Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)

1560:(false instructions to German aircraft) broadcast from England had some effect. Two German night-fighters might have been shot down over Berlin and 21 bombers were lost, with 27 damaged, 14 to FlaK, four to fighters and nine to other causes. Four bombers crashed between the Netherlands coast and Leeuwarden, four were shot down by fighters between Groningen and Hanover, one to Flak near Texel. Three aircraft were shot down by FlaK over Berlin, early in the raid, five by fighters during it. Six of the damaged aircraft were write-offs, one by FlaK and the rest in landing accidents. A German report had the raid beginning at 19:26 and that 13,005 people were killed, 6,383 were injured and 300,000 people were rendered destitute; 120 mines, 850 HE bombs, 20,000 phosphorus bombs, 250,000 incendiaries and 70 flares were counted; 1,989 houses were destroyed and 2,443 were badly damaged and 20,000 slightly damaged; a military installation was destroyed, 22 severely and 22 slightly damaged; the Spandau power station was destroyed. 1296: 1080: 1033:, with a maximum range of 3,000 yd (2,700 m) and a minimum range of 20 yd (18 m), sufficient to track a bomber after ground control had brought the night-fighter to within 2 mi (3.2 km). Despite the weight of the apparatus and aerodynamic penalty of its aerial array causing a loss of at least 25 mph (40 km/h) in speed, night-fighter interceptions increased to the extent that searchlight illumination was made redundant and the lights were transferred to the local FlaK units around cities. By June the Kammhuber Line had been extended southwards towards Paris and northwards to the north coast of Denmark. Kammhuber refused to allow night-fighters to roam freely but made the line more flexible, by deepening the 700: 729:, with a sweep rotating at the same speed as the scanner, giving an impression of the earth below. The contrast between water and land made coasts, lakes and rivers particularly recognisable. Towns also stood out and sometimes railway lines, from which the navigator could determine his position. When closer to the target, if it was recognisable, an H2S bombing run could be made; if the target could not be distinguished the bomber could make a timed run from a landmark in the vicinity. Since the device was airborne its range was limited only to that of its aircraft. The apparatus was limited by echoes from towns and cities, which were harder to distinguish than those from countryside and town. 681:

Oboe Mk I into service delayed Mk II but jamming did not begin until August 1943. Cat and Mouse stations could handle only one aircraft at a time and a marking run took ten minutes, allowing six bomb- or marker-runs per hour. The illumination from a Target Indicator bomb usually lasted for six minutes, guaranteeing four-minute gaps in marking. A failed marking run increased the gap to fourteen minutes. The introduction of multi-channel control and more ground stations eventually increased the concentration of Oboe marking. From the introduction of Oboe in December 1942 until the end of the war, Oboe aircraft made 9,624 sorties on 1,797 raids.

673:, making the altitude of the aircraft the determinant of range. An aircraft flying at 28,000 ft (8,500 m) could receive Oboe transmissions at about 270 mi (430 km), enough to mark targets in the Ruhr, which led to the device being installed in fast, high-flying Mosquito bombers, which usually navigated with the usual aids until beginning an Oboe run about 10 mi (16 km) from the target. Use of the Mosquito made an Oboe run safer, even when no evasive action could be taken before bombing. Accuracy was measured in hundreds of yards which increased with greater experience of the aircrews and ground operators. 992:

ended the individual timing of bomber sorties in favour of the concentration of all the bombers in space and time, which made most of the Kammhuber Line redundant, leaving only a few fighters able to attack the bombers. On the 1,000-bomber raid on Cologne, the bombers spent only two hours over Europe, the stream was 18 mi (29 km) wide and only 25 night-fighters could engage the bombers, just over ten per cent of the total; bomber losses fell from 3.6 to 3.0 per cent. In 1942, Bomber Command had been able to inflict considerable damage on several occasions but had failed consistently to disrupt the German war economy.

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the Ruhr and research on repeater aircraft to extend its range was stopped because H2S was expected to be a better system and only a few aircraft could use the device simultaneously; although Oboe had the potential for a vast improvement in target finding, it was not of pinpoint accuracy. H2S could be installed on any aircraft but was complicated, difficult to use and emitted radiation which could be detected, paradoxically exposing the aircraft to interception. Gee remained useful as a means of navigation on return journeys but required development to overcome German jamming.

187: 149: 1107:, 140 by intruder operations over Britain and 11 bombers crashed after being blinded by searchlights. Night-fighters and FlaK were shooting down an average of 5.6 per cent of Bomber Command aircraft per raid by the autumn. The performance of FlaK also showed an improvement, from July to August 1942, Bomber Command reported the loss of 696 bombers, 269 thought to have been destroyed by night-fighters, 193 by FlaK and 334 loses to unknown causes; 1,394 aircraft were damaged, 153 were hit by night-fighters and 941 by FlaK. By the end of the year, the 161: 854: 604:, which made its operational début in March and demonstrated its superiority over all other bombers. Re-equipment with new types of aircraft led to an average of 16.36 per cent of Bomber Command squadrons withdrawn from operations for conversion onto new aircraft in 1942, against 3.3 per cent in 1943. On 1 January 1942 the command had 48 squadrons, 9 with heavy bombers, 34 with medium and five with light bombers (Blenheims). On 1 January 1943, there were 49 squadrons, 32 heavy, 11 medium and six light ( 254: 243: 232: 221: 137: 963:(combined) method was intended to counter the new and faster four-engined bombers coming into service with Bomber Command but the risk of the FlaK shooting down night-fighters was too great and the system was a failure. In 1941, Bomber Command losses rose to 3.6 per cent from the 2.9 per cent of 1940. During a raid on Berlin on the night of 7/8 November, 12.4 per cent of the 169 bombers were shot down. The night-fighter force shot down 433 bombers and by the end of the year, nine 633:

to 5 mi (0.80 to 8.05 km) and Gee had a range of 300–400 mi (480–640 km), accuracy falling with distance. Gee worked well as a homing device but early hopes of it being accurate enough for blind bombing were not realised. Crews appreciated the value of the apparatus for navigation on the return journey, removing the fear of flying into hills and other obstructions. By August 1942, 80 per cent of the bomber force was equipped and 100 per cent by January 1943.

760: 46: 174: 1168:(High Command of the Air Force) the creation of an air umbrella. Milch told Goering that his target of 360 new fighters per month would be insufficient even if it were increased to 3,600, which Jeschonnek dismissed by saying that he would not know what to do with 360 new fighters a month. During the spring of 1943, the Germans increased the ground anti-aircraft defences in the Ruhr; by July there were more than 1,000 large FlaK (anti-aircraft guns of 850:, which led occasionally to attacks on friendly night fighters; some night fighter crews disliked ground control for the loss of flexibility. The German system had not been centralised to sift the information provided by radar, searchlights, wireless interception and direction finding to co-ordinate FlaK and night-fighters. To the end of 1940, the new system was credited with the shooting down of 42 bombers by night fighters and 30 by FlaK. 659: 1369:, an economic historian, wrote that the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 appeared to vindicate the hopes of the British leaders in Bomber Command, that it had become a decisive weapon and that the theory of strategic bombing had been proved. Bomber Command was only able to emulate the Hamburg firestorm of 28 July once, at Kassel in October. In the winter of 1943, the attacks on Berlin began, which Tooze called fruitless, 1501:, 170 Halifaxes, 86 Stirlings, 10 Mosquitos; poor weather and pathfinder failures led to one bomb on Leverkusen; many other towns were bombed and 5 aircraft lost (1.9 per cent). Six Mosquitos to Duisburg, 2 to Rheinhausen, 25 minelayer sorties off Biscay ports, 11 OTU sorties no losses. Fog over England led to 2 Halifax and 1 Stirling crashes; 4 Halifaxes of 35 Squadron made safe landings at Graveley which had its first 736:. Being a transmitter, H2S disclosed itself to the Germans as soon as enough parts had been recovered from shot-down bombers to analyse its characteristics. German detectors could find a bomber stream and direct night-fighters into it. Once Bomber Command began to use centimetric H2S in January 1943, it was inevitable that the Germans would retrieve one from a crashed bomber and realise that it was similar to 1531:

destroyed, 2,300 damaged; some panic and looting ensued, four million ration books were destroyed. After several months of excluding the foreign press from bombed towns, the Press Bureau of the Foreign Office called a conference on 23 November, when the streets were blocked by debris and fires were being extinguished. The most effective raid on Berlin of the war, despite 10/10ths cloud over the city.

1423:). In 2006, Chris Grayling wrote that the campaign caused immense loss of life and devastation in Berlin. The 22 November 1943 raid killed 2,000 Berliners and rendered 175,000 homeless. The following night, 1,000 people were killed and 100,000 bombed out. During December and January, Main Force raids killed hundreds of people and rendered between 20,000 and 80,000 homeless each night. 1482:

were dropped. Losses were nine Lancasters (2.0 per cent) with 43 crew killed, 20 taken prisoner and four evading capture. The Berlin police chief reported 154 people killed, 443 injured and 7,500 people bombed out; he estimated that the raid lasted from 20:11 to 22:23 comprising 11 mines, 75 high explosive bombs, 1,600 incendiaries, 940 phosphorus bombs and 36 flares.

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coloured fire. The usual 250 lb (110 kg) TI covered an area on the ground of about 100 yd (91 m) and a ground burst TI contained some candles which were explosive, to deter attempts to extinguish them. The TI was introduced on the night of 16/17 January 1943 and was a great success, making pathfinding a practical operation of war.

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aircraft, 24 from squadrons before raid got the night-fighters up two hours early; 24 Mosquitos attacked airfields in Netherlands, 7 Mosquitos to Munich, 7 Mosquito Serrate sorties no losses. Mining off French ports by 28 Stirlings and 6 Wellingtons, one Wellington lost. RAF flew 836 sorties, ten aircraft lost (1.2 per cent).

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achieve their objectives. The bombing prevented increases in German production and caused resources to be diverted from offensive to defensive purposes but German civilian morale did not break. The Berlin defences and essential services were maintained and war production in greater Berlin did not fall.

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was carried out by 395 bombers (248 Halifaxes, 114 Stirlings and 33 Lancasters); 23 aircraft lost, twelve Halifaxes, nine Stirlings and two Lancasters (5.8 per cent). Ten Mosquitos to Essen, 6 to Aachen, 6 to Frankfurt, 16 Wellington minelayer sorties from Texel to St Nazaire and 7 OTU sorties for no

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AI for the attack. A zone was limited to one night-fighter but they overlapped by 50 per cent, enabling three night-fighters to operate in one area. GEE was jammed from August, limiting its usefulness to no further than the European coast. Much of the airspace of Europe remained undefended and bomber

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H2S was a device for navigation and blind bombing by radar. The emissions of the radar were reflected and received as echoes which were distinctive of the earth below. Built-up areas returned echoes different from fields and forests, land echoes could be distinguished from the sea and sea echoes from

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Coverage of the Ruhr was known as the eastern chain and later northern and southern chains were added. Gee was usually ineffective east of the Ruhr and was easy to jam, which began on 4 August 1942, from when Gee fixes were only obtainable over the North Sea and parts of France. Gees loss of accuracy

1942:

45 Stirlings and 4 Halifax pathfinders laid mines, 16 Oboe Mosquitos bombed night-fighter bases in the Netherlands, 15 Mosquitos flew a diversion to Berlin, 12 Mosquito Serrate sorties, one Mosquito lost from the Berlin diversion force. Three Mosquitos to Aachen, three to flying-bomb sites in France

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Night of 15/16 February 1944: 891 aircraft to Berlin; 561 Lancasters, 314 Halifaxes and 16 Mosquitos, the largest Berlin raid of the war. Despite cloud cover, most important war industries were hit, including Siemensstadt, the centre and south-western districts worst hit. A spoof by 24 Lancasters of

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Night of 16/17 December 1943: Berlin was the main target. It was attacked by 483 Lancasters and 15 Mosquitos. German night fighters were directed to intercept the bombers; 25 Lancasters, 5.2 per cent of the Lancaster force, were lost over enemy occupied territory and 29 aircraft were lost on landing

