877:
810:
far and wide; the proof of the verse "And what profits men abides in the earth" the
Solomon of Splendor, the Alexander of eminence; haloed in victory, Faridun triumphant; slayer of the wicked and the infidel, guardian of the noble and the pious; the warrior in the Path, the defender of the Faith; the champion, the conqueror; the lion, son and grandson of the lion; standard-bearer of justice and righteousness, Sultan Selim Shah, son of Sultan Bayezid, son of Sultan Muhammad Khan–and is addressed to the ruler of the kingdom of the Persians, the possessor of the land of tyranny and perversion, the captain of the vicious, the chief of the malicious, the usurping Darius of the time, the malevolent Zahhak of the age, the peer of Cain, Prince Ismail.
233:
214:
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173:
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868:
1236:, Routledge, 1996. p. 268 "In 1515 Selim marched east with some 60,000 men; a proportion of these were skilled Janissaries, certainly the best infantry in Asia, and the sipahis, equally well-trained and disciplined cavalry. The Persian army, under Shah Ismail, was almost entirely composed of Turcoman tribal levies, a courageous but ill-disciplined cavalry army. Slightly inferior in numbers to the Turks, their charges broke against the Janissaries, who had taken up fixed positions behind rudimentary field works."
39:
4057:
854:
Ottoman artillery positioned at the center. However, the
Ottoman artillery was highly maneuverable and the Safavids suffered disastrous losses. The advanced Ottoman weaponry (cannons and muskets wielded by janissaries) was the deciding factor of the battle as the Safavid forces, who only had traditional weaponry, were decimated. Unlike the Ottomans, the Safavids also suffered from poor planning and ill-disciplined troops.
534:
506:
478:
445:
790:... you have subjected the upright community of Muhammad... to your devious will undermined the firm foundation of the faith; you have unfurled the banner of oppression in the cause of aggression no longer uphold the commandments and prohibitions of the Divine Law; you have incited your abominable Shii faction to unsanctified sexual union and the shedding of innocent blood.
742:, with at least one married off to one of Selim's statesmen. Ismail retired to his palace and withdrew from government administration after this defeat and never again participated in a military campaign. After their victory, Ottoman forces marched deeper into Persia, briefly occupying the Safavid capital,
922:
Selim married one of Ismail's wives to an
Ottoman judge. In contrast to their previous exchanges, Ismail sent four envoys, gifts, and, in contrast to their previous exchanges, words of praise to Selim to help retrieve her. Instead of giving his wife back, Selim cut the messengers' noses off and sent
809:
This missive which is stamped with the seal of victory and which is, like inspiration descending from the heavens, witness to the verse "We never chastise until We send forth a
Messenger" has been graciously issued by our most glorious majesty-we who are the Caliph of God Most High in this world,
895:
on 7 September, which they first pillaged and then evacuated. That week's Friday sermon in mosques throughout the city was delivered in Selim's name. Selim was however unable to press on after Tabriz due to the discontent amongst the janissaries. The
Ottoman Empire successfully annexed Eastern
853:
The
Ottomans deployed heavy artillery and thousands of Janissaries equipped with gunpowder weapons behind a barrier of carts. The Safavids, who did not have artillery at their disposal at Chaldiran, used cavalry to engage the Ottoman forces. The Safavids attacked the Ottoman wings to avoid the
785:
and infallible. Selim secured a jurist opinion that described Isma'il and the
Qizilbash as "unbelievers and heretics," enabling him to undertake extreme measures on his way eastward to pacify the country. Selim accused Ismail of departing from the faith:
717:
from
Safavid Iran. It marked the first Ottoman expansion into Eastern Anatolia, and the halt of the Safavid expansion to the west. The Battle of Chaldiran was just the beginning of 41 years of destructive war, which only ended in 1555 with the
733:
At
Chaldiran, the Ottomans had a larger, better-equipped army numbering 60,000 to 100,000 and many heavy artillery pieces. In contrast, the Safavid army numbered 40,000 to 80,000 and did not have artillery.
