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648:. He had been advised the day before, from three conflicting reports from Mexican sources, that Villa and his soldiers were on the move, possibly against Columbus. One warning was given by Juan Favela, the foreman of a ranch near Palomas (three miles south in Mexico), who had seen them headed north the day before the attack. Amidst many such reports that had proved false, the warning was ignored as unreliable, although the troop at the Border Gate was reinforced and all three troops in the field were ordered to step up patrolling of the 65-mile long border. However, U.S. soldiers were forbidden to reconnoiter inside Mexico and thus unable to check reports of Villa's whereabouts.
710:
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737:. Two were hanged on June 9, 1916; four were hanged on June 30, 1916. The sixty-three dead Villa soldiers and all the dead Villa horses that were left behind in Columbus after the raid were dragged south of the stockyards, soaked with kerosene and burned. Various official reports state that the American dead included 8 or 10 or 11 soldiers and 7 or 8 civilians and the names on the lists are not consistent.
44:
695:, who was trapped with her baby in the Courier Newspaper office during the battle. She was later awarded a tribute for her bravery by Mrs. L.B. Prince of Santa Fe, (wife of former territorial governor of New Mexico), and the Daughters of the American Revolution on August 27, 1916 at the Crystal Theater in Columbus.
733:
from an original force that had numbered 484 men, including at least 63 killed in action and at least seven more who later died from wounds during the raid itself. Of those captured during the raid, seven were tried; of those, one sentence was commuted to life in prison; and six were convicted and executed by
667:
Villa's men looted and burned several houses and commercial buildings, fighting civilians that were defending their homes. It is not known if Villa was with the raiding party at any time. However, it is known that during most of the battle, Villa, his commanders, and about two dozen other men took up
732:
In spite of Villa proclaiming that the raid was a success by evidence of captured arms and equipment from the camp, which included over 300 rifles and shotguns, 80 horses, and 30 mules, the raid and subsequent withdrawal was a tactical disaster for him with ill-afforded casualties of 90 to 170 dead
622:
on the border three miles south of
Columbus, which was populated by about 300 Americans and about as many Mexicans that had fled north from the advancing Villistas. The reasons for the raid have never been established with any certainty. An American kidnap victim travelling with the raiding party,
631:
usually stationed at
Cavalry Camp Columbus, which was located immediately south of downtown and consisted of the headquarters troop, machine gun troop, and four of the seven rifle troops deployed to patrol the border, totaling in all 12 officers and 341 men, of which approximately 270 were combat
643:
Villa divided his force into two columns, most of which approached the town on foot, and launched a two-pronged attack on the town in the dark at 4:15 am on March 9. The town's population was asleep, along with most of the garrison, when they entered
Columbus from the west and southeast shouting
1046:
Colonel H. J. Slocum of the
Thirteenth Cavalry has been exonerated by the Secretary of War of blame in connection with Francisco Villa's raid on Columbus, N.M., last March. Colonel Slocum was in command of the American troops stationed at Columbus, and there has been a great deal of unofficial
626:
At their camp, Villa sent spies into the town to assess the presence of U.S. military personnel. When the returning spies told him that only about thirty soldiers garrisoned
Columbus (a significant error), Villa moved north and crossed the border about midnight. The garrison came from the
683:, he led two troops 15 miles into Mexico in pursuit of a force approximately six times the size of his, engaged Villa's rearguard four times, and inflicted some losses on them before withdrawing back across the border after running low on ammunition and water. Tompkins was awarded the
668:
position on Cootes Hill overlooking
Columbus where they could observe the action and where some of Villa's men acted as sharpshooters to fire upon the town. The Villistas fought the pursuing American troops and civilians until a bugler sounded the order to retreat.
663:
led by 2nd Lt. Horace
Stringfellow, Jr. The troop's four machine guns fired more than 5,000 rounds apiece during a 90-minute fight, their targets illuminated by fires of burning buildings. In addition, many of the townspeople were armed with rifles and shotguns.
