Battle of Halidon Hill

987:, led a force of around 200 Scottish cavalry towards Berwick. With some difficulty, they forced their way across the ruins of a bridge over the Tweed to the north bank and made their way into the town. Douglas considered the town relieved. On 13 July he sent messages to Edward calling on him to depart, threatening that if he failed to do so, the Scots army would devastate England. Edward ignored them. The defenders argued that Keith's 200 horsemen constituted a relief according to the truce and therefore they did not have to surrender. Edward stated this was not the case: they had to be relieved directly from Scotland – literally from the direction of Scotland – whereas Keith, Gray and Prenderguest had approached Berwick from the direction of England. Edward ruled that the truce agreement had been breached – the town having neither surrendered nor been relieved. A gallows was constructed in sight of the town walls and, as the highest-ranking hostage, Thomas Seton was hanged while his parents watched. Edward issued instructions that each day the town failed to surrender, another two hostages should be hanged. 1024:, a small rise of some 600 feet (180 metres), 2 miles (3.2 km) to the north-west of Berwick, which gives an excellent view of the town and the vicinity. From this vantage point, he dominated the crossing of the Tweed specified in the indentures and would have been able to attack the flank of any force of men-at-arms attempting to enter Berwick. A contemporary account estimates the size of the English army at 10,000 men, although Rogers suggests desertion and the expiry of terms of service would have reduced it to significantly fewer and that it is possible the English were outnumbered two to one. Edward detached 700 men-at-arms and an unknown number of archers and infantry to guard against a sortie by the Berwick garrison. Receiving Keith's news, Douglas felt his only option was to engage the English in battle. 1162:

followers could see what was happening and made off on the Scottish horses, which had been left there. This forced the Scottish soldiers to either try and outrun the mounted English on foot, or band into small groups and attempt to fight off the English knights. In either case they were easily ridden down. Few prisoners were taken; most Scots who surrendered were killed, on Edward's orders, and some drowned when they fled into the sea. At some point during this pursuit the third Scottish schiltron collapsed and joined the rout. The Scots were chased for 8 miles (13 km) and suffered very heavy casualties. About a hundred Scots who had been taken prisoner against Edward's orders were beheaded the next morning, 20

873: 1033: 1183: 736: 768: 663: – the traditional place of coronation for Scottish monarchs – on 24 September 1332. Almost immediately, Balliol granted Edward Scottish estates to a value of £2,000 (£2,100,000 in 2024 terms), which included "the town, castle and county of Berwick". Balliol's support within Scotland was limited and he was subject to constant military challenge; for example on 7 October David's supporters recaptured Perth and destroyed its walls. On 16 December, less than three months after his coronation, Balliol was ambushed by supporters of David II at the 192: 1108:. They were reported as "covering the ground like locusts". The Battle of Dupplin Moor the previous year had shown how vulnerable the Scots were to English longbows and so they came through the marshy hollow and up the north slope of Halidon Hill as fast as they could while still maintaining formation, to minimise the time during which they were exposed to English arrow fire. The arrows fell on the Scots "as thick as motes in a sun beam", according to an unnamed contemporary. The 1152: 199: 942: 910: 894: 926: 880: 1218:, in October 1333, where Balliol restored lands to the "disinherited" nobles who had helped him to the throne the previous year. In doing so he dispossessed a new generation of Scots nobility of their land, thus ensuring continued conflict. Balliol had at least nominal control of most of Scotland and at one point only four fortifications remained in the hands of David II's partisans. On 19 846:, which achieved little. Douglas assembled ever more troops, rather than using those he already had to attempt to draw the English away from Berwick. This inactivity contrasts with Robert Bruce's swift response to the English siege of Berwick in 1319. Edward exploited the Cumberland raids to claim that his invasion was a response to them. 1020:

his queen was staying, and devastated Yorkshire. Edward ignored the threat to Bamburgh as the Scots did not have the time to construct the kind of equipment that would be necessary to take the fortress by assault. They devastated the countryside but Edward ignored this too. He positioned the English army on

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remarks that the English "made meny assautes with gonnes and with othere engynes to the toune, wherwith thai destroiede meny a fair hous; and cherches also were beten adoune unto the erthe, with gret stones, and spitouse comyng out of gonnes and of othere gynnes." Later petitions from the town to the

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The period of close-quarters fighting was brief. Shortly after charging into contact the Scots attacking Balliol's division broke and routed. Almost immediately the schiltron facing Edward also broke. The third schiltron, which was tasked with fighting its way through to Berwick and so preventing its

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on the Tweed, to minimise the possibility of English escapees after a Scottish victory. The Scots were under pressure to attack and defeat the English to prevent the fall of Berwick, while the English knew that if no battle took place Berwick would be obliged to surrender to them the next day. Modern

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July. On the following day it approached Halidon Hill from the north-west. This approach put the English between the Scottish army and the Tweed; an English defeat would probably be a disaster. The Scots halted on a nearby hill and formed up in a defensive formation. They expected the English to come

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from Edward. All members of the garrison would also be given free passage. Relief was defined as one of three events: 200 Scottish men-at-arms fighting their way into Berwick; the Scottish army forcing its way across a specific stretch of the River Tweed; or, defeat of the English army in open battle

