Battle of Anzio - Knowledge

3013: 2127: 2430: 2802: 2666: 2143: 2471: 2307: 2135: 2338:, which arrived complete on February 16). After making exploratory probes on the Campoleone salient on the afternoon of February 3 the German forces launched a full counterattack at 23:00 in order to reduce the salient and "iron out" the front line. Von Mackensen had planned for the salient to be ground away rather than employing a rapid, focused thrust to cut it off. Some hours after the attack started the coherence of the front line had been completely shattered, and the fighting for the salient had given way to small unit actions, swaying back and forth through the gullies. In the morning of February 4 the situation was becoming more serious, with the 1st Battalion, 1378:(in charge of German forces in Italy) pulled troops out of the Gustav Line to defend against the Allied assault, then Allied forces would be able to break through the line; if Kesselring didn't pull troops out of the Gustav Line, then Operation Shingle would threaten to capture Rome and cut off the German units defending the Gustav Line. Should Germany have adequate reinforcements available to defend both Rome and the Gustav Line, the Allies felt that the operation would nevertheless be useful in engaging forces which could otherwise be committed on another front. The operation was officially cancelled on December 18, 1943. However, it was later reselected. 2895: 376: 265: 254: 243: 232: 1870: 439: 405: 391: 332: 321: 310: 299: 150: 484: 188: 174: 448: 343: 1486: 2950: 2541: 2060: 2877:...I was dumbfounded. This was no time to drive to the north-west where the enemy was still strong; we should pour our maximum power into the Valmontone Gap to ensure the destruction of the retreating German Army. I would not comply with the order without first talking to General Clark in person. ... he was not on the beachhead and could not be reached even by radio... such was the order that turned the main effort of the beachhead forces from the Valmontone Gap and prevented destruction of the German Tenth Army. On the 26th the order was put into effect. 201: 1126:, understood that risk, but he did not pass on his appreciation of the situation to his subordinate Lucas, who preferred to take time to entrench against an expected counterattack. The initial landing achieved complete surprise with no opposition and a jeep patrol even made it as far as the outskirts of Rome. However, Lucas, who had little confidence in the operation as planned, failed to capitalize on the element of surprise and delayed his advance until he judged his position was sufficiently consolidated and he had sufficient strength. 1499: 8713: 363: 287: 276: 221: 162: 2052: 1794: 2850:, and elements of 1st Armored had reached within 3 miles (4.8 km) of Valmontone and were in contact with units of the Hermann Göring Division which were just starting to arrive from Leghorn. Although VI Corps had suffered over 3,300 casualties in the three days fighting, Operation Buffalo was going to plan, and Truscott was confident that a concerted attack by 1st Armored and 3rd Infantry Divisions the next day would get his troops astride Route 6. 2215:, and the bulk of the Luftwaffe's Hermann Göring Panzer Division. Kesselring initially considered that a successful defence could not be made if the Allies launched a major attack on January 23 or January 24. However, by the end of January 22, the lack of aggressive action convinced him that a defence could be made. Nevertheless, few additional defenders arrived on January 23, although the arrival on the evening of January 22 of Lieutenant General 2725: 2854: 1181: 49: 2622: 1474: 2256: 2298:

intelligence, when daylight arrived they were engaged and cut off. A brutal battle with elements of the Fallschirm-Panzer Division 'Hermann Göring' followed. Rangers began surrendering individually or in small groups prompting others, acting on their own authority, to shoot them. Of the 767 men in the 1st and 3rd Ranger Battalions, six returned to the Allied lines and 761 were killed or captured.

491: 1444:. Later, at Churchill's personal insistence, enough were made available to land two divisions. Allied intelligence thought that five or six German divisions were in the area, although U.S. 5th Army intelligence severely underestimated the German 10th Army's fighting capacity at the time, believing many of their units would be worn out after the defensive battles fought since September. 2118:

certainly argue that his interpretation of his orders from Clark was not an unreasonable one. With two divisions landed, and facing two or three times that many Germans, it would have been reasonable for Lucas to consider the beachhead insecure." But according to Keegan, Lucas's actions "achieved the worst of both worlds, exposing his forces to risk without imposing any on the enemy."

2721:. By late May, there were some 150,000 Allied troops in the bridgehead, including five U.S. and two British divisions, facing five German divisions. The Germans were well dug into prepared defenses, but were weak in numbers of officers and NCOs and, by the time of the late May offensive, lacked any reserves (which had all been sent south to the Gustav fighting). 1160:, Truscott, on Clark's orders, reluctantly turned his forces north-west towards Rome, which was captured on June 4, 1944. As a result, the forces of the German Tenth Army fighting at Cassino were able to withdraw and rejoin the rest of Kesselring's forces north of Rome, regroup, and make a fighting withdrawal to his next major prepared defensive position on the 1264:. His concept was to land two divisions at Anzio, bypassing German forces in central Italy, and take Rome, the strategic objective of the current Battle of Rome. By February he had recovered and was badgering his commanders for a plan of attack, accusing them of not wanting to fight but of being interested only in drawing pay and eating rations. General 2745:

people at home knew that it was the Fifth Army that did the job, and knew the price that had been paid for it." He argued to Alexander that VI Corps did not have the strength to trap the German 10th Army and Alexander, instead of making his requirements clear, was conciliatory and gave the impression that a push on Rome was still a possibility if

2662:. The objective of the plan was to fully engage Kesselring's armies with a major offensive and remove any prospect of the Germans withdrawing forces from Italy to redeploy elsewhere. It was also intended to trap the bulk of the German 10th Army between the Allied forces advancing through the Gustav Line and VI Corps thrusting inland from Anzio. 2398:(all of 3rd Brigade) had been cut off and were surrounded in the pocket. They held the line all day, taking heavy casualties, but were eventually ordered to pull back and made a fighting retreat at 5pm to the Factory with the aid of artillery, and a successful assault launched by the London Scottish, of 168th Brigade, supported by the 2658:, who had been promoted from the command of U.S. 3rd Infantry Division to replace Lucas as commander of VI Corps on February 22, worked with his staff on the plans for a decisive attack as part of a general offensive which Alexander was planning for May and which would include a major offensive on the Gustav Line, 2487:, General Officer Commanding (GOC) British 1st Division, had been wounded by shellfire and the division was temporarily commanded by Major-General Templer, GOC 56th (London) Division, which had arrived complete. However, a counterattack using VI Corps' reserves halted the German advance, and on February 20, 2674:

Blackshirt Lieutenant-Colonel Degli Oddi's "Vendetta" helped defeat a determined effort by the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division to overrun their positions and captured a number of prisoners. Their performance at Anzio led to designation as units of the Waffen-SS, with all the duties and rights that that entailed.

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requiring VI Corps to strike inland and cut Route 6, Clark asked Truscott to prepare alternatives and to be ready to switch from one to another at 48 hours' notice. Of the four scenarios prepared by Truscott, Operation Buffalo called for an attack through Cisterna, into the gap in the hills

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Churchill had continued to bridle at Lucas' perceived passivity. He had written on February 10 to General Alexander encouraging him to exert his authority and Alexander had visited the beachhead on February 14 to tell Lucas he wished for a breakout as soon as the tactical situation allowed.

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carry out an assault landing on the beaches in the vicinity of Rome with the object of cutting the enemy lines of communication and threatening the rear of the German XIV Corps ." His written orders to Lucas did not really reflect this. Initially Lucas had received orders to "1. Seize and secure

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and surrounded by mountains, depended on the element of surprise and the swiftness with which the invaders could build up strength and move inland relative to the reaction time and strength of the defenders. Any delay could result in the occupation of the mountains by the defenders and the consequent

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This, vain-glorious blunder, the worst of the entire war, lost us a stunning victory, lengthened the war by many months and earned Mark Clark the contempt of other American and British generals. They saw an operation that could have won the war in Italy, thrown away at the cost of many Allied lives,

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In the afternoon of May 25, Cisterna finally fell to the 3rd Division, who had to go from house to house winkling out the German 362nd Infantry, which had refused to withdraw and, as a consequence, had virtually ceased to exist by the end of the day. By the end of May 25, 3rd Infantry

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In March, the 2nd Italian SS "Vendetta" Battalion and 29th Italian SS Rifle Battalion were sent to fight against the Anglo-American forces at the Anzio beachhead. Dispersed among German battalions, the German commanding officers later gave the Italians companies favourable reports. Members of former

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wrote, "Had Lucas risked rushing at Rome the first day, his spearheads would probably have arrived, though they would have soon been crushed. Nevertheless he might have 'staked out claims well inland." However, "Lucas did not have confidence in the strategic planning of the operation. Also, he could

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It is clear that Lucas' superiors expected some kind of offensive action from him. The point of the landing was to turn the German defences on the Winter Line, taking advantage of their exposed rear and hopefully panicking them into retreating northwards past Rome. However, Lucas instead poured more

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2. Advance on Colli Laziali" giving Lucas considerable flexibility as to the timing of any advance on the Alban Hills. It is likely that the caution displayed by both Clark and Lucas was to some extent a product of Clark's experiences at the tough battle for the Salerno beach head and Lucas' natural

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Clark did not feel he had the numbers on the southern front to exploit any breakthrough. His plan therefore was relying on the southern offensive drawing Kesselring's reserves in and providing the Anzio force the opportunity to break inland quickly. This would also reflect the orders he had received

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commenced a fighting withdrawal through Rome. On the same day Hitler, fearing another Stalingrad, had ordered Kesselring that there should be "no defence of Rome". Over the next day, the rearguards were gradually overwhelmed, and Rome was entered in the early hours of June 4 with Clark holding

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On May 26, while the VI Corps was initiating its difficult maneuver, Kesselring threw elements of four divisions into the Velletri gap to stall the advance on Route 6. For four days they slugged it out against 3rd Division until finally withdrawing on May 30, having kept Route 6 open

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Kesselring was informed of the landings at 3 a.m. January 22. Although the landings came as a surprise, Kesselring had made contingency plans to deal with possible landings at all the likely locations. All the plans relied on his divisions each having previously organised a motorized rapid reaction

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After breaking out of Anzio, Alexander's plan was for the Fifth Army to drive east to cut Kesselring's escape route to the north and trap much of his Tenth and Fourteenth Armies. The operation started well, but then suddenly, when leading troops were only six kilometers from closing their trap at

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Although controversy continues regarding what might have happened if Lucas had been more aggressive from the start, most commentators agree that the initial plan for Anzio was flawed. They question whether the initial landing of just over two infantry divisions, with no supporting armour, had the

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There has never been any doubt in my mind that had General Clark held loyally to General Alexander's instructions, had he not changed the direction of my attack to the north-west on May 26, the strategic objectives of Anzio would have been accomplished in full. To be first in Rome was a poor

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However, Clark was determined that VI Corps should strike directly for Rome as evidenced in his later writing: "We not only wanted the honor of capturing Rome, but felt that we deserved it... Not only did we intend to become the first army to seize Rome from the south, but we intended to see that