2008:
900:) and Upper Mesopotamia from the Safavids. These areas changed hands several times over the following decades; however, the Ottoman hold would not be set until the 1555 Peace of Amasya following the
769:
After Selim I's successful struggle against his brothers for the throne of the
Ottoman Empire, he was free to turn his attention to the internal unrest he believed was stirred up by the Qizilbash, a
2663:
845:
at the Sultan's tent in protest at one point. When Selim learned of the Safavid army forming at Chaldiran, he quickly moved to engage Isma'il, partly to stifle his army's discontent.
1103:
218:
781:. Selim now feared that they would incite the population against his rule in favor of their leader, who was now the Safavid emperor. His partisans believed he was descended from
926:
After the defeat at Chaldiran, however, the Safavids made drastic domestic changes. From then on, firearms were made an integral part of the Persian armies, and Ismail's son,
576:
919:. His aura of invincibility shattered, Ismail ceased participating in government and military affairs, due to what seems to have been the collapse of his confidence.
3161:
798:"as punishment for their rebellious behaviour." He then also tried to block the import of Iranian silk into his realm, a measure which met "with some success".
876:
305:
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Selim's army was discontented by the difficulty in supplying the army in light of Isma'il's scorched earth campaign, the extremely rough terrain of the
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384:
1946:
Palazzo, Chiara (2016). "The Venetian News Network in the Early Sixteenth Century: The Battle of Chaldiran". In Raymond, Joad; Moxham, Noah (eds.).
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refused to send messengers to congratulate Selim after the battle and prohibited celebrating the Ottoman military victory. In contrast, the Ottoman
4077:
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826:, who had fallen in battle against Isma'il only a few years before. Attempting to avoid having to fight a war on two fronts, Isma'il employed a
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The magnitude of the disaster may be judged from the fact that the royal harem with two of Ismai'il's wives fell into the hands of the enemy.
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991:. A large brick dome was built at the battlefield site in 2003 along with a statue of Seyid Sadraddin, one of the main Safavid commanders.
1100:
4014:
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1032:"Çaldiran Savasi Yavuz Sultan Selim ile Safevî Hükümdarı Şah İsmâil arasında Çaldıran ovasında 23 Ağustos 1514'te yapılan meydan savaşı"
2079:
1774:
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437:
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1947:
1925:
Moreen, Vera B. (2019). "Echoes of the Battle of Čālderān: The Account of the Jewish Chronicler Elijah Capsali (c. 1490 – c. 1555)".
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738:, the leader of the Safavids, was wounded and almost captured during the battle. His wives were captured by the Ottoman leader
526:
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1144:
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498:
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1280:Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800".
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After two of his wives and entire harem were captured by Selim Ismail was heartbroken and resorted to drinking
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group who had sided with other members of the dynasty against him and had been semi-officially supported by
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722:. Though the Safavids eventually reconquered Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia under the reign of
237:
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chiefs to assert their authority and switch their allegiance from the Safavids to the Ottomans.
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1470:"Family, Empire, and Nation: Kurdish Bedirkhanis and the Politics of Origins in a Changing Era"
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The battle is one of major historical importance because it not only negated the idea that the
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16th-century Ottoman (left) and 17th-century Safavid (right) miniatures depicting the battle.
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After the victorious battle of Chaldiran, Selim I next threw his forces southward in the
324:
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1835:
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Before Selim started his campaign, he ordered the execution of some 40,000 Qizilbash in
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Wood, Barry (2017). "The Battle of Chālderān: Official History and Popular Memory".
1572:
Imperial Citizen: Marriage and Citizenship in the Ottoman Frontier Provinces of Iraq
1031:
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Selim sent the following letter to Ismail, which outlined both Selim's claim to the
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God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and the Making of the Modern World
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3001:
2937:
2855:
2740:
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
909:
897:
867:
727:
723:
719:
335:
1598:
A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War
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3718:
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2548:
2142:
2021:
2017:
1986:
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The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab conquests to the Siege of Vienna
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Monument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran built on the site of battlefield
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758:
706:
702:
165:
38:
1957:
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3835:
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2543:
2100:
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2013:
1998:
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96:
83:
44:
1938:
1431:
An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism
933:
During the retreat of the Ottoman troops, they were intensively harassed by
726:(r. 1588–1629), they would be permanently ceded to the Ottomans by the 1639
1893:
1864:
1426:
891:
Following their victory, the Ottomans captured the Safavid capital city of
177:
1679:, Part 1, By Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, p. 401.