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and plotted an invasion of Scotland. Edward III was aware of the scheme and officially forbade it. The reality was different, as Edward was happy to cause trouble for his northern neighbour. He insisted Balliol not invade Scotland overland from England but ignored his forces sailing for Scotland from

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the English position, or had been prevented from doing so, and its strength took them by surprise. They were also tired before they launched their assault, having marched 60 miles (100 km) in the previous 48 hours, and had taken heavy casualties during their approach. As the Scottish schiltrons

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of the time variously claim they numbered 14,629, 30,000, 40,000, 80,000, 90,000, more than 100,000 or that they outnumbered the English five to one. Rogers believes that around 15,000 is plausible. A high proportion were mounted, but nearly all of them would dismount when fighting was expected. The

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A large Scottish army advanced to relieve the town. They attempted and failed to draw the English away from Berwick. By mid-July, knowing Berwick was on the verge of surrender and aware they were much stronger than the English, the Scots attacked. They unsuccessfully manoeuvred for position and then

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By this time Douglas had marched south to Bamburgh, where Edward's queen Philippa was still staying, and besieged it; Douglas hoped this would cause Edward to break off his siege. In 1319 Edward's father, Edward II, had broken off a siege of Berwick after a Scottish army had advanced on York, where

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reported "The Scots who marched in the front were so wounded in the face and blinded by the multitude of English arrows that they could not help themselves, and soon began to turn their faces away from the blows of the arrows and fall." The Scots suffered many casualties to the English archers and

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for the balance. Balliol's opponents would not admit defeat and he was deposed again in 1334, restored in 1335 and deposed once again in 1336. In 1337 the Hundred Years' War broke out between France and England which allowed David II to consolidate his position in Scotland. In 1346 the Scots were

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June 1334, Balliol did homage to Edward for Scotland, after formally ceding to England the eight counties of south-east Scotland. David supporters would not admit defeat and Balliol was deposed later in 1334. Edward led a winter campaign and Balliol was restored in 1335. Balliol was deposed once

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is less certain: they were outnumbered and had no ready path of retreat. One chronicler reported they were of "brave spirit", another that they were "very cast down". Scottish morale was high: they had the larger force and all of the leading figures of the nation were present and urging them on.

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Weapons and supplies were gathered as the Scots made arrangements for the defence of Berwick. The town walls stretched for 2 miles (3 km) and were up to 40 inches (3 ft; 1 m) thick and 22 feet (6.7 m) high. They were protected by towers, each up to 60 feet (20 metres) tall.

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With two of the three Scottish schiltrons fleeing, the English men-at-arms from Balliol's and Edward's division mounted their horses, which had been held to the rear, and pursued. From their position on the hill where the Scots had taken up their original defensive position the Scottish camp

1174:") immediately before the battle, only 5 survived. Many of the figures given are clearly greatly exaggerated, and Rogers suggests the total of Scottish dead may have been approximately 2,900. English casualties were reported in some chronicles as 14, while others give a lower figure of 7. 713:, whose riches were the sea and the waters its walls". It was the most successful trading town in Scotland, and the duty on wool which passed through it was the Scottish Crown's largest single source of income. In the Middle Ages, it was the gateway from Scotland to the English eastern 1169:

The English chronicles number the Scottish dead at between 35,000 and 60,000. Scottish chronicles give 10,000 killed. Of the nine most-senior Scots present at the battle, six were killed, including Douglas. One Scottish account says that of 203 men-at-arms made knights

972:. The modern historian Ranald Nicholson considers "If Berwick were to be saved immediate action on the part of the Scottish guardian was unavoidable". The army Douglas had spent so much time gathering was now compelled to take to the field. Douglas entered England on 11 801:, 15 miles (24 kilometres) south of Berwick. Balliol had been at Berwick for six weeks and had placed the town under close siege. Trenches had been dug, four underground pipes supplying water to the town were cut and all communication with the hinterland prevented. A 1015:

to assist any relief attempt by the main Scottish army. On concluding the new treaty, Keith was allowed to immediately leave Berwick, travel to wherever the Guardian of Scotland happened to be, advise him of the terms of the treaty, and return safely to Berwick.

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The English believed the battle had ended the war with Scotland and Edward left for the south. Balliol and his allies rapidly quelled any remaining resistance in Scotland. They proceeded north and held a parliament at the Scottish capital,

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was applied to the surrounding area to deny supplies for the town if an opportunity to break the siege occurred. This pillaging of the countryside also added to the English army's supplies. The besieging army included troops raised in the

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engaged the English divisions the English archers continued to fire into the flanks of the Scots from close range. A chronicler noted "The English archers destroyed and injured them so ... and soon they were thrown into confusion."

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the lower reaches of the hill were littered with dead and wounded. A contemporary chronicle states that thousands of Scots fell during this stage of the battle. The survivors continued upwards, towards the waiting English.

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It has been suggested that Alexander Seton had little to lose: he had "already lost one son fighting against Balliol in 1332 and a second in the defence of the town Sir Alexander Seton did not shrink from sacrificing a

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as he went. He reached Berwick in late March and cut it off by land. Edward's navy had already isolated it by sea. Balliol and the nobles accompanying him are said to have sworn not to withdraw until Berwick had fallen.

