424–451, 453–474. 4640: 4628: 4616: 4604: 4465:British offensive had been shattered. 3917:battalions which attacked on 1 July, 3885:, despite their unsuitable aircraft. 2842:with Lewis-gun fire and took almost 743: 432: 340: 9672:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 7610:– via e-theses online service. 7581:– via e-theses online service. 7516:Bradbeer, Thomas G. (18 June 2004). 7167:– via e-theses online service. 6761:Douglas Haig and the First World War 6595:A History of the Great War 1914–1918 4561:A History of the Great War 1914–1918 4240:Battle of the Somme: order of battle 2674:battalion, taking the objective and 2213: 9601:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 8402:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 7556: 4557:Military Operations: 1916, volume I 3452:were shot down on the second raid. 3123:A preparatory bombardment began at 2240: 458: 13: 8341:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 7544:from the original on 22 April 2016 7173: 7152:(PhD). London: London University. 7105:. Vol. II. Solihull: Helion. 4506:Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria 4117:men and from 1 to 10 July another 4100:casualties on 1 July, the British 3626: 1404:, the 2nd Army Chief of Staff and 1269:and the right wing of the British 14: 9882: 7643: 7395:(1st ed.). London: Cassell. 6763:(2009 ed.). Cambridge: CUP. 4026: 3850: 3307: 2912:Two battalions attacked again at 2656:. The 34th Division had suffered 2268:taken, the total having risen to 1379:against a British total of about 1300:by the evening of 3 July, taking 1261:, 2 mi (3.2 km) beyond 769: 8704:Second Battle of the Piave River 8326:Russian invasion of East Prussia 7529:(Thesis). Fort Leavenworth, KS. 6778:Hilliard Atteridge, A. (2003) . 6541:Eighth Division in War 1914–1918 4537: 4521: 4512: 4499: 4399:An ammunition reserve contained 4367:guns averaged a premature every 4265:. Heavy artillery: thirty seven 3964: 1592:Attack on the Gommecourt Salient 235: 221: 206: 191: 177: 164: 150: 59: 9768:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 8968:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 7709: 7466:– via Archive Foundation. 7435:– via Archive Foundation. 7346:– via Archive Foundation. 7277:– via Archive Foundation. 7077:– via Archive Foundation. 7032:– via Archive Foundation. 6988:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2004) . 6964:– via Archive Foundation. 6848:– via Archive Foundation. 6584:– via Archive Foundation. 6509: 4481: 4468: 4443: 4426: 4393: 4384: 4324: 4251: 4062: 3144:prisoners but the division had 3107: 2680: 2371: 16:Part of the Battle of the Somme 9591:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 9450:Deportations from East Prussia 9247:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 7623:(PhD). Birmingham University. 7594:(PhD). Birmingham University. 7565:(PhD). Birmingham University. 7284:History of the First World War 7015:(1st ed.). London: Yale. 7007:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2005). 4354:the first quarter of 1916, to 4313:(gas shell only), twenty-four 4194:Map: Battle of the Somme, 1916 4012:a period of failure, in which 3982: 3691:(Army Headquarters, 1871–1918) 3511:Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2bs 2975: 2805: 2381: 2366: 1958: 1673: 131: 1: 9846:History of Somme (department) 9502:Ukrainian Canadian internment 7317:Meine Tätigkeit im Weltkriege 7282:Liddell Hart, B. H. (1973) . 4592: 4346:(grenade) production rose to 4269:, a hundred and twenty-eight 4154: 4111: 4104: 4091: 4081: 4017: 3939: 3603:Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c 3365:, a bomber-fighter squadron ( 3358:Artillerieflieger-Abteilungen 3280: 2961: 2774: 2231: 1887: 1503: 1434: 1278: 9657:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 8956:Estonian War of Independence 8631:Southern Palestine offensive 7299:Lossberg, Fritz von (2017). 7261:Liddell Hart, B. H. (1932). 4739:, pp. 187–188, 207–208. 4727:, pp. 320–343, 346–369. 3840: 3582: 3460:Captured LVG C.II circa 1916 3420:Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.7 1806:Forward Observation Officers 1614: 7: 9611:USA against Austria-Hungary 9010:Turkish War of Independence 8962:Latvian War of Independence 8694:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 8285:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 7675:Peronne Great War Historial 7615:Mitchell, S. B. T. (2013). 7602:. Docket uk.bl.ethos.487881 7573:. Docket uk.bl.ethos.600269 7509: 7418:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 7414:Foch, The Winner of The War 6598:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6526:. London: Park Lane Press. 4233: 4035:casualties contrasted with 3954:72 battalions (26 per cent) 3845: 3409: 3228:Capture of Schwaben Redoubt 3217: 3112: 2916:with little success but at 2713:Alley but was driven back. 2306: 1794:49th (West Riding) Division 1781:British Expeditionary Force 1767: 1754: 1743: 1728: 1717: 1695: 1670:British–French preparations 1371:of loss changed from about 1232:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 9887: 9694:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 9242:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 8709:Second Battle of the Marne 8596:Second battle of the Aisne 8465:Second Battle of Champagne 8306:German invasion of Belgium 7178: 6921:The First Day on the Somme 6744:. Norwich: Gliddon Books. 6443:, pp. 58, 40, 57, 48. 4565:The First Day on the Somme 4527:Infantry Regiment 183 had 4182: 3826:2nd Guard Reserve Division 3773:was relieved, having lost 3355:, four artillery flights ( 3221: 3116: 2979: 2809: 2684: 2375: 1664: 1658:Second Battle of Champagne 1522: 1443: 1431:British–French offensive. 473:Battles of the Somme, 1916 30: 18: 9800: 9759: 9680: 9619: 9581: 9525: 9514: 9475:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 9418: 9390: 9338: 9260: 9234: 9186: 9079: 9072: 9004:Irish War of Independence 8900: 8782: 8754:Armistice of Villa Giusti 8739:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 8664: 8566: 8493: 8394: 8351:First Battle of the Marne 8298: 8260: 8195: 8186: 8129: 8003: 7992: 7958: 7930: 7892: 7844: 7797: 7790: 7717: 7269:. Boston: Little, Brown. 7139: 7101:Whitehead, R. J. (2013). 6214:Millett & Murray 1988 4299:12-inch railway howitzers 3943: 25,000 casualties. 3554: 3524: 3375:a bomber-fighter flight ( 2412: 2208: 2114: 1989: 1518: 779: 470: 378: 314: 299: 248: 142: 67: 58: 50: 45: 9627:Constantinople Agreement 8920:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 8783:Co-belligerent conflicts 8759:Second Romanian campaign 8729:Third Transjordan attack 8440:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 8346:Battle of Grand Couronné 7490:Strohn, M., ed. (2016). 7447:(1st ed.). London: 7265:Foch: The Man of Orleans 7037:Rogers, D., ed. (2010). 6515: 4496:Pilcher was also sacked. 4245: 4185:Battle of Bazentin Ridge 4158: 4,000 casualties. 4085: 25,000 casualties 3859:, who had commanded the 3685:Flag of the Staff of an 3284: 1,100 casualties. 3232:Capture of Stuff Redoubt 3224:Battle of Thiepval Ridge 2965: 4,000 casualties. 2693:17th (Northern) Division 2691:Three battalions of the 1935:51st (Highland) Division 1804:RFC and heavy artillery 1677:(26 June – 1 July 1916) 1354:Battle of Bazentin Ridge 331:1–10 July: 40,187–46,315 9690:Modus vivendi of Acroma 9642:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 8950:Greater Poland Uprising 8850:National Protection War 8734:Meuse–Argonne offensive 8684:German spring offensive 8679:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 8455:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 8430:Second Battle of Artois 8311:Battle of the Frontiers 7492:The Battle of the Somme 7331:. New York: Macmillan. 7185:Clayton, Derek (2023). 6759:Harris, J. P. (2009) . 6565:The Battle of the Somme 6417:Prior & Wilson 2005 6249:Prior & Wilson 2005 6234:Prior & Wilson 2005 6222:Prior & Wilson 2005 6170:Prior & Wilson 2005 5536:Hilliard Atteridge 2003 5156:Prior & Wilson 2004 4653:Bax & Boraston 2001 4545:The Battle of the Somme 4432:It was discovered that 3647:, had withdrawn to the 3491:11:30 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. 