1667:, Part 1, ed. Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, p. 401
1485:
1293:
4061:
701:) took place on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the
984:
976:
778:
554:
1655:, ed. William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, p. 224.
934:
927:
838:
802:
754:
1719:
1400:, ed. William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, 224;"
795:
782:
735:
249:
1445:, ed. William Bayne Fisher, Peter Jackson, Laurence Lockhart, 359.
774:
750:
739:
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48:
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light cavalry of the Safavid army, deep into the Ottoman realm.
2137:
1415:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1220:
Turkish prosopography in the Diarii of Marino Sanuto, 1496–1517
1167:
1165:
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905:
892:
842:
819:
743:
140:
1720:"Safavid Persia:The History and Politics of an Islamic Empire"
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
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949:
1896:(2020). "The Earliest Account of the Battle of Chaldiran?".
1254:
1162:
1708:, ed. Michael Winter and Amalia Levanoni, (Brill, 2004) 127
1702:
Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Sultanate Reconsidered
908:
would not be established over these regions until the 1639
134:
1368:
1244:
1242:
1157:
Following Čālderān, the Ottomans briefly occupied Tabriz.
1029:
139:
Ottomans briefly occupy and plunder the Safavid capital,
1079:
1077:
746:, and thoroughly looting the Persian imperial treasury.
1898:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
1706:
The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian politics and society
1239:
1130:
1128:
1201:
1199:
4045:
1251:, ed. Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, p. 286, 2009
1074:
1738:
1578:
1125:
1196:
837:, and that they were marching against Muslims. The
2078:
2007:
1976:
948:led to days of festivities in the Mamluk capital,
979:, a village around 6 km west of the town of
822:state had been recently brought to prominence by
4069:
2123:
1569:
1339:
1337:
570:
1974:
1819:. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers.
1803:, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles,
1623:
1621:
1619:
4015:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
1844:
1385:
533:
505:
477:
444:
2130:
2116:
2027:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1849:(2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
1834:McCaffrey, Michael J. (1990). "Čālderān".
1334:
930:, deployed cannons in subsequent battles.
577:
563:
43:Artwork of the Battle of Chaldiran at the
1871:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1833:
1616:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1267:
1217:
254:
966:
584:
1945:
1837:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6
1801:Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587–1629
1756:
1750:
1627:
1279:
1134:
818:invaded the Safavids in the east. This
814:When Selim started his march east, the
4070:
4024:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
1924:
1863:
1811:, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
1533:
1520:
1467:
1417:, (Oxford University Press, 1993), 37.
1308:
1205:
1171:
1095:
1093:
1055:
4010:For 20th-century battles before 1914
2111:
2005:
1975:Rahimlu, Yusof; Esots, Janis (2021).
1892:
1814:
1744:
1584:
1433:, (Yale University Press, 1985), 107.
1226:
558:
4098:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
2076:
2047:
1949:News Networks in Early Modern Europe
1910:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.170.2.0371
1613:, (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), 164.
1508:from the original on 7 November 2021
709:. As a result, the Ottomans annexed
4123:History of East Azerbaijan province
4113:History of West Azerbaijan province
4078:Battles of the Ottoman–Persian Wars
4019:For the battles during World War I
1799:Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,
1760:The Ottoman Empire: A Short History
1717:
1600:, (Greenwood Publishing, 2006), 17.
1222:. University of London. p. 61.
1172:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
1090:
690:
13:
1886:
1777:from the original on 16 April 2023
1540:. John Murray Press. p. 145.
1458:, (Praeger Publishers, 2000), 197.
