193:
160:
181:
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50:
644:. Because he was escorting troop transports and was short of frigates, three ships of the line were assigned duty to escort the transports. Admiral d'Estaing was warned on July 5 of Byron's approach, and promptly reembarked most of his troops. His fleet consisted of 25 ships of the line and a large number of frigates and smaller vessels. Admiral Byron was unaware of d'Estaing's full strength, since during his absence d'Estaing had been reinforced by a squadron from Europe under
526:
Incorrectly believing he had numerical superiority, Byron ordered a general chase to attack the French as they left their anchorage at
Grenada. Because of the disorganized attack and the French Navy's numerical superiority, Byron's fleet was badly mauled in the encounter, although no ships were lost
712:
D'Estaing returned to
Grenada to make repairs while Byron made for St. Kitts to do the same. The French admiral failed to capitalise on his superior strength to launch further attacks in the West Indies. Byron returned home in August. D'Estaing, after co-operating unsuccessfully with the Americans
586:
The
British fleet was further reinforced in January 1779 by ten ships of the line under Admiral John Byron, who assumed command of the British Leeward Islands station. Throughout the first half of 1779, both fleets received further reinforcements, after which the French fleet was slightly superior
639:
Admiral Byron had been alerted to the French action at Saint
Vincent, and was sailing with a force to recapture it. When news arrived that the French were at Grenada, he immediately changed course to meet them. The British fleet consisted of 21 ships of the line and 1
672:
in order of speed (that is, without regard to the usual sailing order), heading roughly northward. This masked the true strength of the French fleet as each ship left the cluster at the anchorage. Believing his force to be superior, Byron gave the order for
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256:
2904:
Naval
Researches or a candid inquiry into the conduct of admirals Byron, Graves, Hood, and Rodney, in the actions off Grenada, Chesapeake, St. Christopher's, and of the ninth and twelfth of April 1782
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on the southwest of the island, and the
British approached during the night. D'Estaing weighed anchor at 4:00 am when the British fleet was spotted, ordering his ships to form a
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When Byron finally became aware of the full French strength, he attempted to reform a battle line. As a result, the
British attack was disordered and confused.
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to that of the
British. Furthermore, Byron departed St. Lucia on 6 June in order to provide escort services to British merchant ships gathering at
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in early 1778, French
Admiral the Comte D'Estaing arrived in the West Indies in early December 1778 in command of a fleet consisting of 12
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beginning late on 3 July. Terms of capitulation were agreed on 4 July. On the way, the French squadron met the 50-gun
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on 18 June, and d'Estaing turned his attention to other islands. He had hoped to capture the key
British possession,
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to avoid capture. The French lost no ships and eventually hauled off. The British lost 183 killed and 346 wounded.
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548:
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365:
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266:
41:
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866:
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3107:
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1996:
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619:
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445:
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390:
375:
315:
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1851:
665:
618:, he turned his attention instead to Grenada. The French fleet arrived off Grenada on 2 July, and
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Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783: Being Chapter XXXI in The Royal Navy. A History
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described the battle as "the most disastrous... that the British Navy had encountered since
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Etat des forces navales françaises engagées dans la guerre d’indépendance des Etats-Unis
559:
and a number of smaller vessels. At about the same time, a British fleet under Admiral
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1838:
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385:
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2835:
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2734:
2717:
2686:
2676:
2033:
1965:
1869:
1783:
1513:
1476:
1440:
1338:
714:
564:
150:
24:
2672:
The French in America During the War of Independence of the United States, 1777-1783
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556:
285:
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1947:
1903:
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and two other ships got separated from the main body and were very badly mauled.
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for a convoy to Europe, leaving d'Estaing free to act. D'Estaing and Governor
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had four killed and nine wounded. The French lost 190 killed and 759 wounded.
