Battle of Grunwald

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the road between Grunwald and Łodwigowo, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of the memorial site. Between 2014 and 2019, archaeologists from Scandinavia and Poland investigated an area of approximately 450 hectares (1,100 acres) with metal detectors and located the main battle site according to Ekdahl's predictions. In 2017, the team found approximately 65 crossbow bolts and 20 arrowheads, as well as parts of spurs, stirrups, gauntlets, etc. As of 2020, archaeologists had discovered about 1,500 artifacts of which about 150 are linked to the battle. Among them are a Teutonic clasp to fasten coat with the Gothic inscription ‘Ave Maria’, a seal with the image of a pelican feeding its young with blood, two well preserved axes, and Teutonic coins.

2748: 1865: 2423: 219: 6554: 2551: 2443: 2328: 2320: 1994: 333: 1881: 1893: 2709: 2200: 1981:, lost the Kraków banner. However, it was soon recaptured and fighting continued. Władysław II Jagiełło deployed his reserves—the second line of his army. Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen then personally led 16 banners, almost a third of the original Teutonic strength, to the right Polish flank, and Władysław II Jagiełło deployed his last reserves, the third line of his army. The melee reached the Polish command and one knight, identified as Lupold or Diepold of Kökeritz, charged directly against King Władysław II Jagiełło. Władysław's secretary, 248: 48: 409: 361: 351: 288: 236: 3528: 312: 260: 188: 1193:, agreed to mediate the dispute. A truce was signed on 8 October 1409 and was set to expire on 24 June 1410. Both sides used this time to prepare for war, gathering troops and engaging in diplomatic maneuvering. Both sides sent letters and envoys accusing each other of various wrongdoings and threats to the Christendom. Wenceslaus, who received a gift of 60,000 florins from the order, declared that Samogitia rightfully belonged to the order and only Dobrzyń Land should be returned to Poland. The order also paid 300,000 176: 542: 1810: 207: 1942:, of a German letter. Written a few years after the battle, it cautioned the new Grand Master to look out for feigned retreats of the kind that had been used in the Great Battle. Stephen Turnbull asserts that the Lithuanian tactical retreat did not quite fit the formula of a feigned retreat; such a retreat was usually staged by one or two units (as opposed to almost an entire army) and was swiftly followed by a counterattack (whereas the Lithuanians had returned late in the battle). 373: 272: 6808: 6817: 549: 1841:). The armies formed opposing lines along a northeast–southwest axis. The Polish–Lithuanian army was positioned in front and east of Ludwigsdorf and Tannenberg. Polish heavy cavalry formed the left flank, Lithuanian light cavalry the right flank and various mercenary troops made up the center. Their men were organized in three lines of wedge-shaped formations about 20 men deep. The Teutonic forces concentrated their elite heavy cavalry, commanded by Grand Marshal 2390:. The museum, which is open during summers, has an exhibition space of 275 square metres (2,960 sq ft) in which it displays archaeological finds from the battlefield, original and reproduced medieval weapons, reconstructed flags from the battle, as well as various maps, drawings, and documents related to the battle. In 2018, the museum was visited by about 140,000 people. Construction of a larger year-round museum at an estimated cost of 30 million 6829: 397: 2068: 1124: 385: 300: 2670: 1695: 1845:, against the Lithuanians. The order, which was the first to organize their army for the battle, hoped to provoke the Poles or Lithuanians into attacking first. Their troops, wearing heavy armor, had to stand in the scorching sun for several hours waiting for an attack. One chronicle suggested that they had dug pits that an attacking army would fall into. They also attempted to use 1951: 2299:, as both Poland and Lithuania were for a long time, the order had difficulties recruiting new volunteer crusaders. The Grand Masters then needed to rely on mercenary troops, which proved an expensive drain on their already depleted budget. The internal conflicts, economic decline, and tax increases led to unrest and the foundation of the 2090:, put total casualties at 8,000 dead "on both sides". However, the wording is vague and it is unclear whether it meant a total of 8,000 or 16,000 dead. A papal bull from 1412 mentioned 18,000 dead Christians. In two letters written immediately after the battle, Władysław II Jagiełło mentioned that Polish casualties were small ( 2381:

granite depicting two faces of knights, a bundle of eleven 30-metre (98 ft)-high flagpoles with emblems of the Polish–Lithuanian army, and a sculptural map depicting the supposed positions of the armies before the battle. Presumed locations where Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas had their main

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described this development as a complete annihilation of the entire Lithuanian army. According to Długosz, the Order assumed that victory was theirs, broke their formation for a disorganized pursuit of the retreating Lithuanians, and gathered much loot before returning to the battlefield to face the

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takes place on 15 July. In 2010, a pageant reenacting the event and commemorating the battle's 600th anniversary was held. It attracted 200,000 spectators who watched 2,200 participants playing the role of knights in a re-enactment of the battle. An additional 3,800 participants played peasants and

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The 2014-2019 surveys have been criticsed due to inconsistent publications and not following scientific techniques established by battlefield archeology. These include preservation of findings, lack of survey maps and inconsistent recording of GPS data. There has also been a lack of funding from

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published his long-held hypothesis that the traditionally accepted location of the battlefield was incorrect. He believed that the surveys near the chapel ruins were actually around the site of the Teutonic Order's camp. According to Ekdahl's theory, the main battlefield was located northeast of

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The siege of Marienburg was lifted on 19 September. The Polish–Lithuanian forces left garrisons in the fortresses they had taken and returned home. However, the order quickly recaptured most of the castles. By the end of October only four Teutonic castles along the border remained in Polish hands.

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In 2014, the Russian Military Historical Society stated that Russian troops and their allies defeated the German knights in the Battle of Grunwald. In July 2017, billboards appeared on the streets of Russian cities with statements that seemed to attribute the victory in the battle of Grunwald to

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in August 1944: "After five, six weeks we shall leave. But by then Warsaw, the capital, the head, the intelligence of this former 16–17 million Polish people will be extinguished, this Volk that has blocked our way to the east for 700 years and has stood in our way ever since the First Battle of

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were carried out in 1958–1960 in the run-up to the 550th anniversary, connected to the construction of the memorial site and museum. The government showed great interest in the excavations and sent helicopters and 160 soldiers to help. Research continued in later decades, but yielded very little

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permanently resolved the territorial disputes. The Poles and Lithuanians were unable to translate the military victory into territorial or diplomatic gains. However, the Peace of Thorn imposed a heavy financial burden on the order from which they never recovered. They had to pay an indemnity in

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The defeat of the Teutonic Order was resounding. According to Teutonic payroll records, only 1,427 men reported back to Marienburg to claim their pay. Of 1,200 men sent from Danzig, only 300 returned. Between 203 and 211 brothers of the Order were killed, out of 270 that participated in battle,

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At that time the reorganized Lithuanians returned to the battle, attacking von Jungingen from the rear. The Teutonic forces were by then becoming outnumbered by the mass of Polish knights and advancing Lithuanian cavalry. As von Jungingen attempted to break through the Lithuanian lines, he was

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for burial on 19 July. The bodies of lower-ranking Teutonic officials and 12 Polish knights were buried at the church in Tannenberg. The rest of the dead were buried in several mass graves. The highest-ranking Teutonic official to escape the battle was Werner von Tettinger, Komtur of Elbing

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While outnumbered, the Teutonic army had advantages in discipline, military training and equipment. They were particularly noted for their heavy cavalry, although only a small percentage of the Order's army at Grunwald were heavily armoured knights. The Teutonic army was also equipped with

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1783:, Władysław II Jagiełło decided against crossing the river at such a strong, defensible position. The army would instead bypass the river crossing by turning east, towards its sources, where no other major rivers separated his army from Marienburg. The march continued east towards Soldau ( 2547:'s summary, almost all accounts of the battle made before the 1960s were more influenced by romantic legends and nationalistic propaganda than by fact. Historians have since made progress towards dispassionate scholarship and reconciliation of the various national accounts of the battle. 1849:, but a light rain dampened their powder and only two cannon shots were fired. As Władysław II Jagiełło delayed, the Grand Master sent messengers with two swords to "assist Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas in battle". The swords were meant as an insult and a provocation. Known as the " 1514:) and artillery units is unknown. Estimates, often biased by political and nationalistic considerations, were produced by various historians. German historians tend to present lower numbers, while Polish historians tend to use higher estimates. The high-end estimates by Polish historian 1864: 2480:

results with the exception of the area around the ruined chapel. Several mass graves were found at the chapel: remains of six people in the vestibule, 30 people next to the southern wall, more than 130 people in three pits adjacent to the chapel, and about 90 people in the

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when he visited the battlefield in 1842, but they have not survived to the present day. The first amateur archeological research was carried out in 1911 in hopes of finding the mass graves mentioned by Jan Długosz at the church of Stębark. The church was surveyed with

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banners, Russians saw the battle as a victory of a Polish–Lithuanian–Russian coalition against invading Germans. However, the ethnic composition of the men under these banners cannot be determined as Smolensk had rebelled against Vytautas in 1404 and 1408. Chronicler

1663:. The overall commander of the joint Polish–Lithuanian force was King Władysław II Jagiełło; however, he did not directly participate in the battle. The Lithuanian units were commanded directly by Grand Duke Vytautas, who was second in command, and helped design the 2046:, a group of knights sympathetic to Poland. According to the order, von Renys lowered his banner, which was taken as a signal of surrender and led to the panicked retreat. The legend that the order was "stabbed in the back" was echoed in the post-World War I 5618: 2570:

The Battle of Grunwald is regarded as one of the most important in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. In Lithuania, the victory is synonymous with the Grand Duchy's political and military peak. It was a source of national pride during the age of

945:(1415–1480). is a comprehensive and detailed account written several decades after the battle. The reliability of this source suffers not only from the long gap since the events, but also from Długosz's alleged biases against Lithuanians. 1969:, the Teutonic forces concentrated on the Polish right flank. Six of von Walenrode's banners did not pursue the retreating Lithuanians, instead joining the attack on the right flank. A particularly valuable target was the royal banner of 746:. The battle is viewed as one of the most important victories in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. It is also commemorated in Ukraine and Belarus. For centuries, it has been re-interpreted in that part of Europe as an inspiration of 1501:

provided the number of banners, the principal unit of each cavalry: 51 for the Teutons, 50 for the Poles and 40 for the Lithuanians. However, it is unclear how many men were under each banner. The structure and number of infantry units

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The river crossing remained secret until Hungarian envoys, who were attempting to negotiate a peace, informed the Grand Master. As soon as Ulrich von Jungingen grasped the Polish–Lithuanian intentions, he left 3,000 men at Schwetz

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started. Lithuania supported it and the order threatened to invade. Poland announced its support for the Lithuanian cause and threatened to invade Prussia in return. As Prussian troops evacuated Samogitia, Teutonic Grand Master

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were found. In 1958–1990, only 28 artefacts were found connected to the battle: ten crossbow bolts, five arrowheads, a javelin head, two sword pieces, two gun bullets, six pieces of gauntlets, and two small arms bullets.