3388:Kampfeinsitzer-Kommando 3348:Feldflieger-Abteilungen 3153:A German attack on the 3056:on 8 July, having lost 2993:18th (Eastern) Division 2735:north end of Ovillers. 2687:Capture of Contalmaison 2647:12th (Eastern) Division 2622:19th (Western) Division 2378:Capture of La Boisselle 2273:ground overlooking the 2200:guns and howitzers and 2196:lines. The Germans had 1965:(23 June – 1 July 1916) 1120:German spring offensive 320:British, 1 July: 57,470 46:Battle of Albert (1916) 25:Battle of Albert (1918) 21:Battle of Albert (1914) 9715:Paris Peace Conference 9703:Ukraine–Central Powers 9497:Massacres of Albanians 9465:Late Ottoman genocides 9272:Bulgarian occupations 8980:Third Anglo-Afghan War 8944:Hungarian–Romanian War 8769:Naval Victory Bulletin 8764:Armistice with Germany 8714:Hundred Days Offensive 8641:Battle of La Malmaison 8591:Second battle of Arras 8558:Battle of Transylvania 8412:Second Battle of Ypres 8280:Sarajevo assassination 8169:South African Republic 7586:Jordan, D. J. (1997). 7323:Masefield, J. (1917). 7242:James, E. A. (1990) . 7208:. London: Frank Cass. 7120:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 6823:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 6721:Foley, R. T. (2007) . 6590:Cruttwell, C. R. M. F. 4580:Anthony Farrar-Hockley 4309:. The French supplied 4261:, two hundred and two 4210:First day on the Somme 4196: 4121:Fayolle recorded that 4046: 3889:Prior and Wilson, 2005 3881: 3875: 3869: 3861: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3769: 3759: 3753: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3667: 3649: 3645:10th Bavarian Division 3605: 3566: 3462: 3423: 3387: 3377: 3367: 3357: 3347: 3341: 3327: 3300: 3298:to extend its hold on 3274: 3263: 3248: 3242: 3169: 3155: 3149:British front line by 2982:Capture of Trônes Wood 2745: 2275: 2252: 2188: 2182: 2172: 2166: 2156: 2146: 2140: 1861: 1675:British gas discharges 1652: 1646: 1640: 1601: 1578: 1574:36th (Ulster) Division 1568: 1538:south of the Somme to 1525:First day on the Somme 1465: 1440:Strategic developments 1408:General der Infanterie 1406: 1390: 383:First Day on the Somme 249:Commanders and leaders 33:First day on the Somme 9725:Treaty of St. Germain 9698:Russia–Central Powers 9652:Sykes–Picot Agreement 9480:Pontic Greek genocide 9455:Destruction of Kalisz 9431:Eastern Mediterranean 8992:Polish–Lithuanian War 8774:Armistice of Belgrade 8744:Armistice of Salonica 8674:Operation Faustschlag 8621:Third Battle of Oituz 8543:Baranovichi offensive 8511:Lake Naroch offensive 8485:Battle of Robat Karim 8460:Vistula–Bug offensive 8435:Battles of the Isonzo 8366:First Battle of Ypres 7082:Sheldon, J. (2006) . 6969:Philpott, W. (2009). 6939:Palazzo, A. (2002) . 6682:Western Front 1914–18 4419:field-gun shells and 4307:2-inch medium mortars 4285:, a hundred and four 4192: 4179:Subsequent operations 3683: 3601: 3562: 3458: 3417: 3320: 2741: 2697:38th (Welsh) Division 2638:28th Reserve Division 2634:12th Reserve Division 2292:3rd Colonial Division 2248: 1867:hurricane bombardment 1857: 1566:captured part of the 1514:Tactical developments 1461: 1454:Battles of the Isonzo 1413:Günther von Pannewitz 1308:at La Maisonette and 1282: 57,000 British 324:French, 1 July: 1,590 315:Casualties and losses 295:Günther von Pannewitz 9720:Treaty of Versailles 9436:Mount Lebanon famine 9351:in the United States 9319:Russian occupations 9033:Turkish–Armenian War 8974:Polish–Ukrainian War 8914:Ukrainian–Soviet War 8861:Central Asian Revolt 8651:Armistice of Focșani 8381:Battle of Sarikamish 8331:Battle of Tannenberg 7727:Military engagements 7471:Sheldon, J. (2017). 7146:Simpson, A. (2001). 7041:. Solihull: Helion. 6740:Gliddon, G. (1987). 6706:. London: Batsford. 6522:Barnett, C. (1979). 6347:, pp. 233, 237. 6220:, pp. 113–132; 5963:, pp. 211–212; 4417:1,022,296 18-pounder 4401:1,750,000 18-pounder 4279:9.2-inch railway gun 4096:The French suffered 3913:and many others. Of 3313:30 January – 30 June 3196:Ovillers church. At 1850:British–French plans 1611:on 2 July to begin. 1582:and Stuff redoubts. 1495:Chantilly Conference 1474:Erich von Falkenhayn 1470:German General Staff 1227:French Army mutinies 1222:1914 Christmas truce 992:Hohenzollern Redoubt 633:Butte de Warlencourt 305:13 British divisions 284:Erich von Falkenhayn 111:50.00278°N 2.65278°E 9841:Battle of the Somme 9787:They shall not pass 9710:Treaty of Bucharest 9667:Treaty of Bucharest 9606:USA against Germany 9583:Declarations of war 9287:German occupations 9200:British casualties 9059:Soviet–Georgian War 8986:Egyptian Revolution 8926:Armeno-Georgian War 8790:Somaliland campaign 8749:Armistice of Mudros 8626:Battle of Caporetto 8616:Battle of Mărășești 8586:Zimmermann telegram 8581:February Revolution 8526:Battle of the Somme 8450:Bug-Narew Offensive 8425:Battle of Gallipoli 8417:Sinking of the RMS 8209:Scramble for Africa 8203:Franco-Prussian War 7859:Sinai and Palestine 7557:Dye, P. J. (2014). 7393:The First World War 7352:Nicholson, G. W. L. 7067:. London: Cassell. 6924:. London: Penguin. 6873:Miles, W. (1992) . 6854:Liddell Hart, B. H. 6798:Hoeppner, E. W. von 6491:, pp. 224–226. 6431:, pp. 483–484. 6407:, pp. 240–242. 6395:, pp. 237–241. 6383:, pp. 236–237. 6371:, pp. 234–235. 6359:, pp. 214–217. 6335:, pp. 207–208. 6299:, pp. 165–169. 6275:, pp. 168–169. 6251:, pp. 127–129. 6236:, pp. 112–117. 6224:, pp. 112–114. 6218:Farrar-Hockley 1970 6172:, pp. 112–114. 6136:, pp. 192–196. 6083:, pp. 189–191. 6032:, pp. 212–213. 5979:, pp. 179–180. 5939:, pp. 226–227. 5927:, pp. 222–224. 5900:, pp. 221–222. 5888:, pp. 220–221. 5873:, pp. 218–220. 5849:, pp. 215–218. 5837:, pp. 216–217. 5825:, pp. 215–216. 5813:, pp. 209–215. 5789:, pp. 206–209. 5753:, pp. 147–148. 5336:, pp. 415–416. 5324:, pp. 230–231. 5297:, pp. 229–230. 5270:, pp. 220–222. 5158:, pp. 172–173. 5146:, pp. 100–103. 5119:, pp. 100–101. 5090:, pp. 248–249. 4936:, pp. 250–264. 4855:, pp. 122–124. 4792:, pp. 118–120. 4780:, pp. 228–232. 4703:, pp. 394–421. 4691:, pp. 371–391. 4631:, pp. 243–245. 4607:, pp. 206–207. 4332:33,507 machine-guns 4283:12-inch railway gun 3938:which lost another 3465:Railway bombing by 3290:with casualties of 3119:Capture of Ovillers 2390: 1967: 1955:German preparations 1678: 1507: 25 divisions 1422:, the commander of 1251:Battle of the Somme 1216:Associated articles 933:Hartmannswillerkopf 793:Invasion of Belgium 676:Associated articles 307:11 French divisions 271:Marie Émile Fayolle 107: / 53:Battle of the Somme 37:Battle of the Somme 9747:Treaty of Lausanne 9662:Paris Economy Pact 9596:UK against Germany 9526:Entry into the war 9492:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 9211:Ottoman casualties 9021:Franco-Turkish War 8901:Post-War conflicts 8885:Russian Revolution 8867:Invasion of Darfur 8832:Kelantan rebellion 8820:Kurdish rebellions 8796:Mexican Revolution 8636:October Revolution 8601:Kerensky offensive 8576:Capture of Baghdad 8553:Monastir offensive 8538:Brusilov offensive 8376:Battle of Kolubara 8215:Russo-Japanese War 7494:. Oxford: Osprey. 7391:Prior, R. (1999). 7327:The Old Front Line 7204:Green, A. (2003). 6700:Farrar-Hockley, A. 6455:, pp. 13, 54. 4360:24 June to 23 July 4295:9.2-inch howitzers 4263:4.5-inch howitzers 4197: 4108: 25,000 more 3979:German defenders. 