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Night of 2/3 December 1943: Berlin, the main target, was attacked by 425 Lancasters, 18 Mosquitos and 15 Halifaxes. The Germans identified Berlin as the target. Unexpected cross winds scattered the bomber stream and German fighters shot down forty bombers, 37 Lancasters, two Halifaxes and a Mosquito

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bombs. An hour after the raid a wave of Mosquitos bombed. Most of the damage was to the residential areas west of the city centre, Tiergarten and Charlottenburg, Schöneberg and Spandau. Because of the dry weather, several 'firestorms' were caused. Several buildings of note were damaged or destroyed,

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and other sources. Demps wrote that 7,480 people had been killed, 2,194 people were reported missing, 17,092 were injured and 817,730 Berliners made homeless. In 2003, Reinhard Rürup wrote that nearly 4,000 people were killed, 10,000 injured and 450,000 made homeless. In 2005, Kevin Wilson described

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1943. Berlin was attacked by 440 Lancaster heavy bombers of the Main Force and four de Havilland Mosquitos but the city was under cloud and the damage was not severe. The second raid by the Main Force took place on the night of 22/23 November. This was the most effective raid on Berlin by the RAF of

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aircraft production, foresaw the crisis that would ensue if fighter output was not given greater emphasis. The advent of British four-engined bombers had increased by 70 per cent the bomb tonnage carried by Bomber Command. Milch predicted that the Anglo-American air fleets would swamp the German air

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had dropped 67,000 long tons (68,000 t) of bombs on Britain and the RAF had dropped 78,579 long tons (79,840 t) on Germany and 22,537 long tons (22,899 t) on the occupied territories. According to post-war research by the Allies, bombing cut German production by 0.7 to 2.5 per cent in

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By 1943, for the first time since day bombing was abandoned in 1940, Bomber Command was released from the constraints occasioned by the adoption of night bombing. The tactical use of the new devices was developed quickly but the new equipment had limitations. Oboe had a range which was little beyond

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Night of 28/29 January 1944: Berlin was attacked by 432 Lancasters, 241 Halifaxes and four Mosquitos (677 aircraft). Western and southern districts, partly covered cloud, were hit in what RAF records call the most concentrated attack of this period. German records mention that 77 places outside the

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Night of 27/28 January 1944: Berlin was the target for 515 Lancasters and 15 Mosquitos (530 aircraft). RAF records state that the bombing appeared to have been spread well up- and down-wind. The diversions were partially successful in diverting German night fighters but 33 Lancasters were lost, 6.4

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The campaign comprised sixteen Main Force raids on Berlin, sixteen against other targets in Germany and raids on targets in occupied Europe. Bomber Command conducted other strategic operations such as night-fighter and intruder operations against the German night-fighter force, minelaying, nuisance

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Oboe was a blind-bombing device controlled by two ground stations in England which measured the distance of an aircraft from them with radar pulses. Cat tracked the aircraft over the target and Mouse calculated the point on the track where the aircraft should bomb. Oboe transmissions did not follow

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Gee worked by wireless signals transmitted from three ground stations in England, on a line about 200 mi (320 km) long, being displayed on a cathode ray tube to the navigator and placed on a Gee chart, giving a fix of the aircraft's position in less than a minute. Accuracy varied from 0.5

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bombs to mark the aiming point for the rest of the bombers (the Main Force), the task of the PFF varied from thankless to impossible. Despite its problems, Bomber Command had been able to achieve some spectacular results but these had been isolated events and due to favourable circumstances as well

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not raided in numbers since September 1941; 348 Lancasters and 10 Halifaxes. Accurate bombing on town centre, later drifting to the west; 244 people killed, 1,016 injured 504 houses and 20 industrial premises destroyed, 1,148 houses and 29 industrial buildings seriously damaged and 8 ships sunk in

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Night of 20/21 December 1943: Frankfurt was attacked by 390 Lancasters, 257 Halifaxes and three Mosquitos (650 aircraft). German night fighters got into the bomber stream; 27 Halifaxes and 14 Lancasters were lost, 6.3 per cent of the force. Damage was more than the RAF thought at the time because

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damaged, a rate of loss of 5.8 per cent, exceeding the 5 per cent threshold that was considered by the RAF to be the maximum sustainable operational loss rate. The Battle of Berlin diverted German military resources from the land war and had an economic effect in physical damage, worker fatalities

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and other Bomber Command devices. Oboe Mk I operated on a frequency of 1.5 metres, K Oboe was in general use from mid-June 1943 and was free from jamming. Centimetric Oboe Mk II and Mk III retained the effectiveness of Oboe until the end of the war but are beyond the scope of this article; rushing

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formed lower than usual. Bomber stream flew straight track, no evasive routing, led the Germans quickly to decide that Nuremberg was the target. The night fighters reached the bomber stream at the Belgian border; more than 82 bombers were lost before Nuremberg and 13 bombers were shot down on the

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Night of 23/24 December 1943: Berlin was attacked by 364 Lancasters, eight Mosquitos and seven Halifaxes. German night-fighters were hampered by the weather and shot down only 16 Lancasters, 4.2 per cent of the force. Little damage was caused to Berlin; several other German towns were attacked by

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of reds and yellows along with four bundles of flares each. Secondary blind markers would drop green TIs and one bundle of flares apiece and early backers-up greens on the reds and yellows if visible and if not the centre of the reds after a two-second overshoot. The Main Force was to bomb on the

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64 Lancasters and four Mosquitos to drop spoof fighter flares; 26 Lancasters returned early (5.9 per cent). The raid opened at 20:56 and ended at 21:12; about 1,575 long tons (1,600 t) of bombs, approximately 792 long tons (805 t) high explosive and 783 long tons (796 t) incendiary

3918:]. Germany and the Second World War. Vol. VII. Translated by Cooke-Radmore, Derry; Garvie, Francisca; Osers, Ewald; Smerin, Barry; Wilson, Barbara (trans. Clarendon Press, Oxford ed.). Potsdam, Germany: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History). 991:

which immediately increased the amount of destruction achieved by Bomber Command. The bomb tonnage increased from 37,000 in 1941 to 50,000 in 1942. The German night defence was not prepared for the change in British methods and the introduction of GEE, the first night navigation aid. The British

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Night of 20/21 February 1944, 598 aircraft to Stuttgart; 460 Lancasters, 126 Halifaxes and 12 Mosquitos. Early diversions successful, 9 aircraft lost, 7 Lancasters, 2 Halifaxes, (1.5 per cent). Four Lancasters and a Halifax crashed in England. Training exercise earlier across North Sea, 156 OTU

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Night of 19/20 February 1944, 823 aircraft to Leipzig; 561 Lancasters, 255 Halifaxes and 7 Mosquitos; 78 aircraft lost, 44 Lancasters and 34 Halifaxes (9.5 per cent, 13.3 per cent of the Halifax sorties, 14.9 per cent of those reaching as far as the enemy coast). Halifax Mk II and Mk V aircraft

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factories and the Albrecht armaments works employed in the war economy were hit. A German report listed 130 mines, 900 HE bombs, 200,000 incendiaries, 20,000 phosphorus bombs and 60 flares were dropped. Casualties were 1,757 killed, 6.923 injured and about 180,000 people bombed out; 2,791 homes

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and Oakman wrote "...it would be wrong to say that it was, in a strategic sense, a wasted effort. Bombing brought the war to Germany at a time when it was difficult to apply pressure anywhere else". In 2005, Kevin Wilson wrote that, despite the devastation of Berlin, the British raids failed to

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Night of 23/24 November 1943: Berlin, 383 aircraft, 365 Lancasters, ten Halifaxes, six Mosquitos, 46 early returns (12 per cent); 21 bombers lost (5.49 per cent); bombing from 19:58 to 20:15, about 1,377 long tons (1,399 t) of bombs 734 long tons (746 t) high explosive, 643 long tons

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Night of 22/23 November 1943, 764 bombers to Berlin; 469 Lancasters, 234 Halifaxes, 50 Stirlings, 11 Mosquitos; 25 aircraft lost, eleven Lancasters, ten Halifaxes and four Stirlings (3.4 per cent). Three aircraft were lost over England; five losses were attributed to FlaK over Berlin, three to

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The Target Indicator bomb (TI) was an aerodynamic metal case which ejected coloured pyrotechnic candles at a set height by a barometric fuze. If set to ignite immediately they made a cascade. When sky marking, the candles were on parachutes and if fuzed for ground burst, they created a pool of

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On 17 December, extensive damage was done to the Berlin railway system. By this time the cumulative effect of the bombing campaign had made more than a quarter of Berlin's living accommodation unusable. There was another Main Force raid on the night of 28/29 January 1944, when the western and

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Berlin was a big manufacturing city but the Ruhr was the principal supplier of coal and steel to Germany. Isolating the Ruhr could strangle the rest of the German war economy; in the campaign against Berlin, the British caused much damage but the evolution of German anti-aircraft defences,

1513:(GCI) by night-fighters over the city and three by GCI near Deelen during the return; 80 aircraft were hit by FlaK and one by a fighter, five were hit by incendiaries from above, two collided and seven aircraft were lost to unknown causes. Pathfinders marked at 20:00 with red and green 1720:

were held up for six days. The National Theatre and the building housing Germany's military and political archives were both destroyed. The effect of the bombing campaign had made unusable more than a quarter of the living accommodation in Berlin. Two Beaufighters and two Mosquitos of

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Night of 2/3 January 1944: Berlin was the main target. 362 Lancasters, 12 Mosquitos, nine Halifaxes (383 aircraft), night fighters failed to reach the bombers until they were over the city, then shoot down 27 Lancasters, 10 per cent of the force. There were also minor raids on other

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18/19 November 1943 to 31 March 1944; 100 night operations, five by day; 24,449 night sorties, 1,117 losses (3.8 per cent). Circa 78,447 long tons (79,706 t) bombs dropped. Averages per 24 hours, 219.8 sorties, 8.3 aircraft lost and 585.6 long tons (595.0 t) tons of bombs

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were in action. The confused and overlapping jurisdictions of the German defence against night attacks were exacerbated by the lack of effectiveness of the British night bomber offensive and this complacency was not shaken by the entry of the United States into the war in December.

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raiders over Britain. The signals were encoded to prevent German use but this made it harder for Bomber Command navigators to get Gee fixes. Anti-jamming devices were short-lived in effectiveness as the Germans quickly overcame them but Gee Mk II was easier for navigators to use.

1353:(RAAF) were lost in operations against Berlin; in January and February , another 14 crews were killed. Having 25 aircraft destroyed meant that the full complement of aircraft and crews had lasted three months. At this rate Bomber Command would have been destroyed before Berlin. 534:

In 1942 some answers to the chronic problems of night navigation and target finding began to emerge but the number of bombers had stagnated. In November 1941 Bomber Command had a daily average of 506 bombers available and in January 1943 the average was 515. To carry out the

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in England due to very low cloud. The raid was unusual in that losses due to bad weather over England were greater than losses due to flak or enemy night fighters. The damage to the Berlin railway system was extensive and 1,000 wagon-loads of war material destined for the

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fighter controllers identified as the RAF target. The total sorties for the night, including minelaying operations, was 666 with 34 aircraft (5.1 per cent) lost. Losses over Berlin were high and combined with landing accidents in fog in England, reached 9.3 per cent. The

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in night-fighters and U-boats. By mid-January 1943, only 10 Halifax bombers and 13 Stirlings carried H2S; the rate of production was slow and by May 1943, no more than 18 H2S-equipped bombers had participated in one raid; by August, 840 H2S sets had been manufactured.

