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pointing out that the other side of the fort (away from most of the town) offered a better vantage point for attack. All the while, the
Spanish continued to dig trenches and bombard the fort. On March 13, the walls of Fort Charlotte were breached, and Durnford capitulated the next day, surrendering his garrison.
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for operations against Mobile and
Pensacola in 1779, his requests had been rejected. Before departing New Orleans, he dispatched one of his lieutenants to Havana to make one last request. On January 11, 1780, a fleet of twelve ships carrying 754 men set sail, reaching the mouth of the Mississippi on
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Gálvez did not immediately move against
Pensacola after his victory at Fort Charlotte, although he wanted to take advantage of the British disorganization caused by the attempt to support Mobile. However, since he knew that Pensacola was strongly defended, and armed with powerful cannons, he again
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While the
Spanish engaged in siege operations to move their guns nearer the fort, Gálvez and Durnford engaged in a courteous written dialogue. For example, Gálvez politely criticized Durnford for burning some houses in order to deny the cover they provided to the Spaniards. Durnford responded by
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Gálvez's army sailed from New
Orleans aboard a small fleet of transports on January 28, 1780. On February 25, the Spaniards landed near Fort Charlotte. The outnumbered British garrison resisted stubbornly until Spanish bombardment breached the walls. The garrison commander,
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and with a crew of 58. On
February 6, a storm scattered the fleet. In spite of this, all ships arrived outside Mobile Bay by February 9. The fleet encountered significant problems actually getting into the bay. Several ships ran aground on sand bars, and at least one, the
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1316:, the fort was in ruins. While it was repaired at that time, by the time hostilities with Spain neared in 1779, it was again in disrepair. The garrison's regulars were primarily from the 60th regiment, and were augmented by
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at
Pensacola requesting reinforcements. On March 5 and 6, most of the Pensacola garrison left on a march toward Mobile. Delayed by difficult river crossings, this force was unable to assist the Fort Charlotte garrison.
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to deliver a letter to
Durnford offering to accept his surrender, which was politely rejected. Gálvez began setting up gun batteries around the fort the next day. Durnford wrote to General
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Fort
Charlotte was razed in the 19th century. In the late 20th century its foundations were rediscovered and a reduced size replica was constructed on its site. The fort is listed on the
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vessels, had arrived at
Pensacola. Without reinforcements, he left a garrison in Mobile, and left for Havana to raise the troops and equipment needed for an attack on Pensacola.
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On February 20, reinforcements arrived from Havana, bringing the force to about 1,200 men. By February 25, the Spanish had landed their army on the shores of the
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requested large-scale naval support from Havana. He learned in April that additional reinforcements, including British
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and then shortly thereafter obtaining the surrender of the remaining British forces on the river following the
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1410:. Places ' Battle of Fort Charlotte ' in overall sequence and strategic context.
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was the last remaining British frontier post capable of threatening
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Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift
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Gálvez assembled a mixed force of Spanish regulars and militia in
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Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain
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and opened the way for Spanish operations against Pensacola.
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Battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Spain
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Dupuy, R. Ernest; Hammerman, Gay; Hayes, Grace P (1977).
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Alabama and the Borderlands: From Prehistory To Statehood
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Battles involving Spain in the American Revolutionary War
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7,500 regulars and militia (most from Cuban expedition)
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American Revolutionary War § Mississippi River theater
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1312:. By 1763, when the British took over following the
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145:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1304:Fort Charlotte was built in 1717 by the French as
1265:January 18. They were joined on January 20 by the
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1260:. While he had requested additional troops from
1504:. University, AL: University of Alabama Press.
1308:when Mobile was part of the French province of
1383:Gálvez did not actually launch his successful
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1441:"'Yo Solo' not 'Solo': Juan Antonio de Riaño"
1387:, and then only after the garrison at Mobile
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224:1780 battle of the American Revolutionary War
1683:Sieges of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779–1783)
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1500:Badger, Reid; Clayton, Lawrence A (2003).
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1389:fended off a counterattack by the British
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1396:National Register of Historic Places
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39:or discuss these issues on the
1531:. Albuquerque, NM: UNM Press.
1439:Beerman, Eric (October 1979).
1385:attack on Pensacola until 1781
1165:Anglo-Spanish War of 1779-1783
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1560:. New York: David McKay.
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445:Casualties and losses
1581:. Houghton Mifflin.
1139:, also known as the
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959:Spencer's Ordinary
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1673:Conflicts in 1780
1663:1780 in New Spain
1538:978-0-8263-2794-9
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1472:Dupuy (1977)
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1454:(2): 174–184
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1326:Pennsylvania
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1283:Mobile Point
1278:
1270:(brig sloop)
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1216:entered the
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1157:West Florida
1147:against the
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1110:James Island
1088:
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998:Cowan's Ford
964:Green Spring
944:Waters Creek
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925:
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915:Fishdam Ford
905:Shallow Ford
865:Hanging Rock
814:
809:
706:San Fernando
651:
623:Cape Spartel
361:Belligerents
321:88°2′29.42″W
303:West Florida
276:West Florida
255:Part of the
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137:Please help
132:verification
129:
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33:Please help
30:
1258:New Orleans
1173:New Orleans
1033:Fort Watson
1008:Summerfield
988:The Village
890:Black Mingo
860:Rocky Mount
748:17 February
732:West Indies
726:Black River
711:12 December
701:Cayo Cocina
657:The Village
647:Baton Rouge
598:25 February
588:St. Vincent
578:20 November
333: /
195:August 2012
93:August 2012
1657:Categories
1458:2016-06-22
1415:References
1378:Royal Navy
1306:Fort Condé
1268:Gálveztown
1202:Background
1196:Mobile Bay
1083:Raft Swamp
1058:Ninety-Six
1043:Fort Motte
974:Chesapeake
949:Cape Henry
820:Charleston
815:1st Mobile
753:2nd Nassau
743:1st Nassau
738:15 January
652:1st Mobile
630:Gulf Coast
165:newspapers
85:footnoting
36:improve it
1547:149117944
1363:Aftermath
1318:Loyalists
1290:Dog River
1242:Pensacola
1220:in 1779,
1181:Pensacola
1177:Louisiana
1023:Pensacola
969:Francisco
954:Blandford
895:Charlotte
801:1780–1783
696:RĂo Hondo
674:St. Louis
662:Pensacola
637:Fort Bute
563:Gibraltar
42:talk page
1474:, p. 146
1402:See also
1322:Maryland
979:Yorktown
939:Richmond
556:Plymouth
432:Strength
294:Location
81:citation
1611:Alabama
1597:Portals
1587:9296191
1520:9944540
1279:Volante
1189:Captain
1161:Alabama
1149:British
1053:Augusta
993:Cowpens
835:Waxhaws
613:Minorca
421: (
352:victory
350:Spanish
179:scholar
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1486:p. 255
1429:p. 252
1262:Havana
1238:Mobile
1153:Mobile
1100:Wambaw
870:Camden
721:Roatán
603:Málaga
573:Lisbon
568:Azores
385:
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346:Result
259:of the
181:
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1647:Spain
1452:LVIII
1444:(PDF)
1332:Siege
1320:from
1214:Spain
1212:When
608:1 May
453:1,320
375:Spain
186:JSTOR
172:books
1583:OCLC
1562:ISBN
1543:OCLC
1533:ISBN
1516:OCLC
1506:ISBN
1324:and
1240:and
1135:The
1116:1783
1089:1782
926:1781
810:1780
286:Date
158:news
83:and
1228:by
450:272
424:POW
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