3907:Martin Middlebrook 3899:Basil Liddell Hart 3870:Die Fliegertruppen 3857:Ernst von Hoeppner 3809:Gruppe von Gossler 3694: 3688:Armee Oberkommando 3606: 3567: 3463: 3424: 3328: 2746: 2706:3rd Guard Division 2382: 2253: 2183:Sperrfeuerstreifen 1959: 1862: 1674: 1487:Brusilov Offensive 1466: 1463:Somme river valley 1450:Brusilov Offensive 1359:The loss of about 1325:to Trônes Wood by 1302:Belloy-en-Santerre 9813: 9812: 9796: 9795: 9780:The Golden Virgin 9774:Mutilated victory 9755: 9754: 9735:Treaty of Trianon 9730:Treaty of Neuilly 9637:Damascus Protocol 9510: 9509: 9470:Armenian genocide 9427:Allied blockades 9399:Belgian refugees 9182: 9181: 9092:Strategic bombing 9068: 9067: 9053:Franco-Syrian War 9027:Greco-Turkish War 9015:Anglo-Turkish War 8998:Polish–Soviet War 8932:German Revolution 8908:Russian Civil War 8891:Finnish Civil War 8724:Battle of Megiddo 8699:Battle of Goychay 8646:Battle of Cambrai 8606:Battle of Mărăști 8521:Battle of Jutland 8501:Erzurum offensive 8356:Siege of Przemyśl 8336:Siege of Tsingtao 8321:Battle of Galicia 8251:Second Balkan War 8239:Italo-Turkish War 8196:Pre-War conflicts 8182: 8181: 8072:Portuguese Empire 7988: 7987: 7950:German New Guinea 7932:Asian and Pacific 7501:978-1-4728-1556-9 7482:978-1-47388-199-0 7425:978-1-164-64858-1 7402:978-0-304-35984-4 7378:on 26 August 2011 7310:978-0-8131-6980-4 7253:978-0-948130-87-8 7234:978-1-107-63385-8 7215:978-0-7146-8430-7 7196:978-1-80451-233-3 7131:978-0-8371-5029-1 7112:978-1-907677-12-0 7093:978-1-84415-269-8 7074:978-0-304-36649-1 7048:978-1-906033-76-7 7022:978-0-300-10694-7 6999:978-0-631-16683-2 6980:978-1-4087-0108-9 6954:978-0-8032-8774-7 6931:978-0-14-139071-0 6907:978-0-04-445053-5 6884:978-0-89839-169-5 6860:. London: Faber. 6838:978-1-84342-413-0 6815:978-0-89839-195-4 6789:978-1-84342-581-6 6770:978-0-521-89802-7 6751:978-0-947893-02-6 6732:978-0-521-04436-3 6713:978-0-7278-0129-6 6691:978-1-870114-00-4 6669:978-0-89839-185-5 6647:978-0-7538-2202-9 6625:978-0-674-01880-8 6550:978-1-897632-67-3 6503:, pp. 79–83. 6186:Liddell Hart 1930 6160:, pp. 69–70. 6107:, pp. 59–60. 5991:, pp. 26–27. 5729:, pp. 14–15. 5717:, pp. 58–59. 5705:, pp. 41–42. 5688:, pp. 35–36. 5673:, pp. 11–12. 5649:, pp. 48–49. 5637:, pp. 47–48. 5625:, pp. 45–47. 5613:, pp. 39–40. 5601:, pp. 44–45. 5589:, pp. 21–23. 5574:, pp. 17–18. 5562:, pp. 51–54. 5550:, pp. 49–51. 5490:, pp. 21–22. 5463:, pp. 15–16. 5451:, pp. 57–58. 5439:, pp. 54–57. 5422:, pp. 40–41. 5410:, pp. 33–34. 5395:, pp. 29–32. 5380:, pp. 32–33. 5351:, pp. 12–13. 5063:, pp. 42–43. 5032:, pp. 23–24. 5020:, pp. 18–23. 5008:, pp. 18–19. 4909:, pp. 62–65. 4897:, pp. 58–59. 4870:, pp. 52–55. 4756:, pp. 78–79. 4655:, pp. 65–66. 4529:1,577 casualties, 4409:70,000 18-pounder 4373:4.5-inch howitzer 4303:15-inch howitzers 4227:3:20 to 3:25 a.m. 4135:4,771 casualties. 4021: 25,000 men 3903:Charles Cruttwell 3736:Hermann von Stein 3709:XIV Reserve Corps 3368:Kampfgeschwader I 3206:4,721 casualties, 3146:2,400 casualties. 2812:Capture of Mametz 2778: 100 troops 2618: 2617: 2389: 2288:Moroccan Division 2214:French Sixth Army 2135: 2134: 1966: 1777: 1776: 1638:counter-attacks ( 1631:Fritz von Loßberg 1562:. Further north, 1468:The Chief of the 1377:40,187 casualties 1298:Flaucourt village 1240: 1239: 1066:Nivelle offensive 840:Trouée de Charmes 737: 736: 724:Thiepval Memorial 579:Flers–Courcelette 426: 425: 335: 334: 326:2–21 July: 17,600 322:2–13 July: 25,000 292:Fritz von Loßberg 138: 137: 116:50.00278; 2.65278 9878: 9871:July 1916 events 9740:Treaty of Sèvres 9632:Treaty of London 9523: 9522: 9301:Northeast France 9232: 9231: 9204:Parliamentarians 9137: 9136: 9099:Chemical weapons 9077: 9076: 8838:Senussi campaign 8808:Muscat rebellion 8802:Maritz rebellion 8719:Vardar offensive 8548:Battle of Romani 8516:Battle of Asiago 8506:Battle of Verdun 8470:Kosovo offensive 8245:First Balkan War 8193: 8192: 8092:Russian Republic 8001: 8000: 7795: 7794: 7737:Economic history 7704: 7697: 7690: 7681: 7680: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7622: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7593: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7564: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7524: 7505: 7486: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7417: 7406: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7377: 7371:. Archived from 7362: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7330: 7314: 7295: 7278: 7268: 7257: 7238: 7219: 7200: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7135: 7116: 7097: 7078: 7066: 7052: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7014: 7003: 6984: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6946: 6935: 6911: 6888: 6869: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6830: 6819: 6793: 6774: 6755: 6736: 6717: 6695: 6673: 6651: 6629: 6607: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6568: 6554: 6535: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6207: 6201: 6198:Middlebrook 1971 6196:, pp. 266; 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5689: 5683: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5396: 5390: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5352: 5346: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5174: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4972:, pp. 9–10. 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4871: 4865: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4587: 4547:, Liddell Hart, 4541: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4510: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4479: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4423:howitzer shells. 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4370: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4340:6,500,000 bombs, 4337: 4333: 4328: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4311:sixty 75 mm guns 4291:8-inch howitzers 4287:6-inch howitzers 4255: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4147:2,300 casualties 4144: 4140: 4139:3,400 casualties 4136: 4132: 4131:4,721 casualties 4128: 4127:3,824 casualties 4124: 4123:19,500 prisoners 4120: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4086: 4083: 4057: 4053: 4052:19,500 prisoners 4049: 4047:Gruppe von Quast 4038: 4034: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4011: 3977: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3923:creeping barrage 3920: 3916: 3911:Correlli Barnett 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3863:Luftstreitkräfte 3836: 3823: 3821:Gruppe von Stein 3817: 3815:Gruppe von Armin 3811: 3796: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760:Gruppe von Stein 3756: 3750: 3745: 3732: 3727: 3717:VI Reserve Corps 3714: 3702: 3690: 3675: 3670: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3638: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3594: 3573: 3544: 3520: 3508: 3492: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3447: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3405: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3246:Redoubt and the 3245: 3212: 3207: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3188:1,400 casualties 3184: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3058:3,400 casualties 3050: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:3,824 casualties 2862: 2857: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2823: 2819: 2801: 2800:4,771 casualties 2796: 2791: 2790:3,485 casualties 2787: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2733: 2724: 2719: 2711: 2702: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2658:6,811 casualties 2643: 2631: 2627: 2391: 2388:(1–14 July 1916) 2387: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2301: 2297: 2278: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2241:I Colonial Corps 2226: 2221: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2143: 1968: 1964: 1951:"at all costs". 