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was struck by two torpedoes and sunk with a loss of 417 men. Despite the exhausted state of the troops, Hitler insisted that 14th Army should continue to attack. Despite the misgivings of both Kesselring and von Mackensen, a further assault was mounted on February 29, this time on

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was first selected for the operation, he pointed out to Clark that the position was a death trap and there would be no survivors. Agreeing, Clark canceled the operation, but Prime Minister Churchill revived it. The two allies had different concepts: the Americans viewed such a landing as another

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units fought in the Anzio-Nettuno area, especially since March; the land units were part of the German 14th Army: only the paratroopers of the "Nembo" Battalion were there since February, participating in the German counterattack. In March the infantrymen of the "Barbarigo" Battalion (from

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On the evening of May 25, Truscott received new orders from Clark via his Operations Officer, Brigadier General Don Brand. These were, in effect, to implement Operation Turtle and turn the main line of attack 90 degrees to the left. Most importantly, although the attack towards Valmontone and

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Both sides had realised that no decisive result could be achieved until the spring and reverted to a defensive posture involving aggressive patrolling and artillery duels whilst they worked to rebuild their fighting capabilities. In anticipation of the following spring, Kesselring ordered the

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The main attack by the U.S. 3rd Division captured ground up to 3 miles (4.8 km) deep on a seven-mile wide front, but failed to break through or capture Cisterna. On the right, ahead of the main assault, two Ranger battalions made a daring covert advance towards Cisterna. Due to faulty

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From February 5 to February 7 both sides employed heavy artillery concentrations and bombers to disrupt the other side and at 21:00 on February 7 the Germans renewed their attack. Once more the fighting was fierce and they managed to infiltrate between the 5th Battalion,

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Von Mackensen's 14th Army assumed overall control of the defence on January 25. Elements of eight German divisions were employed in the defence line around the beachhead, and five more divisions were on their way to the Anzio area. Kesselring ordered an attack on the beachhead for

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Mackensen had been convinced that the Allies' main thrust would be up the Via Anziate, and the ferocity of the British feint on May 23 and 24 did nothing to persuade him otherwise. Kesselring, however, was convinced that the Allies' intentions were to gain Route 6 and ordered the

2426:. Slowly the Allies were forced to give ground and by February 10 they had been pushed out of the salient. Lucas ordered attacks on February 11 to regain the lost ground but the Germans, forewarned by a radio intercept, repelled the Allies' poorly coordinated attack. 3169:, noted Scottish communist and folklorist, was an intelligence officer at Anzio, where he interrogated German prisoners. It was at Anzio that he heard the tune "The Bloody Fields of Flanders", to which he later set alternative Scottish national and internationalist anthem " 2271:, brought Allied forces total on the beachhead to 69,000 men, 508 guns and 208 tanks by January 29, whilst the total defending Germans had risen to 71,500. Lucas initiated a two-pronged attack on January 30. While one force was to cut Highway 7 at 2223:

Three days after the landings, the beachhead was surrounded by a defence line consisting of three divisions: The 4th Parachute Division to the west, the 3rd Panzer Grenadier Division to the center in front of Alban Hills, the Hermann Göring Panzer Division to the east.

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At 5:45 a.m. May 23, 1944, 1,500 Allied artillery pieces commenced bombardment. Forty minutes later the guns paused as attacks were made by close air support and then resumed as the infantry and armour moved forward. The first day's fighting was intense: the

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I am afraid that the top side is not completely satisfied with my work... They are naturally disappointed that I failed to chase the Hun out of Italy but there was no military reason why I should have been able to do so. In fact there is no military reason for

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was properly a two corps or even a full army task. A few days prior to the attack, Lucas wrote in his diary, "They will end up putting me ashore with inadequate forces and get me in a serious jam... Then, who will get the blame?" and " has a strong odour of

1323:. Canals and pumping stations were built to remove the brackish water from the land. These canals divided the land into personal tracts with new stone houses for colonists from northern Italy. Mussolini also founded the five cities destroyed by the battle. 2917:

and LXXVI Panzer Corps. Climbing the steep slopes of Monte Artemisio they threatened Velletri from the rear and obliged the defenders to withdraw. This was a key turning point, and von Mackensen offered his resignation which Kesselring accepted.

3071:, the Fifth Army was re-directed and sent north towards Rome. The trap was left open. General Mark Clark was so eager that the world should see pictures showing him as the liberator of Rome, that he allowed the armies of a delighted Kesselring to escape. 2206:

The German units in the immediate vicinity had in fact been dispatched to reinforce the Gustav Line only a few days earlier. All available reserves from the southern front or on their way to it were rushed toward Anzio and Nettuno; these included the

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a Pulitzer Prize–winning American journalist and war correspondent who is best known for his stories about ordinary American soldiers during World War, was at Anzio Beachhead, with his time there being documented in his book “Brave Men” published in

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On the new axis of attack little progress was made until 1st Armored were in position on May 29, when the front advanced to the main Caesar C Line defences. Nevertheless, an early breakthrough seemed unlikely until on May 30 Major General

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was under repeated bombardment from shore batteries and aircraft throughout an eight-day period. It endured a prolonged barrage of shrapnel, machine-gun fire and bombs. The gun crew fought back with shellfire and shot down five German planes.

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axis from May 26, Clark could probably have reached Rome more quickly than by the route northwest from Cisterna. The VI Corps could also have cut Highway 6 and then put much more pressure on the 10th Army than it actually did.

1272:, had already considered such a plan since October using five divisions. However, the 5th Army did not have the troops nor the means to transport them. Clark proposed landing a reinforced division to divert German troops from 2969:

It would have been the Anglo-American doom to overextend themselves. The landing force was initially weak, only a division or so of infantry, and without armour. It was a halfway measure of an offensive; that was your basic

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who were known to be more aggressive. On February 22, Clark replaced Lucas with Truscott, appointing Lucas deputy commander Fifth Army until such time as a suitable job could be found for him back in the United States.

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and 3rd Panzergrenadier in place whilst the U.S. 45th Infantry, 1st Armored and 3rd Infantry Divisions would launch the main assault, engaging the German 362nd and 715th Infantry Divisions and striking towards Campoleone,

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By February 18, after desperate fighting, the Allies' Final Beachhead Line (prepared defenses more or less on the line of the original beachhead) was under attack. Numerous attacks were launched on 1st Battalion,

3250:, awarded the Victoria Cross for actions as a Major with the 5th Battalion, Grenadier Guards in the Anzio beachhead. Sidney's father in law, Lord Gort, also had been awarded the Victoria Cross in the First World War. 1335:

distraction from Cassino, but if they could not break through at Cassino, the men at Anzio would be trapped. Churchill and the British high command envisioned an outflanking movement ending with the capture of Rome.

3399:, which was not taken until late May. However, these plans were scrapped on 20 January, apparently because of the high losses during the airborne assaults at Sicily. The 504th PIR was then assigned to land by sea. 2801: 2219:

and his 1st Parachute Corps headquarters brought greater organisation and purpose to the German defensive preparations. By January 24, the Germans had over 40,000 troops in prepared defensive positions.

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petered out with both sides exhausted. An important contribution was the Allied artillery, outshooting the German by a ratio of about ten to one which had broken up attacks hitting German assembly areas. During

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had been tasked with holding the tip of the salient 2 miles long and 1,000 yards wide on the road going north of Campoleone, but after the German attacks in the early hours of 4 February, the 2nd Battalion,

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and to cut Route 6 at Valmontone. Operation Turtle on the other hand foresaw a main thrust to the left of the Alban Hills taking Campoleone, Albano and on to Rome. On May 5, Alexander selected

2030:. The operation failed to break through, but it partly succeeded in its primary objective. Heinrich von Vietinghoff, commanding the Gustav Line, called for reinforcements, and Kesselring transferred the 1408:

and apparently the same amateur was still on the coach's bench." The "amateur" can only have referred to Winston Churchill, architect of the disastrous Gallipoli landings of World War I and advocate of

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I am disappointed with VI Corps Headquarters. They are negative and lacking in the necessary drive and enthusiasm to get things done. They appeared to have become depressed by events.

8779: 3328:. He would go on to become the first officer of any minority to command a battalion in combat in U.S. History during the Korean War, and one of the most highly decorated Asian Americans. 2862:

Route 6 would continue, 1st Armored were to withdraw to prepare to exploit the planned breakthrough along the new line of attack leaving 3rd Division to continue towards

2087:. The 1st Division penetrated 2 miles (3 km) inland, the Rangers captured Anzio's port, the 509th PIB captured Nettuno, and the 3rd Division penetrated 3 miles (5 km) inland. 1083:

Allied landings on the Italian mainland began in September of 1943, and after slow gains against German resistance, the progress was stopped in December of 1943 at the German defensive

1276:. This second landing, however, instead of failing similarly, would hold "the shingle" for a week in expectation of a breakthrough at Cassino, and so the operation was named Shingle. 2705:

in North Africa). The Guards Brigade had suffered devastating casualties (nearly 2,000 of an initial strength of over 2,500) in just less than two months at Anzio. In late March the

3294:, writer and historian, was a Major in the 24th Guards Brigade of the British 1st Infantry Division at Anzio. His book 'Vessel of Sadness' is based on his experience of the battle. 2981:

Churchill defended the operation and believed that sufficient forces were available. He had clearly made great political efforts to procure certain resources, especially the extra

1145:. For weeks a rain of shells fell on the beach, the marsh, the harbour, and on anything else observable from the hills, with little distinction between forward and rear positions. 2187:, and Germany whilst at the same time releasing to Kesselring a further three divisions in Italy which had been under OKW's direct command. Later that morning, he ordered General 1433:

was to release these assets by January 15. However, this being deemed problematic, President Roosevelt granted permission for the craft to remain until February 5.

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that morning. He ensured the event was a strictly American affair by stationing military police at road junctions to refuse entry to the city by British military personnel.

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By midnight, 36,000 soldiers and 3,200 vehicles had landed on the beaches. Thirteen Allied troops were killed, and 97 wounded; about 200 Germans had been taken as

8794: 6630: 2989:. He argued that even regardless of the tactical outcome of the operation, there was immediate strategic benefit with regard to the wider war. After the landings, the 2866:

with 1st Special Service Force in support. Clark informed Alexander of these developments late in the morning of May 26 by which time the change of orders was a

8635: 6646: 4766:. Letter to O'ROURKE, Calvin Stoddard, Seaman First Class, United States Reserve. Washington, DC: Navy Department, Bureau of Naval Personnel. Pers-68-MH MM/822 62 83 3136: 2694: 2155:) which could move speedily to meet the threat and buy time for the rest of the defenses to get in place. At 5 a.m. he initiated Operation "Richard" and ordered the 1603: 6973: 6569: 6541: 5685: 2110:

Winston Churchill was clearly displeased with this action. He said: "I had hoped we were hurling a wildcat into the shore, but all we got was a stranded whale".

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strength to achieve the objectives: of cutting Route 6 and then holding off the inevitable counterattacks that would come, as Kesselring redeployed his forces.