1345:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
1249:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1174:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1030:Mustafa Çetin Varlık (1988–2016).
904:. Effective governmental rule and
830:policy against Selim in the west.
457:Location within Caucasus Mountains
14:
4149:
1726:from the original on 24 June 2021
1087:, (Dover Publications, 1985), 85.
485:Battle of Chaldiran (Middle East)
4055:
2087:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1847:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
1147:from the original on 24 May 2019
1101:"A History of Islamic Societies"
1056:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010).
875:
866:
532:
525:
504:
497:
476:
469:
443:
436:
378:
366:Sayyed Sharif al-Din Ali Shirazi
359:
340:
329:
318:
299:
280:
261:
243:
231:
212:
201:
190:
171:
159:
37:
16:Part of the Ottoman–Persian Wars
1845:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).
1817:Safavid Government Institutions
1711:
1695:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1603:
1590:
1563:
1474:Journal of Global South Studies
1461:
1448:
1436:
1420:
1407:
1391:
1359:
1350:
1321:
1273:
1184:from the original on 6 May 2021
975:The site of the battle is near
902:Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)
4103:Battles involving Safavid Iran
2095:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1677:The Cambridge History of Islam
1665:The Cambridge history of Islam
1560:. Caroline Finkel. Hachette UK
1211:
1049:
1023:
962:
957:Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)
460:Show map of Caucasus Mountains
1:
4128:Shia–Sunni sectarian violence
2062:10.1080/00210862.2016.1159504
1991:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
1653:The Cambridge history of Iran
1468:Aktürk, Ahmet Serdar (2018).
1443:The Cambridge History of Iran
1398:The Cambridge History of Iran
1329:Who's Who in Military History
1234:Who's Who in Military History
1045:, Centre for Islamic Studies.
1016:
764:
757:was infallible, but also led
636:Occupation of Basra 1697–1701
402:Or 200 cannon and 100 mortars
1763:. Markus Wiener Publishers.
857:
541:Battle of Chaldiran (Turkey)
7:
1952:. Brill. pp. 849–869.
994:
10:
4154:
4088:1514 in the Ottoman Empire
1793:
1112:Cambridge University Press
1085:An Encyclopedia of Battles
1043:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
946:conquest of Constantinople
513:Battle of Chaldiran (Iran)
24:Battle of Chaldiran (1514)
4034:Ottoman victories are in
4032:
4006:
3922:
3561:
3548:
3496:
3342:
3329:
3217:
2820:
2807:
2706:
2455:
2442:
2422:
2163:
2150:
1958:10.1163/9789004277199_038
1785:– via Google Books.
1757:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2018).
1718:Matthee, Rudolph (Rudi).
1534:Finkel, Caroline (2012).
1331:, Routledge, 1996. p. 268
1327:Keegan & Wheatcroft,
1232:Keegan & Wheatcroft,
1218:Sebastian, Peter (1988).
1060:. ABC-CLIO. p. 483.
1037:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam
1006:Ottoman–Safavid relations
848:
596:
430:
413:
390:
183:
152:
54:
36:
28:
23:
1318:, Cambridge, 1980, p. 41
1282:Journal of World History
1041:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
923:them back empty-handed.
2035:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1939:10.2143/SI.48.2.3288439
1869:Iran Under the Safavids
1609:Gene Ralph Garthwaite,
1596:Andrew James McGregor,
1316:Iran under the Safavids
896:Anatolia (encompassing
642:Campaigns of Nader Shah
488:Show map of Middle East
238:Dukaginzade Ahmed Pasha
2093:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2080:"Chāldirān, Battle of"
1978:"Chāldirān (Çaldıran)"
1815:Floor, Willem (2001).
1628:Mikhail, Alan (2020).
1570:Karen M. Kern (2011).
1135:Matthee, Rudi (2008).
