906:
1125:
41:
1071:, Cortés was injured in the leg and captured by seven Mexica warriors. It is said that one old woman even tried to drown him. He only survived thanks to two Spaniards and one Tlaxcalan officer named Antonio Temaxahuitzin, with the help of his men, who killed four of his captors. One of his rescuers, named Cristóbal de Olea, was killed in the struggle. He was then given a horse and told to ride off to safety. The Mexica gave chase to the retreating Spaniards and Tlaxcalans, capturing dozens of Spaniards. Ten of them were sacrificed immediately after, while the rest were kept as prisoners to be sacrificed later. By the time the chase reached Colhuacatonco, over 50 Spaniards had been taken prisoner and famously a Spanish flag was also captured, supposedly by Ecatzin himself after he captured and cut off the arms of the flag bearer, adding to the humiliation of the Spaniards. This flag was either torn to pieces along with three other flags in front of the Spaniards to taunt them or shown in a
1360:, who was leading loyalist Texcoca forces, defeating those among the last allies the Mexica had in the valley. The Mexica continued to defend the market, including Ecatzin himself along with many other high ranking nobles, but four days later, the Spaniards had successfully captured the market, and most of Tlatelolco was now under their control. Eventually, the city could not handle the situation anymore. Facing extreme starvation, widespread disease, having virtually no allies nearby and most of their territory being occupied by the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans, some of whom proceeded to loot, slaughter and rape thousands of civilians, a last stand was launched by Cuauhtémoc on 13 August 1521, after which he and many Mexica citizens attempted to flee through the lake, but were intercepted. There Cuauhtémoc surrendered, finally ending the war and the Mexica Empire as a whole. From then on, Mexico was under Spanish control, their conquest was fulfilled.
1159:
834:
1186:, the Mexica god of war. Afterwards they were sacrificed by being laid on top of a sacrificial stone and having their hearts pulled out of their chests. Their bodies were then beheaded and thrown off the stairs of the temples, where they were butchered by priests at the bottom, all the while a large drum was played, displaying a "most saddening noise," along with the sound of horns and whistles. The same sacrifice was performed with the first ten victims during the battle. DĂaz del Castillo describes how the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans could do nothing as they watched with horror from a distance their captured comrades be taken to the summit of the temples for this ceremony. The last of the prisoners from this battle to be sacrificed was CortĂ©s' chamberlain CristĂłbal de GuzmĂĄn, who was sacrificed eighteen days after being captured.
1060:
and was then called by one of the other two divisions to come to them and check their progress, which he did. Hundreds of Mexica warriors within the buildings suddenly saw their chance to attack the
Spaniards. Not wasting his chance, Ecatzin Popocatzin gave the call for his troops to strike the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans all at once. Hundreds of warriors and many war canoes through the canals entered the site to attack their enemies, the ground filled with mud from the water pouring into it through the gaps in the causeway that were yet unfilled. The Spaniards, not prepared for such a counter-attack, were taken by surprise and were unable to hold their ground. The brigantines were unable to aid Cortés, as the stakes placed in the water by the Mexica made them unable to approach the battle scene in an efficient manner.
817:
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Spanish technological superiority and could not attack in the rear due to their native allies, they abandoned old war customs such as attacking usually during the day and started to carry out nighttime raids on the
Spanish camps. They also developed maneuvers to avoid the cannons by moving from side to side instead of fighting in straight lines and ducking when a shot was fired. They built barricades to protect themselves from the arquebuses and crossbows, though those were vulnerable to the cannons. They eventually also started to place traps in the lake by installing sharp stakes on the lake floor to trap the brigantines and creating gaps in the causeways that couldn't be seen from above to make their enemies fall into the water. The most common battle tactic used by the Mexica throughout the siege were
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1150:
than a literal depiction of the events. Sandoval at first encouraged them to save the brigantine, which at this point was tied with ropes by the Mexica to try to pull it into the city. Two soldiers were killed inside of it. However, Sandoval was wounded again in the camp and soon noticed that the situation was too dire. At that moment, he told the soldiers to retreat back to their camp to save their lives. They did so fighting the Mexica in one last attempt to drive them out, but to no avail. The brigantine was captured by the Mexica and its captain, CristĂłbal Flores, died of his wounds eight days after the battle. Once everyone was back in the camp, Alvarado, Sandoval and Lugo informed each other of their situation as the battle was coming to an end.
917:
launched by Cuauhtémoc that killed some
Spaniards, with 10 killed in Alvarado's camp alone, where the most fighting occurred. Such losses which would be insignificant in European warfare, but were considerable in the current context. Cortés received conflicting advice on what actions to take however, as some believed that such a large push would leave the current captured territories unprotected and thus vulnerable to a counter-offensive. Cortés finally decided that indeed a large assault would be beneficial if successful, and prepared an assault to the market of Tlatelolco. The planning of the assault was done together with the royal treasurer Juliån de Alderete, who was among those who persuaded Cortés into preparing the assault.
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attempted to convince the rebelled cities to join him against them, sending them various body parts of killed
Spaniards as proof of his success. The Mexica celebrated for the following days, and it seems many even believed the war was over, as Cortés described how they started to open up the roads and bridges again as if the city could go back to normal. As much as the Spaniards could've attacked them then, doing so would likely have ended in an assured defeat as a result of the heavy losses suffered that day. Throughout the following four days, the Mexica launched several counter-offensives on the Spanish camps, who suffered significant losses. The Spanish did not launch any assaults throughout that period, under Cortés' orders.
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782:. However, everytime the Spaniards engaged in another assault they found that most of their progress had been undone; the Mexica were rebuilding whatever they could and creating new gaps in the causeways after each assault. The speed at which the Mexica undid the Spanish progress baffled Cortés, and it started to become clear that a new plan was needed to succeed. Cortés initially did not want to settle himself in the city itself, as that would've left the camps relatively unprotected and would've left him completely surrounded, but Alvarado and Sandoval became increasingly impatient with Cortés' tactic and eventually began to capture territory and create camps in the city itself.
892:, cleverly used in effective manners against the Spaniards. Through these new tactics, the Mexica successfully slowed down the Spanish advance, as everytime the Spanish captured any territory the Mexica would recapture it in the night and install even more traps. In one highly successful nighttime attack using these tactics, the Mexica captured one brigantine and killed both its captain and the captain of another brigantine. Still however, the Spanish had the naval advantage, as was proven when the Mexica tried to launch a similar attack on the brigantines some time after, but were defeated when the Spanish also lured them into a trap through a feigned retreat.
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indigenous warriors who allied the
Spanish played a crucial role in the war. Tenochtitlan, however, was not prepared for a siege like this; its enormous population largely relied on resources brought from other parts of the empire and did not possess enough food storage to feed the entire population in case such a siege took place. Cortés' strategy was largely based on starving the city rather than conquering it through combat alone. Another advantage the Spanish had was their technological superiority; the Spanish brought with them weapons which completely challenged the traditional ways of Mexica combat. Their cannons,
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severely anxious. The brigantines however were still facing a large struggle while facing the Mexica war canoes; one of the brigantines became stuck among the stakes placed in the water, some Mexica warriors managed to climb aboard and it was almost fully captured. 3 soldiers were killed inside and one was captured alive. This brigantine was rescued by another commanded by captain Juan
Jaramillo. Another also got stuck, commanded by captain Juan de Limpias Carvajal, but managed to break out after an intense fight with the Mexica, being the first one to break out of this trap.