1950: 1946: 1941: 1907: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1878:Joffre, General 1872: 1869:or a methodical 1844: 1823: 1819: 1786: 1679: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1636: 1610: 1606: 1581: 1571: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1446:Battle of Verdun 1421: 1411: 1403: 1393: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1367:casualties; the 1366: 1362: 1328: 1283: 1280: 1247:Battle of Albert 1179:St Quentin Canal 774: 764: 757: 750: 741: 740: 682:Hébuterne (1915) 645:Schwaben Redoubt 465: 463: 453: 446: 439: 430: 429: 373: 371: 361: 354: 347: 338: 337: 241: 239: 238: 231: 227: 225: 224: 216: 212: 210: 209: 201: 197: 195: 194: 183: 181: 180: 170: 168: 167: 156: 154: 153: 122: 121: 119: 118: 117: 112: 108: 105: 104: 103: 100: 69: 68: 63: 43: 42: 9886: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9836:Battles in 1916 9816: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9792: 9751: 9683: 9676: 9647:Treaty of Darin 9615: 9577: 9533:Austria-Hungary 9519: 9506: 9487:Rape of Belgium 9414: 9386: 9334: 9328:Western Armenia 9323:Eastern Galicia 9256: 9230: 9194: 9193:Civilian impact 9192: 9178: 9135: 9064: 8896: 8826:Ovambo Uprising 8778: 8660: 8562: 8489: 8407:Battle of Łomża 8390: 8386:Christmas truce 8361:Race to the Sea 8294: 8256: 8178: 8149:Austria-Hungary 8125: 8060:Empire of Japan 7997: 7995: 7984: 7968:U-boat campaign 7954: 7926: 7888: 7840: 7786: 7767:Popular culture 7713: 7708: 7646: 7633: 7631: 7605: 7603: 7576: 7574: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7522: 7512: 7502: 7483: 7461: 7459: 7439: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7403: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7360: 7341: 7339: 7315:Translation of 7311: 7254: 7235: 7216: 7197: 7181: 7176: 7174:Further reading 7171: 7162: 7160: 7142: 7132: 7113: 7094: 7075: 7049: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7000: 6981: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6932: 6916:Middlebrook, M. 6908: 6885: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6816: 6790: 6771: 6752: 6733: 6714: 6692: 6670: 6648: 6626: 6579: 6577: 6551: 6518: 6512: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6423:, p. 237; 6419:, p. 195; 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6208: 6204: 6192:, p. 487; 6188:, p. 315; 6180: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6120: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5959: 5955: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5884: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5692: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5355: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5177: 5169: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4948:, pp. 1–4. 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4504: 4500: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4478:had been taken. 4476:1,000 prisoners 4475: 4473: 4469: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4368: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4271:60-pounder guns 4259:18-pounder guns 4256: 4252: 4248: 4236: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4172: 4168: 4166:22,095 wounded, 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4084: 4065: 4055: 4051: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4020: 4013: 4009: 4001:Pals battalions 3985: 3975: 3967: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3931: 3918: 3914: 3891: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3834: 3794: 3778: 3774: 3748: 3743: 3730: 3725: 3712: 3692: 3673: 3659: 3654: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3627:German 2nd Army 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3592: 3585: 3571: 3565: 3557: 3542: 3527: 3518: 3506: 3490: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3445: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3412: 3403: 3397:129 aeroplanes. 3396: 3392: 3382: 3378:Kampfstaffel 32 3372: 3362: 3352: 3326: 3315: 3310: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3268: 3258: 3253: 3234: 3222:Main articles: 3220: 3210: 3205: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3110: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3048: 3043: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2770: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2731: 2722: 2717: 2709: 2700: 2689: 2683: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2641: 2629: 2625: 2488: 2430: 2398: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2369: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2299: 2295: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2243: 2234: 2224: 2220:4,000 prisoners 2219: 2216: 2211: 2201: 2197: 2189:Stützpunktlinie 2173:Stützpunktlinie 2157:Stützpunktlinie 2151: 2109: 2107: 2091: 1975: 1963: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1905: 1895: 1890: 1870: 1865:attack after a 1860: 1852: 1842: 1821: 1817: 1810:Henry Rawlinson 1784: 1773:& Red Star 1772: 1760:& Red Star 1759: 1735: 1733: 1706: 1700: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1634: 1617: 1608: 1532:Fritz von Below 1527: 1521: 1516: 1506: 1499: 1464: 1456: 1444:Main articles: 1442: 1437: 1415: 1397: 1386:Fritz von Below 1380: 1376: 1373:60,000 to 2,083 1372: 1364: 1360: 1326: 1281: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1213: 1017:Vimy Ridge 1916 894:Race to the Sea 862:1st St. Quentin 784: 775: 770: 768: 738: 733: 719:Leipzig Salient 687:Order of Battle 673: 466: 462:Somme Offensive 461: 459: 457: 427: 422: 374: 369: 367: 365: 330: 325: 323: 321: 306: 294: 290: 288:Fritz von Below 286: 277: 273: 269: 267:Henry Rawlinson 265: 261: 257: 236: 234: 222: 220: 207: 205: 192: 190: 178: 176: 165: 163: 151: 149: 115: 113: 109: 106: 101: 98: 96: 94: 93: 92: 39: 31:Main articles: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9884: 9874: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9831:1916 in France 9828: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9807: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9790: 9783: 9776: 9771: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9712: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9700: 9692: 9686: 9684: 9682:Peace treaties 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9623: 9621: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9587: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9575: 9570: 9568:United Kingdom 9565: 9560: 9558:Ottoman Empire 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9529: 9527: 9520: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9462: 9460:Sack of Dinant 9457: 9452: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9439: 9438: 9424: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9408:United Kingdom 9405: 9396: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9368: 9362:POW locations 9360: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9344: 9342: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9317: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9270: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9238: 9236: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9213: 9208: 9207: 9206: 9197: 9195: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9162:United Kingdom 9159: 9157:Ottoman Empire 9154: 9149: 9143: 9141: 9134: 9133: 9131:Trench warfare 9128: 9127: 9126: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9083: 9081: 9074: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8917: 8911: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8852: 8847: 8844:Volta-Bani War 8841: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8817: 8811: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8689:Zeebrugge Raid 8686: 8681: 8676: 8670: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8572: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8480:Battle of Loos 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8371:Black Sea raid 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8273:Historiography 8264: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8227:Bosnian Crisis 8224: 8221:Tangier Crisis 8218: 8212: 8206: 8199: 8197: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8154:Ottoman Empire 8151: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8131:Central Powers 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8114:British Empire 8109:United Kingdom 8106: 8101: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8087:Russian Empire 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8007: 8005:Entente Powers 7998: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7973:North Atlantic 7964: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7936: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7884:Central Arabia 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7850: 7848: 7846:Middle Eastern 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7803: 7801: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7747:Historiography 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7707: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7645: 7644:External links 7642: 7641: 7640: 7612: 7583: 7554: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7500: 7487: 7481: 7468: 7437: 7424: 7407: 7401: 7388: 7348: 7320: 7309: 7296: 7279: 7258: 7252: 7239: 7233: 7220: 7214: 7201: 7195: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7130: 7117: 7111: 7098: 7092: 7079: 7073: 7053: 7047: 7034: 7021: 7004: 6998: 6985: 6979: 6966: 6953: 6936: 6930: 6912: 6906: 6889: 6883: 6870: 6850: 6837: 6820: 6814: 6794: 6788: 6775: 6769: 6756: 6750: 6737: 6731: 6718: 6712: 6696: 6690: 6674: 6668: 6656:Edmonds, J. E. 6652: 6646: 6630: 6624: 6612:Doughty, R. A. 6608: 6586: 6555: 6549: 6536: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6501:Sheffield 2003 6493: 6481: 6477:Sheffield 2003 6469: 6467:, p. 474. 