29:
187:." Flint Johnson disagrees with Breeze's interpretation of Camlann as a cattle raid, but also agrees that the battle was historical and that the causes would have been political, although the date is still uncertain. Johnson concluded: "The most reasonable reason why Arthur's death was associated with 537 is because as a king he was associated with the fertility of his kingdom and 537 was a period of famine. It would have made perfect sense to a medieval scholar with a British cultural background that the death of a renowned king had caused ."
538:
405:
290:(Guinevere), wife of Arthur, as one of the "Three Harmful Blows of the Island of Britain", causing the Strife of Camlann. Calling Camlann one of Britain's "Three Futile Battles", Triad 84 also mentions this dispute between sisters. Triad 54 describes Medrawd raiding Arthur's court, throwing Gwenhwyfar to the ground and beating her. Other Triads in which Camlann is mentioned include Triad 30 ("Three Faithless War Bands") and Triad 59 ("Three Unfortunate Counsels").
2432:
2444:
2456:
255:, and Cynwyl Sant as the three men who survived Camlann: Morfran because of his fearsome ugliness, Sandde because of his angelic beauty, and Cynwyl because he left Arthur last. This triad shows that Camlann was famous as a battle that few survived. Caitlin Green suggests that "Osfran's son" from the
460:
in south central
England (Camlann is not mentioned). The fighting begins by an accident of fate, when a startled knight draws his sword to kill an adder during the standoff negotiations between Mordred and Arthur. After great numbers die on both sides (including several other kings and most of the
456:. He leaves Mordred in charge of Britain when he departs, only for Mordred to betray him and seize the throne. Arthur brings his veteran army back to Britain, where they meet Mordred's forces outnumbering them two-to-one with his British supporters and foreign allies (Saxon and Irish) at
396:(1663–1693). In Layamon's telling, only Arthur and his two nameless knights are left alive after the battle. Wace wrote: "I neither know who lost, nor who gained that day. No man wists the name of overthrower or of overthrown. All alike are forgotten, the victor with him who died."
332:, written circa 1136. Geoffrey's version drew on existing Welsh tradition, but embellished the account with invented details. His focus was not on individuals but the 'character of the British nation'. In Books X and IX, Arthur goes to war against the Roman leader
70:, is only vaguely described in several medieval Welsh texts dating from around the 10th century. The battle's much more detailed depictions have emerged since the 12th century, generally based on that of a catastrophic conflict described in the pseudo-chronicle
336:, leaving his nephew Modredus (Mordred) in charge of Britain. In Arthur's absence, Modredus secretly marries Arthur's wife Guenhuvara (Guinevere) and takes the throne for himself. Arthur returns and his army faces Modredus' at Camblana (the
305:) shows that it was a topic familiar to Welsh writers. The law states "when the queen shall will a song in the chamber, let the bard sing a song respecting Camlan, and that not loud, lest the hall be disturbed." The 15th/16th-century poet
601:) and has been buried there. Geoffrey gives only a hopeful possibility (but not assurance) for Arthur's wounds to be healed eventually, but a successful revival of Arthur by Morgan is stated as a fact in the rewrite of Geoffrey in the
384:, written around 1400. The chronicle tradition typically follows Geoffrey in placing Camlann on the Camel in Cornwall: Wace places it at "Camel, over against the entrance to Cornwall," and Layamon specifies the location as
137:. An entry for the year 537 mentions the "strife of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut fell, and there was great mortality in Britain and Ireland." This is also the first written mention of Medraut (the later
578:. Later authors of the prose cycles featured Morgan herself (usually with two or more other ladies with her) arriving in a fairy boat to take the king away, the scene made iconic through its inclusion in
440:(Vulgate) cycle, Arthur goes to France not to fight the Romans, but to pursue his former prime knight Lancelot, who had engaged in an affair with Guinevere and killed Arthur's nephews (Mordred's and
423:. These often follow Geoffrey's blueprint, but alter many of the details. The legend shifts to the 'character of individuals' and the proposed adultery between Guinevere and
315:, the immediate cause of the battle is a deliberate provocation by Arthur's rogue peace envoy named Iddawg (Iddawc Cordd Prydain) who intentionally insulted Medrawd.