992:, with 80 Spaniards, 10,000 natives and 8 horses, aside from 10 artillery pieces which would remain at their road's entrance; and the third and largest one commanded by CortĂ©s himself, his group possessing 100 Spanish infantry, 25 crossbowmen and arquebusiers, 8 horses and an "infinite number" of indigenous warriors from his allies. Alderete would attack through the main road that lead to the market, in what is now RepĂșblica de Brasil street at the east; Tapia and Jorge de Alvarado would attack through a more narrow road, probably in modern-day
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577:
1206:. The Mexica entered the Spanish camps and attacked the Tlaxcalans and Spaniards there, but once in the camps they threw in the remains of the sacrificed prisoners, yelling insults and death threats while doing so. According to DĂaz del Castillo, they threw in the arms of sacrificed Spaniards and told the Spaniards that "you will all die in this way, so was promised to us by the gods!" Then they threw the cooked legs of Tlaxcalan prisoners and yelled "eat the remaining flesh of these
1283:, decided to stay and encouraged Cortés to keep fighting. However, eventually the Spanish, who despite everything still dominated the lake, managed to find out how to destroy the stakes placed in the water, allowing them to sail more freely and thus getting a considerable advantage. The Spanish then went back on the offensive, but progress became very slow with less allies. As time went on however many of these allies came back as it was proven that the war wasn't lost yet.
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Mexica launched themselves with great fury at the
Spanish-Tlaxcalan force. DĂaz wrote: "How could I describe the anger and strength they charged with to fight us, it was a horrifying sight! Though I don't know how to describe it here, I still remember it as if I was seeing and fighting the battle right at this moment." All of this happened in a matter of a few hours. By midday, most of the assault force had already run away from the city.
736:, killing the priests on top. However, the Spanish were suddenly met with multiple war canoes from between the buildings and were forced to flee in a rush, abandoning the cannon, which the Mexica later pushed into the lake, as they retreated back to Acachinanco. Even then however, the Spanish cavalry proved very effective and killed many Mexica warriors and forced many others to retreat, which allowed the Spanish to get out more easily.
202:
1456:, p. 254) claimed in his third letter to the king of Spain that he explicitly gave orders against attacking innocents, but that because the Spanish army was so small in comparison with their native allies, as the Spanish numbered only about 900 men at this point, many of these allies did not listen to or disobeyed these orders, resulting in the massacre that took place during the last days of the siege.
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Cortés' camp to see their commander in person under the cover of two of his brigantines through a narrow causeway, ordering his native warriors to cross the causeway first to have enough space for the
Spaniards to follow more easily. Eventually they made it to his camp. Because Tapia still wasn't back since Cortés sent him to check on Alvarado's troops, he sent Sandoval and another officer named
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they didn't follow his orders to make sure all gaps in the causeways were filled, instead recklessly rushing into the city and thus making the retreat a lot more difficult, while
Alderete and others claimed that Cortés was at fault for allegedly not giving such orders to the other captains, contrary to Cortés' allegations, and neglecting to continue pushing forward when it was needed.
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who fought the Mexica fiercely. The rapid advance made the
Spaniards quite confident of their progress. Initially they were successfully pushing the Mexica away. Though resistance was considerably large, they had been successful thus far in their objective. The group eventually entered a street named Cuauecatitlan (probably modern-day Comonfort street) in Atezcapan
1412:, a direct descendant of Ixtlilxóchitl II, claimed that it was Ixtlilxóchitl II himself who saved Cortés just as his captors were about to cut his head off, and also claimed that the story of Olea's sacrifice was probably fabricated by one of his descendants, which contradicts most sources on the matter. On the other hand, the indigenous account recorded by
712:, one of the three the Spanish had available, for an assault. Everyday during this period various skirmishes were fought, both during the day and the night, as the Mexica raided the Spanish camps and the brigantines caused chaos and destruction across the city. Sandoval meanwhile, under the advice of Alvarado, decided to capture the northern causeway at
1210:(Spaniards) and your own brothers, as we're already so full of them!" The heavy losses and the nature of these executions caused a significant psychological impact on both sides, as the Spanish and their allies were severely demoralized and the Mexica morale was boosted as the true mortality of the Spaniards was proven.
664:. Despite being no older than 25 years, his hatred towards the Spaniards and ability as a warrior made him a serious rival for the Spanish and Tlaxcalans. As the population of Tenochtitlan was being evacuated to Tlatelolco at the north of the city, Cuauhtémoc stationed his headquarters in the site of Yacacolco, in the
645:'s arrest in early 1520. He supplied the Spanish about 50,000 warriors who proved vital for the war effort, though his support for the Spaniards gave him a reputation of being a traitor among the Mexica. According to Cortés, by the time the Battle of Colhuacatonco took place the Spanish had an army of 150,000
1225:'s indigenous informants, 53 Spaniards had been captured that day along with 4 horses, while DĂaz del Castillo puts the estimate as high as 66 captured, several others killed in action and 8 horses killed. LĂłpez de GĂłmara gives a lower estimate of captured soldiers, estimating that 40 were captured. Both the
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There they found eleven soldiers, including DĂaz del Castillo, fighting in the water at their waist level to rescue a brigantine that was trapped near the camp while the rest fought on land to prevent the Mexica from entering the camp. There's a probability that Ecatzin was present in this fight too,
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Upon noting his advantage, Cuauhtémoc sounded a large horn that could be heard from very large distances, which was used as an indication that none of his troops were allowed to turn back from that point forward, essentially ordering his soldiers to achieve either victory or death. At that moment the
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As the Spanish-Tlaxcalan forces were beginning to approach the market, it appears Cortés became overconfident of his progress or grew suspicious of his oddly quick advance, and thus began to halt the push. According to Cortés' own account, he stopped to make sure all gaps in the causeways were filled
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Cortés, to facilitate his entrance through the narrow road, got off his horse at the entrance and told the cavalry to no longer follow the rest of the group unless ordered otherwise. His group then advanced rapidly using a light cannon, arquebusiers, crossbowmen and their thousands of native warriors
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The Mexica eventually tried to launch a large counter-offensive against the allies of the Spanish which would've had a huge political impact if successful, as they could've caused their allies to abandon them if they couldn't prove they could offer efficient protection against the Mexica forces. The
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Upon noting the lack of progress done thus far and the recent counter-offensives launched by the Mexica, the Spanish became impatient and many believed that a large assault into the city was needed to achieve victory. For the last few days the Spanish camps had faced significant simultaneous attacks
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Cortés was upset at Alvarado for this reckless action, to the point that he personally sailed to Alvarado's camp to reprimand him, but noting how far he managed to get into Tlatelolco before being forced to retreat, some Spanish noticed that a large assault into Tlatelolco could result in a victory,
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of Nonoalco, in western Tlatelolco, without indigenous allies. Noting their numerical advantage, the Mexica hid most of their troops within the buildings to perform an ambush. The intensity of the ambush forced the Spaniards to retreat back to their brigantines. Some Spaniards were captured and were
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Throughout the following assaults, the main tactic the Spanish used was to penetrate into the city, burn and destroy buildings and houses and filling gaps in the causeways to create more space for future assaults and attempt to destroy any monuments in the city that were possible to demoralize their
739:
Though in this assault the Spaniards were eventually forced back, the fact that they broke their way into the heart of the city's capital despite the fierce resistance inside caught the attention of many peoples across the valley, and soon enough Cortés obtained more allies, such as the Chinampaneca
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The Spanish leadership, in the other hand, appeared to have failed to understand the cause of the defeat, and various captains, including Cortés himself, blamed each other for not performing well in the battle. Cortés and several others put the blame on Alderete and Pedro de Alvarado, claiming that
