Battle of Cedar Creek

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the Valley Pike at the bridge over Cedar Creek—which would cut off the main Confederate route of retreat. As many of the Confederate soldiers saw Union cavalry moving toward their escape route, they began to panic and retreat. The appearance of Custer riding toward the creek was a signal for Dwight to resume his infantry attack. The remnants of Gordon's Division, already panicked from Custer's appearance, now had a renewed attack from Dwight and more Union infantry on the Confederate right. Soon most of Gordon's men fled toward the pike, and it caused a domino effect that spread to Kershaw's Division and then Ramseur's. During this time, Ramseur, who was already wounded, tried to rally his men. His horse was shot dead, and he was mortally wounded.

376: 302: 291: 272: 261: 250: 801: 174: 6224: 1706: 873: 955: 1814:. It is "beyond dispute" that Sheridan had an electrifying effect on his men when he arrived at the battlefield. Others believe that Wright deserves much of the credit, as his VI Corps stopped the Confederate attack, and Wright's tactical judgements made it possible for Sheridan to successfully rally his men. Some credit for the Union victory can be given to Confederate leader Jubal Early. Although the early morning Confederate infantry and artillery attack was well-planned and attained total surprise, Early's cavalry was divided and awkwardly placed. The Confederate army's relative inactivity after 10:00 6188: 357: 323: 238: 227: 216: 205: 194: 156: 1390: 48: 1147: 1369:

the right. Hayes had two brigades, and only his First Brigade was in formation to receive Gordon's attackers. His Second Brigade, located on his right (southwest), was still in their tents—and then had Thoburn's retreating men racing through their camp. Soon, Hayes' division was also retreating. Most of Hayes' men retreated toward Belle Grove, while most of Thoburn's men retreated northeast down the pike. During the retreat, Hayes' horse was killed and he was briefly knocked unconscious. Although injured and almost captured, he escaped. Further north, Union Colonel

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that allowed the Confederates to surprise, flank, and outnumber segments of the Union army. Third, Union cavalry was misplaced, leaving open the left flank. Once the Union cavalry was utilized, it had a crucial role in the Union victory. Cavalry accounted for nearly half (ten of twenty-one) of the medal of honor winners at Cedar Creek, even though it had only about one fourth of the men present. Two days after the battle, Sheridan sought promotions for two cavalry commanders, Merritt and Custer, and one infantry commander, Getty.

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The situation worsened for the Confederates when a small bridge on the Valley Pike south of Strasburg collapsed, making it impossible to cross with wagons or artillery. Early's army was forced to abandon all of the captured Union guns and wagons from the morning attack, as well as most of its own. Sheridan's pursuit ended at nightfall. The retreating Confederate soldiers gathered temporarily on Fisher's Hill, and moved further south before dawn on the next day.

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pike, northwest of Kershaw, waiting until the Union artillery was turned toward Gordon and Kershaw. Rosser would move north along Cedar Creek, hoping to keep Union cavalry located on the Union right from coming to assistance on the Union left. Gordon's force would use the narrow mountain trail to get behind the Union left, which required an evening (October 18) departure time in order to be in position before dawn. A small brigade of cavalry commanded by Colonel

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captured in the morning). The highest ranking Confederate casualty was Major General Ramseur, an infantry division commander, who was mortally wounded and captured by the 1st Vermont Cavalry Regiment. The Union army captured many more soldiers than the 1,591 count, including some soldiers multiple times, but many prisoners escaped in the darkness while their captors searched for more men. Among those that escaped was Early's artillery chief, Colonel

8957: 1083: 1485: 1365:, chief of Colonel Crook's artillery, saved nine of his sixteen artillery pieces while he kept them in action as he withdrew toward Middletown. Du Pont's efforts and Wildes' two regiments were only thing (other than fog) slowing the initial Confederate thrust by Kershaw's Division. The Union 1st Division commander, Colonel Thoburn, was mortally wounded by Confederate cavalry while trying to rally his troops near Middletown. 1233:

difficult. With the skirmish at Hupp's Hill over and Early removed to Fisher's Hill, Sheridan departed for a meeting in Washington on October 15, leaving Wright in command. Sheridan ordered all three divisions of cavalry to accompany him to Front Royal, intending to send them to destroy a Virginia Central Railroad bridge. They arrived near Front Royal on October 16. At that time, Sheridan was notified that Early was sending