280:
655:, commanding the 13th Cavalry's machine gun troop, made his way barefooted from his quarters to the camp's barracks. He organized a hasty defense around the camp's guard tent, where his troop's machine guns were kept under lock, with two men and a
1207:
Pershing's report on the
Punitive Expedition listed 90 killed on March 9. Tompkins reported 67 found dead in the town and from 75 to 100 killed in the pursuit. Other histories place the Villista killed variously in the 70 to 80
273:
266:
1028:"Slocum Blameless For Columbus Raid. Secretary of War Announces No Stigma Rests on Conduct of Post Commander. Inspector Makes Report. Funston Says Mexican Scout Misled Colonel. Pershing Defends His Subordinate"
1747:
1898:
THE COLUMBUS COURIER Telephone
Operator Will Be Honored In-text: (The Columbus Courier, 1916) Your Bibliography: The Columbus Courier, 1916. Telephone Operator Will Be Honored. Available at: <
691:
in 1918 for this action. Captain A.W. Brock and his troops from
Company 1 of the National Guard arrived as the sun came up. They were alerted by the 20 year old telephone switchboard operator,
1952:
644:"¡Viva Villa! ¡Viva Mexico!" and other phrases. The townspeople awoke to an army of Villistas burning their settlement and looting their homes. The commander of the 13th Cavalry was Colonel
778:
described the attack on Columbus as "daring" and “a symbol of resistance against imperialism”, adding that “We should thank Villa" for preventing "what he considered acts of treason.”
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units from around the United States were called up and by the end of August 1916 over 100,000 troops were on the border. The Battle of Columbus resulted in the creation of the
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Wanted poster from the Chief of Police of Columbus, for the capture of the Mexican revolutionary officers that led the Mexican troops in the Battle of Columbus.
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Investigation of Mexican Affairs - Hearing Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations - 66th Congress, 1st Session - United States Senate,
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Maud Hawk Wright, said that Villa came with 1,500 men but only attacked with about 600 because there was not enough ammunition for more raiders.
510:
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foraging for supplies. Lacking the military supplies, money, and munitions he needed in order to pursue his war against Mexican President
1800:
688:
1937:
1837:
1821:
83:
610:, where Villa sustained his greatest defeat, the Division of the North was in a disorganised condition, wandering around northern
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soon, and under intense diplomatic pressure from the Mexican government, these troops were withdrawn from Mexico.
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1947:
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In commemoration of Pancho Villa's attack on Columbus, the State of New Mexico Parks Commission established
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1005:
951:
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343:
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Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information. Bureau of Public Affairs (August 20, 2008).
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Despite being taken by surprise, the Americans quickly recovered. Soon after the attack began, 2nd Lt.
440:
243:
22 civilians killed, 18 soldiers captured and shot in Mexico (Chihuahua) 3 missing and 8 taken prisoner
1707:
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for reconnaissance and trucks to carry supplies (both firsts for the Army). They scoured portions of
619:
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and its museum in Columbus, near Cootes Hill across the Palomas road from the site of Camp Furlong.
1942:
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to track down and capture or kill Villa or disperse the attackers. In the operation, the Army used
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1962:
1922:
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679:, asked and received permission from Slocum to pursue the withdrawing Mexicans. Disregarding the
576:
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for six months but Villa was not found. In January 1917, with the United States likely to enter
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This article is about the raid on Columbus, New Mexico by the forces of Pancho Villa. For the
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criticism of the apparent circumstance that his forces were surprised by the Villistas. ...
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8:
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982:"Waiting for baby, woman held by villa says he is expecting Germany and Japan to step it"
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680:
615:
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1469:
1424:
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The Hunt For Pancho Villa; The Columbus Raid and Pershing's Punitive Expedition 1916-17
1032:
618:, Villa planned the raid and camped his army of an estimated 1,500 horsemen outside of
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Villa himself led the assault, only to be driven back into Mexico by elements of the
316:
1605:
591:
1655:
1420:
List of Americans Killed and Wounded in Raid of Mexican Bandits at Columbus, N.M.,
1410:
White, E. Bruce and Francisco Villa, "The Muddied Waters of Columbus, New Mexico,"
977:
749:
603:
460:
435:
398:
363:
1600:
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1376:
Finley, James P. (1993) "Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: Villa's Raid on Columbus"]
1785:
1717:
1712:
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1303:
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537:
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911:"Pursuing Pancho Villa - Presidio of San Francisco (U.S. National Park Service)"
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659:. He was soon joined by the remainder of his unit and 30 troopers armed with
652:
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troops. On this night, half were out of camp on patrol or other assignments
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1434:, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 858 and 860.