972:
812:
792:
698:
426:Or approximately 5,000
184:Commanders and leaders
45:Chehel Sotoun Pavilion
1486:10.1353/gss.2018.0032
1294:10.1353/jwh.2014.0005
1141:Encyclopaedia Iranica
970:
807:
805:and Ismail's heresy:
788:
414:Casualties and losses
347:Mohammad Khan Ustajlu
97:39.08889°N 44.32694°E
4093:16th century in Iran
2077:Wood, Barry (2022).
2006:Walsh, J.R. (1965).
1556:4 April 2023 at the
1001:Shia–Sunni relations
659:Subsequent conflicts
600:Ottoman–Safavid Wars
588:Ottoman–Persian Wars
454:class=notpageimage|
208:Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha
129:Ottoman conquest of
31:Ottoman–Persian Wars
1840:. pp. 656–658.
1692:(ABC-CLIO, 2012) 86
1690:The History of Iran
1365:Serefname II s. 158
1270:, pp. 656–658.
1083:David Eggenberger,
683:Battle of Chaldiran
325:Durmish Khan Shamlu
93: /
2083:. In Fleet, Kate;
1413:Leslie P. Peirce,
1106:2023-04-16 at the
973:
835:Armenian highlands
816:Khanate of Bukhara
544:Show map of Turkey
421:Or less than 2,000
102:39.08889; 44.32694
76:Iranian Azerbaijan
4118:History of Tabriz
4108:Conflicts in 1514
4043:
4042:
4002:
4001:
3553:(1789–1908)
3544:
3543:
3334:(1700–1789)
3325:
3324:
2812:(1550–1700)
2803:
2802:
2447:(1453–1550)
2438:
2437:
2155:(1299–1453)
1983:Madelung, Wilferd
1688:Elton L. Daniel,
1574:. pp. 38–39.
1547:978-1-84854-785-8
1314:Roger M. Savory,
1178:iranicaonline.org
1137:"Safavid Dynasty"
841:even fired their
824:Muhammad Shaybani
715:Upper Mesopotamia
678:
677:
553:
552:
306:Saru Pira Ustajlu
287:Husayn Beg Shamlu
268:Abd al-Baqi Yazdi
148:
147:
4145:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4051:
3937:2nd Kerch Strait
3559:
3558:
3554:
3526:1st Kerch Strait
3340:
3339:
3335:
2818:
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2783:Strait of Hormuz
2645:Peñón of Algiers
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2011:
2002:
1993:. Brill Online.
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1704:, Robert Irwin,
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1386:Mikaberidze 2015
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989:Qarah Zia ol Din
942:Mamluk Sultanate
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711:Eastern Anatolia
692:
670:War of 1821–1823
665:War of 1775–1776
653:War of 1743–1746
648:War of 1730–1735
631:War of 1623–1639
626:War of 1616–1618
621:War of 1603–1612
616:War of 1578–1590
611:War of 1532–1555
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3020:1st Zrínyiújvár
3015:Jurjeve Stijene
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2050:Iranian Studies
1987:Daftary, Farhad
1968:
1889:
1887:Further reading
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2918:Alcácer Quibir
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2809:Transformation
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2147:
2143:Ottoman Empire
2141:involving the
2135:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2085:Krämer, Gudrun
2074:
2045:
2003:
1972:
1966:
1943:
1933:(2): 195–234.
1927:Studia Iranica
1922:
1904:(2): 371–395.
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:978-0521042512
1877:
1861:
1856:978-1442241466
1855:
1842:
1831:
1826:978-1568591353
1825:
1812:
1809:978-1595845672
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1769:
1749:
1747:, p. 131.
1737:
1710:
1694:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1639:978-1631492396
1638:
1615:
1602:
1589:
1587:, p. 189.
1577:
1562:
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1460:
1447:
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1419:
1406:
1390:
1388:, p. 242.