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had faced 77,500 night sorties, shooting down 2,859 bombers, a rate of 3.6 per cent and damaged far more. In 1940 Bomber Command lost a bomber crashed in Britain for every 32 sorties and in 1942 the rate had increased to one in twenty. To the end of 1942, the

1392:) issued after each air raid, descriptions of losses and damage indicated by houses and distributed to 100–150 organisations and administrations busy with rescue, repair, planning and other matters, against reports of the main bureau for air raid protection ( 1900:

Night of 20/21 January 1944: Berlin was the target; 495 Lancasters, 264 Halifaxes, 10 Mosquitos (769 aircraft) were dispatched; 22 Halifaxes and 13 Lancasters were lost, 4.6 per cent of the force. The damage could not be assessed due to low cloud the next

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Night of 30/31 December 1943: 10 Lancasters of 617 Squadron and six Pathfinder Mosquitos failed to destroy a V1 site. Ten Mosquitos to Cologne, 8 to Duisburg, 3 to Bochum, 6 RCM sorties; 36 Minelayers off Texel and French ports, 28 OTU sorties, no

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Night of 1/2 January 1944: 421 Lancasters dispatched to Berlin, the main target. German night fighters shot down 6.7 per cent of the force. A small raid on Hamburg by 15 Mosquitos and smaller raids on other towns failed to divert the night

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Bomber Command lost 2,690 men over Berlin, and nearly 1,000 more became prisoners of war. Of Bomber Command's total losses for the war, around seven per cent were incurred during the Berlin raids. In December 1943, eleven crews from

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Night of 22/23 February 1944, 10 Mosquitos to Stuttgart, 8 to Duisburg, 3 to Aachen; 71 Halifax and 40 Stirling minelayer sorties to north German coast called back due to weather over their bases; 2 RCM and 2 Serrate sorties; no

1680:, the main target, was attacked by 307 Lancasters, 220 Halifaxes (527 aircraft). The main force took a direct heading to Berlin, then turned south for Leipzig, leaving 9 Mosquitos to carry on, decoying many German night fighters. 1795:

Night of 29/30 December 1943: Berlin was the target for 457 Lancasters, 252 Halifaxes and three Mosquitos (712 aircraft), RAF losses were light at 2.8 per cent of the force. Cloud cover frustrated the RAF and little damage was

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on 1 May and by February 1943, 477 night-fighters were available from an establishment of 653, of which 330 were operational, double that of 1942, 90 per cent of which were in the west. Nearly all of the night-fighters carried

420:, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C) Bomber Command, believed that "We can wreck Berlin from end to end if the USAAF come in with us. It will cost us between 400 and 500 aircraft. It will cost Germany the war". 6218: 1832:, Cherbourg (57 Stirlings, 12 Mosquitos, 11 Lancasters) for no loss. Berlin raided by 13 Mosquitos, 3 to Krefeld, two to Cologne; 4 RCM sorties, 40 minelayer sorties off Lorient and Brest, 8 OTU sorties no loss. 1544:

centre of the greens also with a two-second overshoot or to bomb on H2S of if they were unserviceable, aim at the centre of the flares. The FlaK was as effective as before but the fighter controller commanded a

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harbour. Diversion by 13 Mosquitos on Berlin and 25 to four other targets succeeded; 16 aircraft lost, 4.5 per cent of the force. A Mosquito flew an RCM sortie, 6 Lancasters laid mines off Swinemünde and last

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Middlebrook recorded 20 Lancasters lost (5.2 per cent) plus six Lancasters written off in crashes and accidents; 127 crew killed and 24 captured. Six Oboe Mosquito sorties, one crashed on return, crew killed.

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Night of 21/22 February 1944, 17 Mosquitos to Duisburg, Stuttgart and 2 flying-bomb sites, 1 Serrate patrol, 41 aircraft laid mines off Frisian Islands and French ports; 10 OTU sorties, 1 Stirling minelayer

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city were hit. A deception raid and routing over Northern Denmark did not prevent the German air defences shooting down 46 aircraft, 6.8 per cent of the force. Just over 100 aircraft attacked other targets.

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Night of 21/22 January 1944: Magdeburg was the main target for 421 Lancasters, 224 Halifaxes, 3 Mosquitos (648 aircraft); 57 were lost. The attack failed to identify the target, and little damage was done.

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Night of 30/31 January 1944: Berlin was attacked by 440 Lancasters, 82 Halifaxes and 12 Mosquitos (534 aircraft) 33 bombers lost (6.2 per cent). A further 76 sorties were flown against other targets; no

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and the Mediterranean, by February 1942, there were 265 night-fighters in the west, of an establishment of 367, only half of which were operational. The British resorted to a deliberate campaign of

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In 1942 Bomber Command had created 19 new squadrons but 13 had been transferred to other commands. The quantity of aircraft had barely increased but a big improvement in quality had been achieved.

6223: 1229: 1398:) of the city of Berlin, which issued more than 100 copies with variable frequency, each summarising losses and damage by the number of air raids; the war diary of the air raid warning command ( 6213: 807:

established three night-fighter zones on the approaches to the Ruhr. The zones were 56 mi (90 km) long and 12 mi (19 km) wide, with a battalion of searchlights and two

608:). The command had flown 30,508 operational sorties in 1941 and dropped 31,646 long tons (32,154 t) of bombs, in 1942 it dropped 45,501 long tons (46,231 t) from 29,929 sorties. 3782: 1233: 1752:

they knew that the Germans had lit decoy fires, which had some success as diversions. There was a decoy raid on Mannheim by 54 aircraft and a precision attack by eight Lancasters of

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The German night defences managed to shoot down 687 bombers in 1942, 63 per cent more than in 1941 for a loss of 97 night-fighters, 63 per cent more than in 1941 and on 10 September

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area in the west, with the centre and south-western districts receiving most of the damage. This was the largest raid by the RAF on Berlin; the campaign continued until March 1944.

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lost more than 7,000 aircrew and 1,047 bombers, (5.1 per cent of the sorties flown); a further 1,682 aircraft were damaged or written off. On 30 March 1944, Bomber Command attacked

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streams made all but a few night-fighters ineffective, which limited the capacity of German night defences to shoot down no more than about 6 per cent of Bomber Command sorties.

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Despite the big increase in the German anti-aircraft effort, such concern for the future as existed did not prevent 150 FlaK batteries from being transferred to Italy. Only the

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caused little damage for the loss of 329 aircraft, a greater percentage loss per raid and in total than that suffered by Bomber Command over Germany. There were many other air

1958:

Night of 23/24 February 1944, 17 Mosquitos to Düsseldorf where first 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) bomb carried by Mosquito dropped; 2 Serrate sorties, 3 OTU flights, no loss.

4062:

Video: Allies Pierce Siegfried Line (1945) Part 3, planes of the 8th Air Force are prepared for a raid on Berlin. Crews are briefed, planes take off, and the target is bombed

1332:...in the operational sense the Battle of Berlin was more than a failure, it was a defeat....The Battle of Berlin compared unfavourably with the preceding Battles of the 954:

stations on either side and installed master searchlights. The system was introduced in September but proved to be too complex and the number of interceptions decreased.

816:

A night-fighter could be guided to within 55 yd (50 m) of an aircraft and then attack when the aircraft was illuminated by the searchlights, a procedure called

6198: 1618:, was badly hit and Goebbels described it as "almost completely destroyed" and referred to "virtually irreplaceable tools and machines" being out of action in his diary. 1328:

and injuries, relocation and fortification of industrial buildings and other infrastructure but by 1 April 1944, the campaign had failed to force a German capitulation,

1552:(Tame Boar) interception from 18:12, ordered them to Berlin at 19:30 and Brandenburg at 20:00, the time for the raid to begin. Fighter interceptions began at 20:08. 3865:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV (facs. pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 435:, did not participate. The Main Force of Bomber Command attacked Berlin sixteen times but failed in its object of inflicting a decisive defeat on Germany. The 1770:

Night of 22/23 December 1943: 51 aircraft (29 Stirlings, 11 Lancasters, 8 Mosquitos and three Halifaxes) attacked two flying-bomb sites between Abbeville and

6081: 4104: 1417:

the effects of smoke and dust in the air from the bombing and how long periods spent in shelters gave rise to symptoms that were called cellar influenza (

1373:

The Ruhr was the choke point and in 1943 it was within the RAF's grip. The failure to maintain that hold and to tighten it was a tragic operational error.

4614: 1591:

away from them but due to a temporarily clear sky, 21 aircraft were lost to AA guns over Berlin. Most of the damage was in the semi-industrial suburb of

85: 6203: 4562: 1278:

southern districts were hit in the most concentrated attack of this period. On 15/16 February, important war industries were hit, including the large

910:

were extended in circumference and the chain was extended along the coasts of France and the Low Countries and around Berlin. Late in 1941 an improved

540: 1651:(RCM) sorties. Essen attacked by four Mosquitos, 29 Stirling and 15 Wellington minelaying sorties from Brest to Bayonne, seven OTU sorties, no losses. 5016: 4171: 1518:

including the British, French, Italian and Japanese embassies, Charlottenburg Castle and Berlin Zoo. Also the Ministry of Weapons and Munitions, the

1943:

for no loss. The RAF flew 921 sorties, 79 aircraft lost (8.6 per cent) the largest loss yet (58 aircraft lost on Magdeburg raid 21/22 January 1943).

1734: 1237: 957:

In the spring of 1942 the depth of the belt of searchlights was reduced to 6 mi (9.7 km) and widened to 12 mi (19 km). A new

4607: 1829: 5683: 1407: 547:

but this device lacked accuracy for bombing through the dark and smog of the Ruhr, lacked range and from 4 August 1942 the Germans began to

4911: 3706: 3658: 1934:

failed and the RAF lost 43 aircraft, 26 Lancasters and 17 Halifaxes, 4.8 per cent. A further 155 sorties were flown against other targets.

1583:

Night of 26/27 November 1943: Berlin, the main target, was attacked by 443 Lancasters and seven Mosquitos. The Mosquitos were used to lay

1580:

was the main target for 236 Halifaxes and 26 Lancasters (262 aircraft). Three Mosquitos were sent to Berlin and other targets were bombed.

1337: 563:

as judgement. The loss of 1,404 aircraft and 2,724 damaged to German night defences of increasing quantity and quality, especially German

6134: 5367: 1706:

Night of 12/13 December 1943: 18 Mosquitos to Essen, 9 to Düsseldorf, 1 to Osnabrück, 4 RCM and 4 OTU sorties, 1 Mosquito lost at Essen.

423:

Harris could expect about 800 serviceable heavy bombers for each raid, equipped with new and sophisticated navigational devices such as

5266: 5121: 4926: 4166: 1295: 4646: 5931: 5846: 4056: 4012:. Military History Symposium series of the United States Air Force Academy. Vol. IX. Colorado: United States Air Force Academy. 1995:

return, 11.9 per cent loss. It was the costliest RAF Bomber Command mission of the war and ended the Battle of Berlin. Pilot Officer

1502: 1173: 3752:

Zeugnisse jüdischer Kultur. Erinnerungsstätten in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Berlin, Sachsen-Anhalt, Sachsen und Thüringen

5126: 4097: 1256:. Several other buildings of note were either destroyed or damaged, including the British, French, Italian and Japanese embassies, 5071: 5001: 4795: 4297: 3785:. Vol. II (online scan ed.). Wellington, NZ: Historical Publications Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs. pp. 40–82. 3756:

Evidence of Jewish culture. Memorial sites in Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Brandenburg, Berlin, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia

1079: 4176: 4896: 4861: 4846: 3730: 1603:

was raided by 157 Halifaxes and 21 Lancasters as a diversion. Both forces flew the same route almost as far as Frankfurt which

5136: 1625:

was attacked by ten Mosquitos, Duisburg by one; ten aircraft laid mines off Brest and Cherbourg; seven OTU sorties, no losses.

725:

those of a ship. The radar had a scanner which swept vertically and the echoes were detected by a receiver and displayed on a

5901: 5051: 4966: 4961: 4630: 4237: 4040: 3989: 3964: 3923: 3889: 3870: 3819: 3763: 3648: 3597: 3552: 3533: 3510: 3491: 3472: 3449: 3426: 3404: 3362: 3343: 3324: 974: 37: 3682: 1378:

particularly night fighters, was able to counter the Bomber Command threat on its long flights to Berlin in winter weather.