1900:
https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92070539/1916-08-25/ed-1/seq-1/
896:
Louis Sadler, New Mexico State University, in forward to 1996 reprint of
761:
1405:
1386:
Katz, Friedrich. "Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico,"
1357:
1219:
Pancho Villa and Black Jack Pershing. The Punitive Expedition in Mexico.
560:. The raid escalated into a full-scale battle between Villistas and the
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571:
stationed at the town. The attack angered Americans, and President
1180:"Brave Little Woman Who Dodged Villa Bullets to be Honored Sunday"
16:
Raid on Columbus, New Mexico, US, by a Mexican revolutionary force
944:
734:
1069:"Valor awards for Frank Tompkins | Military Times Hall of Valor"
611:
580:
1100:. Phoenix, Arizona: Golden West Publishers. pp. 125–126.
288:
1953:
Battles of the Mexican Revolution involving the United States
1503:
1182:. No. Home. El Paso Herald. August 24, 1916. p. 12.
859:
https://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI1-12.htm
1378:
Huachuca Illustrated: a magazine of the Fort Huachuca Museum
936:
http://www.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI1-12.htm
740:
The United States government wasted no time in responding.
675:, commanding the regiment's 3rd Squadron and acting as its
43:
1158:. New York: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 121–122.
848:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Columbus-1916
575:
ordered Brigadier General John J. Pershing to lead the
241:
19 US personnel executed 38 soldiers killed 3 wounded
1246:, vol 1, "1993: Villa's Raid on Columbus, New Mexico"
941:, vol 1, 1993: "Villa's Raid on Columbus, New Mexico"
874:
Chasing Villa: The Last Campaign of the U.S. Cavalry
1909:
1195:"Columbus Heroine is Recognized by Presentation"
976:
876:, High-Lonesome Books, Silver City, New Mexico.
970:
142:
952:"Columbus N.M., Scene of Early Morning Attack"
717:On March 9, 1916, after the attack, President
511:German interventions in the Mexican Revolution
330:German interventions in the Mexican Revolution
1454:
1366:. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Raid Series #29.
1352:Texas Western College Press, El Paso, Texas,
556:, located 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the
274:
1398:Villa raids Columbus, N.Mex., March 9, 1916
900:. Pershing's report gave the figure as 485.
639:Villistas captured after the Columbus raid.
1461:
1447:
1317:"Punitive Expedition in Mexico, 1916-1917"
1272:"Punitive Expedition in Mexico, 1916-1917"
548:on the small United States border town of
292:U.S. involvement in the Mexican Revolution
281:
267:
1822:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
892:
890:
708:
657:Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun
634:
590:
126:Villistas withdraw with heavy casualties
1186:
1151:
1145:
1097:Southwest Saga – the Way it Really Was!
1910:
1468:
1260:Yucca Tree Press (Las Cruces, NM 2000)
1172:
928:
868:
866:
1817:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
1442:
1192:
1132:
1126:
1093:
1087:
887:
262:
788:Village of Columbus and Camp Furlong
774:On 19 March 2024, Mexican President
1933:Battles involving the United States
1728:Querétaro Constitutional Convention
1306:on the Columbus, New Mexico website
872:Tompkins, Col. Frank (1934, 1996).
863:
13:
1341:
14:
1979:
1938:Battles of the Mexican Revolution
1811:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1414:32#1 (July 1975), pp. 72–98
1258:The Villista Prisoners of 1916–17
1193:Parks, G.E. (September 1, 1916).
1880:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution
685:Army Distinguished Service Medal
246:67 killed and many more wounded
209:
197:
186:
159:
144:
42:
1892:
1309:
1289:
1263:
1250:
1236:
1211:
1201:
1061:
1052:
1020:
725:to fill the vacant position of
1968:Invasions of the United States
1390:83#1 (1978), pp. 101–130
1135:"Brave Woman in a Border Town"
903:
852:
841:
830:
727:United States Secretary of War
1:
1525:French Intervention in Mexico
1400:Bravo Press, El Paso, Texas,
1362:De Quesada, Alejandro (2012)
1133:Smith, Toby (July 28, 1981).