6465:Whitehead 2013 6457: 6445: 6433: 6427:, p. 76; 6425:Sheffield 2003 6409: 6397: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6323:, p. 173. 6313: 6311:, p. 172. 6301: 6289: 6287:, p. 184. 6277: 6265: 6263:, p. 180. 6253: 6238: 6226: 6216:, p. 84; 6212:, p. 76; 6202: 6200:, p. 276. 6194:Cruttwell 1934 6184:, p. 31; 6174: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6126: 6109: 6097: 6095:, p. 189. 6085: 6073: 6071:, p. 186. 6061: 6059:, p. 179. 6046: 6044:, p. 171. 6034: 6022: 6020:, p. 227. 6010: 5993: 5981: 5969: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5914: 5912:, p. 226. 5902: 5890: 5875: 5863: 5861:, p. 219. 5851: 5839: 5827: 5815: 5803: 5801:, p. 209. 5791: 5779: 5767: 5765:, p. 201. 5755: 5743: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5690: 5675: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5627: 5615: 5603: 5591: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5538:, p. 139. 5528: 5526:, p. 235. 5516: 5504: 5492: 5480: 5465: 5453: 5441: 5424: 5412: 5397: 5382: 5370: 5353: 5338: 5326: 5314: 5299: 5287: 5285:, p. 223. 5272: 5260: 5258:, p. 220. 5248: 5231: 5229:, p. 222. 5219: 5204: 5202:, p. 224. 5192: 5190:, p. 214. 5175: 5173:, p. 212. 5160: 5148: 5133: 5131:, p. 122. 5121: 5104: 5102:, p. 223. 5092: 5077: 5075:, p. 415. 5065: 5053: 5034: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4996:, p. 219. 4986: 4984:, p. 216. 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4924:, p. 264. 4911: 4899: 4887: 4872: 4857: 4845: 4843:, p. 124. 4833: 4831:, p. 171. 4829:Sheffield 2003 4821: 4819:, p. 144. 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4768:, p. 121. 4758: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4679:, p. 342. 4669: 4667:, p. 291. 4657: 4645: 4643:, p. 254. 4633: 4621: 4619:, p. 104. 4609: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4563:, Middlebrook 4536: 4520: 4511: 4498: 4480: 4467: 4442: 4425: 4392: 4383: 4323: 4319:sixteen 220 mm 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4235: 4232: 4218:67 per cent of 4193: 4183:Main article: 4180: 4177: 4093: 4090: 4064: 4061: 4033:56,886 British 4028: 4027:Philpott, 2009 4025: 3984: 3981: 3966: 3963: 3947:14 per cent of 3936:86 battalions, 3890: 3887: 3882:Fliegertruppen 3876:Fliegertruppen 3852: 3851:Hoeppner, 1921 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3775:618 casualties 3749:9 and 10 July, 3684: 3668:Feste Schwaben 3650:Braunestellung 3628: 3625: 3602: 3584: 3581: 3563: 3556: 3553: 3526: 3523: 3472:200 ammunition 3459: 3418: 3411: 3408: 3395:a strength of 3321: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3308:Air operations 3306: 3219: 3216: 3117:Main article: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3060:since 1 July. 3039:123rd Division 2996:postponed for 2980:Main article: 2977: 2974: 2831:500 casualties 2810:Main article: 2807: 2804: 2802:since 1 July. 2742: 2685:Main article: 2682: 2679: 2676:400 prisoners. 2616: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2400: 2395: 2376:Main article: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2308: 2305: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2167:Herbstschlacht 2133: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1956: 1953: 1880:Ferdinand Foch 1858: 1851: 1848: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1734:& Red Star 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1653:Herbstschlacht 1616: 1613: 1523:Main article: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1478:Central Powers 1462: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1361:57,000 British 1329:until 8 July. 1288:, General Sir 1238: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1212: 1211: 1209:Lys and Escaut 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1063: 1056: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 978: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 956: 955: 945: 940: 938:Neuve Chapelle 935: 930: 919: 918: 913: 911:Winter actions 908: 907: 906: 901: 891: 886: 881: 876: 874:Grand Couronné 871: 866: 865: 864: 859: 854: 844: 843: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 812: 811: 810: 805: 800: 790: 780: 777: 776: 767: 766: 759: 752: 744: 735: 734: 732: 731: 726: 721: 716: 715: 714: 712:Hawthorn Ridge 709: 704: 694: 689: 684: 672: 671: 670: 669: 667:Beaumont-Hamel 659: 658: 657: 652: 647: 637: 636: 635: 630: 625: 615: 613:Thiepval Ridge 610: 609: 608: 603: 598: 588: 587: 586: 576: 571: 566: 565: 564: 554: 549: 548: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 520:Bazentin Ridge 517: 516: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 471: 468: 467: 456: 455: 448: 441: 433: 424: 423: 421: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 376: 375: 364: 363: 356: 349: 341: 333: 332: 329:1 July: 10,200 327: 317: 316: 312: 311: 308: 302: 301: 297: 296: 281: 279:Edmund Allenby 263:Ferdinand Foch 251: 250: 246: 245: 232: 218: 217: 214:United Kingdom 202: 187: 174: 158:British Empire 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 135: 128: 124: 123: 83: 81: 77: 76: 75:1–13 July 1916 73: 65: 64: 56: 55: 48: 47: 41: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9883: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9789: 9788: 9784: 9782: 9781: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9758: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9679: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9618: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9580: 9574: 9573:United States 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9518: 9513: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9444: 9441: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9233: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9190: 9185: 9175: 9174:United States 9172: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9124:Convoy system 9122: 9121: 9120: 9119:Naval warfare 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9060: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9019: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8879:Kaocen revolt 8877: 8874: 8873:Easter Rising 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8845: 8842: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8445:Great Retreat 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8316:Battle of Cer 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8233:Agadir Crisis 8231: 8228: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8121:United States 8119: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8038:French Empire 8036: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7991: 7981: 7980:Mediterranean 7978: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7960:Naval warfare 7957: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7836:Italian Front 7834: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7825: 7824:Eastern Front 7822: 7820: 7819:Western Front 7817: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7777:Puppet states 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7705: 7700: 7698: 7693: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7630: 7626: 7621: 7620: 7613: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7591: 7584: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7562: 7555: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7521: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7503: 7497: 7493: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7445: 7444: 7438: 7427: 7421: 7416: 7415: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7349: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7266: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7182: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7133: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7065: 7064: 7058: 7057:Sheffield, G. 7054: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7024: 7018: 7013: 7012: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6956: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892:Millett, A.; 6890: 6886: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6840: 6834: 6829: 6828: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6524:The Great War 6520: 6519: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6479:, p. 83. 