516:) had sailed in an attempt to relieve Grenada, which the French forces of the
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501:
493:
273:
20:
4981:
Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain
4705:
4470:
4384:
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3264:
3223:
3003:
2713:
La Société des Cincinnati de France et la guerre d'Amérique (1778-1783)
2008:
580:
513:
509:
497:
197:
2763:
Naval Warfare, its Ruling Principles and Practice Historically Treated
595:
seized the opportunity to begin a series of operations against nearby
4582:
3341:
3187:
1607:
Antoine-Stanislas de Curières de Castelnau Saint-Cosme Sainte-Eulalie
2781:
Napoleon's Admirals: Flag Officers of the Arc de Triomphe, 1789-1815
4515:
3172:
611:
579:. The British used St. Lucia to monitor the major French base at
3218:
697:
641:
505:
82:
4986:
Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving France
2753:
The Royal Navy, A History From the Earliest Times to the Present
2331:
2300:
2269:
2231:
2200:
2169:
2138:
2102:
2071:
2040:
1972:
1941:
1910:
1845:
1814:
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The capture of the island of Grenada by the troops of D'Estaing
628:, under Chevalier de Montault, a letter of marque belonging to
614:, but after making no progress against the prevailing easterly
544:
720:
The action was a stepping stone into a career in the Navy for
2700:
Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain from 1727 to 1783
2425:
2423:
2421:
2812:
La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI
2612:
2418:
3367:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
2588:
264:
2755:. Vol. 3. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company.
2624:
2440:
2438:
2978:
1651:
1645:
1639:
767:
761:
755:
636:, and she took a place in the French line of battle.
2600:
2537:
2435:
1648:
1642:
764:
758:
752:
2731:
Dictionnaire des batailles navales franco-anglaises
2549:
16:
1779 naval battle of the American Revolutionary War
4991:Naval battles of the Anglo-French War (1778–1783)
1621:Total losses: 173 killed, 773 wounded, 949 total
724:, then 22, who served as an auxiliary officer on
4967:
677:, approaching the anchorage from the northeast.
2389:Casualties: 183 killed, 346 wounded, 529 total
805:Jacques-Melchior Saint-Laurent, Comte de Barras
156:
4815:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
2965:
1036:Louis-Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil
1008:Joseph-François-Félix Garnier de Saint-Antonin
563:also arrived, augmenting the fleet of Admiral
2951:
250:
2805:
2618:
2429:
3928:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
2906:. London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Arnott.
4805:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
3059:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
2958:
2944:
2886:(in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé.
2846:
2660:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2594:
632:and escorting a convoy. They commandeered
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783:
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1581:Pierre-René-Bénigne-Mériadec de Bonneval
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141:
2697:
2530:
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2509:
2507:
1545:Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte
4968:
4810:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War
2876:
2778:
2759:
2747:
2606:
2543:
2444:
1169:Division, Squadron and Fleet flagship
1159:Henri-Louis de Boulainvilliers de Croy
717:in September also returned to Europe.
4722:
4647:
4575:
4146:
3482:
3316:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
2977:
2939:
2898:
2827:
2675:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Ardent Media.
2668:
2645:
2555:
1402:Louis-Armand de La Poype de Vertrieux
989:Victor-Louis Desmichels de Champorcin
583:, where d'Estaing was headquartered.
488:took place on 6 July 1779 during the
238:
4925:Daughters of the American Revolution
4723:
3275:Declaration of Rights and Grievances
2525:
2504:
1437:Jean-Baptiste de Moriès de Castellet
784:Escadre blanche et bleue (vanguard)
4920:Children of the American Revolution
4800:Timeline of the American Revolution
896:Pierre-Claude Haudeneau de Breugnon
13:
3581:European allies of King George III
3437:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
3372:Committee of Secret Correspondence
3034:No taxation without representation
2716:. Paris: Ă©ditions Auguste Picard.
1510:Armand-François Cillart de Suville
735:
14:
5012:
4947:Museum of the American Revolution
2919:
2783:. Oxford: Philadelphia Casemate.
1244:François Hector d'Albert de Rions
1218:Joseph-Bernard de Chabert-Cogolin
527:on either side. Naval historian
508:. A British fleet led by Admiral
4835:Continental Currency dollar coin
4820:Women in the American Revolution
2852:Dictionnaire des Marins français
1627:
1431:Jean-Joseph de Rafélis de Broves
846:First officer Campredon killed.