282:): Medrawd (Mordred) rebels against Arthur while the latter is campaigning on the continent and usurps the throne, instigating the battle. Triad 53 lists a slap
1129:
Bartrum, Peter C., A Welsh classical dictionary : people in history and legend up to about A.D. 1000, The
National library of Wales, 1993, pp. 109-111.
523:, Mordred is actually victorious as he survives Arthur's death in their battle and then becomes the new king, only to be later defeated by Lancelot.
66:, who also perished. The original legend of Camlann, inspired by a purportedly historical event said to have taken place in the early 6th-century
271:, one of the nine men who plotted the Battle of Camlann, suggesting a now-lost tradition of complex intrigue underpinning Arthur's last battle.
815:
496:
This account of Arthur's last battle was adapted into many subsequent works of the period from 13th to 15th century, including the Old French
179:, Breeze concludes: "There is every reason to think that, in 537, when the walls of this stronghold stood high , Arthur was killed by men of
1420:
247:, dated to the 11th or 12th century, mentions the battle twice in connection to heroes who fought there. The text includes a triad naming
469:), Arthur kills Mordred in a duel, but is himself mortally wounded. The dying Arthur tasks his knight (depending on the telling, either
76:. The further greatly embellished variants originate from the later French chivalric romance tradition, in which it became known as the
2233:
1604:
2353:
392:
reports that as signs of the battle "pieces of armour both for horse and man are many times found in digging of the ground" in his
309:
says that the battle came about through the treachery of Medrod and happened "about two nuts". In the 13th/14th-century Welsh tale
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2496:
1321:
1035:
750:
489:
narration laments that the brutal and bloody battle resulted in the deaths of so many that, afterwards, Arthur's "kingdom of
148:
2401:
1544:
1404:
1114:
1062:
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783:
608:
278:
offer clues to the alleged cause of the Battle of
Camlann. Triad 51 largely reflects (and is derived from) Geoffrey (
1184:
Wilson-Okamura, David Scott (Winter 1997). "Adultery and the Fall of Logres in the Post-Vulgate "Suite du Merlin"".
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1926:
28:
1788:
147:(2020) argues that the battle is historical, and it was an aftermath of the famine associated by the documented
1597:
974:
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2511:
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377:(mid-13th century). Various later works are based fairly closely on Geoffrey, including the Middle English
1244:
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2006:
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in
Cornwall). Many are killed, including Modredus; Arthur is mortally wounded and taken to the Isle of
126:
1590:
1466:
328:
72:
237:
20:
1139:
2486:
1625:
351:
Geoffrey's work was highly influential, and was adapted into various other languages, including
141:), but it does not specify whether he and Arthur fought on the same side or who won the battle.
62:, in which Arthur either died or was fatally wounded while fighting either alongside or against
1368:
1286:
603:
1394:
1265:
998:
208:
elegy or lament about a different Arthur, perhaps one listed in the genealogy of the kings of
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argued that, as
Camlann is not mentioned in the list of Arthur's battles in the ninth-century
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311:
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1643:
1467:"Frequently Asked Questions about the Arthurian Legends | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
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and magical isle, in hope that he could be saved. Geoffrey has Arthur delivered to Morgen (
345:
323:
82:
8:
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513:
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537:
131:
The earliest dateable reference to the battle is found in the 10th-century Welsh annals
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A Welsh classical dictionary : people in history and legend up to about A.D. 1000
155:, "great mortality in Britain and Ireland". He interprets Camlann as a cattle raid on
2026:
1961:
1617:
1559:
Lynch, Andrew. “‘… ‘IF INDEED I GO’: ARTHUR’S UNCERTAIN END IN MALORY AND TENNYSON.”