861:, to request a short truce from Edward. This was granted, but only on the condition that he surrender if not relieved by 11 July. Seton's son, Thomas, was to be a hostage to the agreement, along with eleven others. 2633:

Annals of Scotland: From the Accession of Malcolm III. in the Year M.LVII. to the Accession of the House of Stewart in the Year M.CCC.LXXI. To which are Added, Tracts Relative to the History & Antiquities of

1238:. Encouraged by the French King the Scots invaded England with a large army, certain that few English troops would be left to defend the rich northern English cities. The Scots were decisively beaten at the 1274:

around 1800, drained and now consists of agricultural fields. There is a rough stone monument to the battle near the highest point of the hill with an incised inscription, "Halidon Hill 19th July 1333".

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To engage the English, the Scots had to advance downhill, cross a large area of marshy ground and then climb the northern slope of Halidon Hill. The Scots advanced to the sound of horns, drums,

735: 814:, as well as levies from the north which had already mustered on account of the earlier Scottish raids. By the end of the month, this force had been augmented by noble retinues, a muster at 1254:

prohibited any Scottish citizen from bearing arms against Edward III or any of his men. This truce lasted for four decades and marked the end of the Second War of Scottish Independence.

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surrender, fought on "with the ferocity of lions" according to an English chronicle. More than 500 Scots were killed in this fight, including both of the schiltron's noble commanders.

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mounted and pursued the Scots for 8 miles (13 km), causing further heavy casualties. The Scottish commander and many of the Scots' senior nobility were killed during the battle.

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Douglas gave a rousing speech and ordered that no prisoners should be taken. The Scots challenged the English to send out a champion to engage in single combat. Robert Benhale of

693:). Possibly to prevent the Scots from taking the initiative, England began openly preparing for war, while announcing it was Scotland which was preparing to invade England. 235: 849:

By the end of June attacks by land and sea had brought Berwick to a state of ruin and the garrison close to exhaustion. It is believed that a desire for a respite from the

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The English were disheartened by the size of the Scottish army but, aware they had no avenue of escape, stood their ground. The Scots were organised in their traditional

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was to the west of the town, separated by a broad moat, making the town and castle independent strongholds. Berwick was well-defended, well-stocked with provisions and

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points out that this would have guaranteed the loss of Berwick. Rogers states that "it may seem surprising" that the Scots attacked even under these circumstances.

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with heavy loss and their king was captured. It was eleven years before terms were agreed for David's release. His ransom was the very large sum of 100,000

1002:, the Keeper of Berwick Castle. It defined circumstances in which relief would or would not be considered to have occurred. The terms of surrender were not 3345: 2963: 2773:

King, Andy (2002). "According to the Custom Used in French and Scottish Wars: Prisoners and Casualties on the Scottish Marches in the Fourteenth Century".

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the Scottish border town of Berwick as a prelude to his invasion of Scotland. After the 30 years of warfare that followed, the newly crowned 14-year-old

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Yorkshire ports on 31 July 1332. The Scots were aware of the situation and were waiting for Balliol. David II's regent was an experienced old soldier,

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broke out with France and English efforts were concentrated on this front, allowing the young King David to consolidate his position in Scotland.

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historians agree that the prudent course of action for the Scots would have been to withdraw and wait for a better opportunity to fight. However,

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A contemporary chronicler reported Edward as being "joyous and happy" that he had drawn the Scots into an open battle. The state of his army's

957: 1006:. The town was to be returned to English soil and law but the inhabitants were to be allowed to leave, with their goods and chattels, under a 3340: 990:

Keith took over command of the town from Seton and concluded a fresh truce on 15 July, promising to surrender if not relieved by sunset on 19

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July, the last day of Seton's truce. He advanced eastwards to Tweedmouth and destroyed it in sight of the English army. Edward did not move.

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and border raiding into England. Berwick was one of the few targets which might bring the Scots to battle as, in the words of the historian

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Balliol, in command of the disinherited Scottish lords and some English magnates, crossed the border on 10 March 1333. He marched through

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to them, but instead Edward deployed his army as infantry, with his men-at-arms and spearmen in three divisions, which were known as

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July. This was the date on which Berwick's truce expired, and the town and the castle surrendered on the terms in the indentures.

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in the army were deployed evenly on each flank. With both sides seeking the advantage of a defensive posture, a stalemate ensued.

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Douglas was now faced with a choice of abandoning Berwick to fall to the English or attempting to go to its relief and risking a

3244:(2002). "A Medieval Tax Haven: Berwick upon Tweed and the English Crown, 1333–1461". In Britnel, Richard; Hatcher, John (eds.). 1092:

writes that "the Scots ... did not want to fight" but were "forced to respond". A little after noon Douglas ordered an assault.

3355: 1126:, attacked the English division commanded by Balliol. A following schiltron attacked Edward's division and a third, led by the 721:, which he anticipated winning. During centuries of war between the two nations battles had been rare, as the Scots preferred 514:

the next day. Balliol was reinstalled as king of Scotland after ceding much of his territory to Edward III and agreeing to do

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with heavy loss and David was captured. It was eleven years before terms were agreed for David's release. They included an

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fought a Scottish champion named Turnbull and his large dog between the armies and killed both. Still neither army moved.