344: 334: 1132:'s Division, which was composed of three brigades including Rosser's Laurel Brigade. Rosser had a reputation as one of the most aggressive and successful cavalry commanders in the Army of Northern Virginia, but had never commanded anything larger than a brigade of four regiments. The Laurel Brigade was composed of confident veterans with many victories over Union cavalry. 1056:, and had two divisions plus an artillery brigade. Crook's effectives for the battle consisted of only 4,000 infantry men plus 200 artillerists manning 16 artillery pieces. To bolster Crook's small force, a Provisional Division of 1,000 men was attached. The Provisional Division's "reliability in combat was suspect". 1214:'s division from the Army of West Virginia moved forward to silence the guns and fought with Kershaw's division at the Abram Stickley farm, which resulted in 209 Union and 182 Confederate casualties. The Confederates withdrew through Strasburg to Fisher's Hill in the late afternoon. Sheridan recalled Wright's VI 1851:. Contrasting Sheridan's fame, Early's status declined considerably. He was accused of incompetence and mismanagement, and no longer had the confidence of his subordinates. Portions of his army were recalled to Richmond. On March 2, 1865, Early and the remnants of his army were defeated by Custer in the 1741:

pm, the divisions of Wharton, Pegram, and Wofford's Brigade (from Kershaw's Division) were the last Confederate units to across Cedar Creek. The fields between Cedar Creek and Fisher's Hill were filled with fleeing men, wagons, ambulances, and artillery—all being chased by Union cavalry using sabers.

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am, he assumed that Early's Longstreet ruse from a few days earlier was true. After interrogating prisoners, he learned that only Kershaw's Division from Longstreet's corps was present. Sheridan also feared that Longstreet was approaching from Front Royal to trap the Union army between Longstreet and

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Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes, commander of the Union 2nd Division, learned of the attack on Thoburn's division only a few minutes before his own division was attacked by a line of seven brigades from Gordon's column. Evan's (Gordon's) Division was on the Confederate left, and Ramseur's Division was on

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am. Surprise was virtually complete and most of the Army of West Virginia troops were caught unprepared in their camps—many were asleep in their tents. The Union 1st Division lost most of its organization as most of its men fled—if they could. Its First Brigade, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas

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and determined that the Union left was vulnerable, as the Union forces appeared to be relying on the mountain and rivers for defense. Gordon persuaded Early to approve an attack on the Union left flank, and believed they could destroy Sheridan's army. Early's approval was contingent on Gordon finding

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am, one of Gordon's complaints, allowed the Union army to reorganize and eventually win the battle. Gordon, the architect of the early morning attack and a critic of Early, received blame from Early for the stalling of the attack. Early claimed that excessive plundering by Gordon's Division depleted

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The source for Early's 21,102 effectives uses a 10/31/1864 field inspection for infantry, adds Cedar Creek losses, and adds cavalry and artillery. The American Battlefield Trust says 21,000 Confederate forces were engaged. The National Park Service says 15,265 Confederate men engaged. Another study

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Confederate casualties, which are less certain, are estimated to be 320 killed, 1,540 wounded, and 1,050 missing (or captured). This totals to 2,910, which is far less than the Union casualties. The Confederates also lost 300 wagons and ambulances, and 43 artillery pieces (including 20 Union pieces

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On the extreme Union right, Custer's First Brigade was engaged in halfhearted fire with Rosser. Custer left his brigade commander with three of his regiments, and took the remaining men from his division toward the infantry attack on his left. He planned to get to the rear of Early's men and secure

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am he was riding south to the Valley Pike. Sheridan noticed that the sounds of battle were increasing in volume quickly, so he inferred that his army was retreating in his direction. He encountered retreating men and wagons less than two miles (3.2 km) south of Winchester. Hearing stories from

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am on October 19, pickets south of Winchester reported to him that they heard the distant sounds of artillery. Sheridan assumed the noise was from Grover's reconnaissance mission, and dismissed the report. As additional reports arrived, he ordered the horses to be saddled and ate a quick breakfast.

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am. This put two Confederate divisions, Kershaw and Evans, beyond Getty's right. At that time, Getty's 2nd Division became the only organized Union infantry south of Middletown. With no support on his right, Getty moved his division back about 300 yards (270 m) to a stronger defensive position

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Corps on a ridge west of Middletown was "a strong one", and Wharton's division had been driven back. Early and Gordon had conflicting versions of their meeting, but Early took over command and Gordon returned to his division that had been temporarily commanded by Evans. From Gordon's point of view,

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Corps Commander Emory received unexpected assistance from Wildes' partial brigade from Crook's Army of West Virginia. In the confusion of battle, Wildes' two regiments had been unable to reunite with Crook and the retreating men from the Army of West Virginia—so they offered assistance to Emory and

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a concealed route that would enable the Confederate troops to get around the Union left. On the next day, Gordon scouted along the Shenandoah River (North Fork), and found a narrow trail. He presented his findings to Early, and Early approved an attack that would begin on the morning of October 19.