1120:
When Cortés finally reached his camp, which was still under attack, he sent Andrés de Tapia under the protection of three horsemen to ride to Alvarado's camp to report on their current state. Though he was wounded in an ambush in the way by a few Mexica soldiers dispatched there by Cuauhtémoc in an
1116:
As the Mexica were giving chase to Alvarado's troops, a pair of heavy cannons installed near their camp at Tlacopan helped them retreat back to safety, causing heavy casualties among the Mexica. Still, they did not know of Cortés' or Sandoval's state, and the threats shouted by the Mexica made them
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One day however, in the middle of June, Alvarado, without consulting Cortés or receiving any aid from the other Spanish groups or indigenous allies, decided to perform a major assault to the market of Tlatelolco, an objective which was perceived as vital to achieve victory. The two or three Spanish
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discoveries from recent years which suggest that its population continued to perform pre-Hispanic rituals and activities in secret while under Spanish rule, despite its persecution by their new authorities. However, by the 17th and 18th centuries the people of the site had already assimilated into
1181:
Once the fighting inside the city was drawing to a close, the Mexica began to sacrifice all remaining prisoners, who were quickly sent to Cuauhtémoc's headquarters at Yacacolco. The first ones to be sacrificed were the Spanish, then the Tlaxcalans and lastly the rest of the indigenous allies. They
1149:
where a warrior dressed in a tunic with symbols reminiscent of the red and blue waters from a spring described in the legend of the foundation of Tenochtitlan, probably a depiction of him, is fighting a Spanish soldier identified as Pedro de Alvarado, though the illustration may be symbolic rather
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As the siege began however, the Mexica adapted to their enemy's tactics and developed their own, as they could hardly use their traditional tactics and customs against their technologically superior foe with thousands of allies. As the Mexica faced difficulties fighting in the causeways due to the
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at the south. By the early days of June, these positions had been successfully captured after the Spanish won various battles for control of the lake, the western parts of the valley and Iztapalapa. Sandoval was eventually relocated to CoyoacĂĄn, where he fought and defeated the local defenders, as
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that during the combat, seeing so many of his men being killed and dragged away, he became convinced for a brief moment that the war was lost and decided to stay in the battle to die along with his soldiers, and that he had to be literally dragged by an officer named Antonio de Quiñones and a few
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and 96 horses, but by the time the Spanish set their brigantines afloat the army had been reduced to 700 footmen, 86 horses and 118 crossbowmen and arquebusiers, along with 3 large cannons and 15 smaller ones. The numerical superiority of the Mexica was highly important, and thus the thousands of
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Cortés, who did not wish to destroy the city, as he saw it as a most beautiful thing, offered Cuauhtémoc to enter into peace negotiations for the last time so that the "rebellion" could end peacefully. Cuauhtémoc at first considered it, but was advised otherwise, as the last time there was peace
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Gonzalo de Sandoval too was ambushed in the same manner as the other ambushes after Cortés had already retreated. Six of his Spanish soldiers were killed and he was badly wounded, but he still tried to encourage his soldiers to fight. Rather than returning to their camp, they began to retreat to
920:
The day before the battle, Cortés sent messages to Alvarado and Sandoval in the north to prepare for the battle, ordering Sandoval to join Alvarado with a large portion of his camp's forces to attack through the road in Nonoalco that lead to the market, where Alvarado was recently defeated. They
1088:
Alvarado's group was unaware of Cortes' defeat at this point and was continuing its advance. However, at some point they were also ambushed. They initially tried to hold their ground, while the Mexica used intimidation tactics to demoralize them, such as throwing the severed heads of sacrificed
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even in the most dire circumstances, as by this point the city was already facing widespread starvation and disease and yet still achieved victory, though the battle did not stop the city from falling to the Spanish Empire in August of the same year. The battle also became famous because Cortés
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The Spanish defeat was perceived as humiliating. The victory achieved over the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans in this battle boosted the morale of the Mexica leadership. Cuauhtémoc himself perceived the victory as decisive, believing that half of the remaining Spanish force had been annihilated, and
1276:
The Spanish and indigenous allies were severely demoralized by this loss. Many indigenous allies thinking the war was already lost began to defect and went home. A few important ones however, such as IxtlilxĂłchitl II and the Tlaxcalan commander, referred by the title of
525:
The battle was fought as a result of the Spanish soldiers growing dissatisfied with the lack of progress done during the siege thus far, as the Spanish-Tlaxcalan forces had failed to take any important amount of territory since the beginning of June. Captain
1444:, p. 210) claimed that over 450 Spaniards, 4000 indigenous allies and 46 horses were killed in La Noche Triste and the days following it, but didn't describe the casualties at Otumba, and he himself stated that the exact total amount isn't clear.
1336:, the Spanish camp in the east coast of Mexico created in July 1519. It carried vital gunpowder, crossbows and soldiers who were quickly received by the Spanish camps in the valley, which allowed Cortés to engage in larger offensives than before.
1308:
at the west tried to march directly onto the Spanish camps. However, Cortés dispatched Tapia to defeat the Malinalcas, he succeeded in ten days, and Sandoval defeated the Matlatzincas two days later, sacking and burning down their homeland.
973:, attacking multiple objectives, while an auxiliary force under Alvarado and Gonzalo de Sandoval would attack from the north using seven brigantines for the Spaniards and over 3000 war canoes for the Tlaxcalans and other indigenous allies.
952:, would be in command of the main defence forces. They would use the tactic based on luring the Spanish into a location through a feigned retreat and then ambush them, a tactic that had proved to be effective in previous battles.
732:(one of Tenochtitlan's four divisions) of Moyotlan at the south of the city. Using the heavy cannon and two brigantines, they managed to penetrate their way into the central plaza of the city, where they famously stormed the
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and crossbows could easily disrupt Mexica formations in the narrow causeways with their superior power, thus challenging the Mexica troops in what would normally be an advantageous position with their numerical superiority.
1355:
The Spanish entered the market of Tlatelolco for the first time around the first day of August, and the Spanish cavalry killed many Mexica defenders inside. Meanwhile, Ixtlilxochitl managed to capture his brother
1077:(wall of skulls) displaying Spanish heads. The cannon they had was also lost during the retreat and many Spanish swords, crossbows and arquebuses were captured and even used against them. Cortés claimed in his
1096:, had 4 Spaniards killed. Likewise, Alderete was also continuing his advance when his division was attacked in a similar manner. At that point, they began to gradually retreat while still fighting the Mexica.
629:, a nation which had been at war with Mexico for many years, which was formed in September 1519 and brought them thousands of warriors. They were also aided by many different cities and towns in the
1019:
away from Cortés. This lack of communication would prove highly important for the course of the battle, as Cortés would try to give orders to his captains yet they allegedly would not receive them.
1015:
Despite their preparations, the main force and auxiliaries were largely unaware of what was happening to each other due to their distances. For instance, Pedro de Alvarado's group was over half a
552:
The battle became famous among modern historians as a result of the Spanish defeat, which was perceived as humiliating and retroactively seen as a demonstration of indigenous resistance against
1388:, Mexico City. The backstory of the neighborhood was revived and gained fame as a story of a major victory being achieved by an indigenous population under extreme circumstances against their
1063:
Cortés at first tried to encourage his soldiers to fight back, but when he noticed the gravity of the situation he understood that the battle was at a loss. At some point, in the nearby
924:
The Tlatelolco troops appeared to have been already expecting such an assault to take place, suspicions that started as a result of recent minor assaults in the northeast, in the
1221:, the battles that unfolded a year earlier as the Spanish were retreating from Tenochtitlan upon the death of emperor Moctezuma II in the early stages of the war. According to
1392:. The remains were specially notable since they suggest the idea that the population of the site continued to preserve their pre-Hispanic culture even after the war was lost.