966: 769:

The threat of Anglo-American strategic bombing had been a concern to German strategists since 1940 at the latest. After the

5990: 5948: 5841: 5836: 5821: 5626: 5414: 5106: 5076: 5056: 4971: 4886: 4815: 4247: 3945: 3574: 5011: 1535:(653 t) incendiary. Primary blind markers each to drop red TIs and a bundle of flares of red and with green stars by 1245: 880:

about 20 mi (32 km) wide which, by March 1941, ran 430 mi (690 km) from the Danish–German frontier to

5926: 5906: 5665: 5631: 5221: 5181: 5031: 4836: 4790: 4090: 2056: 785:. Freya lacked the accuracy needed for ground-controlled interception of aircraft and was supplemented later in 1940 by 6129: 6048: 5886: 5741: 5332: 5306: 5286: 5256: 5251: 5226: 5196: 5176: 5006: 4956: 4946: 4916: 4901: 4780: 4717: 4573: 4252: 4232: 3916:

Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien 1943 bis 1944/45

5856: 1687:

attacked by nine Mosquitos, 48 aircraft minelaying off the Frisians, 9 OTU sorties, one Stirling minelayer and an OTU

5881: 5816: 5701: 5695: 5653: 5393: 5241: 5161: 5046: 4991: 4866: 4851: 4242: 3305: 2101: 2031: 496: 926:) came into service. Kammhuber used the new equipment to revise the night defence system by increasing the width of 5915: 5811: 5689: 5445: 5435: 5316: 5296: 5246: 5236: 5211: 5116: 5021: 4951: 4800: 4712: 4676: 4130: 3381: 2055:

The Lancaster was a redesigned Manchester with a greater wingspan and four of the excellent and tested Rolls-Royce

1878:

Night of 13/14 January 1944: 12 Mosquitos to Essen, 9 to Duisburg, 2 to Aachen and 2 to Koblenz, one aircraft lost.

4007: 1915:

Night of 29/30 January 1944: 12 Mosquitos to Duisburg, 10 to Herbouville flying-bomb site, 6 OTU sorties, no loss.

6228: 5851: 5831: 5659: 5276: 5261: 4181: 1861:, 5 to Duisburg, 28 OTU sorties. A 138 Squadron Halifax crashed after take-off, crew and the 3 passengers killed. 699: 191: 6060: 5111: 1792:

Night of 28/29 December 1943: 10 Mosquitos to Duisburg, 9 to Düsseldorf, 1 to Cologne, 11 OTU sorties, no loss.

1510: 1214: 51: 6144: 5941: 4733: 4557: 428: 4470: 5614: 5352: 4197: 2138: 1717: 1271: 1241: 1180:) about a third of the anti-aircraft guns in Germany, which needed 600,000 men, women and boys to operate. 984: 573:) had become a serious threat to the viability of the command and of strategic bombing as a theory of war. 4207: 2157:

now that Stirlings were not bombing German targets; supplies dropped and agents landed for the Resistance.

5985: 5372: 5362: 4738: 4366: 4257: 3829: 1700:

Night of 10/11 December 1943: Leverkusen attacked by 25 Mosquitos, Krefeld by two, 4 OTU sorties no loss.

1688: 1669:(8.7 per cent of the force). The bombing was inaccurate and to the south of the city but two more of the 1648: 1304: 1249: 1030: 740:(ASV) used by Coastal Command to detect surfaced submarines. In October 1943, the Germans introduced the 737: 627:

GEE airborne equipment, with the R1355 receiver on the left and the Indicator Unit Type 62A on the right.

581: 453: 5736: 5619: 4580: 4289: 2115: 1615: 1163: 4941: 1990:

attacked by 572 Lancasters, 214 Halifaxes and nine Mosquitos (795 aircraft). Unusually clear weather,

1386:

In 1982, Laurenz Demps collated loss data using the damage reports of the Berlin police commissioner (

4856: 4217: 1566: 1253: 4082: 622: 6238: 6233: 5440: 4552: 3809: 1908:

per cent of the heavy bombers; 167 sorties were flown against other targets, one aircraft was lost.

1069:

tracked the bomber and another the night-fighter until it was close enough for the crew to use its

1007: 5301: 5131: 1703:

Night of 11/12 December 1943: Duisburg attacked by 18 Mosquitos, 1 Wellington RCM sortie, no loss.

1121:

1942, compared to the devotion of 33 per cent of the British war economy to the bomber offensive.

6066: 5271: 5186: 4748: 4475: 3774: 3623: 2026: 416:

along with raids on other German cities to keep German defences dispersed. Air Chief Marshal Sir

179: 3980:. History of the Second World War, Military Series. Vol. II (pbk. repr. ed.). London: 1712:

Night of 15/16 December 1943: 4 Mosquitos to Bochum, 4 to Leverkusen and 3 RCM sorties, no loss.

6248: 6158: 6032: 6027: 5764: 4651: 4382: 4202: 4135: 1844: 1726: 1584: 1218: 988: 917: 847: 777:

stations was built to give early warning of aircraft entering German-controlled airspace, from

670: 525: 4841: 281: 6208: 6173: 5671: 5450: 5061: 4346: 4076: 3975: 1931: 1756:

and 8 Pathfinder Mosquitos, on an armaments factory near Liege that failed to hit the target.

1709:

Night of 13/14 December 1943: 16 Mosquitos to Düsseldorf, 1 to Bonn, 25 OTU sorties, no loss.

1458: 1350: 1257: 605: 536: 529: 474: 5156: 4981: 4936: 4035:(repr. Public Record Office War Histories ed.). Richmond, Surrey: Air Ministry. 2001 . 1774:. One site was destroyed but the other was not located. Nine Mosquitos to Frankfurt, two to 19:

For the last major offensive during World War II by the Red Army that occurred in 1945, see

5759: 5419: 5347: 5206: 5091: 4567: 4331: 4326: 4145: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2000: 1730: 1722: 1446: 1177: 754: 741: 593: 585: 5398: 4881: 4805: 653: 8: 5896: 5790: 5357: 5041: 4921: 4273: 3844:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. London: 2060: 1841: 1789:

Night of 24/25 December 1943: 35 Halifax minelaying sorties off Frisian islands, no loss.

1194: 303: 5171: 5066: 5026: 4986: 4599: 3503:

A World in Flames: A Short History of the Second World War in Europe and Asia: 1939–1945

1828:

Night of 4/5 January 1944: 80 bombers to a flying bomb site in Pas de Calais and one at

6054: 5921: 5866: 5826: 5774: 5388: 4765: 4587: 4402: 4361: 4321: 4281: 4212: 3933: 3586: 3562: 1972:

was scattered and those that reached the city bombed well out to the south-west of the

1570: 1454: 1333: 1026: 617: 413: 5647: 5096: 4785: 3461:

British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations

432: 6011: 5936: 5876: 5871: 5795: 5769: 5677: 5588: 5503: 5468: 5201: 4696: 4661: 4531: 4427: 4397: 4061: 4036: 4013: 3985: 3960: 3941: 3919: 3885: 3866: 3849: 3815: 3786: 3759: 3644: 3627: 3593: 3570: 3548: 3529: 3506: 3487: 3468: 3445: 3422: 3400: 3377: 3358: 3339: 3320: 3301: 1764: 1644: 543:, which could only be exceptional. Navigation had been helped by the introduction of 336: 5311: 5291: 5231: 5191: 5081: 4810: 4066: 3734: 1854:

and 1 to Solingen; 57 minelayer sorties to Biscay ports and 10 OTU sorties, no loss.

1733:, the first successful 'Serrate' patrol. On the same night there was other raids on 1565:

Night of 24/25 November 1943: Berlin was attacked by six Mosquitos (one lost); nine

1147: 786: 270: 6006: 5911: 5891: 5573: 5563: 5498: 5337: 5216: 5166: 5086: 4931: 4871: 4691: 4641: 4536: 4521: 4480: 4455: 4439: 4412: 4392: 4356: 4316: 2036: 1557: 1514: 1474: 853: 726: 694: 577: 559: 555: 544: 500: 20: 5101: 4891: 4775: 3882:

Bomber Boys: The RAF Offensive of 1943: The Ruhr, the Dambusters and Bloody Berlin

3779:

New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force: European Theatre, January 1943 – May 1945

3438: 3357:(pbk. repr. Pen & Sword Aviation, Barnsley ed.). London: William Kimber. 828:). Forward zones were established along the coast, without searchlights, known as 5861: 5583: 5553: 5523: 4526: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4485: 4417: 4341: 4069: 3912:

The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943–1944/5

3837: 3833: 3714: 3690: 3666: 3528:] (2nd ed.). Berlin: Wichern-Verlag (Christlicher Zeitschriftenverlag). 2150: 1673:

factories, a ball-bearing factory and several railway installations were damaged.

1655: 1478: 1470: 1308: 1157: 804: 597: 436: 325: 5342: 5281: 4996: 4906: 4876: 3399:] (in German). Vol. VIII. CD ROM. Berlin: Links Verlag. pp. 7–44. 1803:

Night of 31 December 1943/1 January 1944: 2 Stirling minelayer sorties, no loss.

1748:

Night of 19/20 December 1943: 6 OTU Wellingtons leafleted French towns, no loss.

5964: 5731: 5578: 5538: 5528: 5508: 5473: 5036: 4422: 4407: 4351: 4336: 4227: 3615: 3414: 2004: 1450: 1442: 1198: 1193:

the war, causing extensive damage to the residential areas west of the centre,

945: 861: 770: 677: 601: 589: 507:

for the bombardment of Berlin by aircraft of Bomber Command from 1940 to 1945.

253: 242: 236: 231: 220: 142: 4976: 4017: 584:

medium bombers had been retired from the command in mid-1942, followed by the

6192: 5593: 5568: 5518: 5513: 5493: 4460: 4434: 4161: 3863:

The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939–1945: Annexes and Appendices

3853: 3790: 3631: 1969: 1850:

Night of 6/7 January 1944: 16 Mosquitos to Duisburg, 2 to Bristillerie, 1 to

1779: 1592: 719: 564: 548: 504: 459: 417: 393: 292: 258: 225: 100: 87: 4831: 1637: 1202: 5533: 5483: 2081: 1996: 1882: 1753: 1522:

Administrative College, the barracks of the Imperial Guard at Spandau, the

1488: 1279: 1141:

defences and destroy the war economy. On 21 March 1942, Milch advocated to

1131: 331: 320: 309: 298: 287: 276: 265: 205: 79: 6219:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

1864:

Night of 8/9 January 1944: 10 Moaqiutos to Frankfurt, 8 to Solingen, 3 to

795:-guided FlaK battery shooting down a bomber in September 1940. In October 759: 732:

H2S was inferior to Oboe for blind bombing except on coastal targets like

5716: 5548: 4743: 4465: 4387: 4125: 1886: 1871:

Night of 10/11 January 1944: 10 Mosquitos to Berlin, 7 to Solingen, 2 to

1654:

Night of 1/2 December 1943: 19 Stirlings and 12 Halifaxes minelaying off

1536: 1189: 782: 774: 704:

German searchlights and a Target Indicator (on the right) light up Berlin

521: 247: 45: 3061: 3059: 904:

guided the searchlights to illuminate bombers as they entered the zone.

789:

stations which were accurate enough to guide FlaK and night fighters, a

5543: 5488: 3907: 3805: 1983:

attacked by 476 Lancasters, 207 Halifaxes, 22 Mosquitos (705 aircraft).

1760: 1738: 1527: 1498: 1366: 1261: 443:

with 795 aircraft, 94 of which were shot down and 71 were damaged. The

3884:. Bomber War Trilogy. Vol. I. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1461:

operational. Bomber Command sent a force of 440 Lancasters to Berlin,

840:). The system lacked effectiveness on cloudy nights, the range of the 5558: 5478: 4666: 4656: 4140: 4112: 3811:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

3261: 3237: 3196: 3184: 3145: 3133: 3109: 3056: 3029: 2964: 2915: 2862: 2755: 1987: 1894: 1742: 1600: 1577: 1547: 1413: 1266: 1228:

In the next nights, further attacks followed, damaging or destroying

1210: 1188:

The first Bomber Command raid of the battle occurred on the night of

1169: 891: 446: 440: 424: 166: 3938:

The Bomber Command Diaries: An Operational Reference Book, 1939–1945

3567:

The Bomber Command Diaries: An Operational Reference Book, 1939–1945

3463:. History of the Second World War (2nd rev. abr. ed.). London: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3162: 3160: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3046: 3044: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2981: 2979: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2905: 2903: 2901: 658: 3393:

Die Luftangriffe auf Berlin: Ein dokumentarischer Bericht 1940–1945

3338:. Bristol and Philadelphia, PA: Institute of Physics publications. 2611: 2284: 2282: 2021: 1991: 1939: 1890: 1851: 1822: 1684: 895: 881: 558:(PFF) was established on 15 August 1942 but with Gee jammed and no 314: 3336:

Technical and Military Imperatives: A Radar History of World War 2

2326: 2324: 2227: 3750:

Arlt, Klaus; Ehlers, Ingrid; Etzold, Alfred; et al. (1992).