2235:). Only eight castles remained in Teutonic hands. The besiegers of Marienburg expected a speedy capitulation and were not prepared for a long siege, suffering from lack of ammunition, low morale, and an epidemic of 1931:(1399), when the Lithuanian army had been dealt a crushing defeat and Vytautas himself had barely escaped alive. This theory gained wider acceptance after the discovery and publication, in 1963 by Swedish historian 2219:), remaining on the battlefield for three days and then marching an average of only about 15 km (9.3 mi) per day. The main forces did not reach heavily fortified Marienburg until 26 July. This delay gave 5630: 4550:"(Review) Sven Ekdahl, In Search of the Battlefield of Tannenberg (Grunwald) of 1410. New Research with Metal Detectors in 2014–2019, Vilnius 2019, pp. 279. : On the Problems of Battlefield Research" 592: 2736:) have a street named after the battle. In Belarus, interest in the battle began to grow in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 2010, Belarus issued postage stamps for the 600th anniversary. Since 2008, 1795:). Later, in the self-serving testimonies of the survivors before the Pope, the order claimed that Von Jungingen was so enraged by the alleged atrocities that he swore to defeat the invaders in battle. 2484:. Many remains showed signs of traumatic injuries. Some skeletons showed signs of being burned and moved. Mass burials, including of women and children, were also found in the villages of Gilgenburg ( 839: 2767:

generally saw the Teutonic knights as heroic and noble men who brought Christianity and civilization to the east, although many came to the region with more material motives. In August 1914, during

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Vytautas, supported by the Polish banners, started an assault on the left flank of the Teutonic forces. After more than an hour of heavy fighting, the Lithuanian light cavalry began a full retreat.

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camp followers. The pageant's organisers believe that the event has become the largest re-enactment of medieval combat in Europe. The reenactment attracts about 60,000 to 80,000 visitors annually.

2524: 4633: 1252:). To keep their plans secret and mislead the order, Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas organized several raids into border territories, thus forcing the order to keep their troops in place. 2223:

enough time to organize a defense. Władysław II Jagiełło also sent his troops to other Teutonic fortresses, which often surrendered without resistance, including the major cities of Danzig (

1205:, for mutual military assistance. Sigismund attempted to break the Polish–Lithuanian alliance by offering Vytautas a king's crown; Vytautas' acceptance would have violated the terms of the 5504:

Knoll, Paul W. (1983). "In Search of the Battle of Grunwald. Review of Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410, Quellenkritische Untersuchungen, vol. I: Einführung und Quellenlage by S. Ekdahl".

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silver in four annual installments. To meet these payments, the order borrowed heavily, confiscated gold and silver from churches, and increased taxes. Two major Prussian cities, Danzig (

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Under Communist rule over Poland, memory to the battle was monopolized by the state. Memory to the battle was instrumentalized for justifying the new borders, under which Poland annexed

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Polish troops. He made no mention of the Lithuanians, who later returned to the battlefield. Thus Długosz portrayed the battle as a single-handed Polish victory. This view contradicted

1735:. On 24 June, Władysław II Jagiełło and Czech mercenaries arrived in Wolbórz. Three days later the Polish army was already at the meeting place. The Lithuanian army marched out from 2102:) mentioned that only half of the Lithuanians returned, but it is unclear how many of those casualties are attributable to the battle and how many to the later siege of Marienburg. 621: 585: 4921: 1216:

By December 1409, Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas had agreed on a common strategy: their armies would unite into a single massive force and march together towards Marienburg (

6867: 4894: 7802: 7777: 2295:), revolted against the tax increases. The defeat at Grunwald left the Teutonic Order with few forces to defend their remaining territories. Since Samogitia became officially 1375: 1240:), a central location from where troops could respond to an invasion from any direction rather quickly. Sizable garrisons were left in the eastern castles of Ragnit, Rhein ( 2532: 1163:

declared war on the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on 6 August 1409. The order hoped to defeat Poland and Lithuania separately, and began by invading

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was killed. In 1901, a large memorial stone was erected for the fallen Grand Master in the midst of the chapel ruins for the 200th anniversary of the coronation of King

1719:. This maneuver, which required precision and intense coordination among multi-ethnic forces, was accomplished in about a week, from 24 to 30 June. Polish soldiers from 578: 2401:

was erected by the Lithuanians near the monument site to commemorate the 610th anniversary of the battle. The monument was unveiled by Lithuanian and Polish presidents

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on 11 November 1410. Only those who were expected to pay ransom were kept. Considerable ransoms were recorded; for example, the mercenary Holbracht von Loym had to pay

1220:), capital of the Teutonic Order. The order, who took a defensive position, did not expect a joint attack and were preparing for a dual invasion—by the Poles along the 2339:, who had prophesied the downfall of the Teutonic Order, at the location of the battle. When the order regained the territory of the battlefield, the new grand master 2111: 1423: 641: 1842: 1457: 750:(to advance legends or mythology) and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders. During the 20th century, the battle was used in 2019:

as the killer. Surrounded and leaderless, the Teutonic Order began to retreat. Part of the routed units retreated towards their camp. This move backfired when the

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Soldiers from twenty-two different states and regions, mostly Germanic, joined the Order's army. Teutonic recruits known as guest crusaders included soldiers from

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25 июля – Памятная дата военной истории России. В этот день в 1410 году русские войска и их союзники одержали победу над немецкими рыцарями в Грюнвальдской битве.

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and archaeological excavations in 2014–2017 proved that the actual site was south of Grünfelde (Grunwald). Władysław II Jagiełło referred to the site in Latin as

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decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation.

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In 1960, for the 550th anniversary, a museum and monuments were constructed a little northeast of the chapel ruins. The grounds were designed by sculptor

1333: 6741: 995: 2027:: the camp was surrounded by wagons serving as an improvised fortification. However, the defense was soon broken and the camp was ravaged. According to 1048:. While the border regions became an uninhabited wilderness, the order gained very little territory. The Lithuanians first gave up Samogitia during the 837:

in 1891. The Germans named the battle after Tannenberg ("fir hill" or "pine hill" in German). Thus, there are three commonly used names for the battle:

6784: 2836:. The Teutonic Order was portrayed as the medieval forerunners of Hitler's armies, while the battle itself was seen as the medieval counterpart to the 1791:) and then moved east in parallel with the Polish–Lithuanian army. According to the Order's propaganda, the latter ravaged the village of Gilgenburg ( 6946: 4760: 4357: 7822: 7310: 6471: 5945:

Cronica conflictus Wladislai regis Poloniae cum cruciferi sanno Christi 1410 (Chronicle of the battle, written in 1410–1411, just after the battle)

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praised the Smolensk banners, who fought bravely and, according to him, were the only banners from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania not to retreat. In

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There are few contemporary, reliable sources about the battle, and most were produced by the Polish. The most important and trustworthy source is

6697: 5947: 918:, which was written within a year of the battle by an eyewitness. Its authorship is uncertain, but several candidates have been proposed: Polish 5803:

Tanajewski, Dariusz; Odoj, Romuald; Oszczak, Bartlomiej; Godlewska, Patrycja; Grazawski, Kazimierz; Mockun, Slawomir; Drej, Szymon (June 2014).

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commanded an expeditionary corps and the Moldavian king was so brave that the Polish troops and their king honoured him with a royal sword, the

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The precise number of soldiers involved has proven difficult to establish. None of the contemporary sources provided reliable troop counts.

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In the early morning of 15 July, both armies met in an area covering approximately 4 km (1.5 sq mi) between the villages of

6187: 7817: 6007: 2492:). The massacre in Gilgenburg was known from written sources, but the burial in Faulen was unexpected. In the fields, very few items of 2343:

built a chapel dedicated to Saint Mary and it was consecrated in March 1413. It was destroyed by the Poles when they invaded during the

2138:, were executed by order of Vytautas after the battle. The bodies of von Jungingen and other high-ranking officials were transported to 7632: 6840: 5701: 1131:

between 1260 and 1410; the locations and dates of major battles, including the Battle of Grunwald, are indicated by crossed red swords.

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Ideas about commemorating the battle rose right after the event. Władysław II Jagiełło wanted to build a monastery dedicated to Saint

4902: 2779:(Olsztyn), and framed it as revenge for the Polish–Lithuanian victory 504 years earlier. To cement this symbolism, Germany built the 1261: 6222: 6204: 6342: 6210: 2771:, Germany won a battle against Russia near the site. When the Germans realized its propaganda potential, they named the battle the 2697:

was reduced, but the symbol of Grunwald did not disappear. Until end of the 1980s, July 15 was an important official memorial day.

2359:. The inscription was chiseled in 1960 and the stone was removed from the chapel ruins and placed inscription facing down in 1984. 1103:. The conflict was also motivated by trade considerations: the order controlled the lower reaches of the three largest rivers (the 5174: 4439: 2591:. The Teutonic Order was portrayed as bloodthirsty invaders and Grunwald as a just victory achieved by a small, oppressed nation. 1183:(Bromberg) and sacked several towns. The Poles organized counterattacks and recaptured Bydgoszcz. The Samogitians attacked Memel ( 7546: 7030: 7017: 7002: 6968: 6774: 6734: 6163: 2387: 1880: 982:. An anonymous letter, discovered in 1963 and written between 1411 and 1413, provided important details on Lithuanian maneuvers. 7113: 6963: 6688: 6240: 5221:"Battlefield Archaeology at Grunwald (Tannenberg, Žalgiris): A Polish-Scandinavian Research Project during the period 2014–2017" 1787:), although no attempt was made to capture the town. The Teutonic army followed the Drewenz River north, crossed it near Löbau ( 1135: 7727: 7332: 7315: 7305: 7293: 7246: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7142: 7137: 7007: 6980: 6490: 6477: 6417: 6376: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6308: 6182: 6119: 6000: 4877: 1830: 791: 775: 673: 602: 90: 39: 1965:

While the Lithuanians were retreating, heavy fighting broke out between Polish and Teutonic forces. Commanded by Grand Komtur

1067:. Jogaila converted to Christianity and was crowned King of Poland and became known as Władysław II Jagiełło, thus creating a 6872: 6862: 5913: 5890: 5868: 5824: 5732: 5655: 5557: 5451: 5417: 5389: 5370: 5163: 5119: 5097: 5076: 5002: 2682: 2383: 1892: 7737: 7517: 7035: 6496: 6146: 6092: 6082: 2634: 2460: 2308: 787: 7812: 2690: 2351:

and was demolished in 1720. Over time, the location of the chapel became associated with the location where Grand Master

20: 7765: 7745: 7288: 7091: 7057: 6727: 6702: 6041: 5793: 5751: 5329: 4826: 1049: 541: 5142: 1711:, a designated meeting point about 80 km (50 mi) from the Prussian border, where the joint army crossed the 7832: 7714: 7628: 7598: 7438: 7372: 6669: 6410: 5676: 5549: 2752: 2561:, Poland for the battle's 500th anniversary. It was destroyed during World War II by the Germans and rebuilt in 1976. 180: 6650: 4713: 1076: 7404: 6920: 6452: 6023: 5309: 1743:. They arrived in Czerwińsk on the same day the Poles crossed the river. After the crossing, Masovian troops under 1652: 452: 2747: 2455:

Several artifacts from the battlefield are known from historical record, for example stone balls in the church of

2098:) and Jan Długosz listed only 12 Polish knights who had been killed. A letter by a Teutonic official from Tapiau ( 1982: 1533:

Both armies were composed of troops from several states and lands, including numerous mercenaries, primarily from

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of 39,000 Polish–Lithuanian and 27,000 Teutonic men have been cited in Western literature as "commonly accepted".