602:Their first target, the isle of
191:
179:
158:
143:
48:
4930:Sons of the American Revolution
2579:
2570:
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1473:Jean-Georges du Croiset de Retz
1064:Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier
912:Division and Squadron flagship
740:
4830:Continental currency banknotes
3918:Staten Island Peace Conference
2883:Batailles navales de la France
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
1366:Captain Ferron de Quengo
1307:Claude-René Pâris de Soulanges
1188:François Joseph Paul de Grasse
1153:Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing
961:Jean-Baptiste Turpin du Breuil
696:was forced to run downwind to
1:
4648:
3624:German supporters of Congress
3322:Massachusetts Circular Letter
2828:Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1898).
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664:The French were anchored off
538:
3305:Committees of correspondence
2733:. Presses Université Laval.
2729:Castex, Jean-Claude (2004).
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549:American War of Independence
406:2nd Demerara & Essequibo
371:1st Demerara & Essequibo
7:
4942:Charters of Freedom Rotunda
4147:
3973:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
3958:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781
3732:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
3387:Declaration of Independence
3352:Second Continental Congress
2728:
2648:Battles of the British Navy
2412:
2355:Reconnaissance and signals
1562:Reconnaissance and signals
1454:Division and Squadron flag
931:Étienne de Grasse-Limermont
10:
5017:
4996:History of British Grenada
4825:Financial costs of the war
3332:First Continental Congress
3183:Royal Proclamation of 1763
3128:Second Rockingham ministry
2967:American Revolutionary War
2815:. Paris: Honoré Champion.
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1124:Pierre de Moriès-Castellet
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1045:
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1006:
986:
974:
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958:
946:
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928:
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911:
892:
880:
876:
864:
852:
845:
830:
818:
814:
802:
790:
771:
751:
746:
490:American Revolutionary War
42:American Revolutionary War
18:
4792:
4761:
4737:
4733:
4718:
4679:Constitutional Convention
4659:Society of the Cincinnati
4654:
4643:
4568:
4463:
4307:
4300:
4245:
4164:
4157:
4153:
4142:
4099:
4021:
4007:
3981:
3948:Carlisle Peace Commission
3910:
3782:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
3711:
3636:
3589:
3556:
3519:
3512:
3508:
3478:
3447:Hutchinson letters affair
3414:
3397:Articles of Confederation
3257:
3244:Proclamation of Rebellion
3156:
3108:First Rockingham ministry
3085:
3052:All men are created equal
2991:
2987:
2973:
2834:. Boston: Little, Brown.
1015:Escadre blanche (centre)
748:Admiral d'Estaing' fleet
728:, who eventually rose to
651:
620:stormed its main defences
281:
216:
203:
172:
135:
64:
47:
39:
34:
3943:Entry of France into war
3558:Kingdom of Great Britain
2779:Humble, Richard (2019).
2698:Beatson, Robert (1804).
2395:
1852:Anthony James Pye Molloy
504:, just off the coast of
4674:Ratification Day (1784)
3999:Second Anglo-Mysore War
3683:Northern after Saratoga
3663:New York and New Jersey
3337:Continental Association
3234:Conciliatory Resolution
3093:Pitt–Newcastle ministry
3066:Consent of the governed
2878:Troude, Onésime-Joachim
2766:. London: W. H. Allen.
2760:Colomb, Philip (1895).
2702:. Vol. VI. London.
1692:Hugh Cloberry Christian
867:François-Louis de Brach
833:Pierre André de Suffren
543:Following the entry of
4935:Sons of the Revolution
4664:Treaty of Paris (1783)
3994:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
3989:Cherokee–American wars
3602:Franco-American Treaty
3457:Philadelphia Tea Party
3427:Treaty of Paris (1763)
3406:Confederation Congress
2999:American Enlightenment
2669:Balch, Thomas (1972).
2650:. Vol. I. London.
2646:Allen, Joseph (1852).