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With Early much less of a threat, Sheridan could focus on denying the Confederacy the means of supplying its armies in Virginia. Sheridan's army (mostly cavalry) did this aggressively, burning crops, barns, mills, and factories. The operation, conducted primarily from September 26 to October 8, has

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main reason two of the Union cavalry divisions were present for the battle was Early's Longstreet ruse from a few days earlier. Instead of exploiting his victory, Early ordered a halt in his offensive to reorganize, a decision for which he later received criticism from subordinates such as Gordon.

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am, Early believed he had a Confederate victory, after capturing 1,300 Union prisoners and 24 artillery pieces, and driving seven infantry divisions off the field. When Early rode into Middletown, he found that the Confederate attack had been stalled by Union artillery and cavalry. Ironically, the

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Three factors contributed to the initial success by the Confederate army. First, many of the soldiers in the Union army believed the campaign against Early's army was over, which caused a lack of vigilance. Second, the terrain and poor placement of the Union infantry units created a vulnerability

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implying that Longstreet's First Corps might join him (Early) from Petersburg. This was disinformation on Early's part, hoping that it would induce the Federals to withdraw down the Valley, but instead, Sheridan sent his cavalry back to the infantry camps along Cedar Creek. Sheridan and his staff

864:. Sheridan claimed that when the destruction was completed, "the Valley, from Winchester up to Staunton, ninety-two miles , will have but little in it for man or beast." While this action achieved one of Grant's goals, Grant preferred attacks on the railroads that supplied Lee's army in Richmond. 634:

The battle ruined the Confederate army in the Shenandoah Valley, and it was never again able to maneuver down the valley to threaten the Union capital city of Washington, D.C. or northern states. Additionally, the Shenandoah Valley had been a key producer of supplies for the Confederate army, and

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In a second meeting with Early, Gordon wanted to press the attack against the VI Corps immediately, and later wrote that the "fatal halting...converted the brilliant victory of the morning into disastrous defeat in the evening". Early's main reason for caution was concern over the Union cavalry,

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The attack would be made before dawn, and would take advantage of the morning fog that normally occurred in the valley. Gordon would lead three divisions in a rear attack on the Union left while Kershaw's Division would attack the front. Wharton's Division and the artillery would attack down the

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Sheridan's victories in the Shenandoah Valley helped boost President Lincoln's re-election campaign to victory in November. Earlier in August, Lincoln was being advised that his reelection was in doubt. The Union army's numerical superiority was in trouble, and the country was tired of the war.

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Corps, and the Confederate divisions of Pegram and Ramseur were aligned along the west side of the pike north of Early and Gordon's meeting place. Early later wrote that at the time of the meeting, "...the 19th and Crook's corps were in complete rout, and their camps, with a number of pieces of

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The small group of Crook's men at Belle Grove, fortified by some of Emory's men, held its position for about 40 minutes until it was flanked. Their action enabled most of the Union headquarters units and supply trains to withdraw to safety. In roughly two hours, Early had driven back five Union

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Early's Confederate Army of the Valley had an estimated 21,102 effectives. In addition to his troops originally from Army of Northern Virginia's Second Corps, this figure includes over 3,000 men from Kershaw's infantry division, 2,206 men from Rosser's cavalry division after the addition of the

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requested that Sheridan come to Washington to discuss the next objective for Sheridan's army. Grant and Stanton still wanted Sheridan to move his army toward Gordonsville and Charlottesville to threaten Confederate railroad operations. Sheridan continued to argue that the logistics would be

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to form a division commanded by Rosser. Early believed that the addition of Kershaw's Division (2,700 fighters), Rosser's Laurel Brigade (600 men), the artillery battalion, and the return of stragglers from the September battles almost made up for his losses at Winchester and Fisher's Hill.

