581:
Agder, and his son Thor
Haklang; and from Thelemark two brothers, Hroald Hryg and Had the Hard. Now when Harald got certain news of this, he assembled his forces, set his ships on the water, made himself ready with his men, and set out southwards along the coast, gathering many people from every district. King Eirik heard of this when he came south of Stad; and having assembled all the men he could expect, he proceeded southwards to meet the force which he knew was coming to his help from the east. The whole met together north of Jadar, and went into Hafersfjord, where King Harald was waiting with his forces. A great battle began, which was both hard and long; but at last King Harald gained the day. There King Eirik fell, and King Sulke, with his brother Earl Sote. Thor Haklang, who was a great berserk, had laid his ship against King Harald's, and there was above all measure a desperate attack, until Thor Haklang fell, and his whole ship was cleared of men. Then King Kjotve fled to a little isle outside, on which there was a good place of strength. Thereafter all his men fled, some to their ships, some up to the land; and the latter ran southwards over the country of Jadar.
39:
2018:
379:
580:
News came in from the south land that the people of
Hordaland and Rogaland, Agder and Thelemark, were gathering, and bring together ships and weapons, and a great body of men. The leaders of this were Eirik king of Hordaland; Sulke king of Rogaland, and his brother Earl Sote: Kjotve the Rich, king of
338:
The exact year of the battle is unknown, but is generally considered to have taken place between 870 and 900. This uncertainty is due to lack of sources, and partly because the
Christian calendar was not introduced at the time. The sagas follow the convention of counting the number of winters passed
314:, King Harald controlled large parts of Norway's southeast portion before the battle; but other sources claim that the eastern portion of Norway was under the Danish king. The Battle of Hafrsfjord marks the final crushing of opposition from Norway's southwestern portion (primarily
302:
Although most scholars currently tend to regard the unification as a process lasting centuries, rather than being the result of a single battle, the Battle of
Hafrsfjord ranks high in the popular imagination of Norway. It was the conclusion of King
575:
more than 300 years after the battle took place. Snorri gives a vivid and detailed description of the battle, although some historians continue to debate the historical accuracy of Snorri's work:
647:
182:
322:
area). This made it possible for King Harald to subdue the country and collect taxes from a large part of it. Later historiography regarded him as the first legitimate
372:
371:
dated the battle to about 900. For the next fifty years, this chronology was regarded by most scholars as being most likely. In the 1970s, the
Icelandic historian
375:
concluded that the battle took place somewhere between 870 and 875. However still disputed, most scholars will agree that the battle took place during the 880s.
732:
307:'s declaration to become the sole ruler of Norway. This battle may well have been the largest in Norway up to that time and for a substantial time afterward.
175:
364:, and by that time still unchallenged, this year was chosen for the millennial celebration of the unification of the Norwegian state in 1872.
2104:
226:
928:
168:
2035:
1975:
1993:
2079:
740:
661:
38:
889:
858:
829:
815:
2074:
1074:
872:
1036:
271:
689:
1998:
1206:
367:
In the 1920s, using similar methods as Keyser but highly critical to the reliability of the sagas, the historian
2109:
1988:
1256:
1061:
921:
310:
It was formerly believed that this battle was the decisive event in the unification of Norway. According to
2099:
1137:
2003:
1016:
1169:
1164:
342:
A traditional date of the event, the year 872, is a 19th-century estimate. In the 1830s, the historian
323:
2021:
1201:
1108:
1101:
1079:
914:
623:
221:
2114:
1241:
1226:
1041:
1026:
287:
216:
99:
49:
327:
2094:
2089:
1356:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1051:
1031:
988:
426:
1758:
1191:
1186:
1113:
1008:
395:
was raised in 1872 to commemorate the Battle of
Hafrsfjord. In 1983, the monument and landmark
901:
360:, dating the battle to 872. Keyser's chronology was popularized by the works of the historian
1056:
946:
267:
192:
30:
1147:
1118:
1021:
602:
8:
1983:
1196:
1366:
1218:
1157:
1046:
978:
954:
304:
255:
141:
1142:
993:
968:
885:
868:
854:
825:
811:
597:
592:
347:
206:
2084:
1565:
937:
572:
351:
326:. Many of the defeated who would not submit to Harald's rule emigrated to Iceland (
236:
211:
145:
822:
Between
History and Myth: Stories of Harald Fairhair and the Founding of the State
788:
1174:
1152:
1096:
1066:
950:
846:
494:
279:
153:
136:
774:
1848:
1632:
1296:
983:
435:
of King Harald
Fairhair. The ballad is very simple, dramatic and illustrative.