823:
583:but failed to capture Villa.
579:in which the US Army invaded
536:), March 9, 1916, began as a
1843:Liberation Army of the South
1771:Mexican Constitution of 1917
1723:Convention of Aguascalientes
1428:, March 10, 1916, p. 1.
1297:"Pancho Villa State RV Park"
1155:The General & the Jaguar
769:Pancho Villa Historical Park
698:
7:
781:
776:Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador
689:Distinguished Service Cross
10:
1984:
1806:Monument to the Revolution
1631:Francisco León de la Barra
1489:Economic History of Mexico
1388:American Historical Review
792:National Historic Landmark
702:
48:Columbus, after the battle
18:
1830:
1758:
1743:United States involvement
1700:
1664:
1543:
1476:
1094:McGaw, William C (1988).
837:Periódico la Jornada UNAM
586:
540:conducted by remnants of
300:
252:
234:
221:
179:
136:
52:
41:
36:
25:Battle of Columbus (1865)
1571:Francisco "Pancho" Villa
1350:Pancho Villa at Columbus
1152:Welsome, Eileen (2006).
661:M1903 Springfield rifles
123:Columbus heavily damaged
1733:Pancho Villa Expedition
1708:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
1672:Plan of San Luis Potosí
1348:Braddy, Haldeen (1965)
813:Pancho Villa Expedition
754:Curtiss Jenny airplanes
723:Newton Diehl Baker, Jr.
705:Pancho Villa Expedition
1766:Emigration from Mexico
1701:Political developments
1561:José María Pino Suárez
803:Herbert Jermain Slocum
714:
646:Herbert Jermain Slocum
640:
599:
596:Herbert Jermain Slocum
180:Commanders and leaders
99:31.83083°N 107.64167°W
1948:History of New Mexico
1928:Battles in New Mexico
1791:1968 student protests
1611:Plutarco Elías Calles
1302:July 8, 2011, at the
958:. Bisbee Daily Review
712:
638:
629:13th Cavalry Regiment
594:
569:13th Cavalry Regiment
546:Division of the North
235:Casualties and losses
1591:Ricardo Flores Magón
1510:Constitution of 1857
1396:Rakocy, Bill (1981)
1244:Huachuca Illustrated
1221:Praeger Publishers,
1058:Tompkins, pp. 50–52.
986:Harrisburg Telegraph
939:Huachuca Illustrated
104:31.83083; -107.64167
1687:Plan of Agua Prieta
1621:José Yves Limantour
1576:Venustiano Carranza
1556:Francisco I. Madero
1276:2001-2009.state.gov
1197:. Columbus Courier.
1139:Albuquerque Journal
956:Library of Congress
798:Punitive expedition
746:Punitive Expedition
681:rules of engagement
616:Venustiano Carranza
577:Punitive Expedition
530:Burning of Columbus
253:10 civilians killed
95: /
1918:1916 in New Mexico
1853:División del Norte
1848:Constitutionalists
1636:Félix Díaz Velasco
1470:Mexican Revolution
1425:The New York Times
1033:The New York Times
988:. Harrisburg, Pa.
980:(March 11, 1916).
715:
641:
608:Mexican Revolution
600:
562:United States Army
558:border with Mexico
526:Battle of Columbus
379:Mexican Expedition
305:Mexican Revolution
172:División del Norte
37:Battle of Columbus
21:American Civil War
1958:March 1916 events
1888:
1887:
1801:Historical Museum
1692:Plan of San Diego
1682:Plan of Guadalupe
1566:Victoriano Huerta
1484:History of Mexico
1372:978-1-84908-568-7
1008:on March 12, 2016
677:executive officer
519:
518:
491:3rd Ciudad Juárez
456:Zimmermann affair
349:1st Ciudad Juarez
257:
256:
132:
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119:Villista Victory
1975:
1903:
1896:
1656:Genovevo de la O
1544:Important people
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1456:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1380:Vol. 1, Part 12
1333:
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1330:
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1323:. March 20, 2024
1321:Associated Press
1313:
1307:
1295:Montfort, Bill.