1635:Admiral Byron's fleet
1088:Captain Montault
661:
575:, despite d'Estaing's
173:Commanders and leaders
5001:1779 in the Caribbean
4880:Washington's Birthday
4685:The Federalist Papers
4669:Evacuation Day (1783)
3722:Lexington and Concord
3422:French and Indian War
3362:Olive Branch Petition
2807:Lacour-Gayet, Georges
2749:Clowes, William Laird
1286:Escadre bleue (rear)
659:
217:Casualties and losses
4885:Jefferson's Birthday
4875:Pulaski Memorial Day
3882:Guilford Court House
3533:Continental Congress
3310:Committees of safety
3285:Daughters of Liberty
3280:Virginia Association
3029:Rights of Englishmen
567:. The British then
533:Beachy Head, in 1690
512:(the grandfather of
496:between the British
212:21 ships of the line
209:25 ships of the line
186:Charles Henri Hector
4013:colony or location)
3968:Newburgh Conspiracy
3827:Sullivan Expedition
3347:Provincial Congress
3138:Fox–North coalition
3077:Settler colonialism
3024:Freedom of religion
2981:American Revolution
2848:Taillemite, Étienne
2619:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
2585:Mahan, pp. 435, 437
2501:Colomb, pp. 388–389
2430:Lacour-Gayet (1905)
893:Lieutenant-General
597:British possessions
529:Alfred Thayer Mahan
104: /
4915:Semiquincentennial
4840:Libertas Americana
3270:Stamp Act Congress
3160:Acts of Parliament
3133:Shelburne ministry
3103:Grenville ministry
2708:Contenson, Ludovic
2567:Mahan, pp. 434–435
2483:Mahan, pp. 429–432
2465:Mahan, pp. 429–431
2456:Mahan, pp. 438–439
2338:Thomas Collingwood
2176:William Cornwallis
1752:Thomas Fitzherbert
715:attack on Savannah
662:
4976:Conflicts in 1779
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4714:
4713:
4701:Shays's Rebellion
4639:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4564:
4563:
4531:Richard Henry Lee
4296:
4295:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
3982:Related conflicts
3852:Connecticut Farms
3632:
3631:
3525:Thirteen Colonies
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
2740:978-2-7637-8061-0
2595:Taillemite (2002)
2393:
2392:
2145:Nathaniel Bateman
1784:Samuel Barrington
1625:
1624:
902:Bruyères-Chalabre
666:St. George's Town
577:attempt at relief
565:Samuel Barrington
557:ships of the line
521:had just captured
486:Battle of Grenada
479:
478:
366:Dutch West Indies
269:Revolutionary War
233:
232:
131:
130:
59:Jean-François Hue
55:Battle of Grenada
35:Battle of Grenada
25:Battle of Granada
5008:
4905:Sesquicentennial
4865:Independence Day
4769:Founding Fathers
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4734:
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4304:
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4018:
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3842:Cape St. Vincent
3517:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3480:
3479:
3452:Boston Tea Party
3377:Halifax Resolves
3327:Suffolk Resolves
3118:Grafton ministry
3113:Chatham ministry
3009:Colonial history
2989:
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2109:William Truscott
1821:John Elphinstone
1632:
1516:
1479:
1443:
1372:
1341:
1094:
1010:assumed command
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466:Turks and Caicos
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456:15 February 1783
341:12 December 1779
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4569:Colonial allies
4560:
4459:
4292:
4253:King George III
4241:
4149:
4126:
4095:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4003:
3977:
3906:
3887:Lochry's Defeat
3772:Assunpink Creek
3762:Fort Washington
3707:
3641:
3639:
3628:
3619:Hortalez et Cie
3590:Colonial allies
3585:
3552:
3521:United Colonies
3504:
3466:
3432:Boston Massacre
3410:
3401:Perpetual Union
3357:United Colonies
3290:Sons of Liberty
3253:
3161:
3159:
3158:Related British
3152:
3081:
2983:
2979:Origins of the
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2403:
2398:
2307:Robert Fanshawe
2276:Timothy Edwards
2242:
2066:Stirling Castle
2028:Fleet flagship
2012:
1948:Walter Griffith
1881:William Affleck
1787:
1771:Prince of Wales
1689:
1630:
1543:Chef d'Escadre
1434:
1428:Chef d'Escadre
1368:
1186:Chef d'Escadre
1156:
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736:Order of battle
710:
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646:Lamotte-Picquet
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518:Comte D'Estaing
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441:18 October 1782
391:15 January 1782
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4726:Related topics
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4696:Bill of Rights
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4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4100:Loyal colonies
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4086:South Carolina
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:North Carolina
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4023:Rebel colonies
4016:
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4005:
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4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
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3979:
3978:
3976:
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3970:
3965:
3963:Sint Eustatius
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:"First Salute"
3920:
3914:
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3908:
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3867:Kings Mountain
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3747:Valcour Island
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3382:Lee Resolution
3379:
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3369:
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3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3300:Black Patriots
3297:
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3175:
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3153:
3151:
3150:
3148:Black Loyalist
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:North ministry
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
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3016:
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3001:
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2940:
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2933:
2921:
2920:External links
2918:
2917:
2916:
2896:
2874:
2860:
2854:. Tallandier.