8614: 7293: 6980: 6107: 5428: 7596: 6959: 6261: 5886: 3121:. Arness served with the 3rd Infantry Division during World War II and was severely wounded on the frontline of Anzio, leading to a lifelong if slight limp. 2453:, each of which was reduced from around 125 down to a single officer and 10 other ranks. One of the men killed was Second Lieutenant Eric Waters, whose son 6602: 6548: 5734: 2283:

In heavy fighting British 1st Division made ground but failed to take Campoleone and ended the battle in an exposed salient stretching up the Via Anziate.

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which, fighting its way along the coast from the Gustav Line, had joined up with VI Corps on May 25 to attack around the right-hand side of the

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was meticulous: British 5th Division and 1st Division on the left were to attack along the coast and up the Via Anziate to pin the German 4th Parachute,

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the Germans had sustained some 5,400 casualties, the Allies 3,500. Both had suffered nearly 20,000 casualties each since the first landings, and it was

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Muhm, Gerhard (1993). "La Tattica tedesca nella Campagna d'Italia" [The German Tactics in the Italian Campaign]. In Montemaggi, Amedeo (ed.).

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Neither Clark nor Lucas had full confidence in either their superiors or the operational plan. Along with most of the Fifth Army staff they felt that

1152:, who had commanded the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division. The Allies broke out in May. But, instead of striking inland to cut lines of communication of the 8764: 6952: 6392: 6268: 2749:

ran into difficulties. On May 6, Clark informed Truscott that "..the capture of Rome is the only important objective and to be ready to execute

931: 6245: 5625: 4756: 3163:, later a Labour Party Defence Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer, was the Military Landing Officer for the British assault brigade at Anzio. 1768: 2164: 6682: 5994: 1521:

Allied forces landed: approx. 40,000 soldiers, and 5,000+ vehicles Naval losses: 2 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, 2 minesweepers, 1 hospital ship

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LXXVI Panzer Corps' front around Cisterna. This push achieved little except to generate a further 2,500 casualties for the 14th Army.

8784: 6501: 5803: 4661: 3265: 2710: 1319:, running along the eastern flanks of the Monti Laziali, risking entrapment. The marshes were turned into cultivatable land in the 1930s under 8507: 1797:

Soldiers of the 3rd Ranger Battalion board LCIs that will take them to Anzio. Two weeks later, nearly all were captured or killed at Cisterna.

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Even though the base of the salient was nearly broken, Lucas was able to bolster the British 1st Division's defenses with the newly arrived

7393: 7249: 7233: 7205: 6446: 5653: 2429: 8150: 7217: 7129: 7073: 7036: 6311: 4835: 3154: 2558: 534: 499: 4457: 3219:, the U.S. military's highest award for valor, along with 32 additional U.S. medals. He served with Company B, 1st Battalion, 2071: 7122: 5847: 4779: 2399: 1748: 1366:). It was hoped that such an advance would draw German forces away from the Monte Cassino area and facilitate an Allied breakthrough. 8628: 7256: 5639: 5597: 2415: 3215:, Hollywood actor. Murphy became the most decorated United States combat soldier in United States military history. He received the 8759: 8477: 6289: 6063: 5826: 5692: 5503: 4987: 2179:

whilst his plans expected some 20,000 defending troops to have arrived by the end of the first day. In addition, he requested that

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in the vicinity of Anzio 2. Advance and secure Colli Laziali 3. Be prepared to advance on Rome". Clark's final orders stated "...

7372: 7169: 6821: 6199: 5699: 5611: 5547: 3325: 3180: 3017: 2986: 2678: 2665: 2591: 2239:, which were never intended as warships, were involved in some fighting during the Battle of Anzio. On 22 to 30 January 1944 the 2142: 2007: 1842: 483: 2470: 7575: 7087: 5930: 5468: 3220: 3206: 3132: 2965:

is riddled with implied criticism of Lucas, blaming the failure on his caution. After the war, Kesselring gave his evaluation:

2910: 2814: 2810: 2718: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2343: 2264: 1960: 1955: 1663: 8171: 8076: 7603: 7349: 7224: 6303: 6277: 6134: 5840: 5757: 4843: 4678: 3224: 2791: 2681:, which had fought with distinction but suffered heavy losses, was withdrawn to England on 23 March 1944. Also, in March the 2483:(2nd Brigade) and they lost a company, overrun, and the day after had suffered 200 casualties. On the same day Major-General 2382: 2355: 1950: 1940: 1638: 1613: 1331: 924: 54: 5289: 3001:. Churchill also had to ensure the British-dominated forces in Italy were contributing to the war at a time when the Soviet 2414:(2nd Brigade) and nearly surrounded them; it was for his leadership of British counterattacks during this period that Major 8404: 7811: 7697: 6862: 6322: 6318: 6296: 5900: 3124: 3062:, who was a war correspondent with the British Army's Film and Photo Unit and was present during the fighting, later said: 2787: 2562: 2306: 2268: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1425:. The American commanders in particular were determined that nothing should delay the Normandy invasion and the supporting 5259: 5090: 8319: 7783: 7115: 7101: 6307: 2795: 2391: 1650: 5170: 4305: 8528: 8397: 8275: 7853: 7568: 7519: 7277: 6832: 6077: 5916: 5764: 5618: 5147: 5071: 4951: 4864: 4618: 4587: 4499: 3140: 2765: 2212: 2134: 2031: 3395:, eight miles north of Anzio, which would have placed it in position for an early capture of the key road junction at 1148:

After a month of heavy but inconclusive fighting, Lucas was relieved and sent home. His replacement was Major General

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The official history of the London Irish Rifles containing an account of the unit's participation in the Anzio battle

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By early February, German forces in Fourteenth Army numbered some 100,000 troops organised into two Army Corps, the

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send reinforcements, and in response to this they ordered the equivalent of more than three divisions from France,

2160: 1644: 1363: 1198: 917: 6417: 3308:, died at Anzio. Waters' death and the battle inspired his son to write several songs over his career, including " 3074:

He had ignored the orders of Field Marshall Alexander in a decision as militarily stupid as it was insubordinate.

2449:, of the recently arrived 56th (London) Division, and virtually destroyed X and Y Companies of the 8th Battalion, 2275:

before moving east into the Alban Hills, a second was to advance northeast up the Via Anziate towards Campoleone.

8205: 8046: 8035: 7871: 7630: 7589: 7482: 7420: 6800: 6070: 5939: 5907: 2978:, in his Official Dispatch, stated, "The actual course of events was probably the most advantageous in the end." 2331: 1315:. Invading armies from the south had the choice of crossing the marsh or taking the only other road to Rome, the 1137:. His artillery units had a clear view of every Allied position. The Germans also stopped the drainage pumps and 1047: 544: 527: 36: 6587: 6155: 1133:, the German commander in the Italian theatre, moved every unit he could spare into a defensive ring around the 8591: 8563: 8441: 8234: 7471: 6922: 6848: 6637: 6008: 5727: 5632: 5517: 3257: 1985: 1202: 834: 3275: 8804: 8651: 8584: 8535: 8466: 8291: 7797: 7748: 7512: 7505: 7108: 6869: 6653: 5706: 3200: 2914: 2319: 2985:

needed to deliver a second division to shore, but also specific units useful to the attack such as with the

8725: 8621: 7996: 7957: 6876: 6704: 6689: 6616: 6595: 6413: 6091: 5877: 5870: 5854: 5565: 5524: 5496: 5433: 3033: 3006: 2994: 2411: 1625: 8688: 8012: 7964: 7582: 7554: 7407: 7022: 7001: 6515: 6178: 6084: 5574: 3284:, A BBC reporter, was at Anzio as a member of the British Army Film and Photo Unit. His 2004 documentary 3261: 2091: 1753: 965: 728: 5335:

Gliederung und Kriegstagebuch 14. Armee (From January to May 1944) (War diary of 14th German Army Corps)

5187: 4971:

Lo sbarco di Anzio: l'operazione Shingle vista dai tedeschi: documenti e diari di guerra della 14. Armee

4543: 1113:

The success of an amphibious landing at that location, in a basin consisting substantially of reclaimed

8486: 7982: 7901: 7846: 7734: 7690: 7340: 6966: 6890: 6785: 6662: 6534: 6527: 6487: 6460: 6192: 6125: 5720: 5531: 5461: 5423: 3309: 2990: 2894: 2714: 2463: 2446: 2374: 2366: 1336: 960: 723: 520: 5400: 4854: 4784:. Leavenworth Papers No.11. Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from 3091:

The news cycle was similarly unkind to Clark. Just 2 days after his staged press conference on Rome's

2654:, behind which 14th Army and, to their left, 10th Army might withdraw when the need arose. Meanwhile, 8388: 8305: 8090: 7950: 7922: 7755: 7660: 7450: 6883: 5950: 5604: 3314: 2774: 2595: 2138:

American POWs with arms raised on the Nettuno bridgehead. In the foreground, an armed German soldier.

2094:

had a meeting with the Allied General Headquarters: it offered to guide the Allied Force through the

1429:. Operation Shingle would require the use of landing ships necessary for these operations. Initially 875: 556: 6148: 8127: 8104: 7356: 7157: 7150: 6807: 6467: 6439: 6432: 5819: 3048: 3029: 2922: 2378: 2196: 1856: 1780: 1485: 1351: 1234: 1123: 1099: 823: 636: 380: 6164: 6141: 2817:, occupy a captured German communications trench during the breakout at Anzio, Italy, 22 May 1944. 8549: 8493: 8363: 8223: 7908: 7561: 7457: 7363: 6931: 6792: 6762: 6726: 6711: 6583: 6475: 6453: 6399: 6385: 6367: 6031: 5812: 5540: 5489: 5353: 3372: 2516: 2347: 2027: 2021: 1291:. The marsh was bounded on one side by the sea and the other by mountains: the Monti Albani, the 1273: 1191: 1157: 1138: 1067: 985: 808: 748: 447: 342: 206: 8754: 8241: 8134: 7936: 7887: 7790: 7683: 7653: 7436: 7324: 7050: 6841: 6425: 6406: 6376: 5923: 5893: 4823: 4579: 4575: 3269: 3112: 2706: 2525: 2188: 1869: 1741: 1531: 1279:

The Anzio beachhead is at the northwestern end of a tract of reclaimed marshland, formerly the

1269: 1055: 980: 777: 743: 689: 665: 347: 314: 5123:. United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. IX. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. 2074:

during 1943, the initial landings were essentially unopposed, with the exception of desultory

8732: 8455: 8298: 8194: 8164: 8120: 7860: 7825: 7818: 7741: 7639: 7080: 7057: 6904: 6508: 6045: 5785: 5771: 5454: 3144: 3040:. It also condemned the Allies to another year of bloody combat in Italy, notably around the 3037: 2933: 2835: 2521: 2200: 2192: 1453: 1283:, now the Pontine Fields (Agro Pontino). Previously uninhabitable due to mosquitoes carrying 1153: 620: 409: 6343: 4921: 4785: 8556: 8411: 8062: 8019: 7989: 7915: 7725: 7704: 6623: 6100: 5778: 3842: 2898:

Monte Artemisio (812 m) with two peaks: Monte Peschio (939 m) and Maschio d'Ariano (891 m)

1886: 1689: 1340: 1287:, in Roman times armies marched as quickly as possible across it on the military road, the 887: 828: 813: 5376: 4760: 909: 8: 8674: 8448: 8326: 8282: 7804: 6938: 6697: 6224: 6054: 6038: 5987: 5022: 3170: 2949: 2540: 2370: 2059: 1819: 1575: 1405: 970: 733: 677: 658: 651: 630: 599: 571: 564: 5007: 4021: 2709:

had also been relieved, after sustaining very heavy losses (one of its battalions — 7th

2500:

far the highest density of destruction in the Italian campaign, perhaps in the whole war

1937:

Landed "X-Ray" Beach on the coast east of Nettuno, 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Anzio:

8667: 8500: 8425: 8379: 8349: 8257: 8097: 7762: 7646: 7540: 7491: 7429: 7185: 7136: 6945: 6562: 6217: 6015: 4819: 4655: 3150: 2998: 2982: 2387: 2351: 2323: 2292: 2272: 2240: 2176: 1944: 1695: 1656: 1631: 1437: 1344: 1242: 995: 758: 613: 592: 4516: 2953:

A British soldier guards a group of German prisoners at Anzio, Italy, 22 January 1944.