6478: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6421:Philpott 2009 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6357:Philpott 2009 6353: 6346: 6345:Philpott 2009 6341: 6334: 6333:Philpott 2009 6329: 6322: 6317: 6310: 6305: 6298: 6293: 6286: 6281: 6274: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6171: 6166: 6159: 6158:Hoeppner 1994 6154: 6148:, p. 68. 6147: 6146:Hoeppner 1994 6142: 6135: 6130: 6124:, p. 60. 6123: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6030:Philpott 2009 6026: 6019: 6014: 6008:, p. 27. 6007: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5967:, p. 26. 5966: 5962: 5961:Philpott 2009 5957: 5951:, p. 78. 5950: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5919: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5872: 5867: 5860: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5800: 5795: 5788: 5783: 5777:, p. 67. 5776: 5775:Hoeppner 1994 5771: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5741:, p. 22. 5740: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5672: 5667: 5661:, p. 11. 5660: 5655: 5648: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5600: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5581: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5525: 5524:Philpott 2009 5520: 5514:, p. 49. 5513: 5508: 5502:, p. 40. 5501: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5478:, p. 21. 5477: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5394: 5389: 5387: 5379: 5374: 5368:, p. 20. 5367: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5322:Philpott 2009 5318: 5312:, p. 24. 5311: 5306: 5304: 5296: 5295:Philpott 2009 5291: 5284: 5283:Philpott 2009 5279: 5277: 5269: 5268:Philpott 2009 5264: 5257: 5256:Philpott 2009 5252: 5246:, p. 59. 5245: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5227:Philpott 2009 5223: 5217:, p. 26. 5216: 5211: 5209: 5201: 5200:Philpott 2009 5196: 5189: 5188:Philpott 2009 5184: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5171:Philpott 2009 5167: 5165: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5140: 5138: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5082: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5051:, p. 25. 5050: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4994:Philpott 2009 4990: 4983: 4982:Philpott 2009 4978: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4885:, p. 57. 4884: 4879: 4877: 4869: 4864: 4862: 4854: 4849: 4842: 4837: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4817:Farndale 1986 4813: 4811: 4804:, p. 96. 4803: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4778:Philpott 2009 4774: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4738: 4737:Philpott 2009 4733: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4569:The Great War 4566: 4562: 4559:, Cruttwell, 4558: 4554: 4553:James Edmonds 4550: 4546: 4543:John Buchan, 4540: 4524: 4515: 4507: 4502: 4494: 4493:Ivor Philipps 4484: 4471: 4446: 4434:33 battalions 4429: 4421:95,677 6-inch 4405:85,000 6-inch 4396: 4387: 4379: 4374: 4366: 4356:20,888,400 in 4348:1,400,000 per 4345: 4338:mortars with 4327: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4289:, sixty-four 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4267:4.7-inch guns 4264: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4231: 4214:5 per cent of 4211: 4206: 4203: 4191: 4186: 4176: 4169:18,43 missing 4115: 12,000 4089: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4060: 4048: 4041: 4024: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3971: 3965:Sheldon, 2006 3962: 3958: 3927: 3924: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3858: 3838: 3831: 3830:52nd Division 3827: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3771: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3739: 3737: 3721: 3718: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3700:Grünestellung 3689: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3663: 3651: 3646: 3641:60 ammunition 3634: 3624: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3580: 3576: 3561: 3552: 3549: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3516: 3513:were made by 3512: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3443: 3421: 3416: 3407: 3399: 3389: 3379: 3369: 3363:17 aeroplanes 3359: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3319: 3305: 3302: 3276: 3265: 3250: 3244: 3239: 3238:48th Division 3233: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3202: 3179: 3176: 3175:25th Division 3171: 3157: 3138: 3120: 3105: 3101:150 survivors 3083: 3061: 3055: 3040: 3019: 2994: 2983: 2973: 2939: 2921: 2877: 2851: 2849: 2848:12th Division 2844:800 prisoners 2828: 2813: 2803: 2783: 2767: 2763: 2740: 2736: 2727: 2714: 2707: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2678: 2655: 2654:23rd Division 2650: 2648: 2642:123 prisoners 2639: 2635: 2623: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2364: 2342: 2304: 2293: 2290:relieved the 2289: 2285: 2284:72nd Division 2280: 2277: 2266:100 prisoners 2247: 2238: 2229: 2206: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2148: 2142: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1962: 1952: 1936: 1932: 1931:33rd Division 1928: 1927:I ANZAC Corps 1923: 1919: 1916: 1910: 1902: 1891: 57,000 1884: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1856: 1847: 1843:25–250 shells 1840: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1790:32nd Division 1782: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1648: 1647:Gegenangriffe 1642: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1612: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1560:34th Division 1557: 1556:21st Division 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1526: 1511: 1496: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1370: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1286:Joseph Joffre 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265:. The French 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1184:Meuse-Argonne 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1098:Passchendaele 1096: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 983: 982: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 960:2nd Champagne 958: 954: 951: 950: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 928:1st Champagne 926: 925: 924: 923: 917: 914: 912: 909: 905: 902: 900: 897: 896: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 849: 848: 847:Great Retreat 845: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 817: 816: 813: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 783: 778: 773: 772:Western Front 765: 760: 758: 753: 751: 746: 745: 742: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 698: 697:Mines, 1 July 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 678: 677: 668: 665: 664: 663: 660: 656: 655:Regina Trench 653: 651: 650:Stuff Redoubt 648: 646: 643: 642: 641: 640:Ancre Heights 638: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 620: 