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333:
229:, one of the earliest mentions of Camlann is found in the circa 9th/10th-century
101:("crooked/twisting-enclosure" or "crooked/twisting open land"), or (less likely)
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However, most historians regard Arthur and the Battle of
Camlann as legendary.
47:
2258:
419:
Further traditions about Arthur's final battle are developed in the
Arthurian
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2136:
1921:
1708:
1287:"The Death of Arthur [by Layamon] | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
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567:
508:
357:
302:
144:
106:
562:, Arthur was then taken from the battlefield of Camlann to Avalon, an often
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How
Mordred was Slain by Arthur, and How by Him Arthur was Hurt to the Death
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1266:"The Death of Arthur [by Wace] | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
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1986:
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1307:
854:
500:(in which Arthur refuses to make peace with Mordred), the Middle English
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389:
337:
283:
172:
171:" was "convincing". Discussing further indications suggesting Camlann as
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110:
59:
1354:
1338:
1245:"Alliterative Morte Arthure, Part IV | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
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1941:
1911:
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1853:
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1653:
478:
432:
385:
205:
1773:
1106:
The
Romance of Arthur: An Anthology of Medieval Texts in Translation
961:
Culhwch and Olwen: An
Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale
105:("crooked/twisting bank (of a river)"), as found in the name of the
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Camlann is mentioned in Peniarth MS.37, a 14th-century copy of the
264:
176:
1421:"Stanzaic Morte Arthur, Part 3 | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
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included the Battle of Camlann in his pseudo-historical chronicle
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517:. These works all locate the battle at Salisbury. In the Italian
470:
449:
362:
241:, as the site of the grave of Osfran's son. The Welsh prose text
138:
114:
63:
1079:"The Welsh Triads (Siân Echard, University of British Columbia)"
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1991:
1976:
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1728:
1638:
1313:
Monumenta Britannica: Or, A Miscellany of British Antiquities
745:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 95.
619:, do not give a definitive answer to Arthur's ultimate fate.
268:
19:"Camlann" redirects here. For the living history museum, see
1513:"The Tomb of King Arthur | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
1316:. Vol. 2. Dorset Publishing Company. pp. 844–845.
607:; Wace and Layamon also tell this did happen, claiming that
1936:
1763:
1663:
352:
1539:. Translated by Chase, Carol J. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
1140:"The Dream Of Rhonabwy | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
574:
guided by Barinthus, replaced by two unnamed women in the
1612:
1442:"Le Morte D'Arthur, Vol. II (of II) by Sir Thomas Malory"
888:
Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies
680:
Jones, Thomas, "Datblygiadau Cynnar Chwedl Arthur", in:
597:, declare that Arthur died in Avalon (identifying it as
163:, to the effect that an identification of Camlann with "
493:
was doomed to destruction, and many others with it."
1103:Lacy, Norris J.; Wilhelm, James J. (17 July 2015).
938:, The National library of Wales, 1993, pp. 109-111.
693:Lacy, Norris J., Ashe, Geoffrey, Mancoff, Debra N.
958:
768:British Battles 493-937: Mount Badon to Brunanburh
1179:
1177:
263:. The text also mentions Gwyn Hywar, overseer of
2473:
1226:
1030:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. p. 76.
965:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp.
1183:
1174:
552:In a popular motif, introduced by Geoffrey in
235:("Stanzas of the Graves", Stanza 12) from the
1598:
992:
990:
988:
986:
956:
930:
928:
926:
344:to recover, passing the crown to his kinsman
1161:"Mordred | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
882:David, Brian, Review of Nicholas J. Higham,
1102:
721:"Camlan | Robbins Library Digital Projects"
220:
1605:
1591:
983:
957:Bromwich, Rachel; Evans, Simon D. (1992).
923:
814:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
710:, University of Wales Press, 1961, p. 160.