283:
2068:
2050:
2037:
1607:
1570:
1530:
1396:
1125:
1084:
396:
392:
343:
1709:
675:
404:
1301:
1291:
1274:
1091:
567:
368:
356:
311:
1783:
1741:
1664:
1577:
1445:
1435:
1346:
1130:
361:
160:
1960:
1748:
1731:
1679:
1669:
1654:
1622:
1612:
1490:
1440:
1316:
1311:
1279:
998:
877:
319:
263:
73:
565:
The most well-known source of the battle is Harald
Fairhair's saga in
1955:
1950:
1940:
1873:
1778:
1674:
1637:
1627:
1587:
1540:
1535:
1485:
1425:
1351:
1341:
1321:
1284:
1269:
120:
760:
1928:
1913:
1893:
1878:
1858:
1833:
1818:
1813:
1793:
1763:
1753:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1520:
1505:
1480:
1460:
1430:
1420:
1415:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1306:
1264:
973:
906:
703:
315:
115:
77:
717:
1945:
1933:
1923:
1898:
1888:
1883:
1863:
1853:
1828:
1768:
1726:
1699:
1617:
1550:
1545:
1525:
1515:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1450:
1391:
1376:
1326:
622:
Joys, Charles; Enander, Henrik; et al. (19 September 2017).
291:
378:
1965:
1918:
1903:
1868:
1843:
1808:
1803:
1736:
1721:
1659:
1597:
1582:
1560:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1408:
1403:
1361:
1331:
420:
275:
1838:
1823:
1798:
1788:
1773:
1716:
1684:
1649:
1644:
1602:
1592:
1475:
1336:
1179:
806:
Forte, Angelo with
Richard Oram and Frederik Pedersen (2005)
790:
Saga of Harald Hårfagre from Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson
504:
432:
124:
621:
1908:
1555:
663:
Searching for Traces of the Battle of Hafrsfjord – 872 AD
776:
Haraldskvæthi or Hrafnsmól by Thórbiorn Hornklofi
415:The only contemporary source to this event is from
407:and raised at Hafrsfjord in memory of the battle.
266:sometime between 872 and 900 that resulted in the
2066:
851:Norges historie fra de eldste tider inntil 1660
424:
346:counted the number of years backwards from the
43:
922:
176:
953:origin primarily identified as speakers of
929:
915:
183:
169:
190:
624:"Norway: Earliest Peoples - The Vikings"
377:
1994:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
45:Harald Hårfagre i slaget ved Hafrsfjord
16:Middle ages battle fought in Hafrsfjord
2067:
910:
164:
2105:Battles of the unification of Norway
936:
778:(Legends and Sagas: Icelandic Lore)
274:. After the battle, the victorious
13:
835:
14:
2126:
895:
693:(Kristiania : Malling, 1866)
549:ok gröfnum tinglum.
535:með gínöndum höfðum
521:kapps of lystir,
2017:
2016:
800:
472:konungr enn kynstóri
458:hvé hizug barðisk
37:
1999:Christianization of Scandinavia
782:
768:
444:Heyrði þú í Hafrsfirði,
318:, but also chieftains from the
297:
262:) was a naval battle fought in
1989:Christianization of the Franks
1062:Continental Germanic mythology
863:Einarsdottir, Olafia (2009)
824:(University of Chicago Press)
754:
725:
711:
697:
683:
669:
655:
641:
615:
1:
2080:Battles involving the Vikings
882:Norges historie fram til 1319
810:(Cambridge University Press)
608:
333:
282:proclaimed himself the first
735:Haraldsstøtten Haraldshaugen
386:
7:
2004:Christianization of Iceland
586:
451:Did you hear in Hafrsfjord
10:
2131:
884:(Universitetsforlaget AS)
853:(Universitetsforlaget AS)
486:við Kjötva enn auðlagða;
417:Haraldskvæthi or Hrafnsmól
410:
382:Haraldshaugen at Haugesund
2012:
1974:
1255:
1217:
1007:
961:
944:
425:
391:The national monument of
202:
130:
109:
56:
36:
28:
23:
2075:Battles involving Norway
1242:North Germanic languages
1227:Germanic parent language
514:ships came from the east
447:
100:petty kingdoms of Norway
50:Ole Peter Hansen Balling
1247:West Germanic languages
1237:East Germanic languages
1232:Proto-Germanic language
1052:Proto-Germanic folklore
989:Romano-Germanic culture
867:(TAGO-Atlantic förlag)
820:Lincoln, Bruce (2014)
764:(Store norske leksikon)
721:(Store norske leksikon)
707:(Store norske leksikon)
679:(Store norske leksikon)
665:(ThorNews, May 2, 2014)
628:Encyclopedia Britannica
584:
397:The Swords in the Rock
383:
284:king of the Norwegians
259:
131:Commanders and leaders
44:
2110:9th century in Norway
1057:Anglo-Saxon mythology
947:Ethnolinguistic group
649:Battle in Hafersfjord
577:
381:
270:, later known as the
268:unification of Norway
194:Unification of Norway
31:Unification of Norway
2051:58.94139°N 5.67139°E
603:Battle of Stiklestad
465:how hard they fought
294:for the first time.