884:, they unintentionally carried it to Tenochtitlan. The indigenous population didn't have immunity against this disease and millions died of it throughout the following years.
1035:. At this point, Ecatzin ordered for the majority of his troops to enter the buildings to protect themselves against the Spanish artillery and prepare to perform an ambush.
1132:. The illustration at the left shows the battle on the shores of Lake Texcoco near Tlacopan. The Spanish soldier fighting on land has been identified as Pedro de Alvarado.
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would work as the support force. He also ordered for a portion of their troops to be supplied to his camp so that the main force at the south could be more effective.
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then sacrificed. Though some records suggest that only four Spaniards were captured in this assault, indigenous records suggest the number to be as high as fifteen.
549:, the battle became known as such because most of the fighting occurred in this neighborhood; the Spaniards suffered their worst losses in this battle in this site.
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40:
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narrowly escaped death during the fighting, as he was captured by multiple Mexica warriors, who typically didn't spare their prisoners, before he was rescued.
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which allied the Spanish and Tlaxcalans as a result of their desire for aid against the empire's domination. Among the most important of these allies was
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attempt to cut the Spanish communication lines, Tapia reached the camp to find that most of the Spaniards from the camp were still in good condition.
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to cut the city's water supply. Mexico and Spain had been in a state of war since May 1520, and the Spanish were aided by an alliance with
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399:
1027:, entering Tlatelolco. This street was highly narrow as a result of the gaps opened in the causeway. With some difficulty, using wood and
98:
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984:: one controlled by Alderete, with 70 Spaniards, 7 or 8 horses at the rear and between 15,000 and 20,000 natives; another controlled by
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1409:
618:, where the city was settled (though one of them was eventually scrapped due to its vulnerable size), and in May 22 they destroyed the
534:. The Spanish faced a much stronger resistance than expected and were eventually forced to retreat, suffering their worst losses since
969:. The Spanish launched their attack from two fronts. The main force under the command of Cortés would attack from the south from the
796:
1464:, claiming that "I have read about the destruction of Jerusalem, but I'm not sure if the mortality there was any greater than here."
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1564:
522:(also typically referred as Aztec Empire). It is regarded as the most important victory achieved by the Mexica during the siege.
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The moment Hernån Cortés was captured by the Mexica upon being ambushed, moments before being rescued. 1773 reproduction of the
1031:, they made some space to enter with more ease. After pushing the Mexica troops out, they entered the site of Tliloacan in the
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1408:
Though most sources agree with this version of the story, a few other accounts are less clear or contradict it. For example,
1000:
at the west, and CortĂ©s between them through the narrowest, in modern-day RepĂșblica de Chile street in eastern Colhuacatonco
580:
Map of the Valley of AnĂĄhuac at the time of the Spanish arrival in 1519, showing the locations of the cities in Lake Texcoco.
1195:(walls made of skulls) to place the heads of the prisoners, one in Tliloacan, another in Yacacolco, and one in front of the
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were sacrificed one by one. The prisoners were stripped naked, given feathered headdresses and were forced to dance for
1043:
3325:
1440:, p. 444) listed the total amount in both of these battles as over 860 Spaniards and over 1200 Tlaxcalans killed.
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of Atenantitlan and Telpochcaltitlan, by the Spanish brigantines. Since the main Spanish force would enter through the
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The exact amount of casualties suffered in each of these battles is not entirely certain, but it is known to be high.
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1238:
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Cortés divided his troops into three groups to attack through the three main roads that lead to the market within the
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The first major assault onto the city was carried out six days after Cortés settled in Acachinanco, going through the
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The initial assault: Spanish-Tlaxcalan forces advance to the market of Tlatelolco as the Mexica prepare an ambush.
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enemy, and at the night they would return to their camps to safety. They soon destroyed their old barracks at the
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Cortés then divided his troops to settle themselves into three garrisons to cut the resources of the city: one in
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In 2017, the remains of a precinct of the nobles who inhabited Colhuacatonco were found by archaeologists of the
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1761:] (in Spanish and NÄhuatl). Translated by Tena, Rafael. MĂ©xico, D.F.: Conaculta. 2004 . pp. 107â113.
1525:[The humiliation of Hernån Cortés in Colhuacatonco: the battle where the Aztecs stole Spain's honor].
1523:"La humillación de Hernån Cortés en Colhuacatonco: la batalla en la que los aztecas robaron la honra a España"
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Spaniards into the battlefield and claiming them to belong to Cortés and Sandoval. His group, according to
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with the heads of the Spanish men and horses sacrificed in this battle, depicted in the Florentine Codex.
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1600:[Precinct of the Mexica nobles who inhabited the neighborhood of Colhuacatonco is discovered].
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The people of Colhuacatonco continued to "peacefully resist" being conquered however, as evidenced by
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Examples of types of weapons brought by the Spanish which the Mexica were largely unfamiliar with.
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1345:
716:
and settled himself there, cutting off the last opening the city had, completing the blockade.
626:
515:
441:
206:
2541:
1261:
1099:
1007:
3315:
2354:(in Spanish). Madrid: Oficina y acosta de NicolĂĄs RodrĂguez Franco. pp. 553â556, 565â566
1203:
799:, suggested that five Spaniards were captured and two others were killed in the brigantines.
531:
507:
181:
28:
3231:
3217:
1385:
1325:
981:
87:
2549:
1229:
and LĂłpez de GĂłmara described that 2000 indigenous allies of the Spanish were also killed.
1226:
566:
489:
699:. Cortés settled himself in Acachinanco, the point where the Iztapalapa causeway forks to
688:
630:
614:
and protected by thousands of war canoes from their allies to assert their dominance over
238:
8:
1321:
1279:
696:
676:
593:
546:
324:
Over 300 Spanish infantry, 15 or 16 horses, and tens of thousands of indigenous warriors.
281:
965:
The assault was performed in the morning of Sunday June 30, after the usual ceremony of
704:
634:
545:
Though much of the fighting occurred elsewhere in Tlatelolco, northern Tenochtitlan and
3192:
3166:
3040:
2293:
1460:, p. 623) compared the situation of Tenochtitlan during these final days with the
1316:
was beginning to run out, in the middle of July a Spanish ship which, according to the
1305:
1068:
881:
611:
589:
530:
of the Spanish decided to launch a massive assault onto the city to take the market of
527:
459:
377:
270:
233:
46:
2389:
1807:
985:
298:
3258:
3248:
3199:
3173:
3116:
2620:
1762:
1349:
1170:
989:
840:
680:
309:
302:
292:
285:
274:
1352:. Cuauhtémoc's final answer to this embassy was a sudden offensive on Cortés' camp.
2392:[July to August of 1521. The fall of Tlatelolco. The military events (I)].
1810:[The settlement of Hernån Cortés during the siege of Mexico-Tenochtitlan].
1218:
1163:
1146:
1129:
1047:
The Mexica counter-attack and soldiers rescuing Hernån Cortés upon being captured.
1016:
937:
539:
477:
447:
1427:
claimed that all three of them; Olea, Ixtlilxóchitl and Antonio; had saved Cortés.
3242:
3044:
2545:
2281:
1214:
1183:
889:
535:
471:
3064:
Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España. Libro XII: la conquista de México
3062:
656:
was emperor since early 1521, being crowned after the sudden death of his uncle
3053:] (in Spanish). Paris: Imprenta central de los ferro-carriles A. Chaix y C.