2844:
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2803:
2789:
2776:
2757:
2745:
2739:
2726:
2704:
2695:
2681:
2666:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2633:, p. 255.
2623:
2621:, p. 629.
2611:
2599:
2597:, p. 201.
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2534:Colomb, p. 391
2524:
2522:Colomb, p. 390
2515:
2513:Colomb, p. 389
2503:
2494:
2492:Colomb, p. 388
2485:
2476:
2467:
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2449:
2447:, p. 434.
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1263:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1086:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
985:
980:
972:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
957:
952:
945:
942:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
927:
922:
914:
913:
910:
908:
906:
904:
891:
886:
878:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
863:
858:
851:
848:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
829:
824:
816:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
801:
796:
789:
786:
785:
781:
780:
777:
774:
770:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
750:
749:
742:
739:
737:
734:
709:
706:
670:line of battle
653:
650:
561:William Hotham
540:
537:
477:
476:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
451:2 January 1783
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
396:Brimstone Hill
393:
388:
383:
378:
376:Sint Eustatius
373:
368:
363:
358:
356:2nd Martinique
353:
348:
346:1st Martinique
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
279:
278:
262:
261:
254:
247:
239:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
201:
200:
188:
175:
174:
170:
169:
154:
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:French victory
125:
121:
120:
80:
78:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
45:
44:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5013:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4870:Patriots' Day
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4845:Commemoration
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4784:Yankee Doodle
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:de Rochambeau
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4141:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4056:New Hampshire
4054:
4052:
4051:Massachusetts
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3703:Naval battles
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3638:Campaigns and
3635:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Gaspee affair
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Bute ministry
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3046:Spirit of '76
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Republicanism
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2900:White, Thomas
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2861:2-84734-008-4
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2790:9781612008080
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2682:9781330881637
2678:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2609:, p. 39.
2608:
2607:Troude (1867)
2603:
2596:
2591:
2582:
2576:Mahan, p. 435
2573:
2564:
2558:, p. 49.
2557:
2552:
2546:, p. 72.
2545:
2544:Humble (2019)
2540:
2531:
2529:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2474:Mahan, p. 429
2471:
2462:
2453:
2446:
2445:Clowes (1898)