930: 7678: 6925: 6915: 6620: 4969: 4634:"VU rektorius apie Žalgirio mūšį ir istorinį lūžį: regione atsirado nauja valdžia ir galybė – Lietuva ir Lenkija" 2674: 2464: 1818: 926: 685: 438: 2166:. Most of the commoners and mercenaries were released shortly after the battle on condition that they report to 7497: 7419: 5724: 2655: 2244: 2215:

After the battle, the Polish and Lithuanian forces delayed their attack on the Teutonic capital in Marienburg (

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Retreat of Lithuanian light cavalry (battle location and initial army positions according to an 1836 map by

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caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands controlled by them. The battle shifted the

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of the campaign. Vytautas actively participated in the battle, managing both Lithuanian and Polish units.

1036:, the Teutons conquered and converted the Prussians by the 1280s and shifted their attention to the pagan 616: 7772: 7551: 7521: 7466: 7461: 7012: 4738: 2118:, Grand Treasurer Thomas von Merheim, Marshal of Supply Forces Albrecht von Schwartzburg, and ten of the 1928: 1128: 736: 292: 1985:, saved the king's life, gaining royal favor and becoming one of the most influential people in Poland. 7807: 7750: 7485: 7473: 6794: 6769: 6658: 6087: 2422: 2208: 2190: 704: 631: 389: 5987: 5959: 5944: 7583: 7490: 6899: 6631: 6625: 6577: 6071: 2606:

during a three-day celebration attended by some 150,000 people. About 60 other towns and villages in

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and created Polish-Lithuanian discord. At the same time, Vytautas managed to obtain a truce from the

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camps were marked with artificial mounds and flagpoles. The battle site is one of Poland's national

1515: 1439: 1172: 7578: 7541: 6031: 4922:"Žalgiris, Tannenberg, Grunwald? How to call 1410 Polish–Lithuanian victory against German knights" 2717: 2620: 2607: 2469: 1640: 1202: 1083:, responded by publicly contesting the sincerity of Jogaila's conversion, bringing the charge to a 1037: 1014: 681: 264: 252: 192: 5212:

Das Soldbuch des Deutschen Ordens, Teil. II : Indices mit personengeschichtlichen Kommentaren

2442: 2319: 7827: 7588: 7566: 7556: 7320: 7298: 7280: 7100: 6955: 6852: 6483: 6382: 6288: 5834: 5526: 2550: 2476: 2043: 1624: 1541:. Bohemian mercenaries fought on both sides. The Silesian mercenaries were led in battle by Duke 1452: 1100: 6553: 6156: 4991:

Places of Fighting for Lithuania's Freedom In the Expanse of Nemunas, Vistula and Dauguva rivers

2372: 2015:, Dobiesław of Oleśnica thrust a lance through the Grand Master's neck, while Długosz presented 1087:. The territorial disputes continued over Samogitia, which had been in Teutonic hands since the 971: 7655: 7533: 7258: 7241: 7208: 6356: 6283: 5762: 5686: 5152:"The Battle of Tannenberg-Grunwald-Žalgiris (1410) as reflected in Twentieth-Century monuments" 4698: 2643: 2356: 2348: 2300: 1751:

joined the Polish–Lithuanian army. The massive force began its march north towards Marienburg (

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The first stage of the Grunwald campaign was the gathering of all Polish–Lithuanian troops at

1236:). To counter this perceived threat, Ulrich von Jungingen concentrated his forces in Schwetz ( 7760: 7688: 7571: 7561: 7397: 7125: 6444: 6293: 5718: 5360: 4872:[The implementation of the project "Memorable Dates of Military History" continues]. 2825: 2737: 2263: 2194: 2123: 2051: 2047: 1978: 1676: 1612: 999:

The Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania within their vassals between 1386 and 1434

829:, meaning "green forest" in German. The Lithuanians followed suit and translated the name as 719:

in 1422. The order, however, never recovered their former power, and the financial burden of

712: 5971: 5838: 5194: 7392: 7263: 6888: 6764: 6678: 6438: 6362: 6108: 5322:

The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union 1385–1569

5220: 5012: 3174: 2837: 2772: 2701: 2572: 2352: 2296: 2240: 2151: 2107: 1672: 1597: 1198: 1160: 1155: 1088: 747: 697: 464: 7722: 7268: 7228: 6368: 6260: 2755:

propaganda poster from 1920 depicts a Teutonic knight threatened by a Pole and a socialist

2274:

during the lifetimes of Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas, although another two wars—the

2031:, more knights died there than on the battlefield. The battle lasted for about ten hours. 1075:

removed the religious rationale for the order's activities in the area. Its grand master,

8: 7362: 6789: 6398: 5964: 2784: 2780: 2708: 2428:

Traditional view of army movements and battlefield location according to descriptions by

2340: 2220: 2087: 2016: 1764: 1683: 1593: 947: 867: 859: 413: 6973: 1206: 968: 963:. Other Polish sources include two letters written by Władysław II Jagiełło to his wife 7622: 7384: 7251: 7236: 7183: 7147: 7040: 6611: 6595: 6512: 6429: 6348: 6314: 6266: 6151: 6114: 6054: 5923: 5883:

Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality

5513: 5492: 5268: 4997:(English ed.). Vilnius: The General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. 2615: 2259:

on 10 October 1410. Following other brief engagements, both sides agreed to negotiate.

2256: 2255:

Władysław II Jagiełło raised a fresh army and dealt another defeat to the order in the

2163: 2035: 1748: 1033: 1004: 979: 922: 875: 636: 445: 6639: 5809:

14th SGEM GeoConference on Science and Technologies in Geology, Exploration and Mining

2628:), prominently featuring the battle in one of the chapters. In 1960, Polish filmmaker 2402: 2023:

turned against their masters and joined the manhunt. The knights attempted to build a

1919:

in 1909, they proposed that the retreat had been a planned maneuver borrowed from the

7683: 7502: 7478: 7414: 7327: 7218: 6930: 6857: 6583: 6216: 5909: 5886: 5864: 5844: 5820: 5804: 5789: 5768: 5747: 5728: 5672: 5651: 5605: 5580: 5553: 5532: 5496: 5462: 5447: 5413: 5385: 5366: 5347: 5325: 5290: 5273: 5235: 5186: 5159: 5115: 5093: 5072: 5065: 5051: 5028: 4998: 4961: 4942: 4822: 4571: 2724:

commemorated to the 600 anniversary of the battle. At least three cities in Ukraine (

2595: 2554: 2336: 2199: 2083: 2072: 1589: 1139: 1060: 960: 899: 755: 365: 5816: 4869: 2799:

policies as a continuation of the order's historical mission. For example, SS Chief

2150:

Polish and Lithuanian forces took several thousand captives. Among these were Dukes

2042:) banner, and he was beheaded without a trial. He was the founder and leader of the 951:

is a mid-15th-century manuscript with images and Latin descriptions of the Teutonic

223: 47: 7647: 7507: 7446: 7379: 7357: 7337: 7196: 7176: 7045: 6589: 6464: 6423: 6392: 6169: 5812: 5482: 5474: 5439: 5399: 5339: 5263: 4561: 4549: 2800: 1973:. It seemed that the order were gaining the upper hand, and at one point the royal 1916: 1632: 1523: 1391: 1359: 1053: 1022: 883: 815:

in loco conflictus nostri, quem cum Cruciferis de Prusia habuimus, dicto Grunenvelt

488: 478: 468: 7693: 5214:, Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preußischer Kulturbesitz (in German), Böhlau 2666:), and various organizations. 72 streets in Lithuania are named after the battle. 1291: 570: 7698: 7451: 7067: 7050: 6571: 6175: 5951: 5666: 5317: 4897:[Russia's victory in the Battle of Grunwald is a new historical "fact"]. 2808: 2733: 2629: 2599: 2528: 2283: 2177: 1974: 1958: 1924: 1850: 1846: 1822: 1814: 1804: 851: 843: 751: 743: 720: 716: 240: 5992: 5981: 5569:"Archäologische Forschungen auf dem Schlachtfeld von Grunwald/Tannenberg (1410)" 4446:(in Polish). Polish Historical Society and the Historical Magazine "Mówią wieki" 2391: 2267: 1092: 1018: 7456: 4376:"Wmurowano kamień węgielny pod budowę całorocznego Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem" 2588: 2506: 2433: 2266:

was signed in February 1411. Under its terms, the order ceded the Dobrin Land (

2248: 2204: 2139: 1937: 1871: 1767:

and marched the main force to organize a line of defense on the Drewenz River (

1720: 1716: 1664: 1616: 1210: 1164: 1147: 1068: 1064: 1045: 1010: 891: 808: 786:

Traditionally, the battle's location was thought to be in the territory of the

732: 728: 708: 693: 337: 154: 5695:. Vol. 1. Translated by Leonora B. Lang. New York: Peter Fenelon Collier. 3164: 2821: 2663: 2659: 2429: 1997:

After the Battle of Grunwald: The Solidarity of the Northern Slavs (1924), by

1904: 1809: 1668: 1498: 942: 7796: 5878: 5609: 5584: 5294: 5277: 5239: 5190: 5107: 5055: 5042: 5040:

Burleigh, Michael (June 1985). "The German Knight: Making of A Modern Myth".

5032: 4965: 4575: 4398:"Memorial stone to mark Lithuanian-Polish victory against Teutonic crusaders" 4199: 2764: 2651: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2544: 2485: 2363: 2173: 2020: 2003: 1792: 1755:), capital of Prussia, on 3 July. The Prussian border was crossed on 9 July. 1728: 1407: 1221: 1071:

between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The official

1029: 964: 377: 228: 123: 110: 6719: 5848: 5786:

Myth, Memory, and the First World War in Scotland: The Legacy of Bannockburn

5536: 5351: 4989: 4566: 2307:, in 1441. This in turn led to a series of conflicts that culminated in the 1639:

lands (present-day Belarus and Ukraine). Among them were three banners from

916:

Cronica conflictus Wladislai regis Poloniae cum Cruciferis anno Christi 1410

7610: 7367: 7108: 6404: 6234: 5478: 5175:"The Turning Point in the Battle of Tannenberg (Grunwald/Žalgiris) in 1410" 4764: 4458: 2804: 2790: 2647: 2406: 1998: 1954: 1920: 1648: 1233: 952: 937:

did not survive, a short summary from the 16th century has been preserved.