80:, and include the 15th-century telling in
33:Battle Between King Arthur and Sir Mordred
1227:Geoffrey of Monmouth. "British History".
1003:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
647:The battle is dated 539 in some editions.
536:
403:
279:
27:
848:
759:
682:Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies
669:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic
2474:
1336:
1306:
1050:
765:
740:
708:Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads
485:, and he is then taken to Avalon. The
318:
1586:
1025:
918:King Arthur: The Making of the Legend
884:King Arthur: The Making of the Legend
876:
863:King Arthur: The Making of the Legend
743:King Arthur: The Making of the Legend
684:, Vol 15, 1958, pp. 235-251 (p. 238).
215:
1532:
1392:
996:
585:Some accounts, such as the Stanzaic
399:
371:(early 13th century), and the Welsh
151:, which caused, in the words of the
1396:Lancelot-Grail: The death of Arthur
1054:A Companion to Arthurian Literature
828:
697:, Taylor & Francis, 1997, p. 16
611:. Other versions, like the Vulgate
511:'s influential Middle English work
58:) is the legendary final battle of
13:
1488:"Vita Merlini: The Life of Merlin"
1413:
1153:
14:
2523:
1570:
695:The Arthurian Handbook, Edition 2
526:
301:(Welsh law), which (according to
183:, the British kingdom centred on
149:extreme weather events of 535–536
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1230:History of the Kings of Britain
1220:
1132:
1123:
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1071:
1044:
1019:
950:
941:
910:
593:, as well as the commentary by
2402:King Arthur's messianic return
1005:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 334–335.
947:Bromwich and Evans, pp. 8, 85.
822:
734:
713:
700:
687:
674:
661:
641:
120:
1:
2502:Battles involving King Arthur
2497:Battles involving the Britons
1536:The History of the Holy Grail
654:
259:is connected to Morfran from
1310:(1980). Fowles, John (ed.).
741:Higham, Nicholas J. (2018).
556:and elaborated in his later
89:
86:that remains popular today.
7:
671:, Brill, 2009, p. 186; 232.
622:
477:) with returning his sword
94:The name may derive from a
10:
2528:
2397:Historicity of King Arthur
1561:Arthurian Literature XXVII
1001:. In Koch, John T. (ed.).
770:. London. pp. 13–24.
530:
463:Knights of the Round Table
127:Historicity of King Arthur
124:
18:
2425:
2369:
2341:
2232:
2191:
2155:
1877:
1742:
1624:
1057:. John Wiley & Sons.
873::24:23 (20 December 2018)
609:Arthur is about to return
329:Historia Regum Britanniae
73:Historia Regum Britanniae
1533:Lacy, Norris J. (2010).
1399:. Boydell & Brewer.
1393:Lacy, Norris J. (2010).
634:
238:Black Book of Carmarthen
221:Medieval Welsh tradition
21:Camlann Medieval Village
2037:Lady/Ladies of the Lake
1337:Nickel, Helmut (1993).
861:of Nicholas J. Higham,
766:Breeze, Andrew (2020).
2492:6th century in England
2306:Land/Castle of Maidens
1579:at The Camelot Project
1051:Fulton, Helen (2012).
1026:Green, Thomas (2007).
997:Koch, John T. (2006).
867:London Review of Books
604:Gesta Regum Britanniae
549:
544:, a scene painting by
416:
204:entry was probably an
51:
39:
1198:10.1353/art.1997.0053
899:10.1353/cjm.2019.0021
589:and the Alliterative
542:The Passing of Arthur
540:
436:, part of the French
407:
312:The Dream of Rhonabwy
31:
2507:Geoffrey of Monmouth
2072:Lynette and Lyonesse
1897:Angharad Golden-Hand
1719:Ambrosius Aurelianus
1373:www.ancienttexts.org
465:remaining after the
427:is first mentioned.