2441:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2413:Castex (2004)
2409:
2405:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2246:
2245:Harry Harmood
2241:
2240:
2236:Rear-Admiral
2233:
2228:
2227:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2048:
2047:George Bowyer
2042:
2037:
2036:
2016:
2015:William Blair
2011:
2010:
2006:Vice-Admiral
2000:
1999:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1918:
1917:John Butchart
1912:
1907:
1906:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1791:
1790:Benjamin Hill
1786:
1785:
1781:Vice-Admiral
1778:
1773:
1772:
1753:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1693:
1688:
1687:Joshua Rowley
1685:Rear-Admiral
1682:
1677:
1676:
1628:British fleet
1608:
1599:
1598:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1373:
1371:
1360:
1359:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1150:Vice-Admiral
1147:
1142:
1141:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1095:
1093:
1082:
1081:
1080:Fier-Rodrigue
1065:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1009:
998:
996:
990:
984:
979:
978:
962:
956:
951:
950:
932:
926:
921:
920:
903:
898:
897:
890:
885:
884:
868:
862:
857:
856:
834:
828:
823:
822:
806:
800:
795:
794:
733:
731:
727:
726:Fier Rodrigue
723:
718:
716:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
685:
684:
678:
676:
675:general chase
671:
667:
658:
649:
647:
643:
637:
635:
634:Fier Rodrigue
631:
627:
626:
625:Fier Rodrigue
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:Saint Vincent
600:
598:
594:
590:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:American ally
550:
546:
536:
534:
530:
524:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:Fort San Juan
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
311:Saint Vincent
309:
307:
306:2nd St. Lucia
304:
302:
301:1st St. Lucia
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
280:
275:
270:
260:
255:
253:
248:
246:
241:
240:
237:
226:
221:
220:
215:
211:
208:
207:
202:
199:
194:
189:
187:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:Great Britain
155:
152:
140:
139:
134:
126:
123:
122:
117:
113:12.05; -61.75
88:
87:Caribbean Sea
84:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
56:
51:
46:
43:
40:Part of the
38:
33:
26:
22:
4910:Bicentennial
4793:Other topics
4779:Liberty Tree
4751:
4691:Constitution
4683:
4588:Beaumarchais
4476:Samuel Adams
4227:William Howe
4222:Richard Howe
4122:West Florida
4107:East Florida
4081:Rhode Island
4076:Pennsylvania
4009:Involvement
3953:Gordon Riots
3938:Valley Forge
3933:Conway Cabal
3911:Other events
3816:
3673:Philadelphia
3571:British Army
3462:Powder Alarm
3392:Model Treaty
3314:
3072:Expansionism
3040:Common Sense
3038:
2929:
2903:
2882:
2851:
2830:
2811:
2780:
2762:
2752:
2730:
2712:
2699:
2671:
2647:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2556:Balch (1972)
2551:
2539:
2518:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2415:, pp. 196-99
2408:
2361:
2325:
2294:
2263:
2237:
2225:
2194:
2163:
2132:
2096:
2065:
2034:
2007:
1997:
1979:Alan Gardner
1966:
1935:
1904:
1870:
1839:
1808:
1782:
1770:
1739:
1710:
1674:
1596:
1570:
1532:
1497:
1460:
1429:
1417:
1389:
1369:
1357:
1322:
1293:
1258:
1233:
1205:
1175:
1151:
1139:
1111:
1091:
1079:
1051:
1023:
994:
976:
948:
918:
894:
881:
854:
820:
791:
741:French fleet
730:Vice Admiral
725:
719:
711:
701:
693:
688:
682:
679:
663:
638:
633:
630:Beaumarchais
624:
601:
585:
571:French-held
542:
525:
485:
483:
426:Mona Passage
336:San Fernando
320:
136:Belligerents
54:
23:battle, see
4556:Witherspoon
4440:von Steuben
4395:Charles Lee
4112:Nova Scotia
4031:Connecticut
3902:The Saintes
3857:Springfield
3822:Stony Point
3752:Long Island
3737:Bunker Hill
3658:Nova Scotia
3249:Prohibitory
3239:Restraining
3229:Intolerable
3209:Declaratory
2926:(in French)
2239:Hyde Parker
1809:Magnificent
1649:Casualties
1390:Marseillais
765:Casualties
616:trade winds
502:French Navy
494:West Indies
431:Black River
421:The Saintes
401:Frigate Bay
331:Cayo Cocina
321:2nd Grenada
316:1st Grenada
274:West Indies
229:346 wounded
227:183 killed,
224:773 wounded
111: /
72:6 July 1779
21:Reconquista
4970:Categories
4900:Centennial
4855:television
4706:Jay Treaty
4603:de Guichen
4511:Huntington
4471:John Adams
4410:Montgomery
4315:Washington
4278:Rockingham
4263:Barrington
4232:Knyphausen
4202:Cornwallis
4061:New Jersey
3892:Chesapeake
3847:Charleston
3802:Germantown
3797:Brandywine
3787:Bennington
3576:Royal Navy
3566:Parliament
3513:Combatants
3486:Combatants
3265:Loyal Nine
3198:Quartering
3168:Navigation
3014:Liberalism
3004:John Locke
2992:Philosophy
2799:1146049972
2640:References
2009:John Byron
1646:Commander
1234:Sagittaire
919:Protecteur
855:Magnifique
762:Commander
581:Martinique
539:Background
514:Lord Byron
510:John Byron
498:Royal Navy
471:3rd Nassau
436:2nd Nassau
411:Montserrat
381:Fort Royal
351:Guadeloupe
286:1st Nassau
222:173 killed
198:John Byron
4774:Diplomacy
4762:Political
4745:Prisoners
4649:Aftermath
4623:Vergennes
4598:de Grasse
4593:d'Estaing
4583:Louis XVI
4521:Jefferson
4486:Dickinson
4430:St. Clair
4415:Nicholson
4390:Lafayette
4350:Duportail
4320:Alexander
4288:Shelburne
4172:Arbuthnot
4011:(by
3877:Pensacola
3837:Gibraltar
3812:St. Lucia
3777:Princeton
3489:Campaigns
3342:Minutemen
3258:Colonials
3214:Townshend
3143:Loyalists
3086:Royalists
2912:718064199
2892:836362484
2870:606770323
2821:763372623
2691:982878912
2656:cite book
2401:Citations
2226:Conqueror
2097:Elizabeth
1740:Royal Oak
1140:Languedoc
821:Fantasque
753:Division
722:Ganteaume
708:Aftermath
589:St. Kitts
573:St. Lucia
547:into the
326:RĂo Hondo
4738:Military
4491:Franklin
4464:Civilian
4445:Sullivan
4435:Schuyler
4365:Hamilton
4340:Claghorn
4308:Military
4301:Colonial
4283:Sandwich
4246:Civilian
4192:Carleton
4187:Campbell
4182:Burgoyne
4165:Military
4091:Virginia
4066:New York
4046:Maryland
4036:Delaware
3897:Yorktown
3832:Savannah
3807:Monmouth
3792:Saratoga
3698:Yorktown
3688:Southern
3678:Northern
3668:Saratoga
3640:theaters
3501:Colonies
3492:Theaters
3295:Patriots
3205:up i.p.o
3193:Currency
3178:Molasses
2902:(1830).
2880:(1867).
2850:(2002).
2840:46778589
2809:(1905).
2751:(1898).
2710:(1934).
2370:Captain
2336:Captain
2305:Captain
2295:Monmouth
2274:Captain
2264:Cornwall
2243:Captain
2205:Captain
2195:Vigilant
2174:Captain
2143:Captain
2133:Yarmouth
2107:Captain
2076:Captain
2045:Captain
2013:Captain
1977:Captain
1946:Captain
1915:Captain
1879:Captain
1850:Captain
1819:Captain
1788:Captain
1750:Captain
1719:Captain
1690:Captain
1660:Wounded
1605:Captain
1579:Captain
1508:Captain
1498:Réfléchi
1471:Captain
1435:Captain
1400:Captain
1333:Captain
1305:Captain
1270:Captain
1260:Guerrier
1242:Captain
1216:Captain
1206:Vaillant
1157:Captain
1122:Captain
1062:Captain
1052:Artésien
1034:Captain
987:Captain
977:Provence
959:Captain
929:Captain
900:Captain
865:Captain
831:Captain
803:Captain