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After the decisive victory at Tom's Brook, Sheridan and many in the Union Army believed that Early's Confederate army was no longer a threat. The Union army began moving down the valley (northeast) and believed that it would fight elsewhere. While Crook's Army of West Virginia, and the

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The Union infantry attack stalled. Dwight was able to overlap Gordon's left flank, but could not push Gordon's Division toward the pike. On Gordon's right, the divisions of Kershaw and Ramseur were positioned behind stone walls and assisted by artillery. Grover's Division and Wright's

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Cavalry consisted of two divisions. Major General Lomax commanded his own division, and it consisted of four brigades. His men were armed with rifles and had no pistols or sabers, making the division more like mounted infantry which could not fight on horseback. Rosser commanded

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Custer and Merritt's Union cavalry divisions were north of the infantry when the Confederate attack began. Although Rosser had skirmished with Custer's men, he appeared tentative and did not press an attack. While waiting for orders, both Merritt and Custer sent their escort

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Corps while Early was satisfied with the day's accomplishments. From Early's point of view, he "rode forward on the Pike to ascertain the position of the enemy, in order to continue the attack." Wharton's Division, plus artillery, followed Early down (northeast) the pike.

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had marched close to the south side of Middletown. All three Union divisions were eventually pulled back to a defensive position on the northwest side of Meadow Brook. Some cohesion was lost for this withdrawal, as Ricketts was wounded. The Confederates attacked around

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In heavy fog, Early attacked before dawn and completely surprised many of the sleeping Union soldiers. His smaller army attacked segments of the Union army from multiple sides, giving him temporary numerical advantages in addition to the element of surprise. At about

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at the town cemetery on a partially wooded hill west of Middletown. For over an hour, Getty's division defended this position against Confederate frontal assaults from the divisions of Ramseur, Pegram, and Wharton. During this time, Getty assumed command of the VI

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Wofford was not at the battle because he was recovering from a fall from his horse. Whitehorne identifies the commander of Wofford's Brigade as Colonel Henry P. Sanders. The Official Records identify the commander, as of October 31, 1864, as Colonel C. C.

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Early's infantry began to form into three columns on the evening of October 18. Gordon's column consisted of the divisions of Gordon (commanded by Evans), Pegram, and Ramseur, plus Payne's Cavalry Brigade. It had the farthest to march, and departed about

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assumed command of the division. After 30 minutes of artillery fire, Grant finally moved back and rested for 20 minutes. He then moved the division back about one mile (1.6 km), unopposed, where he found support from Union cavalry on his east side.

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Another source says Early lost "nearly all his transport", 18 Union artillery pieces were recaptured, and 25 to 30 Confederate artillery pieces were captured. The American Battlefield Trust lists casualty totals of 5,764 for the Union and 3,060 for the

1875:, established in 2002. The park encompasses about 3,700 acres (1,500 ha) across three counties, and has trails, exhibits, and the Belle Grove Plantation Manor House. Belle Grove, built in the 1790s by the brother-in-law of future President 5695: 1990:

Major portions of Crook's command came from what had been the VIII Corps, causing his command to be labeled as such for simplicity. However, Army of West Virginia was the correct name, and both Sheridan and Crook used that name in their

2255:, wanted to negotiate an end to the war. Confederate leaders were aware of these issues, and believed that if the Confederate army could perform well until McClellen was elected, they might be able to negotiate independence. Historian 973:

In mid-October, the Army of the Shenandoah had 11 divisions plus artillery units, totaling about 31,610 effectives with 90 artillery pieces. A few days before the battle, Sheridan attended a meeting in Washington, and Major General

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Corps' 2,383 casualties were captured or missing. Crook's Army of West Virginia had two division commanders killed or mortally wounded, colonels Thoburn and Kitching. Two Union brigade commanders were killed: Brigadier General

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One historian, noted that "Getty was one of the best commanders in the army and his men were some of the finest soldiers." The historian also noted that Ramseur made a mistake by using piecemeal attacks against an entrenched

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am, Wright ordered Torbert to move the cavalry from the Union right to the Union left. Leaving three companies from Custer's Division to face Rosser, Custer and Merritt moved to the west side of the Valley Turnpike, about

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am, the Confederate line was ready to continue the advance, and Early attacked with Gordon's, Kershaw's, and Ramseur's divisions. After an advance of about one–half mile (0.80 km), the Confederate attack stopped at

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Corps was to the left of Grover. Crook's Army of West Virginia was held in reserve close to the turnpike, as support for the VI Corps. Sheridan's plan was for his cavalry to contain the Confederate flanks while the

996:. At least one historian says Wright's fighters had a reputation for "steadfastness and reliability". The VI Corps consisted of 8,506 infantry effectives. In addition, they had 600 men operating 24 artillery pieces. 824:

region and lower (northern) Shenandoah Valley, and pursue it southward. Second was to destroy the valley's capacity to provide Lee's army with food and supplies. Third was to disrupt the Virginia Central Railroad.