394:Monumenta Britannica
324:Geoffrey of Monmouth
200:, the source of the
2512:New Forest folklore
1339:"Surviving Camlann"
1083:faculty.arts.ubc.ca
934:Bartrum, Peter C.,
857:, "So Much Smoke",
776:10.2307/j.ctvv4187r
319:Chronicle tradition
286:gave to her sister
78:Battle of Salisbury
2461:History portal
2449:England portal
2417:Tristan and Iseult
2412:Knight of the Swan
2012:Guiron le Courtois
1972:Elaine of Corbenic
1902:Anguish of Ireland
1343:Quondam et Futurus
1028:Concepts of Arthur
706:Bromwich, Rachel.
667:Matasovic, Ranko,
550:
498:Post-Vulgate Cycle
421:chivalric romances
417:
365:'s Middle English
257:Englynion y Beddau
232:Englynion y Beddau
216:Legendary versions
197:Historia Brittonum
113:(Castlesteads) in
40:
16:Legendary conflict
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2382:Battle of Camlann
2156:Animal characters
2112:Percival's sister
1962:Elaine of Astolat
1618:Matter of Britain
1446:www.gutenberg.org
1323:978-0-902129-50-4
1037:978-0-7524-4461-1
902:Project MUSE
831:"Camlann and 537"
752:978-0-300-21092-7
617:Le Morte d'Arthur
580:Le Morte d'Arthur
520:La Tavola Ritonda
400:Romance tradition
374:Brut y Brenhinedd
261:Culhwch and Olwen
253:Sandde Bryd Angel
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244:Culhwch and Olwen
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381:Morte Arthure
379:Alliterative
376:
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354:
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103:*Cambo-glanna
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56:Brwydr Camlan
53:
52:Gwaith Camlan
49:
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30:
26:
22:
2392:Loathly lady
2381:
2349:Bibliography
2183:Twrch Trwyth
1932:Blanchefleur
1563:, pp. 19–32.
1560:
1555:
1535:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1415:
1395:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:
1363:
1349:(1): 32–37.
1346:
1342:
1332:
1312:
1308:Aubrey, John
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1239:
1229:
1222:
1192:(4): 16–46.
1189:
1185:
1164:. Retrieved
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1134:
1125:
1105:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:
1073:
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1021:
1002:
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952:
943:
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866:
862:
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838:. Retrieved
834:
824:
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742:
736:
724:. Retrieved
715:
707:
702:
694:
689:
681:
676:
668:
663:
643:
616:
612:
602:
590:
587:Morte Arthur
586:
584:
579:
575:
564:otherworldly
559:Vita Merlini
557:
553:
551:
546:Hawes Craven
541:
518:
512:
504:Morte Arthur
503:
495:
486:
431:
429:
418:
408:
393:
380:
372:
366:
356:
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327:
322:
310:
297:code of the
292:
276:Welsh Triads
273:
260:
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242:
236:
230:
226:
225:Besides the
224:
201:
195:
189:
173:Castlesteads
152:
143:
132:
130:
102:
99:*Cambo-landa
98:
93:
81:
77:
71:
55:
43:
41:
32:
25:
2301:Joyous Gard
2259:Brocéliande
2219:Round Table
2047:Leodegrance
2017:Gwenhwyfach
1746:Round Table
1644:Constantine
1614:King Arthur
855:Tom Shippey
794:j.ctvv4187r
467:Grail Quest
390:John Aubrey
361:(c. 1155),
346:Constantine
338:River Camel
284:Gwenhwyvach
192:Nick Higham
165:Camboglanna
121:Historicity
111:Camboglanna
60:King Arthur
2476:Categories
2204:Holy Grail
2173:Petitcrieu
1754:Bagdemagus
1186:Arthuriana
976:070831127X
655:References
307:Tudur Aled
288:Gwenhwyfar
125:See also:
2407:Pendragon
2199:Excalibur
2168:Gringolet
2142:Vortigern
2077:Maleagant
2052:Lohengrin
1947:Brunor(s)
1942:Brangaine
1864:Sagramore
1854:Pellinore
1844:Palamedes
1689:Guinevere
1684:Gingalain
1214:161872051
920:, p. 225.