280: 276: 5690: 2610:

also erected Grunwald monuments for the anniversary. About the same time,

2448:

Proposed army movements and battlefield locations according to Sven Ekdahl

1838: 1784: 1772: 1680: 799: 94: 7512: 6807: 6600: 6530: 5772: 5423: 3348: 3258: 2768: 2611: 2347:

of 1414, but it was quickly rebuilt. The chapel fell to ruins during the

1780: 1527: 1229: 1171:, catching the Poles by surprise. The order burned the castle at Dobrin ( 1084: 700:. Most of the Teutonic Order's leadership was killed or taken prisoner. 418: 58: 6816: 5517: 2516:

the Polish government for reliable research of the entire battlefield.

2155: 1856: 1249: 1184: 6997: 6992: 6138: 6132: 5976: 5487: 2795: 2694: 2344: 2279: 2275: 2067: 2024: 1679:, commanded the Polish army, but that is highly doubtful. More likely, 1628: 1565: 1542: 1320: 1176: 1143: 1040:. For about 100 years, the order raided Lithuanian lands, particularly 822: 6828: 4684: 4334: 3215: 2536: 2456: 2039: 1834: 1760: 1732: 1245: 1237: 1123: 795: 5885:(Revised ed.). Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. 2833: 2729: 2716:

The battle is also commemorated in Ukraine and Belarus. In 2010, the

2493: 2271: 2236: 2099: 1708: 1656: 1644: 1180: 1041: 321: 5781: 5619:"W sprawie okupu za jeńców krzyżackich z Wielkiej Wojny (1409–1411)" 2603: 2558: 2288: 2232: 2224: 2167: 2144: 1970: 1768: 1724: 1225: 802:, Ludwikowice) to the south. However, research by Swedish historian 7755: 6707: 5384:. Vilnius: National Museum Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. 2816: 2481: 2034:

The Teutonic Order attributed the defeat to treason on the part of

1776: 1636: 1620: 1585: 1550: 1511: 1026: 975: 919: 834: 759: 689: 5407: 4699:

The holiday of Hriunvaldska vulytsia (Свято Грюнвальдської вулиці)

2828:, the Battle of Grunwald was styled as an ethnic struggle between 2292: 2228: 6883: 4895:"Победа России в Грюнвальдской битве — новый исторический «факт»" 4870:"Продолжается реализация проекта «Памятные даты военной истории»" 2776: 2721: 2378: 2216: 1752: 1736: 1712: 1660: 1604: 1581: 1573: 1538: 1534: 1507: 1503: 1217: 1168: 1112: 1108: 1091:

in 1404. Poland also had territorial claims against the order in

990: 316: 98: 2669: 1694: 4926: 4637: 4223: 3803: 2135: 2119: 1950: 1788: 1740: 1608: 1577: 1569: 1096: 1059:

In 1385, Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania agreed to marry Queen

978:. German sources include a concise account in the chronicle of 866:. Its names in the languages of other involved peoples include 5802: 5702:"Jan Žižka at Grunwald: from mercenary to Czech national hero" 5528:

The Great War with the Teutonic Knights in the years 1409–1411

5463:"Analysis of Visitor Attendance at Polish Tourism Attractions" 4464: 4189: 4187: 3455: 3365: 3363: 4835: 4589: 2829: 2741: 2686: 2646:

which commemorated the battle and was later installed in the

2398: 1194: 1104: 956: 5972:

Account by Jan Dlugosz, written sixty years after the battle

5305:

Tabards on, visors down: fans relive 1410 Battle of Grunwald

4008: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 2533:

1st Infantry Regiment of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas

2459:(Tannenberg) and a metal helmet with holes in the church of 2181:, amounting to more than 30 kg (66 lb) of silver. 1874:

and contradicted by archaeological excavations in 2014–2017)

5346:(in Lithuanian). Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. 5114:. Vol. I (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. 4482: 4184: 3360: 2725: 2131: 1546: 16:

1410 battle between the Teutonic Order and Poland–Lithuania

5782:"Medieval Battlefields and National Narratives, 1830–1918" 5438: 5112:

God's Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795

4358:"Frekwencja w atrakcjach turystycznych w latach 2016–2018" 4247: 4205: 3501: 3499: 3354: 3287: 3285: 3264: 3221: 2982: 2980: 2472:

in 2013 but little evidence of the mass graves was found.

1945: 1099:), but the two states had been largely at peace since the 6868:

Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis

4317: 4315: 4313: 4088: 4027: 4025: 4023: 3989: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3878: 3842: 3830: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3752: 3750: 3708: 3674: 3672: 3635: 3633: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3380: 3378: 3338: 3336: 3091: 2677:(left) during the annual recreation of the battle in 2003 1241: 1187:). However, neither side was ready for a full-scale war. 4852: 4850: 4363:(in Polish). Polska Organizacja Turystyczna. p. 69. 4298: 3854: 3720: 3591: 3540: 3309: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2921: 2919: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2775:, despite it having actually taken place much closer to 2712:

Belarusian stamp for the 600th anniversary of the battle

2654:. The battle has lent its name to military decorations ( 5412:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai. 5131:"Die Flucht der Litauer in der Schlacht bei Tannenberg" 4771: 4276: 4274: 4136: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3496: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3407: 3405: 3282: 2997: 2995: 2977: 2740:

is hosted by a private museum of medieval culture near

2106:

including much of the Teutonic leadership—Grand Master

1988: 739:

as the dominant regional political and military force.

715:, with other territorial disputes continuing until the 5546:

Making a great ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania

4666: 4613: 4601: 4527:"Two axes from the Battle of 1410 found near Grunwald" 4506: 4494: 4310: 4235: 4211: 4160: 4148: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4037: 4020: 3977: 3943: 3926: 3914: 3902: 3820: 3818: 3791: 3762: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3696: 3669: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3557: 3555: 3511: 3479: 3375: 3333: 3270: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3147: 3145: 3007: 2936: 2934: 2883: 2881: 2594:

In 1910, to mark the 500th anniversary of the battle,

2386:, as designated on 4 October 2010, and tracked by the 1853:", they became one of the national symbols of Poland. 5668:

Multinational Lithuania: History of Ethnic Minorities

4847: 4818:

Warsaw 1944: Hitler, Himmler, and the Warsaw Uprising

4259: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3205: 3203: 3132: 3130: 3103: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3064: 3062: 3042: 3019: 2958: 2946: 2916: 2893: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 1857:

Battle begins: Lithuanian attack and retreat maneuver

4783: 4440:"Z dziejów badań archeologicznych pól grunwaldzkich" 4271: 4172: 4112: 4100: 3960: 3779: 3657: 3645: 3567: 3417: 3402: 3297: 3246: 2992: 1957:

fights a Teutonic knight (detail from a painting by

703:

Although defeated, the Teutonic Order withstood the

4654: 4470: 4408: 4337:(in Polish). Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem w Stębarku 4286: 4124: 4076: 4049: 3890: 3866: 3815: 3732: 3684: 3615: 3603: 3579: 3552: 3467: 3390: 3321: 3227: 3188: 3142: 2931: 2878: 2239:. The order appealed to their allies for help, and 790:, on the plains between three villages: Grünfelde ( 600: 5863:. Campaign Series. Vol. 122. London: Osprey. 5861:Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights 5742:Sužiedėlis, Saulius (2011). "Battle of Grunwald". 5442:; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000). 5256:Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 5064: 4548:Strzyż, Piotr; Wrzosek, Jakub (13 December 2021). 3434: 3200: 3127: 3115: 3074: 3059: 2853: 2793:later exploited the sentiment by portraying their 2535:during commemoration of the battle of Žalgiris in 1779:. On 11 July, after meeting with his eight-member 1596:, brought 200 men for the Order, but support from 1044:, as it separated the order in Prussia from their 758:campaigns before and during World War II. Only in 6022: 5650:(in Russian). Vol. 2. Издательство Полигон. 4335:"Historia Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem w Stębarku" 2270:) to Poland and agreed to resign their claims to 1549:, who was supported by knights from the Silesian 817:. Later, Polish chroniclers interpreted the word 7794: 4761:"Our Grunwald Festival to be held for 10th time" 4685:The holiday of the street (Свято вулиці (відео)) 4644: 2071:The battle as depicted in the Berner Chronik of 1739:on 3 June and joined the Ruthenian regiments in 1611:produced two full banners, under the command of 974:and letters sent by Jastrzębiec to Poles in the 6698:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 5833: 5594:"Žalgirio mūšis ir lietuvių istorinė tradicija" 5089:Commemorations and the shaping of modern Poland 3461: 711:and suffered minimal territorial losses at the 7079:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland 6785:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5344:Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties 2211:for two months by the Polish–Lithuanian forces 1912:and has been challenged by modern historians. 1698:Map of army movements in the Grunwald campaign 1118: 991:Lithuanian Crusade and Polish–Lithuanian union 779:The most important source about the battle is 7803:Battles of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 6749: 6735: 6008: 4547: 2783:, which became the tomb of the national hero 2412: 2184: 1142:fighting with Teutonic knights (14th-century 586: 5840:An Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300–1500 5446:. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. 5062: 4901:(in Ukrainian). 16 July 2017. Archived from 4631: 4229: 4193: 3369: 2207:, which served as the Teutonic capital, was 955:captured during the battle and displayed in 529: 521: 477:Grand Marshal Friedrich von Wallenrode 7075:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537) 7063:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522) 5362:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends 5011: 4947:"Žalgirio mūšis Lietuvos istorikų darbuose" 4941: 4841: 4524: 4014: 4002: 3836: 2394:(6.5 million euros) started in April 2019. 2251:promised financial aid and reinforcements. 2038:(Mikołaj of Ryńsk), commander of the Culm ( 6921:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60) 6742: 6728: 6305:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War (1600–1629) 6015: 6001: 5928:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5760: 5741: 5664: 5591: 5543: 4821:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 242. 4711: 4253: 3848: 3597: 3097: 2397:In July 2020, a large stone with engraved 2323:Memorials at the battlefield built in 1960 2062: 1686:commanded the Polish troops in the field. 593: 579: 548: 6926:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88) 6916:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41) 5761:Sužiedėlis, Simas, ed. (1976). "Tatars". 5524: 5486: 5267: 5156:The Military Orders: History and Heritage 5085: 4919: 4595: 4565: 3315: 3109: 2632:used the book as the basis for his film, 1775:). The river crossing was fortified with 1262:List of banners in the Battle of Grunwald 7214:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) 5968:, a catalog of captured Teutonic banners 5855: 5788:. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press. 5767:. Vol. V. Boston: Juozas Kapočius. 5338: 5324:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 5158:. Vol. 3. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 5039: 4805:Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2004, p. 121. 4777: 4739:"Grunwald, the Great Belarusian Victory" 4525:Boguszewski, Marcin (2 September 2020). 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4217: 4206:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 4166: 4154: 4142: 4070: 4031: 3983: 3954: 3937: 3920: 3908: 3884: 3797: 3773: 3756: 3714: 3702: 3678: 3639: 3522: 3505: 3490: 3384: 3355:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 3342: 3291: 3276: 3265:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 3222:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000 3013: 2925: 2910: 2746: 2707: 2668: 2549: 2523: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2198: 2066: 1992: 1949: 1808: 1693: 1615:. Serving among the Czechs was possibly 1134: 1122: 994: 985: 774: 672:, was fought on 15 July 1410 during the 7823:History of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship 6775:History of Polish intelligence services 6519:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession 6255:War of the Polish–Lithuanian Succession 5899: 5699: 5685: 5648:История военного искусства VI – XVI вв. 5460: 5358: 5209: 5172: 4880:from the original on 18 November 2014. 4672: 4355: 3872: 3585: 3534: 3473: 3163: 3053: 3036: 2952: 2565: 2475:The first more thorough archaeological 2388:National Institute of Cultural Heritage 2377:. The monuments included an obelisk of 1946:Battle continues: Polish–Teutonic fight 1689: 1643:led by Władysław II Jagiełło's brother 7795: 7728:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5988:600th anniversary celebrations in 2010 5720:The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386–1795 5616: 5398: 5301: 5246: 5218: 5149: 5128: 5106: 4987: 4856: 4814: 4736: 4660: 4619: 4607: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4321: 4304: 4265: 4094: 3809: 3449: 3209: 3085: 3001: 2940: 2815:Due to the participation of the three 1798: 833:. The name Žalgiris was first used by 7121:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) 6723: 5996: 5877: 5779: 5716: 5645: 5503: 5409:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės 5379: 5316: 5284: 4789: 4715:Грунвальд у беларускай гістарыяграфіі 4632:Pumprickaitė, Nemira (15 July 2020). 4420: 4280: 4241: 4178: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4082: 4058: 4043: 3971: 3896: 3860: 3824: 3785: 3741: 3726: 3690: 3663: 3651: 3624: 3609: 3573: 3561: 3546: 3428: 3411: 3396: 3327: 3303: 3252: 3240: 3194: 3151: 3136: 3121: 3068: 2986: 2971: 2887: 2872: 2759: 1886:Right-flank Polish–Lithuanian assault 1702: 1651:under the command of the future Khan 1267:Various estimates of opposing forces 1073:Lithuanian conversion to Christianity 742:The battle was one of the largest in 574: 561:Battle site on a map of modern Poland 7311:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) 6964:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) 6241:Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory 6078:Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–1372) 5566: 5444:The History of Lithuania Before 1795 4476: 4437: 4414: 4373: 4292: 1989:Battle ends: Teutonic Order defeated 798:) to the northeast and Ludwigsdorf ( 788:monastic state of the Teutonic Order 765: 7547:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 6472:Polish–Lithuanian–Cossack–Tatar War 5843:. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 5837:; Johnson, Edgar Nathaniel (1937). 5154:. In Mallia-Milanes, Victor (ed.). 4920:Balčiūnas, Andrius (15 July 2020). 2078:A note sent in August by envoys of 1156:uprising in Teutonic-held Samogitia 526:203–211 out of 270 brothers killed 21:Battle of Grunwald (disambiguation) 13: 7818:Battles involving the Golden Horde 5744:Historical Dictionary of Lithuania 5573:Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae 5461:Kruczek, Zygmunt (November 2015). 5269:10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2019.157 4737:Čajčyc, Alexander (15 July 2010). 4554:Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae 2282:of 1422—would be waged before the 1255: 1201:, who had ambitions regarding the 14: 7844: 6565:Lithuania partitioned (1795–1918) 5938: 5746:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. 5550:Central European University Press 5302:Fowler, Jonathan (17 July 2010), 2744:and includes battle reenactment. 1898:Polish heavy-cavalry breakthrough 1032:. With support from the pope and 692:, decisively defeated the German 7333:War of the Holy League 1683–1699 7036:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 6827: 6815: 6806: 6552: 6497:Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702) 6147:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 6093:Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) 6083:Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384) 5977:Museum of the Battle of Grunwald 5531:. Ministry of National Defence. 5285:Evans, Geoffrey Charles (1970). 5017:"Žalgiris: neatsakyti klausimai" 4887: 4862: 4808: 4795: 4753: 4730: 4705: 4702:. Zakhidny Kuryer. 15 July 2010. 4690: 4678: 4625: 4541: 4518: 4390: 4367: 4349: 4327: 2441: 2421: 1891: 1879: 1863: 1631:. Vytautas gathered troops from 1603:Poland brought mercenaries from 1526:that could shoot lead and stone 1228:) and the Lithuanians along the 1179:after a 14-day siege, conquered 547: 540: 407: 395: 383: 371: 359: 349: 343:Vassals, allies and mercenaries: 331: 310: 298: 286: 270: 258: 246: 234: 217: 205: 199:Vassals, allies and mercenaries: 186: 174: 46: 7316:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 7306:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 7294:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621 7247:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 7165:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 7160:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625 7155:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618 7143:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611 7138:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629 7031:Władysław the White's rebellion 7018:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521) 7003:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) 6969:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) 6621:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 6343:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War 6183:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) 5982:Battle of Grunwald re-enactment 5404:"Didysis karas su Kryžiuočiais" 5071:(2nd ed.). Penguin Books. 4912: 3157: 2575:and inspired resistance to the 2465:Frederick William IV of Prussia 2331:Ruins of the Chapel of St. Mary 7498:Greater Poland uprising (1848) 7289:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 7058:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 6703:War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) 6289:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish wars 6164:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 6120:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 5811:. Vol. Book 1, volume 1. 