619: 616: 614: 611: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 593: 592: 589: 585: 582: 581: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 563: 560: 559: 558: 555: 553: 552:Delville Wood 550: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 521: 518: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 479: 476: 475: 474: 469: 464: 454: 449: 447: 442: 440: 435: 434: 431: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 377: 372: 362: 357: 355: 350: 348: 343: 342: 339: 328: 319: 318: 313: 309: 304: 303: 298: 293: 289: 285: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 255:Joseph Joffre 253: 252: 247: 244: 243:German Empire 233: 230: 215: 203: 200: 188: 186: 175: 173: 162: 161: 160: 159: 147: 146: 141: 133: 129: 126: 125: 120: 90: 86: 82: 79: 78: 74: 71: 70: 66: 62: 57: 54: 49: 44: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 9785: 9778: 9766: 9373: / 9305: 9140:Conscription 9104:Cryptography 9041:Iraqi Revolt 8475:Siege of Kut 8418: 7996:participants 7945:German Samoa 7879:South Arabia 7632:. Retrieved 7618: 7604:. Retrieved 7589: 7575:. Retrieved 7560: 7546:. Retrieved 7526: 7518: 7491: 7472: 7460:. Retrieved 7442: 7429:. Retrieved 7413: 7392: 7380:. Retrieved 7373:the original 7356: 7340:. Retrieved 7326: 7316: 7300: 7283: 7264: 7243: 7224: 7205: 7186: 7161:. Retrieved 7148: 7121: 7102: 7083: 7062: 7038: 7026:. Retrieved 7010: 6989: 6970: 6958:. Retrieved 6942: 6920: 6897: 6874: 6858:The Real War 6857: 6842:. Retrieved 6826: 6805: 6801: 6779: 6760: 6741: 6722: 6703: 6681: 6678:Farndale, M. 6659: 6637: 6615: 6594: 6578:. Retrieved 6564: 6540: 6523: 6510:Bibliography 6496: 6484: 6472: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6429:Edmonds 1993 6412: 6400: 6388: 6376: 6364: 6352: 6340: 6328: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6285:Sheldon 2006 6280: 6273:Sheldon 2006 6268: 6261:Sheldon 2006 6256: 6229: 6210:Barnett 1979 6205: 6190:Edmonds 1993 6177: 6165: 6153: 6141: 6134:Sheldon 2006 6129: 6100: 6093:Sheldon 2006 6088: 6081:Sheldon 2006 6076: 6069:Sheldon 2006 6064: 6057:Sheldon 2006 6037: 6025: 6013: 5984: 5977:Sheldon 2006 5972: 5956: 5944: 5932: 5905: 5893: 5866: 5854: 5842: 5830: 5818: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5746: 5734: 5722: 5710: 5666: 5654: 5642: 5630: 5618: 5606: 5594: 5567: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5456: 5444: 5415: 5373: 5334:Gliddon 1987 5329: 5317: 5290: 5263: 5251: 5222: 5195: 5151: 5124: 5100:Sheldon 2006 5095: 5073:Gliddon 1987 5068: 5056: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4965: 4960:, p. 9. 4953: 4941: 4934:Edmonds 1993 4929: 4922:Edmonds 1993 4902: 4895:Simpson 2001 4890: 4883:Simpson 2001 4868:Simpson 2001 4853:Edmonds 1993 4848: 4841:Edmonds 1993 4836: 4824: 4802:Palazzo 2002 4797: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4732: 4725:Edmonds 1993 4720: 4713:Edmonds 1993 4708: 4701:Edmonds 1993 4696: 4689:Edmonds 1993 4684: 4677:Edmonds 1993 4672: 4665:Doughty 2005 4660: 4648: 4636: 4624: 4612: 4600: 4583: 4575: 4573:Paul Kennedy 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549:The Real War 4548: 4544: 4539: 4523: 4514: 4501: 4483: 4470: 4445: 4428: 4413:6,000 6-inch 4395: 4386: 4369:500 shrapnel 4352:4,336,800 in 4336:5,192 trench 4326: 4253: 4207: 4198: 4164:casualties, 4095: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4063:Harris, 2009 4042: 4037:1,590 French 4030: 4006: 3986: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3928: 3892: 3854: 3804: 3791:8th Division 3783:7th Division 3779:100 recruits 3765: 3740: 3722: 3705: 3695: 3664: 3633:5th Division 3630: 3607: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3535:15 Squadrons 3528: 3480: 3467:28 aircraft, 3464: 3425: 3400: 3393:19 aircraft, 3383:8 aeroplanes 3329: 3235: 3203: 3180: 3139: 3122: 3108:Reserve Army 3084: 3062: 3054:3rd Division 3020: 2985: 2972:by 16 July. 2940: 2922: 2878: 2852: 2827:7th Division 2815: 2768: 2764: 2747: 2728: 2715: 2690: 2681:Contalmaison 2651: 2619: 2413: 2383: 2372:La Boisselle 2343: 2310: 2281: 2254: 2235: 2217: 2194: 2179: 2162: 2136: 2115: 1990: 1960: 1924: 1920: 1911: 1901:Hubert Gough 1885: 1876: 1863: 1839:Reserve Army 1835: 1822:28 headings, 1814: 1798: 1796:in reserve. 1778: 1627: 1618: 1584: 1528: 1500:39 divisions 1492: 1483: 1467: 1395:Paul Grünert 1391:Generalmajor 1368: 1358: 1350:Contalmaison 1342:La Boisselle 1331: 1295: 1290:Douglas Haig 1246: 1244: 1215: 1214: 1174:Saint-Mihiel 1142:Belleau Wood 1125: 1113: 1112: 1103:La Malmaison 1059: 1047: 1046: 1012:Kink Salient 980: 979: 975:Gas: Wieltje 921: 920: 781: 675: 674: 562:Mouquet Farm 508:La Boisselle 503:Contalmaison 477: 472: 413:Contalmaison 408:La Boisselle 368: 275:Hubert Gough 259:Douglas Haig 199:South Africa 185:Newfoundland 148: 143:Belligerents 51:Part of the 28: 9403:Netherlands 9380:Switzerland 9261:Occupations 9252:Spanish flu 9029:(1919–1922) 9023:(1918–1921) 9017:(1918–1923) 9006:(1919–1921) 9000:(1919–1921) 8994:(1919–1920) 8970:(1918–1920) 8964:(1918–1920) 8958:(1918–1920) 8940:(1918–1920) 8922:(1918–1920) 8916:(1917–1921) 8910:(1917–1921) 8857:(1916-1918) 8855:Arab Revolt 8846:(1915–1917) 8840:(1915–1917) 8828:(1914-1917) 8822:(1914–1917) 8816:(1914–1921) 8810:(1913–1920) 8798:(1910–1920) 8792:(1900–1920) 8290:July Crisis 8211:(1880–1914) 7874:Mesopotamia 7752:Home fronts 7711:World War I 6405:Harris 2009 6393:Harris 2009 6381:Harris 2009 6369:Harris 2009 6182:Buchan 1917 5949:Rogers 2010 4754:Rogers 2010 4371:rounds and 4315:120 mm guns 4305:. Mortars: 4275:6-inch guns 4162:5,786 fatal 3983:Duffy, 2007 3945:On average 3926:firepower. 3895:John Buchan 3674:7–8:00 p.m. 3593:10/11 July, 3548:21 Squadron 3543:10:00 p.m., 3515:22 Squadron 3503:Airco DH.2s 3499:24 Squadron 3487:60 Squadron 3483:27 Squadron 3476:180 troops, 3373:43 aircraft 3353:42 aircraft 3323:Fokker E.IV 3211:12/13 July, 3159:Salient at 3031:12:30 p.m., 2976:Trônes Wood 2806:Mametz Wood 2795:11:20 p.m., 2782:box barrage 2723:10:00 a.m., 2367:Fourth Army 2141:Kampfgraben 1949:13/14 July, 1831:Thomas Snow 1801:Fourth Army 1747:White Star 1736:(chlorine) 1721:White Star 1641:Gegenstösse 1536:Foucaucourt 1416: [ 1398: [ 1365:25,000 more 1346:Mametz Wood 1271:Fourth Army 1255:Foucaucourt 1194:2nd Cambrai 1032:Boar's Head 1022:Mont Sorrel 729:Ancre, 1917 692:Boar's Head 618:Le Transloy 606:Gueudecourt 584:Martinpuich 530:Trônes Wood 418:Trônes Wood 310:6 divisions 114: / 9820:Categories 9620:Agreements 9420:War crimes 9296:Luxembourg 9189:Casualties 8067:Montenegro 7902:South West 7782:Technology 7772:Propaganda 7762:Opposition 7634:1 December 6894:Murray, W. 6844:14 October 6580:6 February 6559:Buchan, J. 6489:Jones 2002 6453:Miles 1992 6441:Miles 1992 6321:Duffy 2007 6309:Duffy 2007 6297:Duffy 2007 6122:Miles 1992 6105:Miles 1992 6042:Duffy 2007 6018:Miles 1992 6006:Miles 1992 5989:Miles 1992 5965:Miles 1992 5937:Jones 2002 5925:Jones 2002 5910:Jones 2002 5898:Jones 2002 5886:Jones 2002 5871:Jones 2002 5859:Jones 2002 5847:Jones 2002 5835:Jones 2002 5823:Jones 2002 5811:Jones 2002 5799:Jones 2002 5787:Jones 2002 5763:Jones 2002 5751:Jones 2002 5739:Miles 1992 5727:Miles 1992 5715:Miles 1992 5703:Miles 1992 5686:Miles 1992 5671:Miles 1992 5659:Miles 1992 5647:Miles 1992 5635:Miles 1992 5623:Miles 1992 5611:Miles 1992 5599:Miles 1992 5587:Miles 1992 5572:Miles 1992 5560:Miles 1992 5548:Miles 1992 5512:Miles 1992 5500:Miles 1992 5488:Miles 1992 5476:Miles 1992 5461:Miles 1992 5449:Miles 1992 5437:Miles 1992 5420:Miles 1992 5408:Miles 1992 5393:Miles 1992 5378:Miles 1992 5366:Miles 1992 5349:Miles 1992 5310:Miles 1992 5244:Miles 1992 5215:Miles 1992 5144:Wynne 1976 5129:Duffy 2007 5117:Wynne 1976 5088:Foley 2007 5061:Miles 1992 5049:Miles 1992 5030:Miles 1992 5018:Miles 1992 5006:Miles 1992 4970:Miles 1992 4958:Miles 1992 4946:Miles 1992 4907:Miles 1992 4790:Wynne 1976 4766:Wynne 1976 4641:Foley 2007 4629:Foley 2007 4617:Wynne 1976 4605:Foley 2007 4593:References 4567:, Barnett 4533:2,832 men. 4489:1:40 a.m., 4378:18-pounder 4365:60-pounder 4344:Mills bomb 4321:howitzers. 