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distinguished warriors on the "Amio Whenua" expedition to seek retribution or utu from the tribes who had sought to invade their ancestral homelands in the Waipa and
Waikato territories during the Hingakaka battle. After encircling the land from Waikato and Maungatautari to Te Arawa and Tuhoe, and through the Tai Rawhiti district to Te Mahia, then on to Wairarpapa and across to Manawatu and Whanganui, the "ope taua" (war party) was eventually besieged by Te Āti Awa forces at Pukerangiora Pā, on the banks of the Waitara River, Taranaki. A large Waikato-Maniapoto force under Te Wherowhero, Te Hiakai, Mama, and others was raised to break the siege of Pukerangiora pā and free the "Amio Whenua Ope Taua" (Amio Whenua War Party). On the way, this relieving force passed near Okoki pā, where they met the Ngāti Toa under Te Rauparaha, with many Te Āti Awa warriors. The Ngāti Toa and Te Āti Awa were victorious in the
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alleged to be about 4,000 warriors carried out a brutal and sustained campaign over several years led by the great
Waikato warrior Te Wherowhero. When women and children attempted to flee the Pukerangiora pā they were killed. When the men emerged in a weakened state many of them jumped over the cliff to avoid the Waikato warriors. The fugitives were tracked down and killed anyway. Te Wherowhero killed 150 prisoners with his favourite greenstone
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Rauangaanga. In a panic the invaders tried to retreat along a narrow gap between the ridge and the lake but were ambushed by Tiriwa's men who had been waiting in the bush along the ridge. The Ngāti Toa were forced into the swamplands along the lake margin; some tried to swim the lake but were killed by patrols waiting on the far side.
406:'s father, placed his army on the high ground at the end of a narrow ridge in three groups. The invading force assembled at the foot of the spur (possibly near where the railway line is now). Huahua's Maniapoto forces attacked with their tactic "Te Kawau Maro" (swoop of the cormorant). They charged down the hill in a
383:
The day before the battle the two armies drew up before each other. The combined Whatua-Haurakia and
Waikato-Maniapoto forces, realising their numbers were far fewer at about 1,600 (some sources say 3,000), arranged bunches of feathers on top of fern to simulate the head feathers of warriors held in
458:
of the Ngāti Whatua had a bad dream in which he saw
Ngapuhi launching an attack on the Kaipara in their absence. Ngāti Whatua returned to their home land and defeated an attempted invasion by Ngapuhi. Other Tainui wanted to continue the war especially against Raukawa who were seriously weakened and
487:
This led to further conflict and was the immediate background to the Ngāti Toa forming alliances with Ngāti Tama and Ngāti
Mutunga in the great Ngāti Toa upheaval of 1821-22. This attack in turn led to further attacks and counterattacks, building to a climax in 1831 when a large Waikato contingent
222:
Early New
Zealand historian Percy Smith placed the battle at about 1780, basing the date purely on tribal genealogies, but evidence from Maori oral histories from warriors who fought in the battle and were still alive well after contact with Europeans suggests that 1780 is far too early. The Ngāti
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into the centre of the invading force. The defenders reeled back, allowing the attackers to envelop them. The second group of the defending forces then rushed down the hill to hit the confused army of
Pikauterangi in the flank. The turning point came when Pikauterangi was felled by a blow from Te
359:
When alerted by Ngāti
Maniapoto of impending attack or invasion by external forces the Mangatoatoa pā alarm was sounded, which carried to Waiari pā, whose alarm was then sounded which was heard by Nukuhau (pā), who sounded its alarm that was heard by Maniapoto (pā), which sounded its alarm, to be
492:, only stopping when his arm swelled up from overuse. The Ngāti Maniapoto Chief Tukorehu showed no mercy to the Pukerangiora people, the same people who had saved his life and his war party 10 years earlier, placing the heads of the Pā's Chiefs, Whatitiri and Pekapeka on poles in front of the
234:
in 1809, making the date 1807. Oral traditions from Ngāti
Maniapoto, Ngāti Te Kanawa and Ngāti Paretekawa place the battle in or around 1790-91. Sources thus differ on the date of the battle, ranging from 1790, to "about 1803" and "about 1807" - with the latter now seeming the most likely.
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Around 1819-20, during the Ngāti Toa migration southwards after being evicted from Kawhia by
Waikato-Maniapoto after the Te Arawi battle, Te Apihae Te Kawau, of Ngāti Whatua, Kukutai, of Ngāti Tipa (Waikato), and Peehi Tukorehu, of Ngāti Paretekawa (Maniapoto), embarked with some 400-500
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and Hauraki hapū. The alliance made preparations to establish a series of warning systems stretching from Kakepuku Maunga (Mountain) to Taupiri Maunga (Mountain) to alert the Waikato-Maniapoto forces of impending invasion, and a battle strategy to repel and defeat the invading forces of
227:, who led his warriors into action in the battle, was judged by Samuel Marsden to be about 50 when he saw him in 1820. A date of 1780 would make him about 10 - far too young to be a leader of warriors. Other Ngāti Whatua sources said that the battle occurred two years before the
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says that 16,000 warriors are said to have taken part. Combatants included Waikato-Maniapoto, Ngāti Toa and Ngāti Raukawa. Ngāti Raukawa alone are said to have lost 1,600 warriors in battle, including two chiefs. Others came from
379:
The invaders were first spotted by Wahanui, a Maniapoto chief, just south of Ōtorohanga. He sent runners to the "Pā Pahu" at Mangatoatoa to raise the alarm, and warn the Waikato-Maniapoto forces of the impending attack.