1367:
1358:
1349:
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1272:
1268:McCaffrey 1990
1253:
1238:
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1124:
1089:
1073:
1067:978-1851096725
1066:
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865:
864:
863:
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861:
859:
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850:
847:
828:scorched earth
766:
763:
707:Safavid Empire
703:Ottoman Empire
676:
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403:
400:100–150 cannon
393:
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388:
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240:
186:
185:
181:
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168:
166:Ottoman Empire
155:
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137:
125:
119:
118:
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110:
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70:
68:
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62:23 August 1514
60:
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34:
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26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3948:
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3925:
3923:Naval battles
3921:
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3914:
3910:
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3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
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3875:Philippopolis
3873:
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3555:
3550:Modernization
3547:
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3522:
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3509:
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3499:
3497:Naval battles
3495:
3489:
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3477:
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3308:
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3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:Naval battles
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:Naval battles
2705:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2444:Classical Age
2441:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:Naval battles
2421:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:(1): 79–105.
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1967:9789004277175
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:Floor, Willem
1891:
1890:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:Savory, Roger
1862:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1776:
1772:
1770:9781558764491
1766:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1632:. Liveright.
1631:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1537:Osman's Dream
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1362:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1214:
1208:, p. 42.
1207:
1202:
1200:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
992:
990:
986:
982:
981:Siah Cheshmeh
978:
969:
960:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
931:
929:
924:
920:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
878:
869:
855:
846:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
811:
806:
804:
799:
797:
791:
787:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:Twelver Shi'i
762:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
731:
729:
725:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
688:
684:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
641:
640:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
598:
595:
590:
580:
575:
573:
568:
566:
561:
560:
557:
528:
500:
472:
455:
439:
429:
423:
418:
417:
412:
404:
395:
394:
389:
386:
375:
373:
367:
356:
354:
348:
337:
326:
315:
313:
307:
296:
294:
288:
277:
275:
269:
257:
251:
241:
239:
228:
226:
220:
209:
198:
188:
187:
182:
179:
169:
167:
157:
156:
151:
142:
138:
136:
133:and northern
132:
128:
127:
126:
121:
120:
115:
112:
111:
106:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4138:Ottoman Iraq
4083:1514 in Asia
4035:
4020:
4011:
3951:
3929:
3911:
3889:
3847:
3840:
3818:
3746:
3739:
3717:
3705:
3698:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3605:
3578:
3562:Land battles
3503:
3485:
3478:
3416:
3409:
3387:
3380:
3376:2nd Belgrade
3371:Petrovaradin
3363:
3356:
3349:
3343:Land battles
3314:
3302:
3275:
3258:
3236:
3224:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3162:Egri Palanka
3160:
3153:
3136:
3129:
3117:
3095:
3048:
3036:
3029:
3007:
3000:
2988:
2971:
2964:
2942:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2821:Land battles
2792:
2788:Gulf of Oman
2775:
2758:
2746:
2739:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2695:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2531:
2524:
2512:
2478:1st Belgrade
2456:Land battles
2411:
2399:
2377:
2360:
2351:Hermannstadt
2343:
2336:
2331:Thessalonica
2329:
2322:
2310:
2283:
2266:
2256:Philadelphia
2254:
2247:
2240:
2235:Sırp Sındığı
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2172:Kulaca Hisar
2170:
2164:Land battles
2092:
2053:
2049:
2032:
2025:
1990:
1948:
1930:
1926:
1901:
1897:
1868:
1846:
1836:
1816:
1800:
1779:. Retrieved
1759:
1752:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1629:
1611:The Persians
1610:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1536:
1510:. Retrieved
1477:
1473:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1427:Moojan Momen
1422:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1361:
1356:Serefname II
1352:
1344:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1248:
1233:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1186:. Retrieved
1177:
1156:
1149:. Retrieved
1140:
1084:
1057:
1051:
1039:(44+2 vols.)
1035:
1025:
974:
954:
939:
932:
925:
921:
914:
890:
852:
832:
813:
808:
800:
793:
789:
768:
748:
732:
682:
680:
605:
424:Heavy losses
419:Heavy losses
371:
352:
311:
292:
273:
224:
178:Safavid Iran
153:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
3855:Shipka Pass
3809:Başgedikler
3804:Akhaltsikhe
3769:Akhaltsikhe
3613:Mount Tabor
3596:Shubra Khit
3531:2nd Ochakov
3474:2nd Ochakov
3434:Stavunchany
3429:1st Ochakov
2973:Nagykanizsa
2651:Leobersdorf
2022:Schacht, J.