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The location of Berwick and some other places named in the text on a map of north-east England with modern boundaries

1263: 574: 347: 3219: 2631: 1123: 1085: 1235: 984: 742: 659:. Thousands of Scots died, including much of the nobility of the realm. Balliol was crowned king of Scotland at 3360: 2725:; Bériac, Françoise (September 2001). "Edward III's Prisoners of War: The Battle of Poitiers and its Context". 745:

Panoramic view of Halidon Hill (centre) in 2023. The town of Berwick Upon Tweed is to east, on North Sea coast.

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Edward dropped all pretence of neutrality, recognised Balliol as king of Scotland and made ready for war. The

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caused heavy Scottish casualties during their approach, and when the Scots came into contact with the English

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and debated the situation for five days without conclusion. Edward promised to discuss the matter with both

2627: 1239: 520: 342: 330: 3350: 714: 3325: 3320: 3180: 551: 503:, the fight was short. The Scottish formations collapsed and the Scots fled in disorder. The English 1329:

The surviving town walls are mostly of a later date and are considerably smaller than those of 1333.

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was Guardian of the Realm for the underage David and he assembled an army north of the border. The

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Deacon, Jacob Henry (2017). "Single Combat During the Hundred Year's War: When it wasn't a Game".

3159: 2995: 1003: 566: 487:, invading Scotland in 1333. The immediate target was the strategically-important border town of 298: 20: 1048: 652: 527:, which lasted for four decades and marked the end of the Second War of Scottish Independence. 481:. Balliol was shortly expelled from Scotland by a popular uprising, which Edward III used as a 276: 1047:

Crossing the Tweed to the west of the English position, the Scottish army reached the town of

1224: 702: 667:. He fled to England half-dressed and riding bareback. He appealed to Edward for assistance. 578: 452: 318: 308: 149: 826:. Edward had arranged for the combined army to be supplied by sea through the small port of 2676:

Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century : Discipline, Tactics, and Technology

794: 621: 467: 2758:. Medieval Archaeology Series. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 257–276. 1122: – tightly packed pike formations. The leading schiltron, commanded by the 8: 2872: 1110: 932: 815: 706: 683: 540: 431: 119: 3118: 2897: 2798: 2722: 2659: 1297: 1131: 1057: 726: 671: 607: 570: 496: 488: 313: 271: 124: 64: 2786: 1231: 1032: 495:

launched an assault on the English, who had taken up a favourable defensive position.

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Hall, Bert (1999). "Technology and Tactics". In Corfis, Ivy; Wolfe, Michael (eds.).

709:, Berwick was "so populous and of such trade that it might justly be called another 3184: 2968: 2782: 2734: 2706: 2702: 1270:

due to its special historic interest. The uncultivated scrub and marsh of 1333 was

1267: 1247: 582: 140: 2987: 644:. He had prepared for Balliol and Beaumont, but died ten days before they sailed. 3096: 2810: 2530: 1303: 1215: 1061: 948: 798: 664: 660: 656: 555: 515: 352: 281: 2573:. Early English Text Society (repr. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 705:, astride the main invasion and trade route in either direction. According to a 2738: 1345:

King also mention churches and houses having been "cast down" during the siege.

1340: 1308: 1304:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1223:

again in 1336, and Edward again campaigned widely across Scotland. In 1337 the

1188: 969: 802: 752: 718: 679: 603: 592:) in 1328 but this treaty was widely resented in England and commonly known as 463: 153: 3101:

The Coronation Chair and Stone of Scone: History, Archaeology and Conservation

2972: 998:, one between Edward and the town of Berwick and the other between Edward and 3309: 2909: 2794: 2746: 2714: 2671: 2642: 2542: 1089: 857:

used by the English was a significant factor in causing the town's governor,

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Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller

2842: 2578: 3241: 3062:. Yale Medieval Monarchs series. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2921:. University of Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. 2850: 2586: 1243: 1182: 1021: 1007: 916: 823: 811: 60: 3263: 1135: 504: 483: 477:), surreptitiously supported by Edward III. This marked the start of the 2901: 2663: 717:. Edward hoped the possibility of losing it would draw the Scots into a 1230:

In 1346 Edward led an English army across northern France, winning the

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to Bruce and were disinherited; they left Scotland to join forces with

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Queen Isabella: Treachery, Adultery, and Murder in Medieval England

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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

3002:. Yale Medieval Monarchs series. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1171: 756: 500: 3142:

War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360

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Forster, Robert Henry (1907). "The Walls of Berwick-upon-Tweed".

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assailed the division of Henry Beaumont. The Scots had failed to

1105: 1101: 1073: 782: 3226:. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. I. London: Faber and Faber. 1907: 1905: 1793: 1791: 2837:. Translated by Maxwell, Herbert. Glasgow: J. Maclehose. 1913. 1151: 1068: 1012: 599: 2495: 2420: 2321: 598:, "the shameful peace". Some Scottish nobles refused to swear 2938:

A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages: 1278–1485 A.D

2127: 2105: 2103: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1902: 1823: 1821: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1597: 1595: 2678:. Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer. 2437: 2435: 1890: 3248:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–167. 2447: 2386: 2384: 2219: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1418: 1079:

One contemporary account claims the Scots were waiting for

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Edward's chosen target was Berwick: a Scottish town on the

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A 19th-century view of the Scottish charge at Halidon Hill

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A medieval depiction of Edward III at the siege of Berwick

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Edward arrived at Berwick with the main English army on 9

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Nicholson, Ranald (1961). "The Siege of Berwick, 1333".