1307:). Overall these mountains are referenced by the name Monti Laziali, the mountains of 8658: 8542: 8432: 8372: 8333: 8266: 8248: 8214: 8157: 8111: 8055: 7880: 7618: 7610: 7547: 7400: 6994: 6519: 5980: 5959: 5669: 5317: 5236: 5215: 5208: 5153: 5143: 5124: 5077: 5067: 5050: 4997: 4974: 4957: 4947: 4870: 4860: 4839: 4805: 4738: 4723: 4715: 4701: 4684: 4674: 4641: 4624: 4614: 4593: 4583: 4568: 4551: 4495: 4487: 3096: 2669:

German 2 cm anti-aircraft FlaK cannon emplacement in the Aprilia sector of the front.

2505: 2419: 1916: 1893: 1426: 1375: 1253: 1246: 1130: 899: 880: 870: 849: 818: 644: 606: 585: 578: 303: 2891:

and allowed seven divisions from 10th Army to withdraw and head north of Rome.

8809: 8577: 8570: 8514: 8178: 7943: 7929: 7832: 7769: 7720: 7533: 7386: 7333: 7143: 7094: 7008: 6231: 6208: 5741: 5142:. Vol. v. 1, The making of the poet, 1919–1953. Edinburgh: Birlinn; New York. 3488: 3291: 3166: 3025: 2659: 2407: 1904: 1806: 1669: 1544: 1320: 1028: 1023: 1004: 975: 892: 856: 842: 794: 789: 763: 738: 704: 625: 280: 5750: 3081:

If General Mark Clark had been in the German Army, Hitler would have had him shot.

1347:, left the decision up to Churchill with a warning about German unpredictability. 8600: 8312: 8185: 8083: 8026: 7894: 7676: 7667: 7196: 6771: 6747: 6001: 5440: 5293: 3305: 3253: 3186: 2938: 2655: 2599: 2549: 2450: 2359: 1776: 1723: 1701: 1498: 1327: 1280: 1149: 863: 682: 670: 367: 258: 8712: 5273: 5104: 8799: 8607: 8143: 8069: 6114: 5973: 5263: 5094: 4832:

The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts

3392: 3247: 3216: 3196: 2906: 2639: 2603: 2423: 2335: 2311: 2216: 2172: 1763: 1587: 1537: 1514: 1018: 955: 784: 718: 362: 325: 291: 286: 275: 269: 220: 167: 5417: 5081: 4887: 3411:

Livorno is referred to as "Leghorn" in contemporary Allied maps and documents.

2586:

On February 16 at a high level conference hosted by Alexander and attended by

2063:

British landing ships unloading supplies in Anzio harbour, 19–24 February 1944

1241:, a defensive line across Italy south of the strategic objective of Rome. The 8748: 8418: 6336: 6185: 6024: 5178: 4978: 4961: 4874: 4688: 4628: 4607:

Le forze armate della Rsi: uomini e imprese dell'ultimo esercito di Mussolini

4563: 4555: 4320: 4307: 3321: 3237: 3176: 2806: 2631: 2587: 2484: 2433:

German armour at a field repair point operating near the Anzio-Nettuno front.

2330:. Allied forces by this time totalled 76,400 (including the recently arrived 2327: 1912: 1882: 1607: 1567: 1304: 1300: 1119: 1091: 694: 375: 336: 264: 253: 247: 242: 236: 231: 155: 103: 90: 4597: 2051: 1793: 8717: 8521: 6814: 6719: 6350: 5713: 5477: 5161: 4883: 3297: 3281: 3212: 3192: 3189:, British actor, participated in this battle with the No. 260 Squadron RAF. 3160: 3128: 3108: 3059: 2647: 2454: 2339: 2236: 1928: 1681: 1675: 1571: 1503: 1422: 1359: 1296: 1292: 1051: 699: 438: 404: 395: 390: 331: 320: 309: 298: 193: 40: 5325: 5321: 5157: 5054: 2107:

men and material into his tiny bridgehead, and strengthened his defences.

8356: 8342: 8004: 6673: 6494: 6479: 5833: 4939: 4611:

The armed forces of the RSI: men and enterprises of Mussolini's last army

3388: 3362: 3241: 3230: 3041: 2926: 2847: 2621: 2168: 2114: 2095: 2026:

The Fifth Army's attack on the Gustav Line began on January 16, 1944, at

1908: 1559: 1355: 1238: 1161: 1103: 1084: 942: 801: 711: 32: 4904: 2728:

The Allied breakout from Anzio and advance from the Gustav Line May 1944

1358:, to cut German communications and "threaten the rear of the German XIV 7711: 7464: 7443: 6329: 5662: 5590: 5171:"They Were All Left Behind: A History of the Royal Fusiliers Company Z" 3396: 3301: 3092: 3052: 3036:

sustained 44,000 casualties) failed in its objective of destroying the

2863: 2831: 2643: 2474:

German troops occupy a trench network near the Aprilia sector in March.

2458: 2184: 1757: 1579: 1316: 1205: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1167:

The battle was costly, with 24,000 U.S. and 10,000 British casualties.

2724: 2504:. Also on February 18 while returning to Anzio the light cruiser 2358:) was beginning to crumble and later lost three complete companies as 2113:

Lucas' decision remains a controversial one. Noted military historian

7974: 7379: 7176: 6987: 6778: 6733: 3324:, a Korean-American who served with the segregated Japanese-American 3260:'s 3rd Battalion, which he later led during its participation in the 3068: 2993:

dropped its plans to transfer five of Kesselring's best divisions to

2932:

On June 2 the Caesar Line collapsed under the mounting pressure, and

2076: 1924: 1900: 1591: 1563: 1551: 1388: 1288: 1261: 1257: 1252:

Operation Shingle was originally conceived by British Prime Minister

1134: 1114: 1095: 8775:

Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II

6254: 3095:, the "advance" was relegated to the back pages as reporting on the 2853: 2677:

The next few weeks saw many changes in divisions on both sides. The

2552:, talks to American and British officers in Anzio, 14 February 1944. 1180: 6238: 5966: 3357: 3117: 3002: 2937:

an impromptu press conference on the steps of the Town Hall on the

2843: 2770: 2634:, behind the line of beachhead running from the mouth of the river 1142: 1141:

with salt water, planning to entrap the Allies and destroy them by

512: 48: 3489:"Battle of Anzio | Date, Significance, & Summary | Britannica" 2255: 4828:

Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten

3244:, served 411 days in World War II, including the Battle of Anzio. 2827: 2651: 2442: 2350:

left and on the opposite side of the salient, the 6th Battalion,

1920: 1583: 1555: 1473: 1284: 1077: 82: 4838:(in German). Vol. VIII. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 1354:

in a landing in the Anzio area, followed by an advance into the

6855: 5446: 3352: 2055:

Force dispositions at Anzio and Cassino January / February 1944

1996:

Battery B, 36th Field Artillery Regiment (155mm Gun)(Motorized)

1312: 179: 4671:

Anzio: The Friction of War. Italy and the Battle for Rome 1944

7043: 4722:. The Second World War. Vol. 5. S.l.: Houghton Mifflin. 3127:, a newly commissioned officer serving in the 1st Battalion, 2635: 2228:

January 28, though it was postponed to February 1.

1440:(LSTs) to land a single division were initially available to 1308: 1073: 78: 2794:

suffered 955 casualties. The Germans suffered too, with the

1600:

Landed "Peter" Beach, 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Anzio:

456:

Breakout: 135,000 German soldiers and two Italian battalions

8780:

World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign

5401:"Anzio – The Allies' Greatest Blunder of World War II" 5021: 4909: 4458:"21 Asian American World War II Vets To Get Medal of Honor" 3848: 3444: 3442: 2610: 2084: 1502:

Rear Admiral Lowry's flagship, the amphibious command ship

1107: 1063: 1054:

that commenced January 22, 1944. The battle began with the

939: 129: 4415: 4413: 3647: 3387:

The invasion plan originally assigned this unit to make a

3153:, twice United States hammer throw champion, received the 1421:

One of the problems with the plan was the availability of

4822:; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; 4570:

The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944

3963: 3961: 3934: 3885: 3883: 3806: 3429: 3427: 2773:

and Cisterna respectively. On the Allies' far right, the

2180: 473:(5,000 killed, 30,500 wounded or missing, 4,500 prisoner) 3466: 3439: 3020:, inspects British graves at Anzio, Italy, 1 March 1944. 2098:

territory, but the Allied Command refused the proposal.

1396:

caution stemming from his lack of experience in battle.

1245:

had proved ideally suited to defense, and Field Marshal

5091:"Chapter 14: General Clark's Decision To Drive on Rome" 4468: 4410: 3542: 1090:

The operation was initially commanded by Major General

6108:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4698:

The fringes of power: Downing Street diaries 1939–1955

4613:] (in Italian). Bresso, MI, IT: Hobby & Work. 4102: 3958: 3880: 3830: 3424: 2437:

On February 16, the Germans launched a new offensive (

2203:– Gustav Line) to send him additional reinforcements. 4638:

Alexander's Generals (the Italian Campaign 1944–1945)

4550:(in Italian). Vol. Appendice II 1938–1948, I–Z. 3683: 2798:

estimated to have lost 50% of its fighting strength.

1066:. The operation was opposed by German and by Italian 4213: 3240:, an American labor union official and associate of 2929:

and advance along the line of Route 6 to Rome.