3355:

Bombers over Berlin: The RAF Offensive November 1943 – March 1944

3273: 3249: 3225: 3208: 3157: 3121: 3092: 3071: 3041: 3012: 2991: 2976: 2939: 2927: 2898: 2886: 2850: 2813: 2811: 2743: 2707: 2396: 2384: 2360: 2309: 2211: 1872: 1858: 1836: 1745:. The raid failed to destroy the sites but no aircraft were lost. 1677: 1670: 1633: 1466: 1462: 1206: 778: 733: 6244:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II by populated place

2348: 2279: 6224:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Germany

3783:

Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45

2599: 2336: 2321: 1865: 1771: 1697:

Night of 9/10 December 1943: 3 Wellington RCM sorties, no loss.

1629: 1611: 798: 480: 409: 154: 75: 6214:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Canada

2808: 2498: 2372: 2299: 2297: 1694:

Night of 5/6 December 1943: 3 Wellington RCM sorties, no loss.

1599:(with its many electrical equipment factories), was also hit. 2647: 1980: 1622: 1540: 1523: 408:(November 1943 to March 1944) was a bombing campaign against 2565: 2563: 2561: 2440: 2438: 2267: 1759:

Night of 21/22 December 1943: 9 Oboe Mosquitos attacked the

3981: 3845: 3464: 2695: 2534: 2294: 1968:

Night of 24/25 March 1944: Berlin was the main target. The

1775: 1588: 4009:

Winged Crusade: The Quest for American Air and Space Power

2838: 2828: 2826: 431:(USAAF), having recently lost many aircraft in attacks on 4629: 3940:(online scan ed.). Leicester: Midland Publications. 3861:

Webster, C.; Frankland, N. (2006) . Butler, James (ed.).

2874: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2587: 2558: 2546: 2510: 2486: 2462: 2435: 2423: 2255: 1539:. Other blind markers were to mark the aiming point with 637:

with distance made it a better target-finding device for

3643:(3rd rev. ed.). Berlin: Verlag Willmuth Arenhövel. 2767: 2575: 2474: 2413: 2411: 3397:

The Air Raids on Berlin: A Documentary Report 1940–1945

2823: 2779: 2201: 2199: 588:

medium bomber in September. The disappointments of the

483:

and other British cities from January to May 1944. The

3973: 3842:

The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany: 1939–1945

3775:"Chapter 3: Bomber Command and the Battle of the Ruhr" 3588:

The Berlin Raids: R.A.F. Bomber Command Winter 1943–44

3172: 2791: 2522: 2243: 1976:. The RAF lost 72 aircraft, 8.9 per cent of the force. 1492:

loss. RAF effort 884 sorties 32 losses (3.6 per cent).

3374:

The German Air Force 1933–1945: An Anatomy of Failure

2683: 2623: 2450: 2408: 2059:

engines, instead of two more powerful but unreliable

1441:

Night of 18/19 November 1943, Bomber Command had 513

1039:

zone to 124 mi (200 km) either side of the

2731: 2719: 2635: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2182: 1004:

During 1942, the night-fighter command organisation

890:

belt 45 mi (72 km) long was built between

3800:– via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. 2671: 2659: 1893:and Bristillerie without loss; 17 Mosquitos raided 539:Bomber Command drew on crews and aircraft from the 6199:History of the Royal Air Force during World War II 3932: 3585: 3561: 3437: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3202: 3190: 3166: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3086: 3065: 3050: 3035: 3023: 3006: 2985: 2970: 2958: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2892: 2868: 2856: 2761: 2749: 2713: 983:Because of the diversion of night-fighters to the 938:in front of them. Kammhuber intended to introduce 764:Messerchmitt Bf 110G-4 night fighter at RAF Hendon 676:Oboe could be jammed and suffer interference from 4113:RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War 4057:Video: "Bombing raids on Dresden and Berlin 1945" 2179: 6190: 3860: 3828: 3547:(e-book ed.). London: The Macmillan Press. 2617: 2605: 2402: 2390: 2378: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2315: 2288: 2112:(Air Districts, commanding the FlaK) and to the 3711:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary 3687:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary 3663:Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary 1938:withdrawn from Main Force raids on Germany. At 489:managed to assemble a force of 524 bombers but 3906: 2166:Subsequent Serrate patrols flown by Mosquitos. 1497:Night of 19/20 November 1943, 266 aircraft to 1172:or larger) and 1,500 lighter guns (most being 600:, withdrawn in June 1942, was balanced by the 4615: 4098: 3974:Richards, Denis; St G. Saunders, H. (1975) . 3731:"Royal Air Force World War II Battle Honours" 3520:Kühne, Günther; Stephani, Elisabeth (1986) . 3519: 2540: 916:with a 50 mi (80 km)-range and the 170: 2113: 2107: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2079: 2073: 1658:and east coast of Denmark, 2 Stirlings lost. 1604: 1545: 1418: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1270:Administrative College, the barracks of the 1161: 1151: 1142: 1135: 1125: 1115: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1019: 1013: 1005: 996: 972: 964: 958: 949: 939: 933: 927: 921: 911: 905: 899: 885: 875: 859: 841: 835: 829: 823: 817: 808: 796: 790: 638: 568: 490: 484: 472: 466: 451: 444: 3977:Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight Avails 3583: 2844: 2817: 2149:noted for the first time; 18 Halifax and 1 1778:, 2 RCM sorties, 16 minelaying sorties off 663:Diagram of the operation of the Oboe system 4622: 4608: 4563:Air operations during the Battle of Europe 4105: 4091: 4005: 3749: 2552: 1857:Night of 7/8 January 1944: 6 Moaquitos to 1821:Night of 3/4 January 1944: 6 Mosquitos to 1303:In 1961, the British official historians, 503:and Soviet bombers. The RAF was granted a 6204:World War II strategic bombing of Germany 5847:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4033:The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force 4006:Terry, M. J.; Boyne, W. J., eds. (2006). 3910:; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2006) . 2153:sorties flown plus 6 Stirling sorties by 1647:debuts with four 192 Squadron Wellington 1587:ahead of the Pathfinder aircraft to draw 1503:Fog Investigation and Dispersal Operation 1299:The ruins of St. Hedwig's Cathedral, 1946 196: 3772: 3484:Eagle in Flames: Defeat of the Luftwaffe 3435: 3413: 3295: 3178: 2802: 2701: 2528: 2249: 2221: 1294: 1078: 932:from 25–60 mi (40–97 km) with 874:They system was extended with a line of 852: 758: 698: 688: 657: 621: 5957: 3500: 3458: 2261: 2237: 1640:, attacked by 21 Mosquitos for no loss. 1340:and the campaign on the road to Berlin. 1274:at Spandau and several arms factories. 6191: 3954: 3879: 3733:. RAF. 12 January 2004. Archived from 3613: 3481: 3391:Demps, Laurenz (2014) . "Chapter II". 3371: 3352: 3314: 2880: 2832: 2785: 2773: 2737: 2725: 2689: 2629: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2429: 2417: 2233: 2205: 2190: 1767:power station, 4 OTU sorties, no loss. 1643:Night of 30 November/1 December 1943: 846:radar was too short and it could not 748: 4631:Strategic bombing during World War II 4603: 4558:United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) 4086: 3804: 3705: 3681: 3657: 3638: 3542: 3390: 3333: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2480: 2303: 2217: 1881:Night of 14/15 January 1944: Raid on 1095:shot down its 1,000th bomber, 649 by 1084:88 mm FlaK battery in firing position 368:500 aircraft (5.8 per cent loss rate) 38:Strategic bombing during World War II 5724: 4553:Aerial defence of the United Kingdom 3317:Bomber Boys: Fighting Back 1940–1945 1381: 6166: 4218:Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44) 3729: 3689:. RAF. 6 April 2005. Archived from 3665:. RAF. 6 April 2005. Archived from 2273: 1344:In 2004, Daniel Oakman wrote that, 1323:their crews killed or captured and 13: 4574:Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command 3900: 3592:(pbk. ed.). London: Penguin. 3569:(1st ed.). New York: Viking. 1782:ports and 21 OTU sorties, no loss. 1225:) were badly damaged in the raid. 1209:. Because of dry weather, several 1045:to exploit the increased range of 462:from November 1943 to March 1944. 14: 6260: 4050: 2032:Bombing of Berlin in World War II 1357:Harris had predicted the loss of 1319:against Berlin. The attacks cost 1264:, the Ministry of Munitions, the 1246:Emperor Frederick Memorial Church 515: 54:which was hit on 23 November 1943 4203:Area bombing of cities (1942–43) 3959:. USA: Nautical & Aviation. 3773:Thompson, Henry Leopold (1956). 3713:. 24 August 2004. Archived from 1923: 1662: 1435: 1031:aircraft interception (AI) radar 330: 319: 308: 297: 286: 275: 264: 252: 241: 230: 219: 198: 185: 172: 159: 147: 135: 66:18 November 1943 – 31 March 1944 44: 4131:RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945 3758:]. Berlin: Tourist Verlag. 3609:– via Archive Foundation. 3454:– via Archive Foundation. 2160: 2132: 2123: 2066: 2049: 1807: 1311:wrote that Bomber Command sent 596:variants and the fiasco of the 3957:Luftwaffe: Strategy for Defeat 3659:"Campaign Diary December 1943" 3545:Rolls-Royce: The Merlin at War 3522:Evangelische Kirchen in Berlin 3280:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3268:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3256:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3244:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3232:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3220:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3203:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3191:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3167:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3152:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3140:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3128:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3116:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3104:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3087:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3066:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3051:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3036:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3024:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 3007:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2986:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2971:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2959:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2934:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2922:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2910:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2893:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2869:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2857:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2762:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2714:Middlebrook & Everitt 1985 2120:(RLM, Air Ministry) in Berlin. 1868:and 2 to Dortmund; two losses. 1628:Night of 29/30 November 1943: 1621:Night of 28/29 November 1943: 1576:Night of 25/26 November 1943: 1573:dropping leaflets over France. 1511:ground-controlled interception 1221:(used as a store house by the 1215:Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church 479:(Operation Capricorn) against 52:Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church 1: 4136:Area Bombing Directive (1942) 3584:Middlebrook, Martin (1990) . 3526:Evangelist Churches in Berlin 3486:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3288: 2750:Middlebrook & Everitt1985 1962: 1763:factory at Düsseldorf, 4 the 1741:, two flying-bomb sites near 1426: 1217:, now a war memorial and the 995: 510: 429:United States Army Air Forces 377: 359: 16:Bomber attacks, 1943–44, WWII 3641:Berlin 1945: A Documentation 3298:RAF Bomber Command 1936–1968 2618:Webster & Frankland 1961 2606:Webster & Frankland 1961 2403:Webster & Frankland 1961 2391:Webster & Frankland 1961 2379:Webster & Frankland 1961 2367:Webster & Frankland 1961 2355:Webster & Frankland 1961 2343:Webster & Frankland 1961 2331:Webster & Frankland 2006 2316:Webster & Frankland 1961 2289:Webster & Frankland 1961 2173: 2139:Special Operations Executive 1683:Night of 4/5 December 1943: 1676:Night of 3/4 December 1943: 1487:A diversionary raid against 1432:raids and training sorties. 1285: 1150:, commander in chief of the 1063:system. In each sector, one 7: 4146:Casablanca directive (1943) 4079:, 13 February 1944, pp, 1–3 3955:Murray, Williamson (1985). 2015: 2003:, was awarded a posthumous 1986:Night of 30/31 March 1944: 1979:Night of 26/27 March 1944: 1835:Night of 5/6 January 1944: 1290: 1250:Kirche am Hohenzollernplatz 738:air-to-surface-vessel radar 582:Armstrong Whitworth Whitley 10: 6265: 4223:Battle of Berlin (1943–44) 4167:Frederick "Prof" Lindemann 2116:Reichsluftfahrtministerium 1645:100 (Bomber Support) Group 1616:armoured fighting vehicles 1479:8 (Pathfinder Force) Group 1164:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe 752: 717: 692: 651: 615: 541:Operational Training Units 519: 18: 6157: 6122: 6091: 6080: 6041: 6020: 5999: 5978: 5804: 5783: 5752: 5715: 5640: 5604: 5459: 5428: 5407: 5381: 5325: 5149: 4824: 4764: 4757: 4726: 4705: 4684: 4675: 4637: 4545: 4494: 4448: 4375: 4309: 4266: 4213:Battle of the Ruhr (1943) 4190: 4154: 4118: 3936:; Everitt, Chris (1996). 3639:Rürup, Reinhard (2003) . 3565:; Everitt, Chris (1985). 2541:Kühne & Stephani 1986 1567:Operational Training Unit 1183: 898:later in the year. Three 458:recorded the loss of 256 342: 212: 128: 58: 43: 35: 30: 4647:Aerial bombing of cities 4537:Light Night Strike Force 3501:Kitchen, Martin (1990). 3459:Hinsley, F. H. (1994) . 3296:Ashworth, Chris (1995). 2656:, pp. 601–602, 615. 2507:, pp. 190, 192–193. 2042: 1875:, 1 to Krefeld, no loss. 1825:and 2 to Essen, no loss. 1595:but the city centre and 1465:squadrons provided 153, 1213:ignited. The Protestant 1160:, the chief of staff of 858:Map of a section of the 3624:Australian War Memorial 3614:Oakman, Daniel (2004). 3353:Cooper, A. W. (2013) . 3315:Bishop, Patric (2007). 2306:, pp. 70, 74, 116. 2078:sets went to the navy ( 2027:The Berlin Raids (book) 1727:Serrate radar detectors 647: 6229:Berlin in World War II 4652:Area bombing directive 4177:Sir Archibald Sinclair 4162:Arthur "Bomber" Harris 4141:Dehousing paper (1942) 4074:Die Schlacht um Berlin 3814:. London: Allen Lane. 3616:"The Battle of Berlin" 3444:. Dial Press/J. Wade. 3436:Hastings, Max (1979). 3421:. London: Bloomsbury. 2114: 2108: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2080: 2074: 1649:Radio Counter Measures 1605: 1546: 1459:de Havilland Mosquitos 1447:Handley Page Halifaxes 1419: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1375: 1355: 1342: 1300: 1254:St. Hedwig's Cathedral 1162: 1152: 1143: 1136: 1127:Generalluftzeugmeister 1126: 1116: 1109: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1053: 1047: 1041: 1035: 1020: 1014: 1006: 997: 973: 965: 959: 950: 940: 934: 928: 922: 918:Seeburg plotting table 912: 906: 900: 886: 876: 871: 860: 848:Identify friend or foe 842: 836: 830: 824: 818: 809: 797: 791: 766: 713: 706: 671:curvature of the Earth 665: 639: 629: 611: 569: 526:Area bombing directive 491: 485: 473: 467: 452: 445: 213:Commanders and leaders 4322:Boston (Douglas DB-7) 4208:U-boat pens (1943–44) 4198:Oil targets (1940-45) 3482:Hooton, E.R. (1999). 3419:Among the Dead Cities 1999:, a Halifax pilot of 1932:Frankfurt-on-the-Oder 1395:Hauptluftschutzstelle 1371: 1346: 1330: 1298: 1258:Charlottenburg Palace 1082: 856: 762: 702: 689:Target Indicator bomb 661: 625: 606:de Havilland Mosquito 537:Thousand-bomber raids 530:Casablanca Conference 475:Unternehmen Steinbock 343:Casualties and losses 5017:Ludwigshafen / Oppau 4749:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent 4568:Defence of the Reich 4067:The Battle of Berlin 3300:. Somerset: Haynes. 2106:(Air Fleets) and to 1731:Messerschmitt Bf 110 1729:managed to damage a 1723:No. 141 Squadron RAF 1614:, a big producer of 1057:, which created the 755:Defence of the Reich 742:Naxos radar detector 594:Handley Page Halifax 586:Handley Page Hampden 6092:Mandatory Palestine 4471:Intruder operations 4285:("Dambusters" raid) 3934:Middlebrook, Martin 3880:Wilson, K. (2005). 3563:Middlebrook, Martin 3543:Lloyd, Ian (1978). 3505:. London: Longman. 