810:cite book
802:243164764
613:Mort Artu
502:Stanzaic
487:Mort Artu
479:Excalibur
433:Mort Artu
386:Camelford
280:see below
206:Old Welsh
96:Brittonic
90:Etymology
2342:In media
2326:Tintagel
2316:Lyonesse
2291:Corbenic
2281:Celliwig
2271:Caerleon
2132:Taliesin
2087:Meliodas
2022:Hellawes
1982:Feirefiz
1952:Catigern
1892:Agrestes
1859:Percival
1824:Lancelot
1804:Galehaut
1759:Bedivere
1714:Morgause
1634:Agravain
1616:and the
1355:27870222
1206:27869286
999:"Camlan"
916:Higham,
865:, 2018,
840:19 April
623:See also
572:Taliesin
554:Historia
475:Bedivere
446:Agravain
425:Lancelot
388:, where
295:Gwentian
265:Cornwall
177:Carlisle
109:fort of
2276:Camelot
2242:Astolat
2214:Prydwen
2209:Pridwen
2192:Objects
2097:Nentres
2042:Laudine
2027:Hengist
2007:Guiomar
1997:Gorlois
1957:Claudas
1907:Annowre
1887:Accolon
1869:Tristan
1849:Pelleas
1839:Moriaen
1819:Lamorak
1814:Griflet
1809:Geraint
1799:Galahad
1794:Dinadan
1784:Dagonet
1779:Caradoc
1704:Mordred
1694:Igraine
1669:Gaheris
1649:Culhwch
1518:31 July
1497:31 July
1472:31 July
1451:31 July
1426:31 July
1378:31 July
1292:31 July
1271:31 July
1250:31 July
1166:31 July
1145:31 July
726:31 July
481:to the
471:Griflet
450:Gaheris
363:Layamon
185:Penrith
175:, near
139:Mordred
115:Cumbria
68:Britain
64:Mordred
2370:Topics
2359:comics
2321:Sarras
2311:Logres
2247:Avalon
2234:Places
2163:Cavall
2127:Sebile
2122:Rience
2092:Merlin
2067:Lunete
2062:Lucius
2032:Iseult
1834:Lionel
1829:Lanval
1789:Daniel
1774:Cligès
1769:Brunor
1679:Gawain
1674:Gareth
1626:Family
1577:Camlan
1543:
1403:
1353:
1320:
1212:
1204:
1113:
1088:7 June
1061:
1034:
1009:
973:
906:734087
904:
859:review
800:
792:
782:
749:
548:(1895)
533:Avalon
507:, and
491:Logres
454:Gareth
442:Gawain
415:(1917)
342:Avalon
181:Rheged
2147:Yniol
2107:Olwen
1992:Garel
1977:Enide
1734:Yvain
1729:Urien
1654:Ector
1639:Cador
1351:JSTOR
1210:S2CID
1202:JSTOR
967:8, 85
798:S2CID
790:JSTOR
635:Notes
411:, by
269:Devon
210:Dyfed
107:Roman
48:Welsh
1664:Hoel
1541:ISBN
1520:2018
1499:2018
1474:2018
1453:2018
1428:2018
1401:ISBN
1380:2018
1318:ISBN
1294:2018
1273:2018
1252:2018
1168:2018
1147:2018
1111:ISBN
1090:2018
1059:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1007:ISBN
971:ISBN
842:2021
816:link
780:ISBN
747:ISBN
728:2018
576:Brut
452:and
368:Brut
353:Wace
274:The
267:and
42:The
2482:537
2057:Lot
1917:Ban
1699:Kay
1194:doi
895:doi
886:in
772:doi
473:or
167:on
54:or
35:by
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979:.
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