5725:University of Washington Press 5525:Kuczynski, Stephen M. (1960). 5086:Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2004). 2753:German National People's Party 2720:released a jubilee coin of 20 2656:Order of the Cross of Grunwald 2477:excavations of the battlefield 2245:Wenceslaus, King of the Romans 1647:, the Tatar contingent of the 1191:Wenceslaus, King of the Romans 1079:, supported by Hungarian King 1077:Conrad Zöllner von Rothenstein 1050:Lithuanian Civil War (1381–84) 1021:(Kulmerland) and launched the 678:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 674:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 40:Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War 1: 7405:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 7373:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 7046:1444 war against the Ottomans 6873:German–Polish War (1028–1031) 6863:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 6780:List of wars involving Poland 6491:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6478:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6418:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6411:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 6377:Polish–Lithuanian–Ottoman War 6335:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6329:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6323:Polish–Lithuanian–Swedish War 6309:Polish-Lithuanian–Swedish War 6050:Mongol invasions of Lithuania 6024:Lithuanian wars and conflicts 5700:Richter, Jan (16 July 2010). 5665:Potashenko, Grigoriĭ (2008). 5592:Petrauskas, Rimvydas (2010). 5173:Ekdahl, Sven (Summer 2010a). 4803:Der Warschauer Aufstand 1944. 2847: 2673:A re-enactor dressed as King 2635:Knights of the Teutonic Order 7415:War of the Bar Confederation 7410:War of the Polish Succession 6525:War of the Bar Confederation 6229:5th Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6223:4th Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6211:3rd Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6205:2nd Muscovite–Lithuanian War 6188:1st Muscovite–Lithuanian War 5908:] (in Russian). Moscow. 5135:Zeitschrift für Ostforschung 5092:. Indiana University Press. 4712:Saganovich, Gennady (2002). 3175:Jagiellonian Digital Library 2683:a quarter of pre-war Germany 2057: 1915:Starting with an article by 1671:stated that the low-ranking 487:Kuno von Lichtenstein 7: 7773:Russian invasion of Ukraine 7666:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising 7462:War of the Fourth Coalition 7114:campaign of Stephen Báthory 6453:Russo-Polish–Lithuanian War 5817:10.5593/SGEM2014/B11/S5.063 5544:Mickūnaitė, Giedrė (2006). 5365:. Oxford University Press. 5210:Ekdahl, Sven, ed. (2010b), 5063:Christiansen, Eric (1997). 5021:Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos 3462:Thompson & Johnson 1937 2803:told Nazi Germany's leader 2691:new government in the 1970s 2432:and map first published by 2130:) and Heinrich Schaumburg, 1929:Battle of the Vorskla River 1129:State of the Teutonic Order 1119:War, truce and preparations 1115:) in Poland and Lithuania. 794:) to the west, Tannenberg ( 735:and marked the rise of the 684:, led respectively by King 10: 7849: 7813:Battles involving Moldavia 7751:Operation Uphold Democracy 7486:War of the Sixth Coalition 7474:War of the Fifth Coalition 7420:Polish–Russian War of 1792 6795:Warfare in Medieval Poland 6770:History of the Polish Army 6659:June Uprising in Lithuania 6088:Battle of the Vikhra River 5380:Jučas, Mečislovas (2009). 4815:Richie, Alexandra (2013). 4720:Беларускі Гістарычны Агляд 2640:1939 New York World's Fair 2500:In 2009 Swedish historian 2413:Archaeological excavations 2191:Siege of Marienburg (1410) 2188: 2185:Further campaign and peace 2054:of the battle until 1945. 1802: 1619:, future commander of the 1259: 1002: 909: 688:(Jogaila), and Grand Duke 670:First Battle of Tannenberg 390:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia 372: 350: 299: 287: 259: 247: 218: 206: 187: 175: 18: 7736: 7713: 7674: 7661:Białystok Ghetto uprising 7646: 7606: 7597: 7532: 7491:French invasion of Russia 7437: 7350: 7279: 7192: 7172:Northern War of 1655–1660 7099: 7090: 7026: 6954: 6945: 6908: 6848: 6839: 6801: 6757: 6751:Polish wars and conflicts 6687: 6668: 6649: 6610: 6578:French invasion of Russia 6564: 6547: 6505: 6276: 6249:Northern Seven Years' War 6197: 6101: 6064: 6040: 6030: 4651:Schöningh|pages=296-297}} 4529:. PAP – Science in Poland 4356:Kruczek, Zygmunt (2019). 3812:, pp. 243, 256, 257. 2519: 2305:Alliance against Lordship 2126:, Komtur of Brandenburg ( 2080:King Sigismund of Hungary 1588:). Two Hungarian nobles, 1487: 1474: 1461: 1443: 1350: 1337: 1324: 1311: 887: 879: 871: 612: 535: 514: 501: 428: 164: 143:Polish–Lithuanian victory 65: 45: 37: 32: 7833:Battles involving Poland 7579:Second Silesian Uprising 6896:1156 war against Germany 6893:1146 war against Germany 6032:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 5950:10 November 2021 at the 5901: 5835:Thompson, James Westfall 5784:. In Plain, Gill (ed.). 5647: 5617:Pelech, Markian (1987). 5598:Naujasis Židinys – Aidai 5359:Johnson, Lonnie (1996). 4714: 2807:on the first day of the 2718:National Bank of Ukraine 2621:The Knights of the Cross 2470:ground-penetrating radar 2112:Friedrich von Wallenrode 1813:Teutonic Order presents 1203:Principality of Moldavia 1038:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 770: 682:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 7778:Military aid to Ukraine 7589:Third Silesian Uprising 7557:First Silesian Uprising 7552:Polish–Czechoslovak War 7321:Battle of Chocim (1673) 7299:Battle of Chocim (1621) 6484:Battle of Khotyn (1673) 6383:Battle of Khotyn (1621) 5984:(every year on 15 July) 5687:Rambaud, Alfred Nicolas 4801:Wlodzimierz Borodziej: 4687:. News.IF. 28 July 2010 4567:10.23858/FAH34.2021.012 2642:, Poland exhibited the 2209:unsuccessfully besieged 2063:Casualties and captives 1843:Frederic von Wallenrode 1625:Alexander I of Moldavia 1458:Edgar Nathaniel Johnson 1453:James Westfall Thompson 1101:Treaty of Kalisz (1343) 848:Schlacht bei Tannenberg 737:Polish–Lithuanian union 530:Casualties and captives 522:Casualties and captives 97:(Ludwigsdorf), western 7656:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 7599:World War II in Poland 7259:Zebrzydowski rebellion 7242:Moldavian Magnate Wars 7209:Siege of Danzig (1577) 6357:Zebrzydowski rebellion 6284:Moldavian Magnate Wars 5900:Gumilev, Lev (2024). 5764:Encyclopedia Lituanica 5717:Stone, Daniel (2001). 5646:Разин, Е. А. (1999). 5567:Odoj, Romuald (2014). 5479:10.2478/tour-2014-0019 5382:The Battle of Grünwald 4988:Batūra, Romas (2010). 4465:Tanajewski et al. 2014 4378:(in Polish). Dzieje.pl 2756: 2713: 2678: 2644:King Jagiello Monument 2562: 2540: 2357:Frederick I of Prussia 2349:Protestant Reformation 2332: 2324: 2301:Prussian Confederation 2212: 2203:After the battle, the 2075: 2007: 1962: 1826: 1699: 1471:Alfred Nicolas Rambaud 1151: 1132: 1081:Sigismund of Luxemburg 1000: 904:Bătălia de la Grünwald 903: 895: 863: 855: 847: 783: 696:, led by Grand Master 676:. The alliance of the 448:, Lithuanian commander 429:Commanders and leaders 402:Bishopric of Pomesania 73:15 July 1410 7761:2003 invasion of Iraq 7689:Operation Ostra Brama 7584:Polish–Lithuanian War 7398:Battle of Berestechko 7126:War against Sigismund 6900:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 6632:Polish–Lithuanian War 6626:Lithuanian–Soviet War 6445:Battle of Berestechko 6294:War against Sigismund 6072:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 5780:Symes, Carol (2016). 5308:, AFP, archived from 5287:Tannenberg, 1410–1914 5247:Ekdahl, Sven (2019). 5219:Ekdahl, Sven (2018). 5150:Ekdahl, Sven (2008). 5129:Ekdahl, Sven (1963). 5067:The Northern Crusades 5013:Bumblauskas, Alfredas 4438:Drej, Szymon (2015). 4374:Libudzka, Agnieszka. 2826:Soviet historiography 2750: 2738:Our Grunwald Festival 2711: 2675:Władysław II Jagiełło 2672: 2553: 2527: 2330: 2322: 2315:Battlefield memorials 2202: 2195:Peace of Thorn (1411) 2124:Marquard von Salzbach 2116:Kuno von Lichtenstein 2070: 2052:German historiography 2048:stab-in-the-back myth 2011:killed. According to 1996: 1979:Marcin of Wrocimowice 1967:Kuno von Lichtenstein 1953: 1927:had been used in the 1819:Władysław II Jagiełło 1812: 1697: 1677:Zyndram of Maszkowice 1613:John Sokol of Lamberg 1559:Hans von Motschelnitz 1555:Dietrich von Kottulin 1260:Further information: 1138: 1126: 998: 986:Historical background 933:. While the original 927:Władysław II Jagiełło 872:Бітва пад Грунвальдам 781:Cronica conflictus... 778: 713:Peace of Thorn (1411) 686:Władysław II Jagiełło 515:Casualties and losses 439:Władysław II Jagiełło 124:53.48611°N 20.12472°E 7542:Polish–Ukrainian War 7393:Khmelnytsky Uprising 6956:Polish–Teutonic wars 6765:Early modern warfare 6679:Lithuanian partisans 6439:Khmelnytsky Uprising 6109:Samogitian uprisings 5633:on 28 September 2011 5629:(52). Archived from 5228:Przegląd Historyczny 5141:(12). Archived from 4491:, pp. 241, 246. 2838:Battle of Stalingrad 2773:Battle of Tannenberg 2573:Romantic nationalism 2566:Poland and Lithuania 2463:which was gifted to 2384:Historical Monuments 2353:Ulrich von Jungingen 2241:Sigismund of Hungary 2108:Ulrich von Jungingen 1690:Course of the battle 1681:marshal of the Crown 1659:cavalry troops from 1598:Sigismund of Hungary 1199:Sigismund of Hungary 1161:Ulrich von Jungingen 972:Wojciech Jastrzębiec 941:by Polish historian 856:bitwa pod Grunwaldem 698:Ulrich von Jungingen 558:class=notpageimage| 465:Ulrich von Jungingen 89:Between villages of 19:For other uses, see 7639:during World War II 7425:Kościuszko Uprising 7389:1644 Tatar Invasion 7363:Fedorovych uprising 7354:1624 Tatar Invasion 7281:Polish–Ottoman wars 7233:1593 Tatar Invasion 7225:1589 Tatar Invasion 7202:Battle of Lubieszów 7131:Battle of Stångebro 7101:Polish–Swedish wars 7008:Thirteen Years' War 6878:Miecław's Rebellion 6853:Polish–Veletian War 6790:Polish Armed Forces 6758:General and related 6536:Kościuszko Uprising 6435:1644 Tatar Invasion 6399:Fedorovych uprising 6389:1624 Tatar Invasion 6299:Battle of Stångebro 6157:Battle of Pabaiskas 5965:Banderia Prutenorum 5623:Zapiski Historyczne 4598:, pp. 164–165. 4232:, pp. 228–230. 4208:, pp. 142–144. 4097:, pp. 105–107. 3863:, pp. 152–153. 3729:, pp. 148–149. 3549:, pp. 485–486. 3170:Banderia Prutenorum 2989:, pp. 106–107. 2785:Paul von Hindenburg 2781:Tannenberg Memorial 2702:battle re-enactment 2685:, while losing the 2341:Heinrich von Plauen 2309:Thirteen Years' War 2221:Heinrich von Plauen 2088:Stibor of Stiboricz 2017:Mszczuj of Skrzynno 1837:) and Ludwigsdorf ( 1799:Battle preparations 1765:Heinrich von Plauen 1684:Zbigniew of Brzezia 1600:was disappointing. 1594:Stibor of Stiboricz 1268: 948:Banderia Prutenorum 939:Historiae Polonicae 888:Грюнвальдская битва 880:Грюнвальдська битва 603:Polish–Lithuanian– 441:, supreme commander 421:from Western Europe 414:Bishopric of Sambia 120: / 7766:Occupation of Iraq 7746:War in Afghanistan 7623:Invasion of Poland 7518:fighting in Poland 7439:Poland partitioned 7385:Ostryanyn uprising 7237:Nalyvaiko Uprising 7184:Great Northern War 7148:Battle of Kircholm 7041:Battle of Grotniki 7013:War of the Priests 6986:Battle of Grunwald 6689:Restored Lithuania 6612:Interwar Lithuania 6596:Revolution of 1905 6513:Great Northern War 6430:Ostryanyn uprising 6349:Battle of Klushino 6315:Battle of Kircholm 6267:Nalyvaiko Uprising 6126:Battle of Grunwald 6115:Lithuanian Crusade 6055:Lithuanian Crusade 5906:from Rus to Russia 5671:. Kaunas: Šviesa. 