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pm, just after it became dark. The men left behind anything that might rattle, and followed the narrow trail in single file. The other two Confederate columns, commanded by Wharton and Kershaw, departed at about

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pm. Early's reasons for the ending the attack were the same issues causing his caution a few hours earlier: Union cavalry, missing troops that were plundering the Union camps, and exhausted and hungry soldiers.

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Corps began receiving artillery fire from the south and east, and was attacked from those directions by Confederate troops, commanded by Kershaw and Evans, less than one hour after the start of the battle.

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Despite the title used by Crook and Sheridan, Crook's force was only the size of a typical division of the time. Its two divisions, led by colonels instead of brigadier generals, were the size of brigades.

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On November 24, Sheridan's report for August 10 through November 16 listed the capture or killing of over 41,000 animals, and over 500,000 bushels of wheat and corn. He destroyed 81 mills and 1,200 barns.

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panic stricken men that all was lost, he ordered a line set up to intercept stragglers. Wright had already begun to organize a defensive line between Newtown and Middletown. Sheridan arrived around 10:30

4838: 1855:, and the Army of the Valley ceased to exist. Although Early escaped, his artillery, wagons, and headquarters equipment were captured—and his men were captured, killed, or scattered to the countryside. 1652:

pm. Custer's Division was back on the Union far right, further northwest from the main infantry line, facing Rosser. Merritt's Division was on the Union left on the southeast side of the pike. The XIX

599:, rallied in late afternoon and drove away Early's men. In addition to recapturing all of their own artillery seized in the morning, Sheridan's forces captured most of Early's artillery and wagons. 1330:

am. Lomax's cavalry was east near Cedarville and Front Royal. His command was as far as 27 miles (43 km) from Early's infantry, making cooperation difficult. Early joined Wharton around 5:15

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With the exception of very-long range fighting, the seven-shot Spencer carbine used by the Union cavalry was a considerable advantage over the single-shot firearms used by the Confederate army.

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am. The two Confederate cavalries were also in position. Rosser's dismounted cavalry (less Payne's Brigade), was near the ford at Cupp's Mill. His men skirmished briefly with Custer around 4:00

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am on October 19, and Early rode with Kershaw to Cedar Creek. As they hoped, the Confederates' quiet approach was aided by the presence of heavy fog. All three columns were in position by 3:30

1377:, coming in from camp near the wagons, supported one of du Pont's batteries. Although the Confederate attacking force from Ramseur's Division suffered minimal casualties, Brigade Commander 1750:

The official report for the Union listed 644 officers and men killed, 3,430 wounded, and 1,591 captured or missing—a total of 5,665 casualties for the Union side of the battle. Both the VI

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Crook is listed as a brevet major general in the official records for the Battle of Cedar Creek on October 19, 1864. However, he was not promoted to major general until October 21, 1864.

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Concealed from Sheridan's army, Early's troops arrived at Hupp's Hill, just north of Strasburg, on October 13. They deployed in battle formation, and began shelling the camp of the XIX

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instead of conquering territory. He would use multiple Union forces at the same time, making it difficult for the Confederates to transfer forces from one battlefront to another. In

8986: 5636: 8605: 749:. Its purpose was to protect the Shenandoah Valley, which was a major source of food for Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Another objective was to threaten the Union's capital of 1021:, was commanded by Major General Alfred Torbert. It had 7,500 effectives plus 642 artillerists operating 30 artillery pieces. The three division commanders were Merritt, Colonel 808:

After the cavalry raid that burned Chambersburg, Grant decided that Early's threat had to be eliminated. In early August, Grant consolidated four military organizations into the

8924: 8751: 6466: 1793: 1373:'s Provisional Division of raw recruits fled after showing little resistance. On horseback, Kitching was wounded in the foot, but continued trying to rally his men. Kitching's 2071:

Temporary Union commander Wright had failed to follow Sheridan's suggestion that he move Powell's cavalry from Front Royal to Crook's left, leaving the Union left unprotected.