1420:
1364:
195:
1598:"Descubren recinto de nobles mexicas que habitaron el barrio de Colhuacatonco"
1413:
880:
had the disease and, when Cortés convinced Narvåez' men to join him after the
576:
3274:
2624:
1317:
1199:(temple of women), the ones at Tliloacan and Yacacolco having Spanish heads.
519:
155:
113:
100:
83:
3069:
General History of the Things of New Spain. Book XII: The Conquest of Mexico
876:
epidemic in the region since May 1520, since a few of the men under captain
657:
653:
263:
3137:
3093:(in Spanish). Real Academia Española-Galaxia Gutenberg-CĂrculo de Lectores.
1985:
970:
855:
At its peak in June 1520, the Spanish army numbered over 1300 soldiers, 80
779:
773:
733:
615:
169:
79:
2390:"Julio â agosto de 1521. La caĂda de Tlatelolco. Los hechos militares (I)"
1103:
The Mexica ambush the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans. They're forced to retreat.
708:
Cortés joined forces with Olid, prepared his camp and set up a large iron
3187:
3161:
2818:
993:
860:
619:
603:
553:
243:
228:
91:
2297:
2285:
1501:
1499:
684:
1297:
1202:
One last offensive was launched by the Mexica that day, but it was for
1191:
1073:
741:
692:
642:
607:
327:
248:
3244:
Portraying the Aztec Past: The Codices Boturini, Azcatitlan, and Aubin
1162:
The Spanish and Tlaxcalan prisoners being sacrificed, depicted in the
745:
1496:
1389:
1369:
1357:
1313:
1293:
1090:
1048:
909:
423:
2902:
2878:
2794:
2743:
2719:
2420:
2167:
1826:
1616:
1213:
The Spanish troops in this battle suffered their worst losses since
786:
brigantines under Alvarado landed in the site of Iyauhtenco, in the
3222:. Vol. III. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company.
3144:[The ancient neighborhoods of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco]
2974:
2767:
2611:[Narratives from Tlatelolco about the Conquest of Mexico].
2566:
2564:
2524:
2522:
1333:
873:
856:
822:
700:
672:
661:
598:
435:
3262:
3236:. Vol. IV. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company.
2588:
2471:
2203:
2131:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1808:"El Real de Hernån Cortés durante el asedio a México-Tenochtitlan"
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
1975:
1973:
1329:
1301:
945:
865:
713:
3051:
Letters and narratives of Hernån Cortés to the emperor Charles V
2890:
2854:
2731:
2695:
2650:
2561:
2519:
2483:
2143:
1997:
1694:
1643:
1417:
709:
668:(neighborhood) of Atenantitech, near the market of Tlatelolco.
356:
8 horses killed (probably 4 of them captured and later killed).
3007:"Mexico City Dig Uncovers Traces of Aztec Resistance to Spain"
2866:
2806:
2674:
2081:
1970:
1718:
1141:
to check on them. They finally arrived late in the afternoon.
1028:
749:
511:
2461:
2459:
2371:
2369:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2230:
1340:
between Mexico and the Spanish the empire was humiliated by
1256:
Scene from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala of Cortés' capture in the
1038:
1730:
1655:
806:
3101:(2007) . AlcibĂades, Mirla; GurrĂa Lacroix, Jorge (eds.).
3046:
Cartas y relaciones de Hernån Cortés al emperador Carlos V
2986:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2914:
1706:
1286:
703:
and CoyoacĂĄn at the west and Iztapalapa, Mexicatzinco and
2842:
2755:
2707:
2662:
2507:
2456:
2366:
2227:
2191:
2045:
1946:
1922:
1910:
1838:
506:
was fought on 30 June 1521 during the late stages of the
3115:(in Spanish). Venezuela: FundaciĂłn Biblioteca Ayachuco.
2784:
2782:
2261:
2259:
1850:
1672:
1670:
1633:
1631:
1541:
407:
3168:
Aztec warfare: imperial expansion and political control
2609:"Narrativas de Tlatelolco sobre la Conquista de MĂ©xico"
2119:
2069:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1372:
culture, as is also proven by items found at the site.
872:
To make matters worse for the Mexica, there had been a
2830:
2576:
2495:
2444:
1862:
1239:
Fall of Tenochtitlan § The Spanish advance closer
588:, the troops under the command of the Spanish captain
3082:
Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España
2779:
2638:
2432:
2408:
2311:
2256:
2215:
2179:
2155:
2057:
2033:
2021:
1934:
1787:
1682:
1667:
1628:
2009:
1477:
3142:"Los barrios antiguos de Tenochtitlan y Tlatelolco"
740:(peoples from the south of the lake, including the
3191:
3165:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
1958:
1775:
592:began preparations to lay under siege the city of
584:In late April 1521, during the late stages of the
3075:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2860:
2824:
2800:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2701:
2656:
2570:
2528:
2489:
2426:
2173:
2149:
2003:
1832:
1700:
1649:
1567:[The Mexica who fought in the Conquest].
1457:
1437:
3272:
1516:
1514:
1324:, formed part of the expedition of the explorer
1258:DescripciĂłn de la ciudad y provincia de Tlaxcala
1247:
3150:Memorias de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia
3097:
2689:
2323:
2276:
2274:
2087:
1979:
1892:
1441:
932:of Atezcapan, a high ranking noble from there,
719:
1558:
1556:
1111:
2540:
2336:
1602:Instituto Nacional de AntropologĂa e Historia
1511:
1382:Instituto Nacional de AntropologĂa e Historia
752:tribesmen, who were highly skilled warriors.
393:
2271:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1296:tried to invade Cuauhnahuac (today known as
900:
602:capital of the Mexica Empire known today as
571:
370:2,000 killed or captured to be later killed.
3240:
2848:
2773:
2465:
2238:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1553:
1547:
1153:
3057:
2980:
2872:
2812:
2606:
2594:
2477:
2209:
1991:
1904:
1880:
1565:"Los mexicas que lucharon en la Conquista"
400:
386:
354:Several killed in action and many wounded.
321:Thousands of warriors and many war canoes.
3087:True History of the Conquest of New Spain
3004:
1742:
1520:
1348:, the profanation of the temples and the
1085:soldiers to his horse to ride to safety.
1039:Mexica counter-attack and Spanish retreat
912:copy of a 1525 portrait of Hernån Cortés.
843:from the late 15th or early 16th century.
803:as progress thus far had been very slow.
303:
286:
275:
3226:
3212:
3172:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
2968:
2944:
2920:
2836:
2761:
2713:
2582:
2501:
2125:
1952:
1928:
1916:
1856:
1736:
1724:
1661:
1637:
1622:
1583:
1505:
1251:
1169:
1157:
1123:
1098:
1067:of Copolco at the west according to the
1042:
1006:
904:
825:from the first half of the 16th century.
807:Tactics and strategies used in the siege
575:
360:One or two light artillery pieces lost.
2280:
1562:
1416:simply described Cortés' rescuer as a "
1287:Spanish recovery and fall of the empire
3273:
3186:
3160:
3039:
2992:
2956:
2932:
2788:
2668:
2644:
2513:
2438:
2375:
2317:
2265:
2250:
2197:
2185:
2161:
2137:
2099:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
1940:
1844:
1793:
1712:
1688:
1676:
1490:
1453:
1328:, who had ended his expedition in the
3247:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
3230:(1904). Munro, Wilfred Harold (ed.).
3216:(1873). Munro, Wilfred Harold (ed.).