2018:Pellat, Ch.
1781:2 September
1206:Savory 2007
987:, north of
983:, south of
963:Battlefield
839:janissaries
691:جنگ چالدران
219:Hasan Pasha
122:Territorial
100: /
4072:Categories
3849:Kızıl Tepe
3725:Dervenakia
3623:Heliopolis
3487:Karánsebes
3411:Banja Luka
3331:Old Regime
3316:Samothrace
3244:Cape Corvo
3138:Negroponte
3125:2nd Mohács
3119:Vrtijeljka
3086:2nd Vienna
3071:2nd Khotyn
3056:Krasnobród
2996:1st Khotyn
2984:Tashiskari
2950:Călugăreni
2897:Gvozdansko
2869:Mostaganem
2748:Formentera
2741:1st Jeddah
2638:1st Mohács
2603:Mercidabık
2539:Breadfield
2526:Valea Albă
2488:Târgoviște
2473:2nd Oranik
2401:2nd Kosovo
2395:1st Oranik
2296:Karanovasa
2262:Dubravnica
2228:Adrianople
2031:Volume II:
2009:"Čāldirān"
1745:Floor 2001
1585:Floor 2001
1512:6 November
1480:(2): 393.
1120:1139991507
1017:References
977:Gal Ashaqi
779:Bayezid II
765:Background
398:Or 100,000
88:44°19′37″E
85:39°05′20″N
3907:Velestino
3902:Al Wajbah
3826:Eupatoria
3814:Kurekdere
3774:Kulevicha
3730:Karpenisi
3700:Drăgășani
3464:Kozludzha
3400:Yeghevārd
3304:Oinousses
3168:Slankamen
3081:Trembowla
3031:Novi Zrin
2966:Keresztes
2960:2nd Brest
2925:1st Brest
2697:Sokhoista
2685:Esztergom
2610:Han Yunus
2554:Cătlăbuga
2514:Otlukbeli
2493:2nd Mokra
2430:Gallipoli
2385:1st Mokra
2345:Novo Brdo
2312:Nicopolis
2291:Kırkdilim
2214:Gallipoli
2200:Pelekanon
2101:1873-9830
2070:163512376
2041:495469475
2014:Lewis, B.
1999:1875-9831
1918:226585270
1502:158487762
1494:2476-1419
1302:143042353
1188:29 August
1151:6 January
1122:. p. 336.
928:Tahmasp I
858:Aftermath
803:caliphate
755:Qizilbash
705:over the
606:Chaldiran
409:Or 80,000
407:Or 55,000
3989:Navarino
3984:Gerontas
3947:Kaliakra
3880:Taşkesen
3870:4th Kars
3836:3rd Kars
3831:Chernaya
3820:Oltenița
3784:2nd Acre
3759:2nd Kars
3748:Phaleron
3741:Kamatero
3735:Arachova
3713:Vasilika
3684:Valtetsi
3648:Al-Safra
3643:Slobozia
3633:Arpachai
3607:1st Acre
3601:Pyramids
3536:Fidonisi
3449:Aspindza
3444:Khresili
3439:1st Kars
3298:Mytilene
3254:Focchies
3184:Moulouya
3178:Ustechko
3144:Batočina
3061:Niemirów
3009:Köbölkút
2836:Temesvár
2766:Girolata
2729:Balearic
2617:Ridanieh
2597:Koçhisar
2584:Turnadag
2577:Çaldıran
2483:Albulena
2468:Krusevac
2463:Leskovac
2373:Torvioll
2368:Kunovica
2362:Zlatitsa
2207:Demotika
2091:(eds.).
2024:(eds.).
1989:(eds.).
1867:(2007).