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am, Early met Gordon on the east side of the Valley Pike near the road that leads to Belle Grove. At that time, Kershaw and Evans were driving toward the camps of the Union VI

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Because Grant still wanted the Confederate Virginia Central Railroad disabled, two brigades of cavalry from Powell's Division were sent south to attack the railroad lines at

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Corps had little success against them, and Grover was again wounded. On the Union left, Merritt's cavalry made two charges only to be repulsed by Confederate artillery and

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Corps turned the Confederate left flank and drove them east of the pike, which would prevent Early's army from using the Valley Pike's bridge across Cedar Creek to escape.

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The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies – Series I Volume XLIII Part I – Additions and Corrections, Chapter LV

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am for the attack time, but notes that descriptions of this portion of the battle reflect uncertainty—and few Confederate accounts exist. Joseph Whitehorne uses 7:15

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Wildes, kept two of its three regiments organized. The partial brigade conducted a fighting withdrawal to the Valley Pike that took over 30 minutes. Union Captain

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Corps had more killed and wounded. As the principal victims of the surprise attack, the Army of West Virginia had 540 men captured or missing, and 790 of the XIX

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Wright. When the partial brigade reported, Emory ordered it to attack—which would enable his men to have more time for reorienting the Union lines. Wright led a

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Many of the Union's soldiers were on three-year enlistments that expired during 1864. Replacing casualties and those that did not reenlist was difficult, and

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Although Dwight had been under arrest, Sheridan reinstated him during the afternoon. Grover, who had been wounded earlier, returned to command for the attack.

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am, with Kershaw attacking Keifer, and Evans attacking Wheaton. Although initially repulsed, Kershaw and Evans drove the two Union divisions northwest by 8:00

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14. The engagement was a mistake for Early, as the 9,000 veterans from the VI Corps made a big difference in the battle that would take place six days later.

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Bohannon, Keith S. (2006). ""The Fatal Halt" vs. "Bad Conduct": John B. Gordon, Jubal A. Early, and the Battle of Cedar Creek". In Gallagher, Gary W. (ed.).

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would command Gordon's Division. On October 18, the Confederate leaders synchronized their timepieces. They planned to be in position for the attack at 5:00

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Lincoln was overjoyed with the victory at Cedar Creek, as it came three weeks before the presidential election. Sheridan enjoyed instant acclaim, and poet

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divisions, captured over 1,300 prisoners, and taken possession of 18 artillery pieces. With many of Crook's men from the Army of West Virginia and the XIX

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The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies – Series I Volume XLIII Part II – Correspondence, Etc

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were a problem. In addition, many soldiers were needed simply to guard conquered territory. The political party of Lincoln's opponent in the election,

447: 935:, Custer and Merritt routed the Confederate cavalry in a battle that was described by Torbert as "the most decisive the country had every witnessed". 8349: 6096: 5966: 5891: 5737: 5660: 1729:'s Second Brigade from Merritt's Division took possession of the Cedar Creek bridge before Custer got there, so Custer took his two lead regiments ( 1413:

am they could hear musket fire near the Army of West Virginia's position, and Grover positioned his men defensively—with the bulk of his men behind

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am and began to rally the men to complete the line. His presence inspired his soldiers, and one soldier described it as like an "electric shock".

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Corps Commander Ricketts had his men moving to position within 20 minutes of the start of the Confederate offensive. His 3rd Division of Colonel

1234: 101: 8366: 8009: 7398: 7277: 5448: 8893: 8251: 8004: 7999: 7425: 5840: 1272: 1118:'s First Corps. The remainder of Longstreet's First Corps, which was an elite Confederate fighting unit, was not present. Gordon was Early's 915:

After much of "The Burning" was conducted, Sheridan's cavalry began moving north down the valley. The Confederate cavalries of Major General

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involved with taking his army to Charlottesville would be difficult, and worked on the goal to make the Valley unable to support Lee's army.

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Sheridan believed his work was done in the valley, and thought the logistics of bringing his entire army to Gordonsville was too difficult.

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and Rosser harassed Sheridan's rear guard. By October 8, Rosser's men were near the Union cavalry division commanded by Brigadier General

753:, forcing the Union to divert resources and relieve some of the pressure on the Army of Northern Virginia near the Confederate capital of 8814: 8344: 7393: 7152: 5270: 1568:

km) northeast of Middletown. Although they faced strong artillery fire, they prevented Early from getting to the rear of the Union army.