2625:

Allied plan of attack for Operation Diadem, May 1944

2598:

it was decided to appoint two deputies under Lucas,

2310:

M4A2 Sherman tanks, knocked out near the commune of

2090:

In the first days of operations, the command of the

1710:

67th (South Midland) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery

1303:(where the allies had been brought to a halt before 8770:

Battles of World War II involving the United States

5387:(11). U.S. Military Intelligence Service. July 1944 5316:] (in Italian). Rome, Italy: Edizioni Civitas. 4968: 4604: 4031: 4027: 3635: 3304:bassist Roger Waters and a 2nd Lieutenant with the 2913:found a gap in the Caesar Line at the join between 2467:) in memory of his father and describes his death. 2422:in the 5th Grenadier Guards, was later awarded the 2369:(from the 56th Division, containing 1st Battalion, 1062:, and ended on June 4, 1944 with the liberation of 8790:Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom 5207: 4605:Battistelli, Pier Paolo; Molinari, Andrea (2007). 4567: 3731: 3454: 3205:, was in the Anzio-Nettuno area, serving with the 2838:, which was retreating up this road from Cassino. 2070:Although resistance had been expected, as seen at 1718:90th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery 8795:Amphibious operations involving the United States 5228: 4096: 3922: 2873:At the time, Truscott was shocked, writing later 2441:) down the line of the Via Anziate, supported by 2263:Further troop movements including the arrival of 1974:39th Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm and 10 5mm) 1102:with the intent to outflank German forces at the 8746: 5348:. American Forces in Action Series. Washington: 5342:Lamson, Maj. Roy Jr.; Conn, Dr. Stetson (1948). 5121:Sicily – Salerno – Anzio, January 1943–June 1944 4437: 3078:because of the obsession and vanity of one man. 3016:Private Phillip Johnson of the 2/6th Battalion, 2689:, had arrived at Anzio. On the British side the 4425: 3530: 1416: 1350:The final plan called for Lucas to lead the US 1118:entrapment of the invaders. Lieutenant General 4973:. Uomini e armi (in Italian). Genova: Effepi. 3199:, who appeared in the American Army newspaper 2573:Lucas wrote in his diary on February 15: 2167:to defend the roads leading from Anzio to the 5462: 5350:United States Army Center of Military History 5270:United States Army Center of Military History 5101:United States Army Center of Military History 4994:United States Army Center of Military History 4969:Lagomarsino, Carlo; Lombardi, Andrea (2004). 4802:Fatal Decision: Anzio and the Battle for Rome 2921:Raising the pressure further, Clark assigned 2741:and issued Clark with orders to this effect. 2410:(24th Guards Brigade) and the 2nd Battalion, 1466:Allied naval commanders for Operation Shingle 925: 528: 5419:Anzio Beach head – contemporary film footage 5229:Williamson, Gordon; Stephen, Andrew (2004). 4558:– via Treccani, il portale del sapere. 2777:would protect the American assault's flank. 2259:Allied force dispositions on 1 February 1944 2146:An M4 Sherman tank destroyed in the fighting 1554:, 2 anti-aircraft/fighter director ships, 2 1256:in December 1943, as he lay recovering from 5434:Anzio 1944 – German 10. Armee and 14. Armee 4881: 4836:Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg 4781:Rangers: Selected Combat Operations in WWII 4519:. National Museum of the United States Army 4419: 4376: 4374: 4044: 4042: 4040: 3912: 3910: 3784: 3782: 3262:liberation of the Dachau concentration camp 2826:, resting 150 miles (240 km) away at 2697:was replaced in the first week of March by 2231: 5469: 5455: 5377:"A German defence Area on the Anzio Front" 5185: 5064:Countdown to D-day: the German perspective 5061: 4799: 4660:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4494:. California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 794–795. 4108: 4066: 3940: 3812: 3472: 3448: 3407: 3405: 3157:for his actions in the Anzio-Nettuno area. 2717:— had been reduced from 1,000 to 60), by 2121: 1873:Shermans disembarking from an LST at Anzio 1864: 1749:46th (Liverpool Welsh) Royal Tank Regiment 1524: 932: 918: 535: 521: 47: 5044: 4778:King, Dr Michael J. (1985). "Chapter 4". 4714: 4392: 4279: 4267: 2165:Hermann Göring Fallschirm Panzer Division 1221:Learn how and when to remove this message 468:(7,000 killed, 36,000 wounded or missing) 431:Breakout: 150,000 soldiers and 1,500 guns 184: 8765:Battles of World War II involving Canada 5290:"German Tactics in the Italian Campaign" 5210:Order of Battle: U.S. Army, World War II 5194:. WW2 People's War. Article ID: A3603133 5049:. London: Longmans, Green & Co Ltd. 4695: 4635: 4562: 4455: 4371: 4167: 4165: 4054: 4037: 3967: 3907: 3895: 3889: 3868: 3856: 3836: 3818: 3794: 3779: 3677: 3560: 3548: 3524: 3512: 3381: 3337: 3011: 3005:were suffering tremendous losses on the 2948: 2893: 2852: 2800: 2723: 2664: 2620: 2611:Stalemate: planning for Operation Diadem 2539: 2469: 2428: 2305: 2301: 2254: 2141: 2133: 2125: 2067:The landings began on January 22, 1944. 2058: 2050: 1868: 1792: 1714:81st Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery 1497: 1237:, Allied forces were bogged down at the 1129:While Lucas consolidated, Field Marshal 5205: 5118: 5088: 4818: 4541: 4404: 3653: 3641: 3625: 3623: 3586: 3584: 3571: 3569: 3460: 3433: 3402: 3102: 2886:compensation for this lost opportunity. 2642:, skirting south of the Alban Hills to 2630:preparation of a new defence line, the 2557:After his visit Alexander wrote to the 2278: 1977:41st Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm) 1971:10th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm) 1734:6th Field Park Company, Royal Engineers 490: 8747: 7323: 7301:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5314:Gothic Line, an outpost in the Balkans 5099:. Vol. CMH Pub 72-7. Washington: 4985: 4938: 4852: 4755: 4486: 4474: 3737: 3689: 3665: 2679:U.S. 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment 1999:69th Armored Field Artillery Battalion 1968:9th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm) 8785:Amphibious operations of World War II 8172:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7604:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7250:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7206:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6304:Rape during the occupation of Germany 5450: 5262:. In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.). 5168: 5093:. In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.). 4700:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4673:. Headline Publishing Group, London. 4668: 4380: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4291: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4162: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3979: 3952: 3928: 3916: 3901: 3874: 3862: 3824: 3800: 3788: 3761: 3749: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3629: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3575: 3044:from August 1944 through March 1945. 2732:Despite Alexander's overall plan for 2286: 2101: 1993:441st AAA Automatic Weapons Battalion 1737:1st Bridging Platoon, Royal Engineers 913: 516: 7294:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 6319:Rape during the liberation of France 5260:"Chapter 13: General Lucas at Anzio" 5137: 4777: 4736: 4443: 3773: 3620: 3581: 3566: 3536: 3483: 3481: 3018:Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) 1731:248th Field Company, Royal Engineers 1728:238th Field Company, Royal Engineers 1706:19th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery 1203:adding citations to reliable sources 1174: 542: 5443:European Center of Military History 5310:Linea Gotica, avamposto dei Balcani 4926:Colorado State University Athletics 4919: 4431: 3024:Because of Clark's change of plan, 2805:Men of 'D' Company, 1st Battalion, 2559:Chief of the Imperial General Staff 2250: 2046: 2002:84th Chemical Battalion (Motorized) 69:22 January – 5 June 1944 (136 days) 33:Winter Line and the battle for Rome 13: 7520:German invasion of the Netherlands 5793:Weather events during World War II 5251: 3141:Prime Minister of Northern Ireland 3111:, actor best known for portraying 3047:The greatest loss was that if the 2834:to hold open Route 6 for the 2015: 1843:509th Parachute Infantry Battalion 1491:Rear Adm. Thomas H. Troubridge, RN 1447: 1233:At the end of 1943, following the 14: 8821: 8151:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 5405:militaryhistoryonline.com website 5369: 4761:"SS Lawton B. Evans Commendation" 4514: 3478: 3051:main effort had continued on the 2987:504th Parachute Infantry Regiment 2535: 2528:) joined the frontline along the 2008:504th Parachute Infantry Regiment 1620:Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) 8711: 5476: 5352:. CMH Pub 100-10. Archived from 3288:describes his experiences there. 2617:Operation Diadem order of battle 2392:King's Shropshire Light Infantry 1651:King's Shropshire Light Infantry 1484: 1472: 1364:Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin 1179: 489: 482: 446: 437: 403: 389: 374: 361: 341: 330: 319: 308: 297: 285: 274: 263: 252: 241: 230: 219: 199: 186: 172: 160: 148: 8760:Italian campaign (World War II) 5169:Paule, Edward D. (2010-07-14). 5006:. CMH Pub 72-19. Archived from 4892:(video). UK: Insight Television 4534: 4508: 4480: 4449: 4398: 4386: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4090: 4078: 4032:Lagomarsino & Lombardi 2004 4028:Battistelli & Molinari 2007 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3946: 3850:London Irish Rifles Association 3767: 3755: 3743: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3671: 3659: 3608: 3596: 3554: 3350:At the time joined in a single 3195:, noted cartoonist, creator of 2707:56th (London) Infantry Division 2548:(in flying jacket), commanding 1788: 1190:needs additional citations for 8398:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6101:Territorial changes of Germany 6009:Indonesian National Revolution 5345:Anzio 22 January – 22 May 1944 5214:. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. 5119:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1954). 4992:. WWII Campaigns. Washington: 4773:– via Wikimedia Commons. 4456:Williams, Rudi (19 May 2000). 3518: 3506: 3344: 2997:. This benefited the upcoming 2824:Hermann Göring Panzer Division 2602:and the British Major-General 2332:British 56th Infantry Division 2036:90th Panzergrenadier Divisions 1986:601st Tank Destroyer Battalion 1: 7798:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7749:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7513:German invasion of Luxembourg 5887:Mediterranean and Middle East 5235:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 5140:Hamish Henderson: a biography 5047:Cassino: Portrait of a Battle 4097:Williamson & Stephen 2004 3332: 3137:British 1st Infantry Division 2719:British 5th Infantry Division 2703:British 1st Armoured Division 2695:British 1st Infantry Division 2396:Duke of Wellington's Regiment 1769:No.43 (Royal Marine) Commando 1688:1st Reconnaissance Regiment, 1645:Duke of Wellington's Regiment 1604:British 1st Infantry Division 1536:Comprising 2 light cruisers ( 1479:Rear Adm. Frank J. Lowry, USN 1343:, leaving to take command of 1170: 7705:Invasion of the Soviet Union 7394:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6705:Independent State of Croatia 5089:Mathews, Sidney T. (2000) . 4462:American Force Press Service 3418: 3326:442nd Regimental Combat Team 3312:" for the band's 1982 film, 3181:442nd Regimental Combat Team 2944: 2412:North Staffordshire Regiment 2346:), only having one cohesive 1816:Attacked the port of Anzio: 1626:North Staffordshire Regiment 1417:Availability of naval forces 1072:(RSI) forces in the area of 1058:amphibious landing known as 57:landing in late January 1944 7: 8689:End of World War II in Asia 8529:Western invasion of Germany 8036:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 8013:Second Battle of El Alamein 7583:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7555:Battle of the Mediterranean 7408:Italian invasion of Albania 5575:Air warfare of World War II 5258:Blumenson, Martin (2000) . 5206:Stanton, Shelby L. (1984). 4986:Laurie, Clayton D. (1994). 4946:. New York: Penguin Books. 3155:Distinguished Service Cross 2974:Furthermore, Field Marshal 2780: 2687:U.S. 36th Infantry Division 2683:U.S. 34th Infantry Division 2638:just south of Rome through 2265:U.S. 45th Infantry Division 2092:Italian resistance movement 1822:(Colonel William O. Darby) 1754:2nd Special Service Brigade 1427:landings in southern France 1139:flooded the reclaimed marsh 1069:Repubblica Sociale Italiana 10: 8826: 8615:Naval bombardment of Japan 7983:First Battle of El Alamein 7902:Battle of Christmas Island 7847:Japanese invasion of Burma 7611:Italian invasion of Greece 7527:German invasion of Belgium 7499:German invasion of Denmark 7472:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 7341:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5598:Comparative military ranks 5333:XIV Army Corps (Germany). 