3043:(1866) . de Gayangos, Pascual (ed.).
2102:"Smallpox and the Conquest of Mexico"
1521:Villatoro, Manuel P. (10 July 2017).
1410:Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl
1145:as suggested by an illustration from
381:
3291:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
3136:
3130:
2450:
2414:
2221:
1964:
1868:
1805:
1781:
411:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
3241:Rajagopalan, Angela Herren (2019).
2387:
691:, and the third and largest one in
679:) at the west under the command of
70:Mainly in and around Colhuacatonco
13:
3296:Battles involving the Aztec Empire
3104:Historia de la conquista de MĂ©xico
3033:
1332:peninsula at this time, landed at
960:
14:
3342:
3233:History of the Conquest of Mexico
3219:History of the Conquest of Mexico
3109:History of the Conquest of Mexico
3079:(2011) . Serés, Guillermo (ed.).
2100:Barton, Marc (28 February 2018).
1384:in RepĂșblica del PerĂș street, in
1079:third letter to the king of Spain
3198:. New York: Longman Publishing.
2998:
1447:
1189:The Mexica then installed three
988:and Pedro de Alvarado's brother
832:
815:
200:
189:
175:
163:
149:
39:
3286:Military history of Mexico City
3194:Mexico and the Spanish Conquest
3071:] (in Spanish and NÄhuatl).
3027:
3005:Blakemore, Erin (6 July 2017).
2600:
2534:
2381:
2093:
1799:
1563:Ventura, Abida (31 July 2017).
1430:
1402:
1312:To Cortés' luck, just as their
936:Ecatzin Popocatzin, warrior of
797:a detailed chronicle on the war
996:avenue in western Tezcatzonco
795:, a Spanish soldier who wrote
778:zoo built during the reign of
1:
2292:(in Spanish) (51/52): 75â76.
1471:
1248:Initial success of the Mexica
1052:
1051:painting by Miguel GonzĂĄlez,
955:
560:
367:
352:66 captured and later killed.
349:
2140:, pp. 126â127, 129â133.
1232:
980:of Cuepopan, in what is now
720:First assaults into the city
7:
2613:Estudios de cultura nĂĄhuatl
1423:" who was brutally killed.
1112:Last stand of the Spaniards
10:
3347:
3306:Battles involving Tlaxcala
3228:Prescott, William Hickling
3214:Prescott, William Hickling
3099:LĂłpez de GĂłmara, Francisco
2619:. Ciudad de MĂ©xico: UNAM.
2607:Terraciano, Kevin (2014).
2557:(in Spanish). p. 224.
1236:
649:warriors protecting them.
586:Spanish Conquest of Mexico
564:
330:and over 3,000 war canoes.
33:Spanish Conquest of Mexico
3326:Prisoner of war massacres
3077:DĂaz del Castillo, Bernal
1604:(in Spanish). 3 July 2017
1375:
1094:Francisco LĂłpez de GĂłmara
901:Planning and preparations
895:
572:The siege of Tenochtitlan
419:
334:
315:
257:
141:
53:
38:
26:
21:
16:1521 Spanish-Aztec battle
2827:, pp. 588, 593â594.
2776:, pp. 77â79, 81â82.
1994:, fol. 62vâ63r, 64râ64v.
1462:Destruction of Jerusalem
1395:
1342:Moctezuma's imprisonment
1243:§ The Aztecs' last stand
1154:Killing of the prisoners
793:Bernal DĂaz del Castillo
358:One brigantine captured.
340:Many killed and wounded.
3301:Battles involving Spain
1458:DĂaz del Castillo (2011
1438:DĂaz del Castillo (2011
1425:Fray Juan de Torquemada
944:(roughly equivalent to
839:Spanish breech-loading
687:at the southwest under
641:ruler of Texcoco since
504:Battle of Colhuacatonco
22:Battle of Colhuacatonco
3059:de SahagĂșn, Bernardino
2909:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2897:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2885:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2861:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2825:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2801:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2750:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2738:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2726:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2702:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2657:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2571:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2529:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2490:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2427:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2253:, pp. 39, 43, 45.
2174:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2150:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
2004:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
1833:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
1727:, pp. 20, 24, 31.
1701:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
1650:DĂaz del Castillo 2011
1569:El Universal Querétaro
1265:
1178:
1167:
1133:
1104:
1056:
1012:
913:
581:
258:Commanders and leaders
1508:, pp. 38â39, note 44.
1442:LĂłpez de GĂłmara (2007
1255:
1237:Further information:
1223:Bernardino de SahagĂșn
1204:psychological warfare
1173:
1161:
1127:
1102:
1046:
1010:
908:
579:
508:Siege of Tenochtitlan
466:Tenochtitlan Massacre
335:Casualties and losses
114:19.44339°N 99.13528°W
29:Siege of Tenochtitlan
3011:Smithsonian Magazine
2690:LĂłpez de GĂłmara 2007
2551:Historia de Tlaxcala
2542:Muñoz Camargo, Diego
2286:"Lienzo de Tlaxcala"
2106:Past Medical History
2088:LĂłpez de GĂłmara 2007
1980:LĂłpez de GĂłmara 2007
1893:LĂłpez de GĂłmara 2007
1759:Annals of Tlatelolco
1755:Anales de Tlatelolco
1715:, pp. 242, 246.
1625:, book VI, chpt. VI.
1346:arrest of Cacamatzin
1227:Annals of Tlatelolco
767:and the prestigious
748:, etc.) and several
652:During this period,
567:Fall of Tenochtitlan
460:Narvaez's Expedition
207:Republic of Tlaxcala
3321:Massacres in Mexico
2995:, pp. 139â143.
2959:, pp. 138â139.
2935:, pp. 136â138.
2911:, pp. 590â591.
2887:, pp. 594â595.
2803:, pp. 592â593.
2752:, pp. 591â592.
2728:, pp. 588â589.
2671:, pp. 232â233.
2516:, pp. 231â232.
2429:, pp. 589â591.
2378:, pp. 230â231.
2338:de Torquemada, Juan
2200:, pp. 229â230.
2176:, pp. 582â585.
2054:, pp. 125â126.
1895:, pp. 256â258.
1847:, pp. 214â215.
1835:, pp. 568â570.
1739:, pp. 247â250.
1664:, pp. 363â365.
1322:William H. Prescott
1292:Mexica's allies at
1280:chichimeca tecuhtli
1262:Diego Muñoz Camargo
1128:Illustrations from
758:Palace of AxayĂĄcatl
697:Gonzalo de Sandoval
695:at the south under
610:were launched from
594:Mexico-Tenochtitlan
282:Gonzalo de Sandoval
119:19.44339; -99.13528
110: /
2453:, pp. 34, 38.
1871:, pp. 10, 14.
1386:Cuauhtémoc borough
1326:Juan Ponce de LeĂłn
1306:Matlatzinca people
1266:
1179:
1168:
1134:
1105:
1069:Lienzo de Tlaxcala
1057:
1013:
982:Cuauhtémoc borough
914:
882:Battle of Cempoala
878:PĂĄnfilo de NarvĂĄez
728:of Xoloco, in the
606:. In the 28th, 13
582:
364:Indigenous allies:
296:JuliĂĄn de Alderete
267:Ecatzin Popocatzin
88:Cuauhtémoc borough
47:Lienzo de Tlaxcala
3331:Massacres in 1521
3311:Conflicts in 1521
3131:Secondary sources
3122:978-980-276-460-0
2971:, pp. 67â70.
2947:, pp. 63â64.
2923:, pp. 56â57.
2764:, pp. 49â52.