608: 8908: 8771: 8756: 7187: 6803: 5595: 1737:) to the right of the bridge where they forded the creek and continued chasing the fleeing enemy up (south) the Valley Pike. Near 5:30 8761: 8524: 8494: 8132: 8061: 6759: 6754: 5788: 5652: 1602:

which had repeating rifles, on the Confederate flanks. Another problem was that many of the hungry Confederate troops had stopped to

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am, but that facts destroy the assertion of a fatal halt. Bohanan says the fatal halt was the afternoon lull that lasted from 1:00

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now commanding the 1st Division and Grover returning to command the 2nd Division, was on the right of the main Union line. The VI

1175:. The cavalry divisions of Merritt and Custer were near Fisher's Hill, while Powell's 2nd Cavalry Division occupied Front Royal. 1066: 785: 739: 700:. Grant's strategy, different from his predecessors, was for the Union armies to fight together with the objective of destroying 7237: 8819: 8564: 7307: 7302: 6977: 789: 719:

was a target. Not only would Lee's army be pursued, but steps would be taken to cut off its supplies that came from Virginia's

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Corps prepared a defense on a series of ridges further north of the Belle Grove plantation on the north side of Meadow Brook.

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Corps. Early's attack was a surprise for the Union infantry, and Crook originally believed the Confederates had sent a small

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and its partners have preserved more than 729 acres of the Cedar Creek battlefield in 19 different transactions since 1996.

8650: 8354: 8326: 7565: 7373: 7342: 7272: 7132: 6706: 5373: 5030:(2006). "Two Generals and a Valley: Philip H. Sheridan and Jubal A. Early in the Shenandoah". In Gallagher, Gary W. (ed.). 1884: 989:. When Wright temporarily commanded the army during Sheridan's initial absence from the battle, the corps was commanded by 750: 8640: 8630: 8281: 7989: 7352: 7317: 7212: 6790: 5669: 5075: 2093:

Of the nine full infantry regiments present in Thoburn's Division, all were "wrecked beyond temporary repair" except the

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Corps moving forward, Confederate troops gave way in disorder. Moments before the Confederate troops fled, Union Colonel

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The Second Brigade of Crook's 1st Division was in Winchester at the time of the battle, and therefore did not engage.

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Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early, C.S.A. Autobiographical Sketch and Narrative of the War Between the States

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was seriously wounded. Crook, Hayes, and Kitching regrouped fragments of the two Union divisions near Belle Grove.

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The Battle of Hupp's Hill is considered a Confederate victory. Casualties included Confederate Brigadier General

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his force, and the depletion plus the threat of Union cavalry on his right flank caused the pause in the attack.

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On his return trip from the Washington conference, Sheridan spent the night in Winchester on October 18. At 6:00

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artillery and a considerable quantity of small arms, abandoned." He also noted that the position of the Union VI

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Sources vary on the exact time the attacks began. Historian Jeffry Wert wrote that Kershaw attacked around 5:40

1852: 1226: 1022: 1006:. It consisted of 8,748 infantry effectives. In addition, it had 414 men operating 20 artillery pieces. The XIX 8246: 8167: 7984: 7450: 6908: 6716: 6264: 6259: 6223: 6111: 5845: 1930: 1776: 1730: 958: 682: 593: 497: 375: 301: 290: 271: 260: 249: 179: 1955:

The Third Brigade of the 1st Division did not engage because it was in Winchester at the time of the battle.

1693:, commander of Merritt's Reserve Brigade located at the Union cavalry's left flank, was mortally wounded at 9026: 8519: 8261: 8051: 8026: 7738: 6813: 6518: 6458: 6134: 6082: 6057: 6005: 5918: 5610: 5549: 2463: 2397: 2260: 2123: 2098: 2094: 1734: 1548: 1018: 817: 4803: 4719: 4400: 4201: 3037: 2697: 2376: 1831:, that added to the general's fame. Sheridan's success propelled him to status only eclipsed by Grant and 1279:), where he could cut off a Union retreat down the Valley Pike. During the time Gordon had command of the 8950: 8698: 8449: 8286: 8276: 8271: 8229: 7653: 6952: 6403: 6313: 6159: 6072: 6047: 6042: 5585: 5504: 1981:

The Third Brigade of the 1st Division was not engaged in the battle because it was guarding wagon trains.

1880: 1194:. From Alexandria, Sheridan planned to send the VI Corps to reinforce Grant and the Army of the Potomac. 5342: 5129:

Miller, William J. (2006). "Never has There Been a More Complete Victory". In Gallagher, Gary W. (ed.).