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Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland

2345: 2333: 2263: 2261: 2243: 2204: 2163: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2062: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2023: 2021: 1982: 1946: 1917: 1875: 1833: 1808: 1806: 1758: 1743: 1706: 1667: 1655: 1643: 1619: 1582: 1580: 1490: 1377: 631:). In 1331, under the leadership of Edward Balliol and 539:

between England and Scotland began in March 1296, when

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The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377

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took place on 19 July 1333 when a Scottish army under

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on Scottish soil. The garrison was also permitted to

759:, and expected to be able to withstand a long siege. 655:, 2 miles (3 km) south of the Scottish capital, 2507: 2408: 2396: 2258: 2192: 2115: 2077: 2033: 2018: 1934: 1803: 1577: 1442: 2857:(repr. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2285: 2273: 2050: 1863: 1848: 620:Robert Bruce died in 1329; his heir was 5-year-old 16:

1333 battle of the 2nd War of Scottish Independence

3179: 3164:Border Fury: England and Scotland at War 1296–1568 2956: 2721: 2501: 2489: 1691: 1389: 2695:Journal of the British Archaeological Association 2637:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: A. Constable & Co. 565:) was nearly captured in the English disaster at 466:had seized the Scottish Crown from five-year-old 3307: 3202:The Great Warbow: From Hastings to the Mary Rose 3125:. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 822:. Accompanying the army were craftsmen to build 3199: 2327: 1278: 1262:The site of the battle has been entered in the 1196: Scottish territory not claimed by England 818:, and the assembly of the English fleet in the 635:, the disinherited Scottish nobles gathered in 577:, to the negotiating table. They agreed to the 405: 198: 3181:"The Site of The Battle of Halidon Hill 1333" 3081:(2nd ed.). London; New York: Routledge. 3021:. East Linton, East Lothian: Tuckwell Press. 462:) and was heavily defeated. The year before, 391: 236: 3316:Battles of the Wars of Scottish Independence 2967:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2817:. Edinburgh; London: Mainstream Publishing. 2593:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. 2549: 1637: 3346:Registered historic battlefields in England 3200:Strickland, Matthew; Hardy, Robert (2011). 3040:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell and Brewer. 2607: 1782: 1290: 1051:, 15 miles (24 km) from Berwick, on 18 593: 451:attacked an English army commanded by King 729:, "abandoning it was almost unthinkable". 398: 384: 243: 229: 3076: 3054: 2916: 2887: 2626: 2390: 2339: 2252: 2174: 2071: 1988: 1976: 1957: 1928: 1911: 1896: 1884: 1842: 1827: 1767: 1752: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1601: 1571: 1508: 1412: 1300:inflation figures are based on data from 1246:, to be paid over ten years, on 24 June ( 3218: 3035: 2871: 2849: 2513: 2453: 2351: 1737: 1625: 1496: 1484: 1424: 1181: 1150: 1031: 766: 3288:(1907). Amours, François Joseph (ed.). 3284: 3095: 2964:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2831: 2692: 2670: 2571:The Brut; or, The Chronicles of England 2465: 2363: 2303: 2237: 2186: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2109: 2012: 2000: 1797: 1685: 1613: 1472: 1460: 1448: 1436: 1156:Monument marking the site of the battle 941: 491:, which the English besieged in March. 3308: 3292:. Vol. II. Edinburgh: Blackwood. 3158: 3144:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. 3139: 3117: 3016: 2994: 2954: 2809: 2649: 2529: 2477: 2441: 2414: 2402: 2375: 2315: 2267: 2225: 2213: 2198: 2121: 2094: 2044: 2027: 1940: 1812: 1700: 1586: 1559: 1547: 1535: 1523: 1383: 762: 617:), whom Edward I had deposed in 1296. 2834:The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346 2585: 2426: 1301: 379: 224: 211:Location of the battle within England 3341:Battles between England and Scotland 3262: 3240: 3038:English Castles: A Guide by Counties 2935: 2772: 2753: 2608:Corfis, Ivy; Wolfe, Michael (1999). 2568: 2291: 2279: 2056: 1869: 1857: 1395: 1257: 909: 3204:. Somerset: J. H. Haynes & Co. 1042: 479:Second War of Scottish Independence 38:Second War of Scottish Independence 13: 3331:Military history of Northumberland 3290:The Original Chronicle of Scotland 1095: 893: 537:First War of Scottish Independence 14: 3372: 2552:Coastal Castles of Northumberland 2537:. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 1264:Register of Historic Battlefields 925: 1250:Day) each year, during which an 1146: 940: 924: 908: 892: 878: 871: 842:Scots launched minor raids into 734: 197: 190: 2919:Scotland: The Later Middle Ages 2531:Barrow, Geoffrey Wallis Steuart 1358: 1348: 1332: 1323: 879: 864: 853:of the two large counterweight 688: 626: 612: 587: 560: 545: 472: 457: 2890:The Scottish Historical Review 2873:"Battle of Halidon Hill, 1333" 2707:10.1080/00681288.1907.11894053 2490:Given-Wilson & Bériac 2001 2318:, pp. 73–74, p.73 n. 168. 