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HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF THE MAORIS OF THE WEST COAST, NORTH ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND, PRIOR TO 1840. S. PERCY SMITH, FRGS. Royal Geographical Society, 1910. BATTLE OF TE MOTU-NUI. — 1822. pp 367-380.
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in the late 18th or early 19th century, and was reputedly "the largest battle ever fought on New Zealand soil". One army was from the south of the North Island and the other from the
267:. Other accounts say that Pikauterangi took the biggest fish for himself and he was seized and dunked to the point where he nearly drowned. In vengeance, he killed members of the
484:, but nevertheless the relieving force continued on to unite with the Amio Whenua War Party, and then returned without further fighting to their homelands at Waikato and Waipa.
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on the coast they met a force of Ngāti Tama and a Ngāti Haua chief, Taiporutu, was killed. As a result of this another Waikato-Maniapoto war party set out to gain
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reserve, while other chiefs made war-like speeches in the fern to imaginary warriors. Choosing to draw the invading force into ambush, the Waikato defenders chose
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The victorious Tainui warriors considered following up their decisive victory with a campaign against the tribes that had made war on them. However the
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heard by Taupiri and all of Waikato. On hearing the alarm, Waikato-Maniapoto would meet at Mangatoatoa as previously planned.
463:. Waikato had had enough of fighting for the meantime but in 1810 their warriors set out down the west coast on a raid. At
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to punish Ngāti Tama. The avenging warriors were ambushed and defeated by Ngāti Tama and their chief Raparapa.
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Taua: 'musket wars', 'land wars' or tikanga? : warfare in Māori society in the early nineteenth century
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Pikauterangi, and constructed a series of "Pā Pahu" (Pā equipped with Warning devices) commencing with
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confederation of the central North Island. Both armies included allied forces from several different
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724:. Christchurch: Cadsonbury Publications. Originally published Wellington: Polynesian Society, 1949.
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Pika then killed around the lower North Island collecting a large force from many smaller allied
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that had housed him a decade before. This act was well known to all the other tribes.
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just below the Kakepuku Maunga, the assembly point for Waikato-Maniapoto
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Nukuhau pā, on the banks of the Waikato River near the Narrows, and
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The attackers, a force of 7,000 to 10,000 warriors, combined at
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Nga iwi o Tainui: the traditional history of the Tainui people
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Many thousands died in the attack. Pei Te Hurinui Jones of
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Taupiri pā at Taupiri, on the banks of the Waikato River.
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district was aggrieved over the poor distribution of the
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was lost in the carnage, and not recovered until 1906.
729:
The Oxford companion to New Zealand military history
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The Oxford companion to New Zealand military history
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Maniapoto pā, in the Gordonton district, and finally
16:Major battle between two Maori coalitions c. 1807
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722:Tainui: the story of Hoturoa and his descendants
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303:. This was combined with a separate force of
707:Jones, Pei Te Hurinui; Biggs, Bruce (1995).
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727:McGibbon, Ian C.; Goldstone, Paul (2000).
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585:. Auckland University Press. p. 75.
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
346:Waiari pā, on the Mangapiko Stream, and
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96:Battle of Hingakākā information board
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376:, to restore Pikauterangi's honour.
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583:From Tamaki-makau-rau to Auckland
427:in Northland, and as far east as
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750:Military history of New Zealand
717:. 2nd edition, Huia Press, 2010
703:Te Rauparaha: a new perspective
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541:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
315:who had previously fought with
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713:Jones, Pei Te Hurinui (2010).
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733:Phillips, Finlay L. (1995).
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720:Kelly, Leslie G. (2002) .
388:ridge line just south of
364:Deployment and engagement
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701:Burns, Patricia (1980).
47:Infobox needs expansion.
667:Kelly 2002, p. 295-286.
394:Ngaroto railway station
392:(and west of where the
339:Mangatoatoa pā, on the
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770:Māori intertribal wars
553:"Waipa Heritage Trail"
167:Commanders and leaders
311:and tribes from the
265:Pei Te Hurinui Jones
139:37.9807°S 175.3085°E
52:improve this article
41:to meet Knowledge's
735:Landmarks of Tainui
658:Kelly 2002, p. 293.
649:Kelly 2002, p. 291.
640:Kelly 2002, p. 290.
605:Kelly 2002, p. 288.
527:Kelly 2002, p. 287.
442:The sacred carving
330:tribes allied with
190:(sometimes written
188:Battle of Hingakākā
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85:Battle of Hingakākā
144:-37.9807; 175.3085
482:battle of Motunui
475:Battle of Motonui
372:They invaded the
322:In response, the
239:Origin of the war
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433:Hawke's Bay
341:Puniu River
297:Ngāti Porou
192:Hiringakaka
142: /
130:175°18′31″E
54:if you can.
744:Categories
592:1869402596
500:References
370:Ōtorohanga
305:Te Āti Awa
127:37°58′51″S
515:, p. 653.
450:Aftermath
444:Te Uenuku
437:Hingakaka
386:Te Mangeo
313:Whanganui
255:from the
253:Ngāti Toa
60:July 2021
695:(2003).
581:(2001).
494:wharenui
421:Taranaki
326:and the
257:Marokopa
115:Location
36:require
616:"Maori"
539:, 1966
456:tohunga
425:Kaipara
423:, from
328:Waikato
261:kahawai
200:Waikato
198:in the
38:cleanup
626:18 May
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416:Tainui
204:Tainui
196:Ōhaupō
155:Result
628:2011
587:ISBN
565:2011
490:mere
431:and
299:and
291:and
289:hapū
275:and
245:take
243:The
231:Boyd
218:Date
210:and
208:hapū
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110:1807
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469:utu
293:iwi
212:iwi
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