776:Wounded
612:Barbados
569:captured
500:and the
296:Dominica
291:Barbados
267:American
204:Strength
77:Location
19:For the
4860:theater
4618:Suffren
4608:Luzerne
4526:Laurens
4496:Hancock
4481:Carroll
4400:Lincoln
4380:de Kalb
4370:Hopkins
4268:Germain
4258:Amherst
4197:Clinton
4158:British
4148:Leaders
4041:Georgia
3872:Cowpens
3817:Grenada
3767:Trenton
3714:battles
3693:Western
3548:Marines
3495:Battles
2772:2863262
2722:7842336
2362:Ariadne
2326:Grafton
1936:Nonsuch
1898:Centre
1840:Trident
1675:Suffolk
1657:Killed
1597:Aimable
1571:Alcmène
1533:Annibal
1512: (
1475: (
1461:Vengeur
1439: (
1370:†
1358:Amphion
1337: (
1323:Diadème
1176:Robuste
1092:†
1024:Fendant
995:†
883:Tonnant
773:Killed
698:Jamaica
642:frigate
593:Bouillé
506:Grenada
492:in the
99:61°45′W
96:12°03′N
83:Grenada
4752:Turtle
4576:French
4546:Revere
4541:Morris
4536:McKean
4501:Hanson
4425:Rodney
4420:Putnam
4405:Mercer
4360:Greene
4330:Arnold
4237:Rodney
4217:Graves
4207:Fraser
4117:Quebec
3862:Camden
3742:Quebec
3727:Boston
3712:Major
3653:Quebec
3648:Boston
3597:France
3498:Events
3415:Events
3224:Quebec
2910:
2890:
2868:
2858:
2838:
2819:
2797:
2787:
2770:
2737:
2720:
2689:
2679:
2035:Albion
1967:Sultan
1871:Medway
1663:Total
1652:Notes
1295:Sphinx
1112:Hector
991:
779:Total
768:Notes
713:in an
652:Battle
551:as an
545:France
416:Roatán
386:Tobago
163:
151:France
148:
124:Result
4506:Henry
4455:Wayne
4375:Jones
4355:Gates
4345:Clark
4335:Barry
4325:Allen
4273:North
4177:Brant
3203:Stamp
3188:Sugar
2396:Notes
2126:Rear
1711:Boyne
1643:Guns
1640:Ship
1418:CĂ©sar
759:Type
756:Ship
4850:film
4750:The
4551:Rush
4450:Ward
4385:Knox
4212:Gage
3612:Navy
3607:Army
3543:Navy
3538:Army
3399:and
3173:Iron
2908:OCLC
2888:OCLC
2866:OCLC
2856:ISBN
2836:OCLC
2817:OCLC
2795:OCLC
2785:ISBN
2768:OCLC
2735:ISBN
2718:OCLC
2687:OCLC
2677:ISBN
2662:link
2164:Lion
1905:Fame
1668:Van
1555:149
949:Fier
793:Zélé
702:Fame
694:Lion
689:Lion
683:Fame
608:fell
484:The
81:Off
69:Date
4516:Jay
3219:Tea
2367:20
2348:98
2345:63
2342:35
2317:53
2314:28
2311:25
2286:43
2283:27
2280:16
2186:51
2183:30
2180:21
2003:90
1989:55
1986:39
1983:16
1927:13
1876:60
1831:19
1828:11
1800:72
1797:46
1794:26
1762:16
1759:12
1731:42
1728:30
1725:12
1716:70
1702:32
1699:25
1602:26
1576:26
1552:90
1549:59
1515:WIA
1478:WIA
1442:WIA
1363:50
1340:WIA
1239:50
1085:50
843:65
840:43
837:22
535:."
4972::
2864:.
2793:.
2685:.
2658:}}
2654:{{
2527:^
2506:^
2437:^
2420:^
2382:0
2379:0
2376:0
2332:74
2301:64
2270:74
2255:0
2252:0
2249:0
2232:74
2217:0
2214:0
2211:0
2201:64
2170:64
2155:0
2152:0
2149:0
2139:64
2119:3
2116:2
2113:1
2103:74
2088:8
2085:6
2082:2
2072:64
2057:2
2054:2
2051:0
2041:74
2025:9
2022:6
2019:3
1973:74
1958:0
1955:0
1952:0
1942:64
1924:9
1921:4
1911:74
1891:4
1888:4
1885:0
1862:9
1859:6
1856:3
1846:64
1825:8
1815:74
1777:74
1756:4
1746:74
1696:7
1681:74
1539:74
1518:)
1504:64
1481:)
1467:64
1445:)
1424:74
1396:74
1343:)
1329:74
1301:64
1266:74
1212:64
1182:74
1146:80
1118:74
1058:64
1030:74
983:64
955:74
925:74
889:80
861:74
827:64
799:74
732:.
686:,
648:.
606:,
599:.
523:.
85:,
57:,
3523:/
3068:"
3064:"
3061:"
3057:"
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3050:"
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2945:v
2914:.
2894:.
2872:.
2842:.
2823:.
2801:.
2774:.
2743:.
2724:.
2693:.
2664:)
271::
258:e
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244:v
27:.
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