4943:Baranauskas, Tomas 2760:Germany and Russia 2757: 2714: 2679: 2616:Henryk Sienkiewicz 2563: 2541: 2333: 2325: 2257:Battle of Koronowo 2213: 2076: 2036:Nicholas von Renys 2029:Cronica conflictus 2013:Cronica conflictus 2008: 1983:Zbigniew Oleśnicki 1963: 1910:Cronica conflictus 1827: 1703:March into Prussia 1700: 1266: 1152: 1133: 1034:Holy Roman Emperor 1005:Lithuanian Crusade 1001: 980:Johann von Posilge 961:Vilnius Cathedrals 935:Cronica conflictus 931:Zbigniew Oleśnicki 821:("green field" in 784: 666:Battle of Žalgiris 662:Battle of Grunwald 451:Mercenary Captain 446:Vytautas the Great 129:53.48611; 20.12472 54:Battle of Grunwald 33:Battle of Grunwald 7808:Conflicts in 1410 7788: 7787: 7723:Racibórz Conflict 7715:People's Republic 7709: 7708: 7684:Operation Tempest 7562:Polish–Soviet War 7503:November Uprising 7479:Austro-Polish War 7467:Prussian campaign 7433: 7432: 7328:Great Turkish War 7269:Battle of Humenné 7264:Thirty Years' War 7252:Battle of Kłuszyn 7229:Kosiński uprising 7219:Battle of Byczyna 7086: 7085: 6998:Gollub War (1422) 6993:Hunger War (1414) 6941: 6940: 6931:Battle of Legnica 6882:1072 war against 6858:Battle of Cedynia 6717: 6716: 6670:Soviet occupation 6584:November Uprising 6545: 6544: 6369:Battle of Humenné 6363:Thirty Years' War 6261:Kosiński uprising 6217:Glinski rebellion 5915:978-5-17-153493-6 5892:978-0-929700-25-0 5870:978-1-84176-561-7 5857:Turnbull, Stephen 5826:978-619-7105-07-0 5734:978-0-295-98093-5 5692:History of Russia 5657:978-5-89173-041-0 5600:(in Lithuanian). 5559:978-963-7326-58-5 5506:The Polish Review 5453:978-9986-810-13-1 5440:Kiaupa, Zigmantas 5419:978-9986-9216-9-1 5400:Kiaupa, Zigmantas 5391:978-609-95074-5-3 5372:978-0-19-510071-6 5340:Ivinskis, Zenonas 5197:on 15 August 2016 5165:978-0-7546-6290-7 5121:978-0-19-925339-5 5099:978-0-253-34429-8 5078:978-0-14-026653-5 5023:(in Lithuanian). 5004:978-9955-423-91-1 4956:(in Lithuanian). 4844:, pp. 82–83. 4722:(in Belarusian). 4696:Ivasiv, Natalia. 4636:(in Lithuanian). 4444:jandlugosz.edu.pl 4307:, pp. 45–46. 4244:, pp. 17–19. 4230:Christiansen 1997 4194:Christiansen 1997 4046:, pp. 85–86. 4017:, pp. 74–75. 3887:, pp. 48–49. 3717:, pp. 36–37. 3370:Christiansen 1997 2974:, pp. 57–58. 2658:), sports teams ( 2555:Grunwald Monument 2368:Witold Cęckiewicz 2337:Bridget of Sweden 2140:Marienburg Castle 2084:Nicholas II Garai 2073:Diebold Schilling 1771:) near Kauernik ( 1727:, and those from 1607:and Bohemia. The 1590:Nicholas II Garai 1495: 1494: 1173:Dobrzyń nad Wisłą 1127:Territory of the 1061:Jadwiga of Poland 1046:branch in Livonia 920:deputy chancellor 896:Bitva u Grunvaldu 766:Names and sources 756:Soviet propaganda 655: 654: 569: 568: 510:11,000–27,000 men 507:16,000–39,000 men 366:Pomerania-Stettin 160: 159: 7840: 7679:Italian Campaign 7648:Ghetto uprisings 7635:, and 7604: 7603: 7567:Battle of Warsaw 7508:January Uprising 7447:Denisko uprising 7380:Pavlyuk uprising 7358:Zhmaylo uprising 7338:Battle of Vienna 7197:Danzig rebellion 7097: 7096: 6974:Battle of Płowce 6952: 6951: 6947:Jagiellon Poland 6909:Mongol invasions 6846: 6845: 6831: 6819: 6810: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6590:January Uprising 6556: 6424:Pavlyuk uprising 6393:Zhmaylo uprising 6170:Crusade of Varna 6152:Battle of Ašmena 6038: 6037: 6017: 6010: 6003: 5994: 5993: 5958: 5933: 5927: 5919: 5902:от Руси к России 5896: 5874: 5852: 5830: 5799: 5776: 5757: 5738: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5696: 5682: 5661: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5613: 5588: 5563: 5540: 5521: 5500: 5490: 5457: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5422:. Archived from 5395: 5376: 5355: 5335: 5313: 5298: 5281: 5271: 5253: 5243: 5225: 5215: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5193:. Archived from 5169: 5146: 5145:on 18 July 2011. 5125: 5103: 5082: 5070: 5059: 5036: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4974: 4968:. Archived from 4951: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4907: 4906: 4905:on 24 June 2018. 4891: 4885: 4884: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4845: 4842:Bumblauskas 2010 4839: 4833: 4832: 4812: 4806: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4741:. Belarus Digest 4734: 4728: 4727: 4709: 4703: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4569: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4435: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4018: 4015:Bumblauskas 2010 4012: 4006: 4003:Bumblauskas 2010 4000: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3958: 3952: 3941: 3935: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3837:Baranauskas 2011 3834: 3828: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3760: 3754: 3745: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3628: 3622: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3509: 3503: 3494: 3488: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3432: 3426: 3415: 3409: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3373: 3367: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3140: 3134: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3072: 3066: 3057: 3051: 3040: 3034: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2990: 2984: 2975: 2969: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2929: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2891: 2885: 2876: 2870: 2801:Heinrich Himmler 2618:wrote the novel 2602:was unveiled in 2583:policies of the 2539:on 15 July 1930. 2510: 2445: 2425: 2376: 2278:of 1414 and the 2110:, Grand Marshal 2050:and preoccupied 1941: 1917:Vaclaw Lastowski 1895: 1883: 1867: 1817:as gift to King 1516:Stefan Kuczyński 1440:Stefan Kuczyński 1392:Zigmantas Kiaupa 1360:Andrzej Nadolski 1269: 1265: 1232:towards Ragnit ( 1224:towards Danzig ( 1207:Ostrów Agreement 1154:In May 1409, an 1054:Treaty of Dubysa 1023:Prussian Crusade 969:Bishop of Poznań 889: 881: 873: 842: 812: 725:balance of power 705:subsequent siege 607: 595: 588: 581: 572: 571: 551: 550: 544: 493: 483: 473: 412: 411: 410: 400: 399: 398: 388: 387: 386: 376: 375: 374: 364: 363: 362: 354: 353: 352: 336: 335: 334: 315: 314: 313: 303: 302: 301: 291: 290: 289: 275: 274: 273: 263: 262: 261: 251: 250: 249: 239: 238: 237: 222: 221: 220: 210: 209: 208: 191: 190: 189: 179: 178: 177: 135: 134: 132: 131: 130: 125: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 93:(Grünfelde) and 80: 78: 67: 66: 50: 30: 29: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7784: 7732: 7705: 7699:Warsaw Uprising 7670: 7642: 7593: 7534:Second Republic 7528: 7452:Napoleonic Wars 7429: 7346: 7275: 7188: 7082: 7068:Battle of Orsha 7051:Battle of Varna 7022: 6937: 6904: 6889:Siege of Głogów 6835: 6834: 6823: 6799: 6753: 6748: 6718: 6713: 6683: 6664: 6645: 6640:Klaipėda Revolt 6606: 6572:Napoleonic Wars 6560: 6559: 6541: 6501: 6272: 6193: 6176:Battle of Varna 6097: 6060: 6026: 6021: 5956: 5952:Wayback Machine 5941: 5936: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5903: 5893: 5871: 5827: 5796: 5754: 5735: 5707: 5705: 5679: 5658: 5649: 5636: 5634: 5560: 5454: 5429: 5427: 5426:on 3 March 2008 5420: 5392: 5373: 5332: 5312:on 21 July 2010 5251: 5223: 5200: 5198: 5166: 5122: 5100: 5079: 5005: 4994: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4949: 4932: 4930: 4915: 4910: 4899:Republic.com.ua 4893: 4892: 4888: 4876:. 3 July 2014. 4868: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4767:. 20 July 2018. 4759: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4735: 4731: 4726:(1–2): 152–168. 4716: 4710: 4706: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 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3512: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3435: 3427: 3418: 3410: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3143: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3098:Sužiedėlis 2011 3096: 3092: 3084: 3075: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3043: 3035: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2978: 2970: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2932: 2924: 2917: 2909: 2894: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2854: 2850: 2809:Warsaw Uprising 2762: 2734:Ivano-Frankivsk 2630:Aleksander Ford 2600:Antoni Wiwulski 2589:Russian Empires 2568: 2557:was erected in 2529:Military parade 2522: 2504: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2438: 2437: 2426: 2415: 2403:Gitanas Nausėda 2370: 2317: 2284:Treaty of Melno 2231:), and Elbing ( 2197: 2189:Main articles: 2187: 2178:Prague groschen 2114:, Grand Komtur 2065: 2060: 1991: 1975:standard-bearer 1959:Wojciech Kossak 1948: 1935: 1925:feigned retreat 1899: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1875: 1868: 1859: 1851:Grunwald Swords 1847:field artillery 1823:Wojciech Kossak 1815:Grunwald Swords 1807: 1805:Grunwald Swords 1801: 1705: 1692: 1584:, and Stettin ( 1456: 1334:Jerzy Ochmański 1290: 1264: 1258: 1256:Opposing forces 1244:) near Lötzen ( 1121: 1089:Peace of Raciąż 1007: 993: 988: 912: 838: 806: 773: 768: 744:medieval Europe 721:war reparations 717:Treaty of Melno 658: 657: 656: 651: 608: 604: 601: 599: 565: 564: 563: 562: 560: 554: 553: 552: 527: 497: 489: 479: 469: 457: 424: 408: 406: 396: 394: 384: 382: 370: 360: 358: 355:Guest crusaders 348: 340: 332: 330: 326: 311: 309: 297: 285: 271: 269: 257: 245: 241:Pomerania-Stolp 235: 233: 216: 204: 185: 173: 149: 128: 126: 122: 119: 114: 111: 109: 107: 106: 105: 76: 74: 51: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7846: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7828:1410 in Europe 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7740: 7738:Third Republic 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Radio Prague 5697: 5683: 5677: 5662: 5656: 5643: 5614: 5589: 5564: 5558: 5541: 5522: 5501: 5458: 5452: 5436: 5418: 5396: 5390: 5377: 5371: 5356: 5336: 5331:978-0198208693 5330: 5314: 5299: 5282: 5244: 5216: 5207: 5170: 5164: 5147: 5126: 5120: 5108:Davies, Norman 5104: 5098: 5083: 5077: 5060: 5037: 5009: 5003: 4985: 4975:on 4 June 2019 4939: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4886: 4861: 4846: 4834: 4828:978-1466848474 4827: 4807: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4752: 4729: 4704: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4643: 4624: 4622:, p. 183. 4612: 4610:, p. 179. 4600: 4596:Dabrowski 2004 4588: 4540: 4517: 4515:, p. 258. 4505: 4503:, p. 265. 4493: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4419: 4407: 4404:. 29 May 2020. 4389: 4366: 4348: 4326: 4324:, p. 186. 4309: 4297: 4285: 4270: 4258: 4256:, p. 224. 4246: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4196:, p. 228. 4183: 4181:, p. 166. 4171: 4159: 4147: 4145:, p. 342. 4135: 4123: 4121:, p. 164. 4111: 4109:, p. 162. 4099: 4087: 4075: 4063: 4048: 4036: 4019: 4007: 3988: 3976: 3974:, p. 168. 3959: 3942: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3851:, p. 337. 3841: 3829: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3788:, p. 149. 3778: 3761: 3746: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3668: 3666:, p. 142. 3656: 3654:, p. 141. 3644: 3629: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3576:, p. 139. 3566: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3510: 3508:, p. 338. 3495: 3478: 3466: 3464:, p. 940. 3454: 3433: 3431:, p. 486. 