3372:Cooper, M. (1981). 3270:, pp. 486–488. 3246:, pp. 484–485. 3205:, pp. 473–474. 3193:, pp. 472–473. 3154:, pp. 468–469. 3142:, pp. 467–468. 3118:, pp. 465–466. 3068:, pp. 463–464. 3038:, pp. 462–463. 2973:, pp. 458–459. 2924:, pp. 456–457. 2883:, pp. 411–412. 2871:, pp. 454–456. 2820:, pp. 118–119. 2764:, pp. 452–453. 2704:, pp. 309–310. 2620:, pp. 193–194. 2519:, pp. 192–194. 2495:, pp. 188–190. 2483:, pp. 596–597. 2471:, pp. 187–188. 2447:, pp. 183–184. 2432:, pp. 182–183. 2264:, pp. 414–415. 2061:Rolls-Royce Vulture 1842:Bristol Beaufighter 1571:Vickers Wellingtons 1455:Vickers Wellingtons 1412:), a branch of the 884:in France. Another 749:German air defences 499:by the RAF, the US 282:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff 97: / 5368:Rotterdam (Allied) 4588:Target for Tonight 4172:Sir Charles Portal 4126:Butt Report (1941) 3737:on 31 October 2006 3376:. London: Jane's. 3334:Brown, L. (1999). 2776:, pp. 56, 65. 1301: 1230:Bethlehem's Church 1087: 872: 767: 707: 666: 630: 580:light bombers and 414:RAF Bomber Command 6186: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6153: 6152: 6082:Mediterranean and 6076: 6075: 5974: 5973: 5711: 5710: 5484:Barrow-in-Furness 5469:Battle of Britain 5145: 5144: 4922:Freiburg (Allies) 4662:Strategic bombing 4597: 4596: 4532:No. 100 Group RAF 4277:(Friedrichshafen) 4042:978-1-903365-30-4 3991:978-0-11-771593-6 3966:978-0-933852-45-7 3925:978-0-19-822889-9 3891:978-0-297-84637-6 3872:978-1-84574-350-5 3821:978-0-7139-9566-4 3765:978-3-350-00780-6 3650:978-3-922912-33-0 3599:978-0-670-80137-4 3554:978-1-349-03908-1 3535:978-3-7674-0158-7 3512:978-0-582-03408-2 3493:978-1-85409-343-1 3474:978-0-11-630961-7 3451:978-0-8037-0154-0 3428:978-0-7475-7671-6 3406:978-3-86153-706-9 3364:978-1-78159-065-2 3345:978-0-7503-0659-1 3326:978-0-00-719215-1 2835:, pp. 69–76. 2788:, pp. 54–65. 2405:, pp. 12–14. 2393:, pp. 11–12. 2369:, pp. 93–95. 2318:, pp. 92–93. 2291:, pp. 90–91. 2276:, Battle Honours. 2141:(SOE) sorties by 1382:German casualties 402: 401: 356:2,690 crew killed 337:Gotthard Handrick 124: 123: 101:52.517°N 13.417°E 50:The ruins of the 6256: 6164: 6163: 6089: 6088: 5986:Allied Singapore 5955: 5954: 5722: 5721: 5680:(Czechoslovakia) 5363:Rotterdam (Axis) 4762: 4761: 4682: 4681: 4677:European theatre 4642:Area bombardment 4624: 4617: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4522:No. 6 Group RCAF 4456:Area bombardment 4440:Target indicator 4413:Blockbuster bomb 4228:Transport (1944) 4107: 4100: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4046: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3970: 3951: 3947:978-185780-033-3 3929: 3895: 3876: 3857: 3838:Butler, J. R. M. 3834:Frankland, Noble 3825: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3769: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3654: 3635: 3622:(25). Canberra: 3620:Wartime Magazine 3610: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3580: 3576:978-185780-033-3 3558: 3539: 3516: 3497: 3478: 3455: 3443: 3432: 3410: 3387: 3368: 3349: 3330: 3319:. Harper Press. 3311: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3090: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3054: 3048: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3010: 3004: 2989: 2983: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2845:Middlebrook 1990 2842: 2836: 2830: 2821: 2818:Middlebrook 1990 2815: 2806: 2800: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2357:, pp. 8–10. 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2292: 2286: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2231: 2225: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2194: 2188: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2105: 2098:forwarded it to 2097: 2091: 2085: 2077: 2070: 2064: 2053: 2037:Bombing of Tokyo 1608: 1558:Operation Corona 1551: 1515:Target indicator 1422: 1411: 1403: 1401:Luftwarnkommando 1397: 1391: 1389:Polizeipräsident 1360: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1167: 1155: 1146: 1139: 1129: 1119: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1092:Fliegerkorps XII 1074: 1068: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1023: 1017: 1015:Nachjagddivision 1011: 1008:Fliegerkorps XII 1000: 978: 970: 962: 953: 943: 937: 931: 925: 915: 909: 903: 889: 879: 865: 845: 839: 833: 831:Dunkel Nachtjagd 827: 821: 813:radars in each. 812: 802: 794: 727:cathode-ray tube 695:Target indicator 642: 578:Bristol Blenheim 572: 560:target indicator 556:Pathfinder Force 501:Eighth Air Force 494: 488: 478: 471:retaliated with 470: 457: 450: 406:Battle of Berlin 389:450,000 homeless 382: 379: 364: 361: 335: 334: 324: 323: 313: 312: 302: 301: 291: 290: 280: 279: 269: 268: 257: 256: 246: 245: 235: 234: 224: 223: 208: 204: 202: 201: 190: 189: 188: 182: 178: 176: 175: 165: 163: 162: 153: 151: 150: 141: 139: 138: 112: 111: 109: 108: 107: 102: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 60: 59: 48: 31:Battle of Berlin 28: 27: 21:Battle of Berlin 6264: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6239:1944 in Germany 6234:1943 in Germany 6189: 6188: 6187: 6178: 6149: 6118: 6083: 6072: 6037: 6016: 5995: 5970: 5953: 5800: 5779: 5748: 5707: 5636: 5600: 5461: 5455: 5424: 5403: 5377: 5321: 5267:Reggio Calabria 5141: 5122:Wiener Neustadt 4927:Friedrichshafen 4917:Freiburg (Axis) 4820: 4767: 4753: 4722: 4701: 4671: 4633: 4628: 4598: 4593: 4541: 4527:No. 8 Group RAF 4517:No. 5 Group RAF 4512:No. 4 Group RAF 4507:No. 3 Group RAF 4502:No. 1 Group RAF 4490: 4486:Shuttle bombing 4444: 4418:Earthquake bomb 4371: 4305: 4262: 4186: 4150: 4114: 4111: 4070:Joseph Goebbels 4053: 4043: 4031: 4022: 4020: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3967: 3948: 3926: 3903: 3901:Further reading 3898: 3892: 3873: 3822: 3795: 3793: 3766: 3740: 3738: 3720: 3718: 3707:"February 1944" 3696: 3694: 3693:on 11 June 2007 3672: 3670: 3651: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3577: 3555: 3536: 3513: 3494: 3475: 3452: 3429: 3415:Grayling, A. C. 3407: 3384: 3365: 3346: 3327: 3308: 3291: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3093: 3085: 3072: 3064: 3057: 3049: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3013: 3005: 2992: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2824: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2559: 2553:Arlt et al 1992 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2345:, pp. 7–8. 2341: 2337: 2333:, pp. 4–6. 2329: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2295: 2287: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2236:, p. 216; 2232: 2228: 2220:, p. 309; 2216: 2212: 2204: 2197: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2151:Lockheed Hudson 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2071: 2067: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2018: 1965: 1926: 1810: 1665: 1656:Frisian Islands 1451:Short Stirlings 1443:Avro Lancasters 1438: 1429: 1384: 1358: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309:Noble Frankland 1305:Charles Webster 1293: 1288: 1186: 1158:Hans Jeschonnek 1134:, in charge of 1085: 1002: 870: 819:Helle Nachtjagd 805:Josef Kammhuber 765: 757: 751: 722: 716: 705: 697: 691: 664: 656: 650: 628: 620: 614: 598:Avro Manchester 532: 518: 513: 497:raids on Berlin 437:Royal Air Force 398: 380: 371: 362: 329: 328: 326:Walter Grabmann 318: 317: 307: 306: 296: 295: 285: 284: 274: 273: 263: 251: 250: 240: 239: 229: 228: 218: 199: 197: 186: 184: 183: 173: 171: 169: 160: 158: 157: 148: 146: 145: 136: 134: 105: 103: 99: 96: 91: 88: 86: 84: 83: 82: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6262: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6086: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5991:Axis Singapore 5988: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5959: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5742:Allied Rangoon 5739: 5732:Burma campaign 5728: 5726: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5476: 5474:Baedeker Blitz 5471: 5465: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4982:Kaiserslautern 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4627: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4581:Into the Storm 4577: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4415: 4410: 4408:"Monica" radar 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4279: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4051:External links 4049: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4029: 4003: 3990: 3971: 3965: 3952: 3946: 3930: 3924: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3877: 3871: 3858: 3830:Webster, C. K. 3826: 3820: 3802: 3770: 3764: 3747: 3727: 3717:on 6 July 2007 3703: 3683:"January 1944" 3679: 3669:on 6 July 2007 3655: 3649: 3636: 3611: 3598: 3581: 3575: 3559: 3553: 3540: 3534: 3517: 3511: 3498: 3492: 3479: 3473: 3456: 3450: 3440:Bomber Command 3433: 3427: 3411: 3405: 3388: 3382: 3369: 3363: 3350: 3344: 3331: 3325: 3312: 3306: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3282:, p. 488. 3272: 3260: 3258:, p. 485. 3248: 3236: 3234:, p. 475. 3224: 3222:, p. 474. 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3169:, p. 469. 3156: 3144: 3132: 3130:, p. 466. 3120: 3108: 3106:, p. 465. 3091: 3089:, p. 464. 3070: 3055: 3053:, p. 463. 3040: 3028: 3026:, p. 462. 3011: 3009:, p. 461. 2990: 2988:, p. 460. 2975: 2963: 2961:, p. 458. 2938: 2936:, p. 457. 2926: 2914: 2912:, p. 456. 2897: 2895:, p. 455. 2885: 2873: 2861: 2859:, p. 454. 2849: 2847:, p. 124. 2837: 2822: 2807: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2752:, p. 452. 2742: 2730: 2718: 2716:, p. 446. 2706: 2694: 2692:, p. 433. 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2644:, p. 602. 2634: 2632:, p. 441. 2622: 2610: 2608:, p. 198. 2598: 2586: 2574: 2557: 2555:, p. 144. 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2459:, p. 186. 2449: 2434: 2422: 2420:, p. 182. 2407: 2395: 2383: 2371: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2320: 2308: 2293: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2252:, p. 261. 2242: 2240:, p. 136. 2226: 2210: 2208:, p. 262. 2195: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2159: 2131: 2122: 2065: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2005:Victoria Cross 1984: 1977: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1935: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1879: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1855: 1848: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1768: 1757: 1749: 1746: 1735:Tilley-le-Haut 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1681: 1674: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1641: 1626: 1619: 1612:Alkett factory 1581: 1574: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1553: 1532: 1506: 1494: 1493: 1484: 1483: 1475:6 Group (RCAF) 1437: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1383: 1380: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1272:Imperial Guard 1242:Trinity Church 1238:Lietzow Church 1199:Charlottenburg 1190:18/19 November 1185: 1182: 1148:Hermann Göring 1144:Reichsmarshall 1083: 1021:Jagddivisionen 1012:abolished its 1001: 994: 946:Kammhuber Line 862:Kammhuber Line 857: 787:Würzburg radar 771:Fall of France 763: 753:Main article: 750: 747: 718:Main article: 715: 712: 703: 693:Main article: 690: 687: 662: 652:Main article: 649: 646: 626: 616:Main article: 613: 610: 602:Avro Lancaster 592:and the early 590:Short Stirling 565:night fighters 517: 516:Bomber Command 514: 512: 509: 460:night fighters 400: 399: 397: 396: 394:night fighters 390: 387: 386:10,000 injured 384: 374: 372: 370: 369: 366: 357: 354: 352:Bomber Command 348: 345: 344: 340: 339: 304:Günther Lützow 271:Hermann Göring 261: 237:Ralph Cochrane 215: 214: 210: 209: 194: 143:United Kingdom 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 121: 120:German victory 118: 114: 113: 106:52.517; 13.417 74: 72: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 41: 40: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6261: 6250: 6249:Air campaigns 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6079: 6069:(Philippines) 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021:United States 6019: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5916:10 March 1945 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5686:(Switzerland) 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127:Wilhelmshaven 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806:Gelsenkirchen 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4476:Master Bomber 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4461:Bomber stream 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4435:Bouncing bomb 4433: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4182:Arthur Tedder 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4004: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3601: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3442: 3441: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3307:1-85260-308-9 3303: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3281: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3199: 3192: 3187: 3181:, p. 91. 3180: 3179:Ashworth 1995 3175: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3037: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2805:, p. 88. 2804: 2803:Ashworth 1995 2799: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2782: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2740:, p. 56. 