2716:, pp. 49â50.
2417:, pp. 28â29.
2343:MonarquĂa indiana
2224:, pp. 36â37.
2078:, pp. 90â91.
1955:, pp. 25â26.
1931:, pp. 21â26.
1919:, pp. 19â20.
1806:Mazzetto, Elena.
1350:Alvarado Massacre
1139:Francisco de Lugo
689:CristĂłbal de Olid
681:Pedro de Alvarado
631:Valley of AnĂĄhuac
499:
498:
376:
375:
372:Hundreds wounded.
310:Jorge de Alvarado
293:Pedro de Alvarado
137:
136:
3338:
3266:
3237:
3223:
3209:
3197:
3183:
3171:
3157:
3147:
3126:
3114:
3094:
3092:
3072:
3054:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2849:Rajagopalan 2019
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2774:Rajagopalan 2019
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2546:Chavero, Alfredo
2538:
2532:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2466:Rajagopalan 2019
2463:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2334:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2282:Chavero, Alfredo
2278:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2239:Rajagopalan 2019
2236:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1859:, pp. 8â10.
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1751:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1560:
1551:
1548:Rajagopalan 2019
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1465:
1451:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1406:
1370:colonial Mexican
1300:, in modern-day
1219:Battle of Otumba
1164:Florentine Codex
1147:Codex Azcatitlan
1130:Codex Azcatitlan
1054:
890:feigned retreats
836:
819:
777:
766:
744:, Mexicatzinca,
675:(today known as
635:IxtlilxĂłchitl II
542:a year earlier.
540:Battle of Otumba
414:
412:
402:
395:
388:
379:
378:
369:
351:
305:
288:
277:
205:
204:
203:
194:
193:
192:
180:
179:
178:
168:
167:
166:
154:
153:
152:
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
55:
54:
43:
19:
18:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3255:
3206:
3180:
3145:
3133:
3123:
3112:
3090:
3036:
3034:Primary sources
3030:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2983:, fol. 70râ72v.
2981:de SahagĂșn 1577
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2873:de SahagĂșn 1577
2871:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2813:de SahagĂșn 1577
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2605:
2601:
2597:, fol. 66vâ67r.
2595:de SahagĂșn 1577
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:, fol. 65râ65v.
2478:de SahagĂșn 1577
2476:
2472:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2388:Arriaga, IvĂĄn.
2386:
2382:
2374:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2348:Indian Monarchy
2335:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2290:Artes de MĂ©xico
2279:
2272:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2212:, fol. 64vâ65r.
2210:de SahagĂșn 1577
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2128:, pp. 8â9.
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1992:de SahagĂșn 1577
1990:
1986:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:, fol. 61vâ63r.
1905:de SahagĂșn 1577
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:, fol. 56vâ58r.
1881:de SahagĂșn 1577
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1753:
1752:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1452:
1448:
1435:
1431:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1378:
1289:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1215:La Noche Triste
1184:Huitzilopochtli
1156:
1114:
1041:
986:Andrés de Tapia
963:
961:Initial assault
958:
903:
898:
853:
852:
851:
850:
846:
845:
844:
837:
828:
827:
826:
820:
809:
771:
760:
722:
574:
569:
563:
536:La Noche Triste
518:forces and the
500:
495:
472:La Noche Triste
415:
410:
408:
406:
371:
359:
357:
355:
353:
345:Spanish forces:
325:
308:
299:Andrés de Tapia
297:
295:
291:
280:
266:
253:
220:
219:
201:
199:
198:
190:
188:
176:
174:
164:
162:
150:
148:
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
95:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3281:1521 in Mexico
3268:
3267:
3253:
3238:
3224:
3210:
3204:
3184:
3178:
3158:
3152:(in Spanish).
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3095:
3073:
3055:
3041:Cortés, Hernån
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2899:, p. 595.
2889:
2877:
2865:
2863:, p. 594.
2853:
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2791:, p. 235.
2778:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2740:, p. 590.
2730:
2718:
2706:
2704:, p. 588.
2694:
2692:, p. 267.
2673:
2661:
2659:, p. 593.
2649:
2647:, p. 234.
2637:
2615:(in Spanish).
2599:
2587:
2575:
2573:, p. 587.
2560:
2533:
2531:, p. 586.
2518:
2506:
2494:
2492:, p. 585.
2482:
2470:
2455:
2443:
2441:, p. 231.
2431:
2419:
2407:
2380:
2365:
2322:
2320:, p. 230.
2310:
2270:
2268:, p. 135.
2255:
2243:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2188:, p. 229.
2178:
2166:
2164:, p. 131.
2154:
2152:, p. 575.
2142:
2130:
2118:
2092:
2090:, p. 194.
2080:
2068:
2066:, p. 126.
2056:
2044:
2042:, p. 122.
2032:
2030:, p. 206.
2020:
2008:
2006:, p. 577.
1996:
1984:
1982:, p. 264.
1969:
1957:
1945:
1943:, p. 223.
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1798:
1796:, p. 207.
1786:
1774:
1767:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1703:, p. 228.
1693:
1691:, p. 123.
1681:
1679:, p. 130.
1666:
1654:
1652:, p. 571.
1642:
1627:
1615:
1582:
1552:
1540:
1510:
1495:
1493:, p. 136.
1475:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1446:
1429:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1377:
1374:
1365:archaeological
1288:
1285:
1249:
1246:
1234:
1231:
1155:
1152:
1113:
1110:
1040:
1037:
962:
959:
957:
954:
902:
899:
897:
894:
848:
847:
838:
831:
830:
829:
821:
814:
813:
812:
811:
810:
808:
805:
721:
718:
637:, who was the
573:
570:
565:Main article:
562:
559:
497:
496:
494:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
420:
417:
416:
405:
404:
397:
390:
382:
374:
373:
366:
365:
347:
346:
341:
337:
336:
332:
331:
322:
318:
317:
313:
312:
268:
260:
259:
255:
254:
252:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
217:
216:
215:
213:
210:
209:
196:Spanish Empire
186:
185:
184:
172:
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:Mexica victory
131:
127:
126:
69:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
36:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3343:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3254:9781477316078
3250:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3138:Caso, Alfonso
3135:
3134:
3124:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2969:Prescott 1904
2965:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2945:Prescott 1904
2941:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2921:Prescott 1904
2917:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2851:, p. 81.
2850:
2845:
2839:, p. 58.
2838:
2837:Prescott 1904
2833:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2762:Prescott 1904
2758:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2714:Prescott 1904
2710:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2585:, p. 44.
2584:
2583:Prescott 1904
2579:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2504:, p. 40.
2503:
2502:Prescott 1904
2498:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2468:, p. 79.
2467:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2395:
2394:Noticonquista
2391:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2314:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2241:, p. 78.
2240:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2126:Prescott 1904
2122:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2018:, p. 92.
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1967:, p. 41.
1966:
1961:
1954:
1953:Prescott 1904
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1929:Prescott 1904
1925:
1918:
1917:Prescott 1904
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1857:Prescott 1904
1853:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1813:
1812:Noticonquista
1809:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1784:, p. 35.
1783:
1778:
1770:
1768:970-35-0507-4
1764:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1737:Prescott 1873
1733:
1726:
1725:Prescott 1904
1721:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1662:Prescott 1873
1658:
1651:
1646:
1640:, p. 50.
1639:
1638:Prescott 1904
1634:
1632:
1624:
1623:Prescott 1904
1619:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1550:, p. 76.