5268:. Vol. CMH Pub 70-7. 5066:. Philadelphia: Casemate. 5062:Margaritis, Peter (2019). 4636:Blaxland, Gregory (1979). 4492:500 Great Military Leaders 3375:) and German name for the 3310:When The Tigers Broke Free 3139:, who was later the fifth 3099:took center stage June 6. 2614: 2464:When the Tigers Broke Free 2290: 2019: 1805:Comprising 1 transport, 1 1802:Captain E.C.L. Turner, RN 1451: 55:U.S. 3rd Infantry Division 8704: 8536:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8476: 8467:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8204: 8091:Allied invasion of Sicily 8045: 7951:Aleutian Islands campaign 7923:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7870: 7861:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7756:Second Battle of Changsha 7661:German invasion of Greece 7629: 7506:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 7481: 7419: 7314: 7195: 6921: 6831: 6672: 6375: 6366: 6124: 5949: 5841:North and Central Pacific 5802: 5564: 5557: 5484: 5399:Kappes, Irwin J. (2003). 5186:sharonrich (2005-02-01). 4737:Dean, Mack (2020-09-13). 4542:Almagià, Roberto (1949). 3143:and eighth leader of the 3115:on the television series 2775:1st Special Service Force 2596:Allied Force Headquarters 2326:under Lieutenant General 2269:U.S. 1st Armored Division 2130:British and American POWs 2041: 1158:fighting at Monte Cassino 951: 554: 477: 460: 417: 353: 212: 141: 61: 46: 30: 25: 8128:Allied invasion of Italy 8105:Solomon Islands campaign 7854:Third Battle of Changsha 7451:First Battle of Changsha 7357:Second Sino-Japanese War 6290:German military brothels 6156:United States war crimes 5188:"Oxs and Bucks at Anzio" 5045:Majdalany, Fred (1957). 4920:Him, John (2013-01-03). 4882:Hart, David (director); 4826:; Wegner, Bernd (2007). 2961:Volume 5 of Churchill's 2915:1st Parachute Corps 2760:Truscott's planning for 2646:and across Italy to the 2400:46th Royal Tank Regiment 2379:Royal Berkshire Regiment 2232:Liberty ship involvement 2197:Heinrich von Vietinghoff 1941:US 3rd Infantry Division 1857:95th Evacuation Hospital 1852:93rd Evacuation Hospital 1781:Royal Army Medical Corps 1740:1st Divisional Signals, 1374:Planners argued that if 1299:, and further south the 1243:terrain of central Italy 1235:Allied invasion of Italy 1106:and enable an attack on 8550:Second Guangxi campaign 8405:Philippines (1944–1945) 7909:Battle of the Coral Sea 7812:Fall of the Philippines 7458:Battle of South Guangxi 7364:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6763:Italian Social Republic 5027:"Anzio (February 1944)" 4739:"Battle of Anzio Facts" 4696:Colville, John (2004). 4420:Hart & Whicker 2004 3276:John William Vessey Jr. 3097:Normandy D Day invasion 2796:362nd Infantry Division 2324:LXXVI Panzer Corps 2213:71st Infantry Divisions 2122:Response of Axis forces 2022:Battle of Monte Cassino 1982:10th Engineer Battalion 1965:HHB Division Artillery 1848:83rd Chemical Battalion 1369: 945:and the battle for Rome 207:Italian Social Republic 104:41.443022°N 12.624979°E 8135:Armistice of Cassibile 7937:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7888:Battle of the Java Sea 7791:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7691:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7684:Battle of South Shanxi 7654:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7437:Battle of the Atlantic 7051:Korean Liberation Army 6757:(until September 1943) 6714:(until September 1944) 6692:(until September 1944) 5138:Neat, Timothy (2012). 4884:Whicker, Alan (writer) 4800:d'Este, Carlo (1991). 4580:Henry Holt and Company 4576:The Liberation Trilogy 3270:Colorado supreme court 3221:15th Infantry Regiment 3207:45th Infantry Division 3125:James Chichester-Clark 3089: 3021: 2972: 2954: 2899: 2888: 2879: 2858: 2857:The final move on Rome 2842:were heading into the 2818: 2729: 2715:167th (London) Brigade 2670: 2626: 2584: 2571: 2553: 2526:Junio Valerio Borghese 2475: 2434: 2334:, under Major-General 2322:under Schlemm and the 2315: 2260: 2189:Eberhard von Mackensen 2161:4th Parachute Division 2147: 2139: 2131: 2064: 2056: 1961:30th Infantry Regiment 1956:15th Infantry Regiment 1945:Lucian K. Truscott Jr. 1874: 1798: 1742:Royal Corps of Signals 1532:Thomas Hope Troubridge 1509: 1382:from Alexander to "... 1270:Allied Armies in Italy 213:Commanders and leaders 8299:Second Battle of Guam 8195:Bengal famine of 1943 8165:Second Battle of Kiev 8121:Battle of the Dnieper 7826:Battle of Wake Island 7698:East African campaign 7640:Battle of South Henan 7285:atrocities by Germans 7058:Korean Volunteer Army 6032:Occupation of Germany 5786:Music in World War II 5381:Intelligence Bulletin 5031:londonirishrifles.com 4856:No Name on the Bullet 4669:Clark, Lloyd (2006). 4548:Enciclopedia Italiana 4321:41.72306°N 12.76944°E 3338:Explanatory footnotes 3315:Pink Floyd – The Wall 3256:, a commander of the 3225:3rd Infantry Division 3145:Ulster Unionist Party 3064: 3015: 2967: 2952: 2897: 2883: 2875: 2856: 2804: 2792:3rd Infantry Division 2727: 2699:18th Infantry Brigade 2668: 2624: 2615:Further information: 2592:Henry Maitland Wilson 2575: 2567: 2543: 2522:Decima Flottiglia MAS 2473: 2432: 2309: 2302:German counterattacks 2258: 2145: 2137: 2129: 2062: 2054: 1951:7th Infantry Regiment 1872: 1796: 1756:(partial) (Brigadier 1501: 1454:Anzio order of battle 1452:Further information: 1337:Mediterranean Theatre 1249:took full advantage. 836:1945 Spring Offensive 503:Location within Italy 461:Casualties and losses 8805:Rome in World War II 8585:Surrender of Germany 8063:Battle of West Hubei 8020:Guadalcanal campaign 7990:Battle of Stalingrad 7916:Battle of Madagascar 6683:Albania protectorate 6470:(formerly Swaziland) 6179:Wehrmacht war crimes 5995:Expulsion of Germans 5779:Art and World War II 5677:British contribution 5626:Governments in exile 4944:The Second World War 4922:"Chester Cruikshank" 4859:. New York: Viking. 4853:Graham, Don (1989). 4804:. New York: Harper. 3298:Eric Fletcher Waters 3103:Notable participants 2976:Sir Harold Alexander 2963:The Second World War 2881:He went on to write 2815:British 5th Division 2788:1st Armored Division 2279:Battle of Campoleone 2209:3rd Panzer Grenadier 1990:751st Tank Battalion 1836:4th Ranger Battalion 1831:3rd Ranger Battalion 1826:1st Ranger Battalion 1722:23rd Field Company, 1700:2nd Field Regiment, 1690:Reconnaissance Corps 1639:3rd Infantry Brigade 1614:2nd Infantry Brigade 1508:, anchored off Anzio 1341:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1199:improve this article 1046:was a battle of the 666:Armistice with Italy 500:class=notpageimage| 109:41.443022; 12.624979 16:1944 battle in Italy 8675:Potsdam Declaration 8564:Italy (Spring 1945) 8327:Liberation of Paris 7784:Siege of Sevastopol 6795:(until August 1944) 6698:Wang Jingwei regime 6520:from September 1943 6480:from September 1944 6418:from September 1944 6278:Romanian war crimes 6269:Persecution of Jews 6255:Croatian war crimes 6225:Japanese war crimes 6039:Occupation of Japan 5988:First Indochina War 5700:Military production 5612:Declarations of war 5023:London Irish Rifles 4820:Frieser, Karl-Heinz 4317: / 3656:, pp. 395–397. 3171:Freedom Come-All-Ye 3133:24th Guards Brigade 3113:Marshal Matt Dillon 3034:British Eighth Army 2995:Northwestern Europe 2991:German High Command 2790:lost 100 tanks and 2691:24th Guards Brigade 2445:. They overran the 2439:Operation Fischfang 2394:and 1st Battalion, 2371:London Irish Rifles 2344:24th Guards Brigade 2320:1st Parachute Corps 1878:Rear Admiral Lowry 1820:6615th Ranger Force 1664:24th Guards Brigade 1268:, commander of the 1122:, commander of the 100: / 8668:Surrender of Japan 8501:Battle of Iwo Jima 8350:Belgrade offensive 7763:Siege of Leningrad 7647:Battle of Shanggao 7576:British Somaliland 7541:Dunkirk evacuation 7492:Norwegian campaign 7430:Invasion of Poland 7257:Japanese prisoners 6218:Italian war crimes 6149:British war crimes 6064:Soviet occupations 5848:South-West Pacific 5735:Allied cooperation 5693:Military equipment 5439:2020-09-23 at the 4716:Churchill, Winston 4488:Tucker, Spencer C. 4464:. Digital History. 4368:, pp. 309–319 4326:41.72306; 12.76944 4198:, pp. 281–282 4147:, pp. 271–272 4087:, pp. 219–220 4075:, pp. 197–198 3955:, pp. 175–197 3493:www.britannica.com 3151:Chester Cruikshank 3049:U.S. Army VI Corps 3028:(during which the 3022: 2999:Operation Overlord 2955: 2900: 2859: 2819: 2730: 2685:and in early May, 2671: 2627: 2554: 2476: 2461:, created a song ( 2435: 2388:Sherwood Foresters 2377:, 10th Battalion, 2352:Gordon Highlanders 2316: 2293:Battle of Cisterna 2287:Battle of Cisterna 2273:Cisterna di Latina 2261: 2148: 2140: 2132: 2102:After the landings 2065: 2057: 1875: 1799: 1696:Middlesex Regiment 1657:Sherwood Foresters 1632:Gordon Highlanders 1510: 1438:tank landing ships 1345:Operation Overlord 1339:commander General 558:Invasion of Sicily 259:Lucian K. Truscott 8742: 8741: 8700: 8699: 8543:Battle of Okinawa 8442:Burma (1944–1945) 8276:Mariana and Palau 8056:Tunisian campaign 7881:Fall of Singapore 7805:Fall of Hong Kong 7548:Battle of Britain 7401:Operation Himmler 7310: 7309: 6974:Dutch East Indies 6610:Southern Rhodesia 6362: 6361: 6262:Genocide of Serbs 6165:German war crimes 6142:Soviet war crimes 6135:Allied war crimes 5981:Division of Korea 5960:Chinese Civil War 5758:Strategic bombing 5670:Manhattan Project 5265:Command Decisions 5096:Command Decisions 4845:978-3-421-06235-2 4824:Ungváry, Kristián 4743:World War 2 Facts 4680:978-0-7553-1420-1 4477:, pp. 50–62. 3389:parachute assault 3371:was the Italian ( 3266:associate justice 3202:Stars and Stripes 2420:company commander 2390:, 1st Battalion, 2373:, 1st Battalion, 1905:destroyer escorts 1809:, 7 landing craft 1694:2/7th Battalion, 1254:Winston Churchill 1247:Albert Kesselring 1231: 1230: 1223: 1154:German Tenth Army 1131:Albert Kesselring 1087:, south of Rome. 1060:Operation Shingle 1037: 1036: 907: 906: 900:Italian Civil War 638:Invasion of Italy 511: 510: 304:Albert Kesselring 137: 136: 8817: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8718:World portal 8716: 8715: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8638: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8578:Prague offensive 8573: 8571:Battle of Berlin 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8515:Vienna offensive 8510: 8503: 8496: 8494:Battle of Manila 8489: 8469: 8460: 8451: 8444: 8435: 8428: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8384: 8375: 8368: 8359: 8352: 8345: 8338: 8329: 8322: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8278: 8271: 8262: 8253: 8244: 8237: 8235:Korsun–Cherkassy 8230: 8219: 8197: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8077:Bombing of Gorky 8072: 8065: 8058: 8038: 8031: 8022: 8015: 8008: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7978: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7944:Battle of Midway 7939: 7932: 7930:Battle of Gazala 7925: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7840:Battle of Borneo 7835: 7833:Malayan campaign 7828: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7777:Bombing of Gorky 7772: 7770:Battle of Moscow 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7622: 7613: 7606: 7599: 7592: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7534:Battle of France 7529: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7387:Munich Agreement 7382: 7375: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7343: 7336: 7321: 7320: 7303: 7296: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7272:Soviet prisoners 7266: 7259: 7252: 7243: 7236: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7212:German prisoners 7208: 7188: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6765: 6758: 6750: 6743: 6741:French Indochina 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6685: 6665: 6656: 6649: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6588:from August 1944 6579: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6471: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6373: 6372: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6314: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6232:Nanjing Massacre 6227: 6220: 6211: 6209:Nuremberg trials 6202: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5942: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5813:Asia and Pacific 5795: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5744: 5742:Mulberry harbour 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5584: 5577: 5562: 5561: 5550: 5543: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5338: 5329: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5292:. Archived from 5284: 5282: 5281: 5272:. Archived from 5246: 5225: 5213: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5182: 5177:. Archived from 5165: 5134: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5103:. Archived from 5085: 5058: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5018: 5016: 5015: 4982: 4965: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4914: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4878: 4849: 4815: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4765: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4733: 4720:Closing the ring 4711: 4692: 4665: 4659: 4651: 4632: 4601: 4573: 4559: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4515:Healy, Caitlin. 