1202: ceded Scottish territory 1187:Territory ceded to England by 1060:, arrayed in an arc. The many 994:July. The truce comprised two 983:, with Sir Alexander Gray and 642:Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray 633:Henry Beaumont, Earl of Buchan 1: 3356:History of Berwick-upon-Tweed 2787:10.1016/S0048-721X(02)00057-X 2756:The Medieval City Under Siege 2727:The English Historical Review 2610:The Medieval City Under Siege 1000:Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March 530: 2988:UK public library membership 2958:"War in Scotland, 1332–1336" 2875:. War Memorials Online. 2016 2815:William Wallace: Brave Heart 1371: 1279:Notes, citations and sources 1177: 979:On the afternoon of 12 July 569:. This brought his regents, 7: 3077:Prestwich, Michael (2003). 2940:. London: Greenhill Books. 2775:Journal of Medieval History 2550:Blackenstall, Stan (2010). 2328:Strickland & Hardy 2011 647:Five days after landing in 10: 3377: 3336:House of Douglas and Angus 3270:. New York: Random House. 3166:, Harlow, Essex: Longman, 3140:Rogers, Clifford (2014) . 2917:Nicholson, Ranald (1974). 2522: 696: 409:Scottish Independence Wars 18: 3036:Pettifer, Adrian (2002). 2429:, pp. 141, 184, 208. 1240:Battle of Neville's Cross 1027: 521:Battle of Neville's Cross 519:decisively beaten at the 432:Later Anglo-Scottish Wars 417: 348:Berwick (1355 & 1356) 262: 185: 172: 159: 130: 113: 43: 35: 30: 3017:Penman, Michael (2004). 2739:10.1093/ehr/CXVI.468.802 2569:Brie, Friedrich (1960). 1283: 985:Sir William Prenderguest 684:King Philip VI of France 255:of Scottish Independence 19:Not to be confused with 3103:. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 2936:Oman, Charles (1998) . 2502:Site of the Battle 2019 1783:Corfis & Wolfe 1999 1302:Clark, Gregory (2017). 21:Battle of Homildon Hill 2855:The Fourteenth Century 1248:St. John the Baptist's 1210: 1158: 1039: 774: 707:contemporary chronicle 653:Battle of Dupplin Moor 594: 445:Battle of Halidon Hill 131:Commanders and leaders 31:Battle of Halidon Hill 3361:Edward III of England 2973:10.1093/ref:odnb/8519 2955:Ormrod, Mark (2008). 2228:, pp. 68, 71–72. 2136:, p. 124, n. 75. 1800:, p. 121, n. 61. 1185: 1154: 1035: 803:scorched-earth policy 770: 703:Anglo-Scottish border 579:Treaty of Northampton 453:Edward III of England 449:Sir Archibald Douglas 173:Casualties and losses 137:Sir Archibald Douglas 2628:Dalrymple, Sir David 2554:. Stroud: Amberley. 1427:, pp. 124, 126. 1252:Anglo-Scottish truce 958:class=notpageimage| 525:Anglo-Scottish truce 512:surrendered on terms 208:class=notpageimage| 86:55.78750°N 2.05000°W 2723:Given-Wilson, Chris 2456:, pp. 552–553. 2444:, pp. 157–180. 2240:, pp. 124–125. 2112:, pp. 121–124. 1914:, p. 29, n. 2. 1899:, pp. 374–375. 1688:, pp. 278–279. 1475:, pp. 274–275. 1128:Earls of Sutherland 1111:Lanercost Chronicle 859:Sir Alexander Seton 793:May, after leaving 763:Berwick under siege 541:Edward I of England 120:Kingdom of Scotland 82: / 3220:Sumption, Jonathan 3056:Prestwich, Michael 1562:, pp. 69, 76. 1386:, pp. 99–100. 1364:Based on Sumption. 1298:Retail Price Index 1225:Hundred Years' War 1211: 1159: 1040: 775: 672:English parliament 608:John I of Scotland 571:Isabella of France 552:stormed and sacked 497:English longbowmen 489:Berwick-upon-Tweed 125:Kingdom of England 91:55.78750; -2.05000 65:Berwick-upon-Tweed 3351:Conflicts in 1333 3277:978-0-34545-320-4 3255:978-0-52152-273-1 3233:978-0-57120-095-5 3211:978-0-85733-090-1 3173:978-1-4058-4022-4 3151:978-0-85115-804-4 3132:978-0-19533-403-6 3110:978-1-78297-153-5 3088:978-0-415-30309-5 3069:978-0-52006-266-5 3047:978-0-85115-782-5 3028:978-1-86232-202-8 3009:978-0-300-11910-7 2986:(Subscription or 2947:978-1-85367-332-0 2928:978-0-05002-038-8 2864:978-0-19285-250-2 2824:978-1-85158-823-7 2765:978-0-85115-756-6 2685:978-0-85115-571-5 2619:978-0-85115-756-6 2600:978-1-84022-210-4 2561:978-1-44560-196-0 2216:, pp. 72–73. 1979:, pp. 32–33. 1830:, pp. 23–24. 1638:Blackenstall 2010 1604:, pp. 22–23. 1511:, pp. 20–21. 1258:Battlefield today 1086:Jonathan Sumption 981:Sir William Keith 835:Archibald Douglas 723:guerrilla tactics 440: 439: 373: 372: 219: 218: 168:Fewer than 10,000 109: 108: 3368: 3326:1330s in England 3321:1333 in Scotland 3301: 3281: 3259: 3237: 3215: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3185:Historic England 3176: 3155: 3136: 3119:Rogers, Clifford 3114: 3097:Rodwell, Warwick 3092: 3073: 3051: 3032: 3013: 2991: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2960: 2951: 2932: 2913: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2868: 2846: 2828: 2806: 2769: 2750: 2733:(468): 802–833. 