1549:
1544:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1506:Prescott 1904
1502:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:cihuateocalli
1194:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1050:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
953:
951:
947:
943:
940:rank and the
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
918:
911:
907:
893:
891:
885:
883:
879:
875:
870:
867:
862:
858:
842:
835:
824:
818:
804:
800:
798:
794:
789:
783:
781:
775:
770:
764:
759:
753:
751:
747:
743:
737:
735:
731:
727:
717:
715:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
683:, another in
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
590:Hernån Cortés
587:
578:
568:
558:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:Hernån Cortés
523:
521:
520:Mexica Empire
517:
513:
509:
505:
491:
488:
485:
484:Colhuacatonco
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
418:
413:
403:
398:
396:
391:
389:
384:
383:
380:
363:
362:
361:
344:
343:
342:
339:
338:
333:
329:
323:
320:
319:
314:
311:
306:
300:
294:
289:
283:
278:
272:
271:Hernån Cortés
269:
265:
262:
261:
256:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
218:Supported by:
214:
212:
211:
208:
197:
187:
183:
173:
171:
161:
160:
159:
157:
156:Mexica Empire
146:
145:
140:
132:
129:
128:
123:
93:
89:
85:
84:Mexica Empire
81:
77:
73:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3316:Tenochtitlan
3243:
3232:
3218:
3193:
3188:Hassig, Ross
3167:
3162:Hassig, Ross
3153:
3149:
3108:
3103:
3086:
3081:
3068:
3063:
3050:
3045:
3028:Bibliography
3014:. Retrieved
3010:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2856:
2844:
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2398:. Retrieved
2396:(in Spanish)
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2011:
1999:
1987:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
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1828:
1816:. Retrieved
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1696:
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1606:. Retrieved
1601:
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1531:. Retrieved
1529:(in Spanish)
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1454:Cortés (1866
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1021:
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1001:
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977:
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971:Templo Mayor
964:
949:
942:tlacateccatl
941:
934:tlappanecatl
933:
929:
925:
923:
919:
915:
886:
871:
861:arquebusiers
854:
801:
787:
784:
780:Moctezuma II
754:
738:
734:Templo Mayor
729:
725:
723:
670:
665:
651:
638:
616:Lake Texcoco
597:
583:
551:
544:
524:
503:
501:
492: (1521)
490:Tenochtitlan
486: (1521)
483:
480: (1520)
474: (1520)
468: (1520)
462: (1520)
456: (1519)
450: (1519)
444: (1519)
438: (1519)
432: (1519)
426: (1519)
348:
170:Tenochtitlan
147:
142:Belligerents
86:(modern-day
80:Tenochtitlan
75:
71:
61:30 June 1521
27:Part of the
2993:Hassig 1994
2957:Hassig 1994
2933:Hassig 1994
2875:, fol. 67r.
2815:, fol. 66v.
2789:Cortés 1866
2669:Cortés 1866
2645:Cortés 1866
2630:3 September
2514:Cortés 1866
2439:Cortés 1866
2376:Cortés 1866
2318:Cortés 1866
2266:Hassig 1994
2251:Hassig 1988
2198:Cortés 1866
2186:Cortés 1866
2162:Hassig 1994
2138:Hassig 1994
2076:Hassig 1994
2064:Hassig 1994
2052:Hassig 1994
2040:Hassig 1994
2028:Cortés 1866
2016:Hassig 1994
1941:Cortés 1866
1845:Cortés 1866
1794:Cortés 1866
1713:Hassig 1988
1689:Hassig 1994
1677:Hassig 1994
1491:Hassig 1994
1414:Diego DurĂĄn
1049:New-Spanish
994:Eje Central
857:crossbowmen
772: [
761: [
746:Cuitlahuaca
620:Chapultepec
608:brigantines
604:Mexico City
554:colonialism
328:brigantines
244:Tlalmanalco
229:Huejotzingo
117: /
92:Mexico City
74:, Cuepopan
3275:Categories
3263:2018003954
3205:0582068290
3179:0806121211
3156:(1): 7â63.
1472:References
1390:colonizers
1320:historian
1304:) and the
1298:Cuernavaca
1192:tzompantin
1175:Tzompantli
1074:tzompantli
1055:1696/1715.
956:The battle
742:Xochimilca
693:Iztapalapa
658:CuitlĂĄhuac
654:Cuauhtémoc
647:indigenous
643:Cacamatzin
561:Background
532:Tlatelolco
264:Cuauhtémoc
249:Xochimilco
182:Tlatelolco
105:99°08âČ07âłW
102:19°26âČ36âłN
2625:0071-1675
2544:(1892) .
2451:Caso 1956
2415:Caso 1956
2340:(1723) .
2284:(1964) .
2222:Caso 1956
1965:Caso 1956
1869:Caso 1956
1782:Caso 1956
1358:Coanacoch
1314:gunpowder
1294:Malinalco
1233:Aftermath
1091:historian
948:) of the
926:calpoltin
769:Totocalli
705:Colhuacan
516:Tlaxcalan
424:Potonchan
224:Cholollan
3190:(1994).
3164:(1988).
3140:(1956).
3061:(1577).
2298:24312231
1418:Biscayan
1334:Veracruz
1318:American
1217:and the
1082:Carlos I
1065:calpolli
1033:calpolli
1025:calpolli
1002:calpolli
998:calpolli
950:calpolli
930:calpolli
910:Colonial
874:smallpox
866:firearms
841:falconet
823:Arquebus
788:calpolli
726:calpolli
701:Tacubaya
685:CoyoacĂĄn
673:Tlacopan
666:calpolli
662:smallpox
639:de facto
627:Tlaxcala
623:aqueduct
599:de facto
538:and the
510:between
442:Tlaxcala
436:Cempoala
316:Strength
72:calpolli
66:Location
31:and the
2548:(ed.).
2400:10 June
2111:11 June
1330:Florida
1302:Morelos
946:general
714:Tepeyac
660:due to
612:Texcoco
512:Spanish
448:Cholula
301: (
284: (
273: (
234:Texcoco
3261:
3251:
3202:
3176:
3119:
3111:]
3089:]
3016:2 June
2623:
2358:28 May
2350:]
2303:24 May
2296:
1818:5 June
1765:
1608:26 May
1575:2 June
1533:2 June
1376:Legacy
1344:, the
1241:, and
1208:teules
1017:league
978:campan
896:Battle
730:campan
710:cannon
677:Tacuba
547:Tacuba
478:Otumba
454:Nautla
430:Centla
239:Chalco
130:Result
76:campan
3146:(PDF)
3113:(PDF)
3107:[
3091:(PDF)
3085:[
3067:[
3049:[
2555:(PDF)
2352:(PDF)
2346:[
2294:JSTOR
1757:[
1396:Notes
1029:adobe
990:Jorge
938:Otomi
859:, 80
776:]
765:]
750:Otomi
3259:LCCN
3249:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3174:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3018:2022
2632:2022
2621:ISSN
2402:2022
2360:2022
2305:2022
2113:2022
1820:2022
1763:ISBN
1610:2022
1577:2022
1535:2022
1421:page
967:Mass
502:The
58:Date
1527:ABC
1260:by
304:WIA
287:WIA
276:WIA
3277::
3257:.
3154:15
3148:.
3009:.
2781:^
2676:^
2617:47
2563:^
2521:^
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2288:.
2273:^
2258:^
2229:^
2104:.
1972:^
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1669:^
1630:^
1585:^
1555:^
1513:^
1498:^
1479:^
1053:c.
1004:.
774:es
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368:c.
350:c.
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514:-
401:e
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387:v
307:)
290:)
279:)
94:)
49:.
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