4222:13/14 July 4092:Casualties 4014:46 attacks 3976:11:00 a.m. 3932:46 attacks 3915:80 British 3787:Sixth Army 3754:Meisennest 3564:Airco DH.2 3539:3 Squadron 3531:4 Squadron 3404:102 German 3336:corps wing 3254:10:45 p.m. 3198:8:00 p.m., 3183:8:30 a.m., 3165:5:30 a.m.; 3142:220 German 3130:3:15 a.m., 3096:7:00 p.m., 3079:6:00 p.m., 3074:3:27 a.m., 3070:2:40 a.m., 3044:6:40 p.m., 3011:1:00 p.m., 3007:10:05 a.m. 3002:8:00 a.m., 2944:2:30 p.m., 2931:6:15 a.m., 2918:8:50 p.m., 2910:10:00 a.m. 2902:3:15 p.m., 2898:10:15 a.m. 2894:8:30 a.m., 2870:10:00 a.m. 2861:12:45 a.m. 2856:5:00 p.m., 2836:11:30 a.m. 2822:11:30 a.m. 2732:6:00 p.m., 2718:9:15 a.m., 2663:8:30 a.m., 2351:12:30 p.m. 2317:10:30 a.m. 2313:8:30 p.m., 2300:3:15 p.m.; 2232:XXXV Corps 2147:Wohngraben 1915:Sixth Army 1896:10:00 p.m. 1871:48–72-hour 1827:Third Army 1785:1,537 guns 1771:White Star 1758:White Star 1732:White Star 1699:White Star 1685:Cylinders 1588:VIII Corps 1544:XIII Corps 1435:Background 1424:XVII Corps 1323:Hardecourt 1267:Sixth Army 1259:Gommecourt 1007:Wulverghem 970:3rd Artois 948:2nd Artois 916:1st Artois 569:Guillemont 513:Gommecourt 398:Gommecourt 102:02°39′10″E 99:50°00′10″N 19:See also: 9517:Diplomacy 9224:Olympians 9147:Australia 9114:Logistics 9047:Vlora War 8976:(1918–19) 8952:(1918–19) 8946:(1918–19) 8934:(1918–19) 8881:(1916–17) 8863:(1916–17) 8814:Zaian War 8804:(1914–15) 8531:first day 8419:Lusitania 8247:(1912–13) 8241:(1911–12) 8229:(1908–09) 8223:(1905–06) 8205:(1870–71) 7994:Principal 7854:Gallipoli 7757:Memorials 7742:Geography 7732:Aftermath 7629:894593861 7600:911150431 7571:881014806 7535:923353776 7382:7 January 7369:557523890 7354:(1964) . 7292:819218074 7063:The Somme 7028:6 October 7011:The Somme 6960:6 October 6866:219779831 6800:(1994) . 6704:The Somme 6658:(1993) . 6636:(2007) . 6634:Duffy, C. 6604:431258245 4584:The Somme 4297:, eleven 4273:, twenty 4173:7,539 men 4151:6,811 men 4143:3,485 men 4010:2–13 July 3855:In 1921, 3841:Aftermath 3824:with the 3800:enfiladed 3785:from the 3731:5:10 p.m. 3726:4:40 p.m. 3724:man". At 3713:1/2 July; 3655:9:00 a.m. 3615:9:00 p.m. 3610:8:00 p.m. 3583:4–12 July 3572:5:30 a.m. 3519:4:12 a.m. 3507:6:45 a.m. 3446:6:00 a.m. 3437:5:00 a.m. 3432:7:30 a.m. 3428:6:30 a.m. 3296:7:00 p.m. 3292:4,676 men 3269:6:15 a.m. 3259:3:15 a.m. 3249:Wundtwerk 3193:8/9 July, 3161:1:15 a.m. 3151:6:00 a.m. 3135:9:00 a.m. 3125:2:12 a.m. 3091:2,300 men 3087:8:30 p.m. 3065:8:00 a.m. 3049:4:00 a.m. 3035:3:00 p.m. 3027:8:00 a.m. 3023:6:00 a.m. 3015:3:00 a.m. 2998:24 hours, 2988:9:00 p.m. 2958:9:00 a.m. 2954:3:30 p.m. 2949:4:30 p.m. 2936:6:15 a.m. 2926:4:15 a.m. 2914:5:50 p.m. 2906:6:00 a.m. 2889:5:25 a.m. 2885:8:00 p.m. 2881:7:20 a.m. 2874:6:00 p.m. 2840:2:00 p.m. 2818:9:00 a.m. 2786:9:00 p.m. 2771:5:30 p.m. 2759:4:30 p.m. 2755:8:15 a.m. 2751:4:30 p.m. 2710:7:00 a.m. 2701:2:00 a.m. 2671:8:15 a.m. 2667:2:30 p.m. 2630:3:15 a.m. 2626:2:15 a.m. 2355:2:30 p.m. 2347:6:00 a.m. 2338:6:30 p.m. 2334:5:00 p.m. 2330:8:15 a.m. 2326:6:58 a.m. 2296:2:00 p.m. 2262:9:00 a.m. 2257:4:30 p.m. 2225:48 hours, 2202:246 heavy 2198:598 field 1945:3:20 a.m. 1940:8:00 a.m. 1906:3:15 a.m. 1635:5:00 a.m. 1615:2–13 July 1609:3:00 a.m. 1596:VII Corps 1552:III Corps 1189:5th Ypres 1169:2nd Somme 1147:2nd Marne 1137:3rd Aisne 1086:The Hills 1081:2nd Aisne 1042:Fromelles 1037:1st Somme 987:The Bluff 953:Hébuterne 943:2nd Ypres 904:1st Ypres 884:1st Aisne 879:1st Marne 852:Le Cateau 830:Charleroi 815:Frontiers 702:Lochnagar 545:High Wood 540:Fromelles 525:Longueval 488:Montauban 483:First day 388:Montauban 132:Aftermath 9805:Category 9392:Refugees 9358:Italians 9347:Germans 9307:Ober Ost 9087:Aviation 8188:Timeline 8159:Bulgaria 7940:Tsingtao 7917:Togoland 7864:Caucasus 7799:European 7791:Theatres 7606:11 April 7577:11 April 7548:11 April 7539:Archived 7451:. 1922. 7275:16161900 7163:11 March 7158:53564367 7059:(2003). 6918:(1971). 6896:(1988). 6856:(1930). 6702:(1970). 6680:(1986). 6614:(2005). 6592:(1934). 6561:(1917). 4293:, sixty 4234:See also 4202:amateurs 4056:94 guns. 3919:53 crept 3846:Analysis 3795:65 heavy 3744:6–7 July 3660:109 guns 3620:54 bombs 3517:between 3288:3/4 July 3218:Thiepval 3113:Ovillers 2322:48 hours 2307:XX Corps 2270:5,000 in 1929:and the 1818:70 pages 1708:chlorine 1703:phosgene 1622:2nd Army 1579:Schwaben 1548:XV Corps 1534:), from 1327:24 hours 1275:2nd Army 1199:Courtrai 1154:Soissons 1093:Messines 1060:Alberich 869:Maubeuge 825:Ardennes 820:Lorraine 788:Moresnet 623:Eaucourt 601:Lesbœufs 557:Pozières 535:Ovillers 498:Fricourt 403:Fricourt 300:Strength 130:See the 91:, France 80:Location 9543:Germany 9443:Germany 9371:Germany 9291:Belgium 9276:Albania 9235:Disease 9215:Sports 9167:Ireland 9080:Warfare 9073:Aspects 8268:Origins 8261:Prelude 8164:Senussi 8144:Germany 8139:Leaders 8077:Romania 8018:Belgium 8013:Leaders 7912:Kamerun 7894:African 7829:Romania 7807:Balkans 7722:Outline 7462:27 June 7457:1318955 7342:27 June 7337:1183536 6532:7255166 4576:Britain 4459:⁄ 4119:40,187. 3989:Crimean 3835:236 men 3707:by the 3637:180 men 3589:sorties 3450:Fokkers 3442:R.E. 7s 3391:) with 3381:) with 3371:) with 3361:) with 3351:) with 3334:with a 3332:brigade 3301:Leipzig 3275:Leipzig 3264:Leipzig 3243:Leipzig 3170:Leipzig 3156:Leipzig 2970:950 men 2597:70°–54° 2569:68°–52° 2556:82°–48° 2542:70°–53° 2528:73°–52° 2514:70°–59° 2500:70°–54° 2470:70°–55° 2456:68°–55° 2442:75°–54° 2426:75°–54° 2384:Weather 2360:24-hour 2324:and at 2152:25 men. 2128:79°–52° 2103:72°–48° 2087:66°–52° 2073:68°–50° 2059:68°–54° 2045:72°–52° 2031:71°–54° 2017:72°–52° 2003:79°–55° 1961:Weather 1665:Prelude 1569:Leipzig 1564:X Corps 1338:Bapaume 1314:Barleux 1310:Biaches 1306:Péronne 1164:Ailette 1132:The Lys 1126:Michael 1108:Cambrai 1002:Hulluch 997:St Eloi 889:Antwerp 628:Le Sars 596:Combles 172:Bermuda 134:section 89:Picardy 9563:Russia 9538:France 9366:Canada 9281:Serbia 9152:Canada 9109:Horses 9061:(1921) 9055:(1920) 9049:(1920) 9043:(1920) 9035:(1920) 8988:(1919) 8982:(1919) 8928:(1918) 8893:(1918) 8887:(1917) 8875:(1916) 8869:(1916) 8834:(1915) 8253:(1913) 8235:(1911) 8217:(1905) 8174:Darfur 8099:Serbia 8082:Russia 8045:Greece 8033:France 8023:Brazil 7869:Persia 7812:Serbia 7627: 7598: 7569: 7533: 7510:Theses 7498: 7479: 7455: 7431:1 July 7422: 7399: 7367: 7335: 7307: 7290: 7273: 7250: 7231: 7212: 7193: 7156: 7140:Theses 7128: 7109: 7090: 7071: 7045: 7019: 6996: 6977: 6951: 6928: 6904: 6881: 6864: 6835: 6812: 6786: 6767: 6748: 6729: 6710: 6688: 6666: 6644: 6622: 6602: 6575:421774 6573: 6547: 6530: 4301:, six 4277:, one 4175:sick. 4102:57,470 3997:Korean 3934:using 3555:3 July 3525:2 July 3410:1 July 3325:, 1916 3230:, and 2929:until 2489:cloud 2484:72–52° 2473:storm 2276:boucle 2209:Battle 2062:cloud 2048:cloud 1519:1 July 1452:, and 1428:Verdun 1381:85,000 1334:Albert 1204:Sambre 1159:Amiens 1027:Verdun 857:Étreux 803:Dinant 591:Morval 574:Ginchy 493:Mametz 478:Albert 393:Mametz 240: 229:France 226: 211: 196: 182: 169: 155: 127:Result 9760:Other 9553:Japan 9548:Italy 9375:camps 9219:Rugby 8055:Japan 8050:Italy 8028:China 7922:North 7542:(PDF) 7523:(PDF) 7376:(PDF) 7361:(PDF) 7179:Books 6804:[ 6516:Books 4509:area. 4246:Notes 4098:1,590 4070:least 4016:cost 3951:19 of 3639:when 3489:from 2614:dull 2611:70°–? 2600:dull 2586:dull 2583:68°–? 2572:dull 2545:dull 2531:rain 2517:rain 2503:rain 2459:fine 2445:fine 2431:hazy 2394:Date 2131:fine 2110:wind 2092:wind 2090:cloud 2076:dull 2034:wind 2020:dull 2006:wind 1971:Date 1820:with 1729:3,487 1718:5,190 1696:1,694 1682:Date 1603:Poilu 1540:Serre 1420:] 1402:] 1263:Serre 1071:Arras 1054:Ancre 808:Namur 798:Liège 707:Y Sap 662:Ancre 85:Somme 9340:POWs 8666:1918 8568:1917 8494:1916 8395:1915 8299:1914 8104:Siam 7907:East 7636:2014 7625:OCLC 7608:2016 7596:OCLC 7579:2016 7567:OCLC 7550:2016 7531:OCLC 7496:ISBN 7477:ISBN 7464:2013 7453:OCLC 7449:HMSO 7433:2014 7420:ISBN 7397:ISBN 7384:2018 7365:OCLC 7344:2013 7333:OCLC 7305:ISBN 7288:OCLC 7271:OCLC 7248:ISBN 7229:ISBN 7210:ISBN 7191:ISBN 7165:2016 7154:OCLC 7126:ISBN 7107:ISBN 7088:ISBN 7069:ISBN 7043:ISBN 7030:2019 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Knowledge

Battle of Albert (1916)

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