3416: 3414:, p. 106. 3401: 3389: 3374: 3372:, p. 227. 3359: 3357:, p. 139. 3347: 3332: 3320: 3318:, p. 614. 3316:Kuczynski 1960 3308: 3306:, p. 130. 3296: 3294:, p. 336. 3281: 3269: 3267:, p. 137. 3257: 3255:, p. 132. 3245: 3226: 3214: 3199: 3187: 3156: 3141: 3126: 3114: 3110:Balčiūnas 2020 3102: 3100:, p. 123. 3090: 3073: 3058: 3041: 3018: 3006: 3004:, p. 175. 2991: 2976: 2957: 2955:, p. 292. 2945: 2930: 2915: 2892: 2890:, p. 138. 2877: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2761: 2758: 2693:, anti-German 2567: 2564: 2521: 2518: 2488:) and Faulen ( 2447: 2440: 2439: 2434:Johannes Voigt 2427: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2366:and architect 2316: 2313: 2264:Peace of Thorn 2249:Livonian Order 2205:Malbork Castle 2186: 2183: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2021:camp followers 1990: 1987: 1947: 1944: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1872:Johannes Voigt 1869: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1833:, Tannenberg ( 1800: 1797: 1721:Greater Poland 1717:pontoon bridge 1704: 1701: 1691: 1688: 1675:of the Crown, 1665:grand strategy 1545:the White, of 1493: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1402:15,000–21,000 1400: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1354:12,000–15,000 1352: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1257: 1254: 1211:Livonian Order 1165:Greater Poland 1148:Malbork Castle 1120: 1117: 1069:personal union 1065:Union of Kreva 1030:Prussian clans 1015:military order 1013:, a 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German). 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5069: 5068: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5043:History Today 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4993: 4992: 4986: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4917: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4859:, p. 99. 4858: 4853: 4851: 4843: 4838: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4811: 4804: 4798: 4792:, p. 86. 4791: 4786: 4780:, p. 27. 4779: 4778:Burleigh 1985 4774: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4708: 4701: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4681: 4675:, p. 52. 4674: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4479:, p. 62. 4478: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4417:, p. 58. 4416: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4377: 4370: 4359: 4352: 4336: 4330: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4306: 4301: 4295:, p. 64. 4294: 4289: 4283:, p. 72. 4282: 4277: 4275: 4268:, p. 45. 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4220:, p. 78. 4219: 4218:Turnbull 2003 4214: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4180: 4175: 4169:, p. 74. 4168: 4167:Turnbull 2003 4163: 4157:, p. 75. 4156: 4155:Turnbull 2003 4151: 4144: 4143:Ivinskis 1978 4139: 4133:, p. 17. 4132: 4127: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4091: 4085:, p. 88. 4084: 4079: 4073:, p. 69. 4072: 4071:Turnbull 2003 4067: 4061:, p. 87. 4060: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4040: 4034:, p. 68. 4033: 4032:Turnbull 2003 4028: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4011: 4005:, p. 74. 4004: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3986:, p. 79. 3985: 3984:Turnbull 2003 3980: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3957:, p. 66. 3956: 3955:Turnbull 2003 3951: 3949: 3947: 3940:, p. 64. 3939: 3938:Turnbull 2003 3934: 3932: 3930: 3923:, p. 61. 3922: 3921:Turnbull 2003 3917: 3911:, p. 53. 3910: 3909:Turnbull 2003 3905: 3899:, p. 83. 3898: 3893: 3886: 3885:Turnbull 2003 3881: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3839:, p. 25. 3838: 3833: 3827:, p. 78. 3826: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3806: 3800:, p. 43. 3799: 3798:Turnbull 2003 3794: 3787: 3782: 3776:, p. 45. 3775: 3774:Turnbull 2003 3770: 3768: 3766: 3759:, p. 44. 3758: 3757:Turnbull 2003 3753: 3751: 3744:, p. 77. 3743: 3738: 3736: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3715:Turnbull 2003 3711: 3705:, p. 36. 3704: 3703:Turnbull 2003 3699: 3693:, p. 76. 3692: 3687: 3681:, p. 35. 3680: 3679:Turnbull 2003 3675: 3673: 3665: 3660: 3653: 3648: 3642:, p. 33. 3641: 3640:Turnbull 2003 3636: 3634: 3627:, p. 63. 3626: 3621: 3619: 3612:, p. 64. 3611: 3606: 3600:, p. 41. 3599: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3564:, p. 56. 3563: 3558: 3556: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3525:, p. 29. 3524: 3523:Turnbull 2003 3519: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3506:Ivinskis 1978 3502: 3500: 3493:, p. 25. 3492: 3491:Turnbull 2003 3487: 3485: 3483: 3475: 3470: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3399:, p. 74. 3398: 3393: 3387:, p. 30. 3386: 3385:Turnbull 2003 3381: 3379: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3356: 3351: 3345:, p. 21. 3344: 3343:Turnbull 2003 3339: 3337: 3330:, p. 51. 3329: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3293: 3292:Ivinskis 1978 3288: 3286: 3279:, p. 20. 3278: 3277:Turnbull 2003 3273: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3243:, p. 16. 3242: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3197:, p. 11. 3196: 3191: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3154:, p. 10. 3153: 3148: 3146: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3056:, p. 44. 3055: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3039:, p. 43. 3038: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3016:, p. 92. 3015: 3014:Turnbull 2003 3010: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2949: 2943:, p. 98. 2942: 2937: 2935: 2928:, p. 28. 2927: 2926:Turnbull 2003 2922: 2920: 2913:, p. 26. 2912: 2911:Turnbull 2003 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2875:, p. 75. 2874: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2812:Tannenberg." 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652:New York City 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2581:Russification 2578: 2577:Germanization 2574: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2545:William Urban 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2444: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2364:Jerzy Bandura 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2321: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2291:) and Thorn ( 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2175: 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1009:In 1230, the 1006: 997: 983: 981: 977: 973: 970: 966: 965:Anne of Cilli 962: 958: 954: 950: 949: 944: 940: 936: 932: 929:'s secretary 928: 924: 923:Mikołaj Trąba 921: 917: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 885: 877: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 810: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 782: 777: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 611: 606: 596: 591: 589: 584: 582: 577: 576: 573: 559: 543: 534: 531: 525: 523: 520:Unknown; see 519: 518: 513: 509: 506: 505: 500: 494: 492: 486: 484: 482: 476: 474: 472: 466: 463:Grand Master 462: 461: 459: 454: 450: 447: 443: 440: 436: 435: 433: 432: 427: 420: 417: 415: 405: 403: 393: 391: 381: 379: 378:Duchy of Oels 369: 367: 357: 347: 346: 345: 344: 339: 328: 323: 320: 318: 308: 306: 296: 294: 284: 282: 278: 268: 266: 256: 254: 244: 242: 232: 230: 227: 225: 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Under the 2680: 2648:Central Park 2633: 2625: 2619: 2593: 2569: 2542: 2514: 2499: 2474: 2454: 2407:Andrzej Duda 2396: 2392:Polish złoty 2361: 2334: 2304: 2268:Dobrzyń Land 2261: 2253: 2214: 2171: 2149: 2104: 2095: 2092:paucis valde 2091: 2077: 2044:Lizard Union 2033: 2028: 2012: 2009: 2002: 1999:Alfons Mucha 1964: 1955:Muslim Tatar 1921:Golden Horde 1914: 1909: 1902: 1828: 1757: 1723:gathered in 1706: 1653:Jalal al-Din 1649:Golden Horde 1602: 1563: 1532: 1520: 1496: 1483: 1424:Daniel Stone 1383:8,000–11,000 1308:Eugene Razin 1287:Karl Heveker 1215: 1189: 1175:), captured 1153: 1095:and Gdańsk ( 1093:Dobrzyń Land 1058: 1025:against the 1019:Chełmno Land 1008: 953:battle flags 946: 938: 934: 915: 913: 830: 826: 818: 814: 785: 780: 741: 702: 669: 665: 661: 659: 626: 605:Teutonic War 490: 480: 470: 453:Jalal al-Din 342: 341: 281:Golden Horde 198: 197: 165:Belligerents 52: 38:Part of the 25: 7513:World War I 6710:(2003–2011) 6672:(1944–1990) 6634:(1919–1920) 6628:(1918–1919) 6614:(1918–1940) 6603:(1914–1918) 6601:World War I 6592:(1863–1864) 6586:(1830–1831) 6574:(1803–1815) 6531:War of 1792 6527:(1768–1774) 6521:(1733–1735) 6515:(1700–1721) 6493:(1683–1699) 6474:(1666–1671) 6455:(1654–1667) 6420:(1633–1634) 6337:(1626–1629) 6331:(1621–1625) 6325:(1617–1618) 6269:(1594–1596) 6263:(1591–1593) 6257:(1587–1588) 6251:(1563–1570) 6243:(1577–1582) 6231:(1534–1537) 6225:(1512–1522) 6213:(1507–1508) 6207:(1500–1503) 6190:(1492–1494) 6166:(1431–1435) 6111:(1401–1409) 6074:(1340–1392) 6057:(1283–1422) 5488:11089/18348 4933:21 November 4857:Davies 2005 4661:Fowler 2010 4620:Ekdahl 2008 4608:Ekdahl 2008 4560:: 159–162. 4513:Ekdahl 2018 4501:Ekdahl 2018 4489:Ekdahl 2018 4322:Ekdahl 2008 4305:Ekdahl 2019 4266:Ekdahl 2019 4095:Pelech 1987 3810:Ekdahl 2018 3537:, p. . 3450:Kiaupa 2002 3210:Ekdahl 1963 3086:Ekdahl 2018 3002:Ekdahl 2008 2941:Davies 2005 2822:Jan Długosz 2769:World War I 2664:FK Žalgiris 2660:BC Žalgiris 2612:Nobel Prize 2505: [ 2502:Sven Ekdahl 2430:Jan Długosz 2371: [ 1936: [ 1933:Sven Ekdahl 1905:Jan Długosz 1781:war council 1745:Siemowit IV 1673:swordbearer 1669:Jan Długosz 1528:projectiles 1512:crossbowmen 1499:Jan Długosz 1347:Sven Ekdahl 1230:Neman River 1140:Lithuanians 1085:papal court 1017:, moved to 943:Jan Długosz 807: [ 804:Sven Ekdahl 752:Nazi German 748:romanticism 444:Grand Duke 419:Mercenaries 322:Wallachians 153:Decline of 148:Territorial 127: / 59:Jan Matejko 7797:Categories 7633:resistance 7177:The Deluge 6465:The Deluge 6139:Gollub War 6133:Hunger War 5957:(in Latin) 4790:Symes 2016 4281:Knoll 1983 4242:Stone 2001 4179:Urban 2003 4131:Stone 2001 4119:Urban 2003 4107:Urban 2003 4083:Jučas 2009 4059:Jučas 2009 4044:Jučas 2009 3972:Urban 2003 3897:Jučas 2009 3861:Urban 2003 3825:Jučas 2009 3786:Urban 2003 3742:Jučas 2009 3727:Urban 2003 3691:Jučas 2009 3664:Urban 2003 3652:Urban 2003 3625:Jučas 2009 3610:Jučas 2009 3574:Urban 2003 3562:Jučas 2009 3547:Разин 1999 3429:Разин 1999 3412:Frost 2015 3397:Jučas 2009 3328:Jučas 2009 3304:Urban 2003 3253:Urban 2003 3241:Stone 2001 3195:Jučas 2009 3152:Jučas 2009 3137:Jučas 2009 3122:Evans 1970 3069:Jučas 2009 2987:Frost 2015 2972:Jučas 2009 2888:Urban 2003 2873:Jučas 2009 2848:References 2796:Lebensraum 2777:Allenstein 2700:An annual 2695:propaganda 2596:a monument 2345:Hunger War 2297:christened 2280:Gollub War 2276:Hunger War 2247:, and the 2227:), Thorn ( 2152:Konrad VII 2025:wagon fort 1803:See also: 1633:Lithuanian 1629:Szczerbiec 1566:Westphalia 1553:including 1543:Konrad VII 1321:Max Oehler 1278:Lithuanian 1177:Bobrowniki 1144:bas-relief 868:Belarusian 860:Lithuanian 823:Low German 819:Grunenvelt 632:Marienburg 115:20°07′29″E 112:53°29′10″N 77:1410-07-15 6981:Great War 6034:(to 1795) 5924:cite book 5708:16 August 5610:1392-6845 5585:2719-7069 5497:130962104 5295:468431737 5278:2544-8730 5262:: 41–65. 5240:0033-2186 5191:0024-5089 5056:0018-2753 5033:1392-0448 4966:1392-0456 4874:histrf.ru 4576:2719-7069 4477:Odoj 2014 4415:Odoj 2014 4293:Odoj 2014 2834:Germanics 2730:Drohobych 2638:. 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Battle of Grunwald

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