1775:Archived
1724:Archived
1554:Archived
1506:Archived
1182:Archived
1145:Archived
1104:Archived
995:See also
935:Georgian
796:Anatolia
783:Muhammad
773:warrior-
736:Ismail I
391:Strength
250:Ismail I
67:Location
4036:italics
3974:Nauplia
3969:Algiers
3913:Domokos
3897:Mouzaki
3885:Novšiće
3865:Aladzha
3842:Al-Hasa
3779:Algiers
3707:Sculeni
3689:Doliana
3679:Erzurum
3668:Alamana
3580:Giurgiu
3569:Focșani
3511:Matapan
3480:Mehadia
3469:Kinburn
3424:Perekop
3389:Samarra
3382:Kurijan
3293:Algiers
3288:Algiers
3283:Algiers
3232:Lepanto
3155:Zernest
3149:2nd Niš
3108:Eperjes
3091:Párkány
3066:Komarno
3050:Ładyżyn
2979:Sufiyan
2955:Giurgiu
2911:Torches
2883:Szigeth
2862:Tlemcen
2829:Tlemcen
2771:Alborán
2760:Preveza
2715:Zonchio
2691:Karagak
2671:Algiers
2664:Baghdad
2657:Gorjani
2631:Tlemcen
2591:Algiers
2533:Shkodra
2390:Otonetë
2356:1st Niš
2338:Golubac
2324:Çamurlu
2274:Pločnik
2249:Maritsa
2242:Samokov
2221:Ihtiman
2179:Bapheus
2139:Battles
1794:Sources
1288:: 110.
917:alcohol
906:eyalets
843:muskets
775:dervish
759:Kurdish
753:of the
751:murshid
740:Selim I
695:Turkish
687:Persian
372:†
353:†
312:†
293:†
274:†
252: (
225:†
197:Selim I
124:changes
49:Isfahan
4048:Portal
3942:Tendra
3931:Andros
3891:Ulcinj
3860:Plevna
3674:Gravia
3654:Jeddah
3618:Abukir
3586:Izmail
3574:Rymnik
3521:Patras
3505:Imbros
3418:Grocka
3395:Kirkuk
3351:Chelif
3310:Andros
3226:Cyprus
3131:Crimea
3002:Candia
2990:Cecora
2904:Çıldır
2843:Palast
2794:Djerba
2571:Dubica
2565:Krbava
2559:Vrpile
2520:Vaslui
2503:Vaikal
2318:Ankara
2301:Rovine
2285:Kosovo
2279:Bileća
2193:Nicaea
2186:Dimbos
2145:by era
2099:
2068:
2039:
2020:&
1997:
1964:
1916:
1875:
1853:
1823:
1807:
1767:
1730:26 May
1636:
1544:
1500:
1492:
1347:, 120.
1300:
1118:
1064:
1011:Sipahi
893:Tabriz
849:Battle
744:Tabriz
405:40,000
396:60,000
368:
349:
308:
289:
270:
221:
141:Tabriz
113:Result
3994:Sinop
3979:Samos
3964:Athos
3799:Nezib
3794:Konya
3764:Varna
3754:Petra
3694:Lalas
3661:Čegar
3638:Batin
3628:Derna
3591:Măcin
3516:Çeşme
3459:Kagul
3454:Larga
3405:Ganja
3365:Pruth
3238:Tunis
3209:Zenta
3191:Lugos
3173:Hodów
3113:Kassa
3038:Jijel
2944:Banat
2938:Sisak
2932:Bihać
2876:Krupa
2856:Tadla
2777:Ponza
2754:Tunis
2722:Modon
2624:Jajce
2549:Adana
2508:Meçad
2498:Ohrid
2407:Polog
2379:Varna
2306:Ohrid
2268:Savra
2066:S2CID
2012:. In
1981:. In
1914:S2CID
1498:S2CID
1298:S2CID
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4062:Iran
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3204:Azov
3198:Ulaş
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2152:Rise
2097:ISSN
2037:OCLC
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1962:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1783:2016
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1634:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1514:2021
1490:ISSN
1190:2021
1153:2019
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1062:ISBN
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940:The
713:and
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3103:Vác
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