2718: 2689: 2667: 2652:Medieval Warfare 2646: 2623: 2604: 2582: 2565: 2546: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2256: 2250: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2098: 2092: 2075: 2069: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2031: 2025: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1961: 1955: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1915: 1909: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1846: 1840: 1831: 1825: 1816: 1810: 1801: 1795: 1786: 1780: 1771: 1765: 1756: 1750: 1741: 1735: 1704: 1698: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1590: 1584: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1294: 1268:Historic England 1236:besieging Calais 1221: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1165: 1054: 1043:Scottish advance 993: 975: 944: 943: 928: 927: 912: 911: 896: 895: 882: 881: 875: 792: 738: 719:set-piece battle 692: 691: 1328–1350 690: 630: 629: 1329–1371 628: 616: 615: 1292–1296 614: 597: 591: 590: 1306–1329 589: 564: 563: 1327–1377 562: 549: 548: 1272–1307 547: 476: 475: 1329–1371 474: 461: 460: 1327–1377 459: 412: 410: 400: 393: 386: 377: 376: 257: 245: 238: 231: 222: 221: 201: 200: 194: 178:Several thousand 145: 97: 96: 94: 93: 92: 87: 83: 80: 79: 78: 75: 45: 44: 28: 27: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3286:Wyntoun, Andrew 3278: 3256: 3234: 3224:Trial by Battle 3212: 3190: 3188: 3174: 3152: 3133: 3111: 3089: 3070: 3048: 3029: 3010: 2985: 2977: 2975: 2948: 2929: 2878: 2876: 2865: 2825: 2766: 2686: 2620: 2601: 2562: 2525: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2259: 2251: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2101: 2093: 2078: 2070: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2034: 2026: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1964: 1956: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1918: 1910: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1856: 1849: 1841: 1834: 1826: 1819: 1811: 1804: 1796: 1789: 1781: 1774: 1766: 1759: 1751: 1744: 1736: 1707: 1699: 1692: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1593: 1585: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1515: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1419: 1411: 1402: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1349: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1260: 1232:Battle of Crécy 1219: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1191: 1180: 1163: 1157: 1149: 1098: 1096:Scottish attack 1052: 1045: 1038: 1030: 991: 973: 966: 965: 964: 963: 960: 954: 953: 952: 951: 949:Bamburgh Castle 945: 937: 936: 935: 929: 921: 920: 919: 913: 905: 904: 903: 897: 889: 888: 887: 883: 867: 799:Bamburgh Castle 790: 773: 765: 748: 747: 746: 744: 739: 727:Clifford Rogers 699: 687: 665:Battle of Annan 625: 611: 586: 559: 556:King Edward III 544: 533: 471: 456: 441: 436: 413: 408: 406: 404: 374: 369: 353:Burnt Candlemas 331:Neville's Cross 258: 254: 251: 249: 215: 214: 213: 212: 210: 204: 203: 202: 152: 150:King Edward III 141: 105:English victory 90: 88: 84: 81: 76: 73: 71: 69: 68: 67: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3374: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3303: 3302: 3282: 3276: 3260: 3254: 3238: 3232: 3216: 3210: 3197: 3177: 3172: 3156: 3150: 3137: 3131: 3115: 3109: 3093: 3087: 3074: 3068: 3052: 3046: 3033: 3027: 3014: 3008: 2992: 2952: 2946: 2933: 2927: 2914: 2896:(129): 19–42. 2885: 2869: 2863: 2847: 2829: 2823: 2807: 2781:(3): 263–290. 2770: 2764: 2751: 2719: 2690: 2684: 2672:DeVries, Kelly 2668: 2647: 2624: 2618: 2605: 2599: 2583: 2566: 2560: 2547: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2506: 2494: 2492:, p. 809. 2482: 2480:, p. 340. 2470: 2468:, p. 341. 2458: 2446: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2395: 2393:, p. 129. 2391:Nicholson 1974 2380: 2378:, p. 195. 2368: 2366:, p. 126. 2356: 2354:, p. 131. 2344: 2340:Nicholson 1961 2332: 2330:, p. 188. 2320: 2308: 2306:, p. 125. 2296: 2294:, p. 148. 2284: 2282:, p. 281. 2272: 2257: 2253:Nicholson 1961 2242: 2230: 2218: 2203: 2191: 2189:, p. 279. 2179: 2175:Nicholson 1961 2162: 2160:, p. 124. 2150: 2148:, p. 121. 2138: 2126: 2114: 2099: 2076: 2072:Nicholson 1961 2061: 2059:, p. 106. 2049: 2032: 2017: 2015:, p. 122. 2005: 2003:, p. 114. 1993: 1989:Prestwich 2003 1981: 1977:Nicholson 1961 1962: 1958:Nicholson 1961 1945: 1933: 1929:Nicholson 1961 1916: 1912:Nicholson 1961 1901: 1897:Dalrymple 1819 1889: 1885:Nicholson 1961 1874: 1872:, p. 281. 1862: 1860:, p. 267. 1847: 1843:Nicholson 1961 1832: 1828:Nicholson 1961 1817: 1802: 1787: 1785:, p. 267. 1772: 1768:Nicholson 1961 1757: 1753:Nicholson 1961 1742: 1740:, p. 130. 1705: 1690: 1678: 1674:Nicholson 1961 1666: 1662:Nicholson 1961 1654: 1650:Nicholson 1961 1642: 1630: 1628:, p. 176. 1618: 1606: 1602:Nicholson 1961 1591: 1576: 1574:, p. 469. 1572:Prestwich 1988 1564: 1552: 1550:, p. 161. 1540: 1538:, p. 111. 1528: 1526:, p. 144. 1513: 1509:Nicholson 1961 1501: 1499:, p. 117. 