4512: 4506: 4505: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4099:, pp. 18–19 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4035: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 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546:Italian Campaign 537: 530: 523: 514: 513: 493: 492: 486: 451: 450: 442: 441: 408: 407: 394: 393: 379: 378: 366: 365: 346: 345: 335: 334: 324: 323: 315:E. von Mackensen 313: 312: 302: 301: 290: 289: 281:Richard McCreery 279: 278: 268: 267: 257: 256: 246: 245: 235: 234: 226:Harold Alexander 224: 223: 205: 203: 202: 196: 192: 190: 189: 178: 176: 175: 166: 164: 163: 154: 152: 151: 115: 114: 112: 111: 110: 105: 101: 98: 97: 96: 93: 63: 62: 51: 37:Italian Campaign 23: 22: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8710: 8708: 8696: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8634: 8629:Atomic bombings 8627: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8472: 8465: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8410: 8403: 8396: 8387: 8378: 8371: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8332: 8325: 8320:Eastern Romania 8318: 8313:Warsaw Uprising 8311: 8306:Tannenberg Line 8304: 8297: 8292:Western Ukraine 8290: 8281: 8274: 8265: 8256: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8222: 8213: 8200: 8193: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8142: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8110: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8084:Battle of Kursk 8082: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8041: 8034: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7972: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7907: 7900: 7895:St Nazaire Raid 7893: 7886: 7879: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7719: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7677:Anglo-Iraqi War 7675: 7668:Battle of Crete 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7625: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7597:Eastern Romania 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7415: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7371: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7339: 7332: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7239: 7232: 7223: 7216: 7211: 7204: 7191: 7184: 7175: 7168: 7163: 7158:Western Ukraine 7156: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7102:Northeast China 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6930: 6917: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6827: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6801:Slovak Republic 6799: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6772:Empire of Japan 6770: 6761: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6688: 6681: 6668: 6661: 6652: 6645: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6474: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6358: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6317: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6284:Sexual violence 6283: 6276: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6207: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6053: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6014: 6007: 6002:Greek Civil War 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5945: 5938: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5827:South-East Asia 5825: 5818: 5811: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5686:Military awards 5684: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5580: 5573: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5475: 5441:Wayback Machine 5418: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5390: 5388: 5375: 5372: 5359: 5357: 5341: 5332: 5307: 5299: 5297: 5288:Muhm, Gerhard. 5287: 5279: 5277: 5257: 5254: 5252:Further reading 5249: 5243: 5222: 5197: 5195: 5175:rogerwaters.org 5150: 5131: 5110: 5108: 5074: 5036: 5034: 5013: 5011: 5004: 4954: 4930: 4928: 4905:"Whicker's War" 4903: 4895: 4893: 4867: 4846: 4812: 4791: 4789: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4757:Jacobs, Randall 4747: 4745: 4730: 4708: 4681: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4621: 4590: 4537: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4517:"Young Oak Kim" 4513: 4509: 4502: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4109:sharonrich 2005 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4047: 4038: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3498: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3473:Margaritis 2019 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3440: 3436:, p. 1148. 3432: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3386: 3382: 3360: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3306:Royal Fusiliers 3187:Christopher Lee 3105: 3088: 3085: 3030:U.S. Fifth Army 2947: 2939:Capitoline Hill 2783: 2656:Lucian Truscott 2619: 2613: 2600:Lucian Truscott 2550:15th Army Group 2538: 2451:Royal Fusiliers 2375:London Scottish 2304: 2295: 2289: 2281: 2253: 2243:Lawton B. Evans 2234: 2193:Fourteenth Army 2124: 2104: 2080:strafing runs. 2049: 2044: 2024: 2018: 2016:Southern attack 1943:(Major General 1867: 1791: 1777:Field Ambulance 1724:Royal Engineers 1702:Royal Artillery 1680:1st Battalion, 1674:1st Battalion, 1668:5th Battalion, 1655:2nd Battalion, 1649:1st Battalion, 1643:1st Battalion, 1630:6th Battalion, 1624:2nd Battalion, 1618:1st Battalion, 1606:(Major General 1527: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1468: 1467: 1456: 1450: 1448:Order of battle 1419: 1392: 1383: 1372: 1328:Lucian Truscott 1281:Pontine Marshes 1227: 1216: 1210: 1207: 1196: 1184: 1173: 1150:Lucian Truscott 1124:U.S. Fifth Army 1044:Battle of Anzio 1040: 1039: 1038: 1033: 947: 940: 938: 908: 903: 897: 690:Vatican bombing 561: 550: 545: 543: 541: 507: 506: 505: 504: 502: 496: 495: 494: 472: 467: 455: 453: 445: 444: 436: 435: 430: 428: 426: 424: 402: 398: 388: 373: 368:15th Army Group 360: 340: 339: 329: 328: 318: 317: 307: 306: 296: 284: 283: 273: 272: 262: 261: 251: 250: 240: 239: 229: 228: 218: 200: 198: 197: 187: 185: 173: 171: 170: 161: 159: 158: 149: 147: 124:Allied victory 108: 106: 102: 99: 94: 91: 89: 87: 86: 85: 52: 26:Battle of Anzio 17: 12: 11: 5: 8823: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8648: 8645:South Sakhalin 8641: 8640: 8639: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8482: 8480: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8445: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8385: 8376: 8369: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8279: 8272: 8263: 8254: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8220: 8210: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8198: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8182: 8168: 8161: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8124: 8117: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8073: 8070:Battle of Attu 8066: 8059: 8051: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8032: 8023: 8016: 8009: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7979: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7961: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7876: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7819:Battle of Guam 7815: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7742:Battle of Kiev 7738: 7731: 7717: 7716: 7715: 7701: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7487: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7425: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7383: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7360: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7329: 7327: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7281: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7253: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7241:United Kingdom 7237: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7209: 7201: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7173: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7054: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6927: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6837: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6686: 6678: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6638:British Empire 6631:United Kingdom 6627: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6472: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6447:Czechoslovakia 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6381: 6379: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6347: 6344:Rape of Manila 6340: 6333: 6326: 6315: 6300: 6293: 6281: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6242: 6235: 6221: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6196: 6182: 6175: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6115:United Nations 6111: 6104: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5974:Decolonization 5970: 5963: 5955: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5920: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5874: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5808: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5738: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5666: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5647:United Kingdom 5643: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5570: 5568: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5493: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5474: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5431: 5426: 5415: 5396: 5371: 5370:External links 5368: 5367: 5366: 5356:on 4 June 2011 5339: 5330: 5305: 5285: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5241: 5226: 5220: 5203: 5183: 5181:on 2010-07-14. 5166: 5149:978-0857904867 5148: 5135: 5129: 5116: 5086: 5073:978-1612007700 5072: 5059: 5042: 5019: 5002: 4983: 4966: 4953:978-0143035732 4952: 4936: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4879: 4866:978-0670815111 4865: 4850: 4844: 4816: 4810: 4797: 4775: 4759:(1944-06-24). 4753: 4734: 4728: 4712: 4706: 4693: 4679: 4666: 4646: 4633: 4620:978-8878515680 4619: 4602: 4589:978-0805062892 4588: 4564:Atkinson, Rick 4560: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4507: 4501:978-1598847574 4500: 4490:, ed. (2014). 4479: 4467: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4409: 4397: 4393:Churchill 1985 4385: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4296: 4284: 4280:Majdalany 1957 4272: 4268:Majdalany 1957 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4222:, p. 291. 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4036: 4030:, p. 72; 4020: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3957: 3945: 3943:, p. 250. 3933: 3921: 3906: 3894: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3815:, p. 200. 3805: 3793: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3692:, p. 357. 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3580: 3565: 3553: 3551:, p. 323. 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3477: 3475:, p. 103. 3465: 3453: 3451:, p. 490. 