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1267:
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1256:James W. Hurst,
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1217:James W. Hurst:
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1119:
1114:on July 30, 2022
1110:. Archived from
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1084:
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1080:
1075:on June 12, 2012
1071:. Archived from
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1036:. August 1, 1916
1024:
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1004:. Archived from
978:Associated Press
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604:Battle of Celaya
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1796:Popular culture
1786:Mexican miracle
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1616:Lázaro Cárdenas
1581:Emiliano Zapata
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1342:Further reading
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748:led by General
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344:1st Agua Prieta
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719:Woodrow Wilson
703:Main article:
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531:
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414:Glenn Springs
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60:March 9, 1916
59:
56:
55:
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45:
40:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1894:
1781:Land Reforms
1776:Cristero War
1626:Ramón Corral
1423:
1412:The Americas
1411:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1363:
1349:
1338:
1325:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1243:
1238:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1188:
1174:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1096:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1073:the original
1063:
1054:
1045:
1040:December 20,
1038:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
1010:. Retrieved
1006:the original
985:
972:
962:September 1,
960:. Retrieved
955:
946:
938:
930:
918:. Retrieved
914:
905:
897:
873:
854:
843:
832:
773:
766:
739:
731:
716:
666:
650:
642:
625:
601:
566:
542:Pancho Villa
533:
529:
525:
523:
505:
394:Aguacaliente
383:
374:Santa Isabel
359:Norias Ranch
317:
240:
216:Pancho Villa
157:
137:Belligerents
118:
29:
23:battle, see
1535:Científicos
1494:Encomiendas
1233:, S. 21–30.
915:www.nps.gov
762:World War I
693:Susie Parks
606:during the
486:3rd Nogales
476:2nd Pilares
466:1st Pilares
461:Brite Ranch
451:San Ygnacio
436:Rubio Ranch
431:Ojos Azules
369:2nd Nogales
364:Ojo de Agua
102: /
90:107°38′30″W
1912:Categories
1875:Soldaderas
1868:Magonistas
1863:Felicistas
1748:formations
1530:Porfiriato
1520:La Reforma
1515:Reform War
1477:Background
1107:0914846353
882:0944383394
824:References
721:appointed
598:circa 1915
554:New Mexico
496:Candelaria
389:San Isidro
354:Bandit War
337:Border War
248:7 captured
87:31°49′51″N
74:New Mexico
1858:Federales
1499:Haciendas
1327:March 21,
1281:August 9,
1012:March 11,
994:2376-3442
920:August 9,
790:, a U.S.
699:Aftermath
506:see also
441:Castillon
1838:Factions
1738:Maximato
1416:in JSTOR
1392:in JSTOR
1300:Archived
1223:Westport
1118:July 30,
1002:12396379
794:District
782:See also
687:and the
550:Columbus
481:Porvenir
426:Guerrero
419:Carrizal
409:Tomóchic
384:Columbus
325:Veracruz
320:incident
318:Ypiranga
222:Strength
70:Columbus
65:Location
1406:7629090
1358:2235175
884:, p. 44
735:hanging
620:Palomas
532:or the
1902:> .
1759:Legacy
1404:
1382:online
1370:
1356:
1229:
1225:2008,
1208:range.
1162:
1104:
1000:
992:
880:
612:Mexico
587:Battle
581:Mexico
399:Parral
149:
115:Result
1831:Other
1813:(PRI)
1665:Plans
1504:Casta
670:Major
1402:OCLC
1368:ISBN
1354:OCLC
1329:2024
1283:2023
1227:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1120:2022
1102:ISBN
1081:2011
1042:2013
1014:2016
998:OCLC
990:ISSN
964:2016
922:2023
878:ISBN
538:raid
524:The
501:Ruby
57:Date
544:'s
230:484
227:353
1914::
1319:.
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996:.
984:.
954:.
913:.
889:^
865:^
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934:[
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528:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