252:Battle of Hafrsfjord
121:Kingdom of Hordaland
24:Battle of Hafrsfjord
2100:History of Rogaland
2047: /
1984:Gothic Christianity
556:and prows sculpted.
419:(Lay of Harold), a
373:Ólafia Einarsdóttir
260:Slaget i Hafrsfjord
116:Kingdom of Vestfold
98:Unification of the
64:Between 872 and 900
1367:Germani cisrhenani
1075:Funerary practices
979:Pre-Roman Iron Age
955:Germanic languages
865:Vår norrøne fortid
691:Norges Historie. 1
479:the high born king
427:Þorbjörn Hornklofi
403:) was designed by
384:
305:Harald I of Norway
286:, merging several
142:Eirik of Hordaland
2056:58.94139; 5.67139
2030:
2029:
1202:Gothic and Vandal
994:Germanic Iron Age
969:Nordic Bronze Age
951:Northern European
792:(heimskringla.no)
737:(Kulturminnesøk)"
677:Harald 1 Hårfagre
598:Battle of Svolder
593:History of Norway
561:
560:
542:with gaping heads
348:Battle of Svolder
272:Kingdom of Norway
245:
244:
159:
158:
105:
104:
2122:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2020:
2019:
1976:Christianization
1566:Ripuarian Franks
938:Germanic peoples
931:
924:
917:
908:
907:
847:Holmsen, Andreas
794:
786:
780:
772:
766:
758:
752:
751:
749:
748:
739:. Archived from
729:
723:
715:
709:
701:
695:
687:
681:
673:
667:
659:
653:
645:
639:
638:
636:
634:
619:
573:Snorri Sturluson
440:
439:
430:
429:
352:Snorri Sturluson
339:since an event.
197:
195:
185:
178:
171:
162:
161:
150:
125:Kingdom of Agder
88:Vestfold victory
58:
57:
47:
41:
21:
20:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2115:Harald Fairhair
2065:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2008:
1970:
1251:
1213:
1175:Gothic alphabet
1067:Norse mythology
1003:
957:
940:
935:
898:
838:
836:Further reading
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632:
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616:
611:
589:
528:craving battle,
507:kómu austan,
495:Kjotve the Rich
413:
389:
350:as recorded in
336:
300:
290:under a single
280:Harald Fairhair
248:
247:
246:
241:
198:
193:
191:
189:
154:Kjotve the Rich
152:
146:
137:Harald Fairhair
123:
94:
80:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:880s conflicts
2092:
2090:870s conflicts
2087:
2082:
2077:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
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1776:
1771:
1766:
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1756:
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1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1633:Thracian Goths
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
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1029:
1024:
1019:
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986:
984:Roman Iron Age
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945:
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902:Swords in Rock
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896:External links
894:
893:
892:
890:978-8200129387
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859:978-8200032441
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834:
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830:978-0226140926
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816:978-0521829922
808:Viking Empires
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1608:Crimean Goths
1606:
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1571:Salian Franks
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1009:Early culture
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873:9788291640341
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801:Other sources
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743:on 2013-07-05
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312:Snorri's saga
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2032:
1302:Anglo-Saxons
1292:Adrabaecampi
1275:Bucinobantes
1017:Architecture
881:
864:
850:
841:In Norwegian
840:
839:
821:
807:
789:
784:
775:
770:
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745:. Retrieved
741:the original
734:
727:
719:Halvdan Koht
718:
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699:
690:
685:
676:
671:
662:
657:
648:
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631:. Retrieved
627:
617:
579:
578:
568:Heimskringla
566:
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555:
548:
541:
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513:
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492:
485:
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471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
416:
414:
400:
390:
369:Halvdan Koht
366:
357:Heimskringla
355:
341:
337:
309:
301:
298:Significance
251:
249:
231:
222:2nd Solskjel
217:1st Solskjel
147:
110:Belligerents
29:Part of the
2054: /
1742:Nahanarvali
1665:Hilleviones
1578:Frisiavones
1446:Cananefates
1436:Burgundians
1347:Banochaemae
1197:Anglo-Saxon
1148:Anglo-Saxon
1114:Anglo-Saxon
1097:Anglo-Saxon
1080:Anglo-Saxon
878:Krag, Claus
571:written by
423:written by
362:P. A. Munch
93:Territorial
2069:Categories
2039:58°56′29″N
1961:Vinoviloth
1749:Marcomanni
1732:Helveconae
1710:Heaðobards
1680:Istvaeones
1670:Ingaevones
1655:Hermunduri
1623:Ostrogoths
1613:Greuthungi
1491:Chattuarii
1317:Angrivarii
1312:Ampsivarii
1280:Lentienses
1109:Literature
999:Viking Age
762:Fritz Røed
747:2015-01-16
633:10 January
609:References
433:court poet
405:Fritz Røed
334:Chronology
320:Sognefjord
264:Hafrsfjord
232:Hafrsfjord
74:Hafrsfjord
2042:5°40′17″E
1956:Vidivarii
1951:Victohali
1941:Vangiones
1874:Thuringii
1779:Nuithones
1675:Irminones
1638:Visigoths
1628:Thervingi
1588:Gambrivii
1541:Dulgubnii
1536:Dauciones
1486:Chasuarii
1426:Brondings
1352:Bastarnae
1342:Baiuvarii
1322:Armalausi
1285:Raetovari
1219:Languages
1187:Symbology
1047:Folklore
1042:Festivals
387:Memorials
256:Norwegian
2022:Category
1929:Hasdingi
1914:Usipetes
1894:Tubantes
1879:Toxandri
1859:Tencteri
1834:Suarines
1819:Sicambri
1814:Semnones
1794:Reudigni
1764:Mattiaci
1754:Marsacii
1705:Lombards
1695:Lacringi
1690:Juthungi
1521:Corconti
1506:Cherusci
1481:Charudes
1461:Chaedini
1431:Bructeri
1416:Bateinoi
1387:Eburones
1382:Condrusi
1377:Caeroesi
1372:Atuatuci
1307:Ambrones
1270:Brisgavi
1265:Alemanni
1143:Paganism
1032:Clothing
1027:Calendar
974:Germania
587:See also
493:against
316:Rogaland
227:Götaland
78:Rogaland
69:Location
1946:Varisci
1934:Silingi
1924:Vandals
1899:Tulingi
1889:Triboci
1884:Treveri
1864:Teutons
1854:Taifals
1829:Sitones
1769:Nemetes
1727:Helisii
1700:Lemovii
1618:Gutones
1551:Firaesi
1546:Favonae
1526:Cugerni
1516:Cobandi
1471:Chamavi
1466:Chaemae
1456:Casuari
1451:Caritni
1421:Betasii
1392:Paemani
1327:Auiones
1192:Warfare
1170:Scripts
1138:Numbers
962:History
880:(2000)
849:(1977)
505:knerrir
411:Sources
292:monarch
207:Hakadal
148:†
95:changes
1966:Warini
1919:Vagoth
1904:Tungri
1869:Thelir
1849:Swedes
1844:Sunici
1809:Saxons
1804:Rugini
1737:Manimi
1722:Diduni
1660:Heruli
1598:Gepids
1583:Frisii
1561:Franks
1511:Cimbri
1501:Chauci
1496:Chatti
1409:Nervii
1404:Morini
1362:Belgae
1357:Batavi
1332:Avarpi
1297:Angles
1257:Groups
1207:Viking
1153:Gothic
1131:Gothic
1037:Family
888:
871:
857:
828:
814:
431:, the
421:ballad
278:chief
276:Viking
237:Fjaler
212:Orkdal
144:
85:Result
52:, 1870
2085:Jæren
1839:Suebi
1824:Sciri
1799:Rugii
1789:Quadi
1774:Njars
1759:Marsi
1717:Lugii
1685:Jutes
1650:Harii
1645:Gutes
1603:Goths
1593:Geats
1531:Danes
1476:Chali
1397:Segni
1337:Baemi
1180:Runes
1165:Rings
1158:Norse
1126:Names
1119:Norse
1102:Norse
1085:Norse
1909:Ubii
1556:Fosi
1441:Buri
886:ISBN
869:ISBN
855:ISBN
826:ISBN
812:ISBN
635:2018
328:q.v.
250:The
61:Date
1784:Osi
1092:Law
1022:Art
949:of
497:.
354:'s
330:).
48:by
2071::
626:.
258::
76:,
1069:)
930:e
923:t
916:v
750:.
733:"
637:.
399:(
254:(
184:e
177:t
170:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