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to the Valley Pike to attempt to stop Union infantry men from fleeing toward Winchester. Between 9:00

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am, Early paused his attack to reorganize his forces. Sheridan, who was returning from a meeting in

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force for the purpose of causing the Union soldiers to reveal their strength and location. Colonel

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Sheridan was cautious in August because of a concern that any military disaster could hamper the

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before returning. This was 35 miles (56 km) short of Gordonsville. He captured a member of

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Laurel Brigade, and 1,101 artillerists. The Confederate forces were divided into the following:

872: 820:. At its creation, the army had three objectives. First was to drive Early's army away from the 439: 8809: 8509: 8083: 7673: 7510: 7485: 7017: 6918: 6833: 6573: 6482: 6144: 6062: 5860: 5810: 5478: 5454: 5412: 2059: 1690: 1179: 1099: 999: 876:

After Rosser's October 9 defeat at Tom's Brook, most of Sheridan's army camped near Cedar Creek

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been known to locals ever since as "the Burning" or "Red October". It encompassed the area of

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Study of Civil War Sites in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia: Pursuant to Public Law 101-628

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Lowe, David W.; United States National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division (1992).

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The fortification described by the report of Brigadier General Henry W. Birge was called an

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The National Park Service says 31,945 Union forces were engaged for the Union in the battle.

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Many people gave Sheridan credit for the Union victory, and he was featured on the cover of

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commanded the army in Sheridan's absence. The Union forces were divided into the following:

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Corps was not caught totally unprepared. Its 2nd Division, commanded by Brigadier General

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had three infantry divisions and an artillery brigade, and was commanded by Major General

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After Early's September 22 defeat at Fisher's Hill, he retreated up the valley (south) to

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would move with Gordon with the mission of capturing Sheridan at his headquarters at the

1268: 903:. More reinforcements arrived on October 5, when the Laurel Brigade of Brigadier General 888: 758: 585: 327: 5268: 4315: 4276: 4004: 3815: 3693: 3477: 3441: 2972: 2842: 2779: 2717: 2681: 800: 8714: 8584: 8110: 8095: 7976: 7934: 7906: 7743: 7708: 7555: 7515: 7032: 7002: 6992: 6868: 6863: 6843: 6838: 6818: 6568: 6471: 6388: 6336: 5872: 5855: 5820: 5764: 5099: 5080:. Washington, DC: United States National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division. 1811: 1725:

While Custer was on the Union right, Merritt's Division was on the Union left. Colonel

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Infantry consisted of five divisions. Early's division commanders were Major General

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in Sheridan's Army of the Shenandoah, and is sometimes incorrectly identified as the

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Kershaw's Division attacked the trenches of Thoburn's Union 1st Division around 5:00

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Lowe & United States National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division 1992

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was created by Lee in June 1864 as a detachment of the Army of Northern Virginia's

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Arming the Confederacy : How Virginia's Minerals Forged the Rebel War Machine

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Corps that evening as a precaution, and they started back to Middletown on October

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Whitehorne, Joseph W.A.; Center of Military History, United States Army (1992).

2148:. Historian Thomas A. Lewis called the fortification a "formidable breastworks". 1275:

house near Middletown. Lomax would move via Front Royal to Newtown (later named

1045: 773:, but was repelled by reinforcements rushed to the battlefield. Early then sent 7966: 7914: 7753: 7718: 7678: 7570: 7550: 7545: 7500: 6779: 6620: 6608: 5544: 5534: 5212: 2111: 1844: 1694: 1657: 1526: 1211: 1207: 986: 975: 924: 209: 5085: 4967:

The Campaign of 1864 in the Valley of Virginia and the Expedition to Lynchburg

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Powell's raid lasted from October 11 through October 14. Powell moved through

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from the VI Corps, and Colonel Charles Russell Lowell from the Cavalry Corps.

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on a northern raid in late July that resulted in the burning of the town of

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when the battle started, hurried to the battlefield and arrived around 10:30

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Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan, General, United States Army – Volume II

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assumed command on August 7—calling his force of cavalry and infantry the

7475: 6513: 6493: 5372: 4989: 4899: 4184:"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form - Thorndale Farm" 2062:(severely wounded) and Union Colonel William D. Wells (mortally wounded). 746: 573: 566: 254: 665: 8858: 7733: 7495: 6696: 6691: 697: 589: 2165:

am for Kershaw's attack. Keifer's report does not list an attack time.

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on its left. Further northeast, the 2nd Division of Brigadier General

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were completely armed, and three more were partially armed, with the

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