3438: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3401: 3380: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3319: 3295: 3289: 3279: 3273: 3258:157th Infantry 3251: 3248:William Sidney 3245: 3235: 3228: 3217:Medal of Honor 3210: 3197:Willie and Joe 3190: 3184: 3174: 3164: 3158: 3148: 3122: 3104: 3101: 3083: 2946: 2943: 2907:Fred L. Walker 2782: 2779: 2612: 2609: 2604:Vyvyan Evelegh 2537: 2536:Lucas replaced 2534: 2524:under Captain 2481:Loyal Regiment 2424:Victoria Cross 2416:William Sidney 2336:Gerald Templer 2303: 2300: 2291:Main article: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2252: 2249: 2233: 2230: 2217:Alfred Schlemm 2195:) and General 2123: 2120: 2103: 2100: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2020:Main article: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1883:light cruisers 1866: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1764:No. 9 Commando 1751: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1588:hospital ships 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1515:Frank J. Lowry 1490: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1449: 1446: 1418: 1415: 1371: 1368: 1311:, the ancient 1229: 1228: 1187: 1185: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1019:Trasimene Line 1016: 1009: 1002: 1001: 1000: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 956:Bernhardt Line 952: 949: 948: 937: 936: 929: 922: 914: 905: 904: 896: 895: 890: 885: 878: 873: 868: 861: 854: 847: 832: 831: 826: 824:Monte Castello 821: 816: 811: 798: 797: 792: 787: 785:Trasimene Line 782: 775: 768: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 719:Bernhardt Line 708: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 680: 675: 668: 663: 656: 649: 634: 633: 628: 623: 618: 611: 604: 597: 590: 583: 576: 569: 555: 552: 551: 540: 539: 532: 525: 517: 509: 508: 498: 497: 488: 487: 481: 480: 479: 478: 475: 474: 469: 463: 462: 458: 457: 432: 429:2,700 aircraft 427:2,300 vehicles 420: 419: 415: 414: 413: 412: 385: 384: 383: 356: 355: 354:Units involved 351: 350: 326:Alfred Schlemm 294: 292:Gerald Templer 270:Geoffrey Keyes 215: 214: 210: 209: 182: 168:United Kingdom 144: 143: 139: 138: 135: 134: 133: 132: 128:Liberation of 121: 117: 116: 77: 75: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 44: 43: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8822: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8755:1944 in Italy 8753: 8752: 8750: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8652:Kuril Islands 8649: 8646: 8642: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8464: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8439: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8419:Syrmian Front 8416: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8365:Market Garden 8361: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8347: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8303: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8224:Monte Cassino 8221: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8183: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8037: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7590:Baltic states 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7313: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7251: 7247: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7234:United States 7231: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7170:Quốc dân Đảng 7167: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6870:Liechtenstein 6867: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6822:Collaboration 6819: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647:United States 6644: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6337:Comfort women 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6321: / 6320: 6316: 6313: 6310: / 6309: 6306: / 6305: 6301: 6298: 6297:Camp brothels 6294: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186:The Holocaust 6183: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6172:forced labour 6169: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6025:Marshall Plan 6022: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5878:Eastern Front 5875: 5872: 5871:Western Front 5868: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5765:Puppet states 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5707:Naval history 5704: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5654:United States 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5296:on 2007-09-27 5295: 5291: 5286: 5276:on 2007-12-30 5275: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5244: 5242:1-84176-592-9 5238: 5234: 5233: 5232:The Waffen-SS 5227: 5223: 5221:0-8914-1195-X 5217: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5130:0-7858-1310-1 5126: 5122: 5117: 5107:on 2007-12-30 5106: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5010:on 2011-05-23 5009: 5005: 5003:0-16-042084-9 4999: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4891: 4890: 4889:Whicker's War 4885: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4811:0-06-015890-5 4807: 4803: 4798: 4788:on 2009-08-13 4787: 4783: 4782: 4776: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4729:0-395-41059-2 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4707:0-297-84758-9 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4649: 4647:0-7183-0386-5 4643: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4539: 4518: 4511: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4476: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4407:, p. 363 4406: 4401: 4395:, p. 436 4394: 4389: 4383:, p. 325 4382: 4377: 4375: 4367: 4362: 4356:, p. 311 4355: 4350: 4344:, p. 307 4343: 4338: 4330: 4300: 4294:, p. 304 4293: 4288: 4282:, p. 259 4281: 4276: 4270:, p. 256 4269: 4264: 4258:, p. 302 4257: 4252: 4246:, p. 301 4245: 4240: 4234:, p. 300 4233: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4210:, p. 287 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4186:, p. 277 4185: 4180: 4174:, p. 273 4173: 4168: 4166: 4159:, p. 272 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4135:, p. 271 4134: 4129: 4123:, p. 281 4122: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4063:, p. 177 4062: 4057: 4051:, p. 174 4050: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4018:, p. 217 4017: 4012: 4006:, p. 214 4005: 4000: 3994:, p. 213 3993: 3988: 3982:, p. 209 3981: 3976: 3970:, p. 48. 3969: 3968:Blaxland 1979 3964: 3962: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3919:, p. 173 3918: 3913: 3911: 3904:, p. 172 3903: 3898: 3892:, p. 47. 3891: 3890:Blaxland 1979 3886: 3884: 3877:, p. 166 3876: 3871: 3865:, p. 165 3864: 3859: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3839:, p. 46. 3838: 3837:Blaxland 1979 3833: 3827:, p. 162 3826: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3803:, p. 160 3802: 3797: 3791:, p. 158 3790: 3785: 3783: 3775: 3770: 3764:, p. 136 3763: 3758: 3752:, p. 134 3751: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3728:, p. 123 3727: 3722: 3716:, p. 101 3715: 3710: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3680:, p. 456 3679: 3678:Colville 2004 3674: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3638: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3563:, p. 324 3562: 3561:Atkinson 2008 3557: 3550: 3549:Atkinson 2008 3545: 3538: 3533: 3527:, p. 322 3526: 3525:Atkinson 2008 3521: 3515:, p. 321 3514: 3513:Atkinson 2008 3509: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3474: 3469: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3423: 3408: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3343: 3327: 3323: 3322:Young-Oak Kim 3320: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3286:Whicker's War 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3238:Frank Sheeran 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3177:Daniel Inouye 3175: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3007:Eastern Front 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2942: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2923:U.S. II Corps 2919: 2916: 2912: 2911:36th Division 2908: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2868:fait accompli 2865: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807:Green Howards 2803: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2766:65th Infantry 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2632:Caesar C line 2623: 2618: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588:Mark W. Clark 2583: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2485:Ronald Penney 2482: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2447:167th Brigade 2444: 2440: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367:168th Brigade 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348:rifle company 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328:Traugott Herr 2325: 2321: 2313: 2308: 2299: 2294: 2284: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2238: 2237:Liberty ships 2229: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2136: 2128: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2053: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028:Monte Cassino 2023: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1929:salvage ships 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:landing craft 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1881:Comprising 2 1880: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1865:"X-Ray" Force 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1608:Ronald Penney 1605: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:landing craft 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1530:Rear Admiral 1529: 1528: 1525:"Peter" Force 1522: 1516: 1513:Rear Admiral 1512: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1487: 1475: 1461: 1460: 1459:Task Force 81 1455: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:landing ships 1414: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1390: 1379: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1305:Monte Cassino 1302: 1301:Monti Aurunci 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1274:Monte Cassino 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1225: 1222: 1214: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1188:This section 1186: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1120:Mark W. Clark 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:U.S. VI Corps 1098:, commanding 1097: 1093: 1092:John P. Lucas 1088: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 994: 993: 992: 989: 987: 986:Monte Cassino 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 950: 944: 935: 930: 928: 923: 921: 916: 915: 912: 902: 901: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 883: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 866: 862: 860: 859: 855: 853: 852: 848: 846: 845: 841: 840: 839: 838: 837: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 804: 803: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 780: 776: 774: 773: 769: 767: 766: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 749:Monte Cassino 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 715: 714: 713: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 695:Volturno Line 693: 691: 688: 686: 685: 681: 679: 676: 674: 673: 669: 667: 664: 662: 661: 657: 655: 654: 650: 648: 647: 643: 642: 641: 640: 639: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 616: 612: 610: 609: 605: 603: 602: 598: 596: 595: 591: 589: 588: 584: 582: 581: 577: 575: 574: 570: 568: 567: 563: 562: 560: 559: 553: 548: 538: 533: 531: 526: 524: 519: 518: 515: 501: 485: 476: 470: 465: 464: 459: 449: 440: 433: 422: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 400: 399: 397: 392: 386: 382: 377: 372: 371: 370: 369: 364: 358: 357: 352: 349: 348:J.V. Borghese 344: 338: 337:Traugott Herr 333: 327: 322: 316: 311: 305: 300: 295: 293: 288: 282: 277: 271: 266: 260: 255: 249: 248:John P. Lucas 244: 238: 237:Mark W. Clark 233: 227: 222: 217: 216: 211: 208: 195: 183: 181: 169: 157: 156:United States 146: 145: 140: 131: 127: 126: 125: 122: 119: 118: 113: 84: 80: 76: 73: 72: 68: 65: 64: 60: 56: 50: 45: 42: 38: 34: 29: 24: 19: 8726:Bibliography 8709: 8522:Project Hula 8487:Vistula–Oder 8456: 8389: 8380: 8364: 8334: 8283: 8267: 8258: 8249: 8227: 8215: 8112: 8027: 8003: 7973: 7724: 7617: 7562:North Africa 7264:Soviet Union 7218:Soviet Union 7144:Soviet Union 6912:Vatican City 6815:Vichy France 6720:German Reich 6617:Soviet Union 6603:South Africa 6596:Sierra Leone 6549:Newfoundland 6368:Participants 6351:Marocchinate 6055: 6046: 6016: 5894:North Africa 5855:Indian Ocean 5714:Nazi plunder 5605:Cryptography 5478:World War II 5408:. Retrieved 5404: 5389:. Retrieved 5384: 5380: 5358:. 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Retrieved 4510: 4491: 4482: 4470: 4461: 4451: 4439: 4427: 4405:Mathews 2000 4400: 4388: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4191: 4179: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4023: 4011: 3999: 3987: 3975: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3897: 3870: 3858: 3849: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3704:, p. 83 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3654:Morison 1954 3649: 3642:Stanton 1984 3637: 3632:, p. 76 3610: 3605:, p. 85 3598: 3593:, p. 77 3578:, p. 69 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3497:. 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