1489: 1477: 1465: 1463:, p. 395. 1453: 1441: 1439:, p. 116. 1429: 1417: 1413:Nicholson 1961 1400: 1398:, p. 314. 1388: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1357: 1347: 1341:Brut Chronicle 1331: 1322: 1309:MeasuringWorth 1288: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1259: 1256: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1189:Edward Balliol 1186: 1179: 1176: 1155: 1148: 1145: 1097: 1094: 1044: 1041: 1036: 1029: 1026: 970:pitched battle 961: 956: 955: 947: 946: 939: 938: 931: 930: 923: 922: 915: 914: 907: 906: 899: 898: 891: 890: 885: 884: 877: 876: 870: 869: 868: 866: 863: 795:Queen Philippa 781:, burning and 771: 764: 761: 753:Berwick Castle 741: 740: 733: 732: 731: 698: 695: 680:Pope John XXII 606:, son of King 604:Edward Balliol 575:Roger Mortimer 532: 529: 464:Edward Balliol 438: 437: 435: 434: 429: 424: 418: 415: 414: 403: 402: 395: 388: 380: 371: 370: 368: 367: 365:Berwick (1357) 361: 360: 356: 355: 350: 345: 339: 338: 334: 333: 327: 326: 322: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 299:Berwick (1333) 296: 290: 289: 285: 284: 279: 274: 268: 267: 263: 260: 259: 248: 247: 240: 233: 225: 217: 216: 206: 205: 196: 195: 189: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 170: 169: 166: 162: 161: 157: 156: 154:Edward Balliol 147: 133: 132: 128: 127: 122: 116: 115: 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 59: 57: 53: 52: 49: 41: 40: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3373: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3242:Tuck, Anthony 3239: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851:McKisack, May 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811:Mackay, James 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701:(2): 89–104. 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2592: 2591:The Crecy War 2588: 2587:Burne, Alfred 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2515: 2514:Monument 2016 2510: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2454:Sumption 1990 2450: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2428: 2423: 2417:, p. 77. 2416: 2411: 2405:, p. 74. 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2352:Sumption 1990 2348: 2342:, p. 42. 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2270:, p. 73. 2269: 2264: 2262: 2255:, p. 41. 2254: 2249: 2247: 2239: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2201:, p. 72. 2200: 2195: 2188: 2183: 2177:, p. 39. 2176: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2130: 2124:, p. 35. 2123: 2118: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2097:, p. 71. 2096: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2074:, p. 36. 2073: 2068: 2066: 2058: 2053: 2047:, p. 68. 2046: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2030:, p. 70. 2029: 2024: 2022: 2014: 2009: 2002: 1997: 1991:, p. 51. 1990: 1985: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1960:, p. 31. 1959: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1943:, p. 66. 1942: 1937: 1931:, p. 30. 1930: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1887:, p. 28. 1886: 1881: 1879: 1871: 1866: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1845:, p. 29. 1844: 1839: 1837: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1815:, p. 69. 1814: 1809: 1807: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1770:, p. 24. 1769: 1764: 1762: 1755:, p. 26. 1754: 1749: 1747: 1739: 1738:Sumption 1990 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1687: 1682: 1676:, p. 22. 1675: 1670: 1664:, p. 21. 1663: 1658: 1652:, p. 23. 1651: 1646: 1640:, p. 11. 1639: 1634: 1627: 1626:Pettifer 2002 1622: 1616:, p. 97. 1615: 1610: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1589:, p. 61. 1588: 1583: 1581: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1556: 1549: 1544: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1497:McKisack 1991 1493: 1487:, p. 12. 1486: 1485:Sumption 1990 1481: 1474: 1469: 1462: 1457: 1451:, p. 25. 1450: 1445: 1438: 1433: 1426: 1425:Sumption 1990 1421: 1415:, p. 19. 1414: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1397: 1392: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1361: 1351: 1343: 1342: 1335: 1326: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1289: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1217: 1208: England 1190: 1184: 1175: 1173: 1167: 1153: 1147:Scottish rout 1144: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:Earl of Moray 1121: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1090:Kelly DeVries 1087: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1050: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1004:unconditional 1001: 997: 988: 986: 982: 977: 971: 959: 950: 934: 918: 902: 874: 862: 860: 856: 852: 851:plunging fire 847: 845: 840: 836: 831: 829: 825: 824:siege engines 821: 817: 813: 809: 808:Welsh Marches 804: 800: 796: 787: 784: 780: 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