2739: 2734: 2728:, p. 26. 2727: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2703: 2702:Grayling 2006 2698: 2691: 2686: 2680:, p. 11. 2679: 2674: 2668:, p. 23. 2667: 2662: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2554: 2549: 2543:, p. 34. 2542: 2537: 2531:, p. 41. 2530: 2529:Thompson 1956 2525: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2501: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2381:, p. 36. 2380: 2375: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2275: 2270: 2263: 2258: 2251: 2250:Hastings 1979 2246: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2224:, p. 62. 2223: 2222:Grayling 2006 2219: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2163: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2126: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2069: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970:bomber stream 1967: 1966: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1924:February 1944 1917: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1847:patrol flown. 1846: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1718:Eastern Front 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1663:December 1943 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593:Reinickendorf 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436:November 1943 1433: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1354: 1352: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1321:492 aircraft, 1317:9,111 sorties 1310: 1306: 1297: 1283: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234:John's Church 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1219:New Synagogue 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1118: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1022: 1016: 1010: 1009: 999: 993: 990: 986: 985:Eastern front 981: 977: 976: 969: 968: 961: 955: 952: 947: 942: 936: 930: 924: 923:Seeburg-Tisch 919: 914: 908: 902: 897: 893: 888: 883: 878: 869: 864: 863: 855: 851: 849: 844: 838: 832: 826: 820: 814: 811: 806: 801: 800: 793: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 761: 756: 746: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 721: 711: 701: 696: 686: 682: 679: 674: 672: 660: 655: 645: 641: 634: 624: 619: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 571: 566: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 531: 527: 523: 508: 506: 505:battle honour 502: 498: 493: 487: 482: 477: 476: 469: 463: 461: 456: 455: 449: 448: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 421: 419: 418:Arthur Harris 415: 411: 407: 395: 391: 388: 385: 376: 375: 373: 367: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 347: 346: 341: 338: 333: 327: 322: 316: 311: 305: 300: 294: 293:Joseph Schmid 289: 283: 278: 272: 267: 262: 260: 259:Roderick Carr 255: 249: 244: 238: 233: 227: 226:Arthur Harris 222: 217: 216: 211: 207: 195: 193: 181: 168: 156: 144: 133: 132: 127: 119: 116: 115: 110: 81: 77: 73: 70: 69: 65: 62: 61: 57: 53: 47: 42: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 6209:Firebombings 6159:North Africa 6061:Kuala Lumpur 6042:Other cities 6028:Pearl Harbor 5684:Schaffhausen 5641:Other cities 5429:Soviet Union 4862:Braunschweig 4842:Aschersleben 4825:Other cities 4586: 4579: 4572: 4301:(Peenemünde) 4298: 4290: 4282: 4274: 4222: 4073: 4072:, speech on 4045:. Air 41/10. 4032: 4021:. Retrieved 4008: 3995:. Retrieved 3976: 3956: 3937: 3915: 3911: 3881: 3862: 3841: 3810: 3794:. Retrieved 3778: 3755: 3751: 3739:. Retrieved 3735:the original 3719:. Retrieved 3715:the original 3710: 3695:. Retrieved 3691:the original 3686: 3671:. Retrieved 3667:the original 3662: 3640: 3619: 3603:. Retrieved 3587: 3566: 3544: 3525: 3521: 3502: 3483: 3460: 3439: 3418: 3396: 3392: 3383:07106-0071-2 3373: 3354: 3335: 3316: 3297: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3031: 2966: 2929: 2917: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2425: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2311: 2269: 2262:Hinsley 1994 2257: 2245: 2238:Kitchen 1990 2229: 2213: 2162: 2155:214 Squadron 2147:161 Squadron 2143:138 Squadron 2134: 2125: 2082:Kriegsmarine 2068: 2051: 2001:578 Squadron 1997:Cyril Barton 1973: 1830:Bristillerie 1808:January 1944 1754:617 Squadron 1597:Siemensstadt 1596: 1519: 1489:Ludwigshafen 1430: 1420:Kellergrippe 1385: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1359:500 aircraft 1356: 1351:460 Squadron 1347: 1343: 1331: 1325:954 aircraft 1302: 1280:Siemensstadt 1276: 1265: 1227: 1222: 1187: 1132:Erhard Milch 1123: 1088: 1072:Lichtenstein 1027:Lichtenstein 1003: 989:area bombing 982: 956: 873: 867: 815: 773:, a belt of 768: 731: 723: 708: 683: 675: 667: 635: 631: 575: 553: 551:the device. 533: 464: 454:I. Jagdkorps 422: 405: 403: 381: 4,000 363: 1,000 351: 129:Belligerents 80:Nazi Germany 25: 6123:Other areas 6084:Middle East 6057:(Sri Lanka) 5717:Pacific War 5589:Southampton 5504:Bournemouth 5326:Netherlands 5157:Alessandria 5097:Schweinfurt 5092:Saarbrücken 4937:Halberstadt 4897:Dietzenbach 4847:Baden-Baden 4481:Pathfinders 4466:Firebombing 3908:Boog, Horst 3806:Tooze, Adam 2881:Wilson 2005 2833:Cooper 2013 2786:Cooper 2013 2774:Cooper 2013 2738:Cooper 2013 2726:Cooper 2013 2690:Wilson 2005 2630:Wilson 2005 2596:, February. 2572:, December. 2517:Cooper 1981 2505:Cooper 1981 2493:Cooper 1981 2469:Cooper 1981 2457:Cooper 1981 2445:Cooper 1981 2430:Cooper 1981 2418:Cooper 1981 2234:Bishop 2007 2206:Hooton 1999 2191:Oakman 2004 2102:Luftflotten 1930:8 Group on 1897:and Berlin. 1408:Wako Berlin 1315:comprising 944:behind the 868:Agent Tegal 783:Switzerland 775:Freya radar 522:Butt Report 433:Schweinfurt 248:Don Bennett 180:New Zealand 104: / 6193:Categories 6063:(Malaysia) 6051:(Thailand) 5932:Utsunomiya 5692:(Bulgaria) 5660:Hammerfest 5605:Yugoslavia 5574:Nottingham 5564:Manchester 5499:Birmingham 5451:Stalingrad 5353:Middelburg 5072:Peenemünde 5052:Nordhausen 5002:Königsberg 4967:Hildesheim 4882:Crailsheim 4796:Düsseldorf 4428:Grand Slam 4376:Technology 4362:Wellington 4342:Manchester 4267:Operations 4018:1021867870 3796:5 December 3741:31 October 3289:References 2678:Rürup 2003 2666:Demps 2014 2654:Tooze 2006 2642:Tooze 2006 2594:RAFS 2004d 2584:, January. 2582:RAFS 2004c 2570:RAFS 2004b 2481:Tooze 2006 2304:Lloyd 1978 2218:Brown 1999 2086:) and the 2072:Data from 1963:March 1944 1786:Mosquitos. 1761:Mannesmann 1739:Flixecourt 1638:Düsseldorf 1528:Telefunken 1499:Leverkusen 1427:Chronology 1367:Adam Tooze 1262:Berlin Zoo 1211:firestorms 1203:Schöneberg 1195:Tiergarten 1178:37 mm 1174:20 mm 1060:Himmelbett 1018:for three 998:Himmelbett 866:stolen by 803:(Colonel) 570:Nachtjäger 520:See also: 511:Background 6174:Fort Lamy 6140:Gibraltar 6000:Australia 5979:Singapore 5949:Yokkaichi 5942:June 1944 5922:Toyohashi 5842:Hiratsuka 5837:Hamamatsu 5784:Indonesia 5765:Hong Kong 5760:Chongqing 5704:(Croatia) 5698:(Austria) 5668:(Finland) 5656:(Ireland) 5650:(Hungary) 5627:Podgorica 5611:Belgrade 5584:Sheffield 5554:Liverpool 5524:Clydebank 5479:The Blitz 5441:Leningrad 5415:Bucharest 5373:The Hague 5348:Enkhuizen 5338:Eindhoven 5333:Amsterdam 5172:Benevento 5107:Stuttgart 5077:Pforzheim 5067:Paderborn 5062:Osnabrück 5057:Nuremberg 5027:Magdeburg 4987:Karlsruhe 4972:Innsbruck 4962:Heilbronn 4912:Frankfurt 4887:Darmstadt 4816:Wuppertal 4766:Battle of 4667:V-weapons 4657:Firestorm 4388:H2S radar 4337:Lancaster 4291:Hurricane 4275:Bellicose 4258:The Hague 4248:Pforzheim 4238:Heilbronn 4191:Campaigns 4119:Overviews 4077:Das Reich 3854:163349860 3791:270208181 3632:957038959 2174:Footnotes 2095:Luftwaffe 2089:Luftwaffe 2057:Merlin XX 1992:contrails 1988:Nuremberg 1974:Großstadt 1895:Magdeburg 1883:Brunswick 1814:fighters. 1743:Abbeville 1606:Luftwaffe 1601:Stuttgart 1578:Frankfurt 1548:Zahme Sau 1520:Waffen-SS 1414:Luftwaffe 1365:In 2006, 1286:Aftermath 1267:Waffen SS 1223:Wehrmacht 1153:Luftwaffe 1137:Luftwaffe 1117:Luftwaffe 1110:Luftwaffe 1101:, 200 by 948:, placed 892:Frankfurt 781:south to 640:Luftwaffe 492:Steinbock 486:Luftwaffe 468:Luftwaffe 447:Luftwaffe 441:Nuremberg 425:H2S radar 167:Australia 6114:Tel Aviv 6033:Unalaska 5967:(Taiwan) 5958:Colonies 5927:Toyokawa 5907:Shizuoka 5796:Surabaya 5791:Sukabumi 5775:Shanghai 5737:Mandalay 5674:(Norway) 5666:Helsinki 5662:(Norway) 5648:Budapest 5632:Sarajevo 5579:Plymouth 5539:Greenock 5529:Coventry 5509:Brighton 5420:Ploiești 5358:Nijmegen 5343:Enschede 5222:Grosseto 5207:Frascati 5182:Cagliari 5137:Würzburg 5032:Mannheim 4957:Hannover 4877:Chemnitz 4837:Augsburg 4791:Duisburg 4786:Dortmund 4768:the Ruhr 4739:Le Havre 4546:See also 4352:Stirling 4347:Mosquito 4317:Blenheim 4310:Aircraft 4283:Chastise 3836:(1961). 3808:(2006). 3417:(2006). 2274:RAF 2004 2109:Luftgaue 2063:engines. 2022:Flakturm 2016:See also 2011:dropped. 1940:Kiel Bay 1891:Bonneton 1852:Dortmund 1823:Solingen 1765:Knapsack 1685:Duisburg 1313:16 raids 1291:Analysis 1066:Würzburg 1054:Würzburg 971:and one 913:Würzburg 901:Würzburg 896:Mannheim 882:Maubeuge 843:Würzburg 810:Würzburg 792:Würzburg 315:Max Ibel 71:Location 36:Part of 6130:Bahrain 6055:Colombo 6049:Bangkok 5965:Taihoku 5887:Okazaki 5867:Nagaoka 5827:Fukuoka 5770:Nanjing 5594:Swansea 5569:Norwich 5519:Cardiff 5514:Bristol 5494:Belfast 5462:Kingdom 5408:Romania 5389:Frampol 5312:Viterbo 5307:Vicenza 5292:Trieste 5287:Treviso 5257:Pescara 5252:Palermo 5232:Messina 5227:Livorno 5197:Ferrara 5192:Catania 5187:Cassino 5177:Bologna 5087:Rostock 5082:Potsdam 5042:Münster 5007:Leipzig 4947:Hamburg 4932:Giessen 4902:Dresden 4872:Breslau 4857:Bocholt 4811:Krefeld 4781:Cologne 4758:Germany 4718:Tallinn 4706:Estonia 4685:Denmark 4449:Tactics 4423:Tallboy 4367:Whitley 4357:Ventura 4332:Hampden 4327:Halifax 4253:Dresden 4233:Hamburg 4155:Leaders 3997:7 April 3840:(ed.). 1873:Koblenz 1859:Krefeld 1845:Serrate 1837:Stettin 1818:cities. 1796:caused. 1689:Whitley 1678:Leipzig 1671:Siemens 1634:Cologne 1505:(FIDO). 1477:29 and 1471:5 Group 1467:3 Group 1463:1 Group 1457:and 46 1338:Hamburg 1336:and of 1207:Spandau 975:Staffel 967:Gruppen 779:Denmark 734:Hamburg 206:Germany 92:13°25′E 89:52°31′N 6135:Cyprus 6067:Manila 6012:Darwin 6007:Broome 5937:Yawata 5902:Sendai 5897:Rabaul 5882:Numazu 5872:Nagoya 5817:Aomori 5702:Zagreb 5696:Vienna 5678:Prague 5672:Namsos 5654:Dublin 5559:London 5534:Exeter 5460:United 5399:Wieluń 5394:Warsaw 5382:Poland 5302:Verona 5272:Rimini 5242:Naples 5202:Foggia 5162:Ancona 5102:Siegen 5047:Munich 5012:Lübeck 4992:Kassel 4892:Dessau 4867:Bremen 4852:Berlin 4832:Aachen 4776:Bochum 4727:France 4398:"Oboe" 4293:(1944) 4243:Kassel 4039: 4016: 3988: 3963: 3944: 3922: 3888: 3869: 3852: 3818: 3789: 3762: 3721:6 July 3697:6 July 3673:6 July 3647: 3630: 3605:28 May 3596: 3573: 3551: 3532: 3509: 3490: 3471: 3448: 3425: 3403: 3380: 3361: 3342: 3323: 3304: 2092:; the 1866:Aachen 1780:Biscay 1772:Amiens 1725:using 1630:Bochum 1585:Window 1569:(OTU) 1541:salvos 1449:, 137 1445:, 271 1184:Battle 1104:Henaja 1098:Dunaja 1042:Henaja 1036:Dunaja 960:Konaja 941:Dunaja 935:Dunaja 929:Henaja 907:Dunaja 887:Henaja 877:Henaja 837:Dunaja 825:Henaja 799:Oberst 678:Monica 528:, and 481:London 427:. The 410:Berlin 383:killed 203: 192:Poland 177: 164: 155:Canada 152: 140: 117:Result 76:Berlin 6145:Malta 6109:Jaffa 6104:Haifa 5912:Tokyo 5892:Osaka 5822:Fukui 5812:Akita 5805:Japan 5753:China 5725:Burma 5690:Sofia 5549:Leeds 5446:Minsk 5436:Gorky 5317:Zadar 5297:Turin 5282:Terni 5247:Padua 5237:Milan 5217:Gorla 5212:Genoa 5150:Italy 5132:Worms 5117:Wesel 5037:Moers 5022:Mainz 4997:Kleve 4952:Hanau 4942:Halle 4907:Emden 4801:Essen 4744:Royan 4713:Narva 4697:Rønne 4495:Units 4403:Gee-H 4383:Chaff 4299:Hydra 4023:2 May 3914:[ 3754:[ 3524:[ 3395:[ 2075:Freya 2043:Notes 1981:Essen 1955:loss. 1951:lost. 1919:loss. 1887:Ailly 1800:loss. 1691:lost. 1623:Essen 1524:Osram 1473:182, 1453:, 23 1170:88 mm 1048:Freya 1029:, an 951:Freya 6167:Chad 6099:Acre 5877:Naha 5862:Kure 5857:Kōfu 5852:Kobe 5832:Gifu 5620:1944 5615:1941 5544:Hull 5489:Bath 5277:Rome 5262:Pisa 5167:Bari 4977:Jena 4734:Caen 4692:Nexø 4037:ISBN 4025:2022 4014:OCLC 3999:2018 3986:ISBN 3982:HMSO 3961:ISBN 3942:ISBN 3920:ISBN 3886:ISBN 3867:ISBN 3850:OCLC 3846:HMSO 3816:ISBN 3798:2021 3787:OCLC 3760:ISBN 3743:2006 3723:2007 3699:2007 3675:2007 3645:ISBN 3628:OCLC 3607:2022 3594:ISBN 3571:ISBN 3549:ISBN 3530:ISBN 3507:ISBN 3488:ISBN 3469:ISBN 3465:HMSO 3446:ISBN 3423:ISBN 3401:ISBN 3378:ISBN 3359:ISBN 3340:ISBN 3321:ISBN 3302:ISBN 2145:and 1901:day. 1776:Bonn 1737:and 1636:and 1589:flak 1526:and 1469:12, 1334:Ruhr 1307:and 1252:and 1205:and 1197:and 1176:and 1156:and 1051:and 894:and 669:the 654:Oboe 648:Oboe 554:The 465:The 404:The 392:256 63:Date 5112:Ulm 4393:Gee 1537:H2S 1404:– ( 720:H2S 714:H2S 618:Gee 612:Gee 549:jam 545:Gee 412:by 365:POW 6195:: 3984:. 3848:. 3832:; 3781:. 3777:. 3709:. 3685:. 3661:. 3626:. 3618:. 3467:. 3210:^ 3159:^ 3094:^ 3073:^ 3058:^ 3043:^ 3014:^ 2993:^ 2978:^ 2941:^ 2900:^ 2825:^ 2810:^ 2793:^ 2560:^ 2437:^ 2410:^ 2323:^ 2296:^ 2281:^ 2198:^ 2181:^ 1889:, 1632:, 1260:, 1248:, 1244:, 1240:, 1236:, 1232:, 1201:, 1130:, 524:, 378:c. 360:c. 78:, 5918:) 5914:( 4623:e 4616:t 4609:v 4106:e 4099:t 4092:v 4027:. 4001:. 3969:. 3950:. 3928:. 3894:. 3875:. 3856:. 3824:. 3768:. 3745:. 3725:. 3701:. 3677:. 3653:. 3634:. 3579:. 3557:. 3538:. 3515:. 3496:. 3477:. 3431:. 3409:. 3386:. 3367:. 3348:. 3329:. 3310:. 2193:. 2007:. 920:( 834:( 822:( 567:( 23:.

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Knowledge

Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)

Index